In the Stalin era, it was in the prison-type design bureau that new types of equipment and weapons were created. Their colloquial name “sharashka” comes from the expression “sharashka’s office,” which during the NEP meant some kind of frivolous organization. But in the design bureau, subordinate to the NKVD, everything was more than serious.
Dmitry Grigorovich
Aircraft designer, seaplane and fighter specialist
He headed the very first closed-type design bureau, organized in December 1929 in Butyrka prison. The prisoners were given the task of “giving their minds and strength to create the shortest possible time a fighter that would outperform the vehicles of potential enemies.” “As soon as possible” meant “by spring.” The group created the I-5 fighter, the first prototype of which was called VT-11 (VT - “internal prison”). It took to the skies on April 29, 1930, and went into mass production in August. The I-5 was in service with the Air Force for about 9 years.
Designers D. Grigorovich and N. Polikarpova(his contribution is no less significant) after this work he was released.
Andrey Tupolev
Aircraft designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences
He was arrested on October 21, 1937. While in prison, he worked in the closed TsKB-29, which was called the “Tupolev sharaga.” During the war years, 17 chief aircraft designers worked there, and together with civilian employees - 1.5 thousand people. TsKB-29 developed the Pe-2 and Pe-3, DVB-102 and the legendary Tu-2 front-line dive bomber.
Sentenced to 15 years, but released at the start of the war.
Sergey Korolev
Design engineer, founder of practical astronautics
His finest hour fell in the post-Stalin years, but the flywheel of repression hit him in full. Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 following a denunciation. Sentenced to 10 years. Spent 8 months in Kolyma, was returned to Moscow and sent to the “Tupolev sharaga”. Under the leadership of Tupolev, he participated in the creation of the Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers. He was then transferred to OKB-16, where he worked on rocket engines. In 1943, Korolev became the chief designer of a group of rocket launchers, and in 1946, the chief designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (OKB-1), created to develop long-range ballistic missiles.
Released in 1944, fully rehabilitated in 1957.
Lev Theremin
Engineer, inventor
He became famous after the invention of the electric musical instrument theremin in 1920. Arrested in 1939, accused of preparing the murder of Kirov. He worked for about 8 years in the “Tupolev sharaga” (Korolev was his assistant). He created listening systems and devices - for example, reading vibrations of glass in the windows of bugged rooms. One such device was mounted in a wooden panel donated US Ambassador Averell Harriman, - he hung it in his office. The “bug” was discovered only 7 years later, but the principle of its action remained unsolved for a long time.
Lev Theremin was rehabilitated in 1947, but continued to work in closed design bureaus.
As a representative of the now endangered species Homo sapiens - a Soviet engineer - I was interested in the topic of "sharashkas" - creative engineering teams who gave great amount high-quality design and technological developments for the military-industrial complex. These developments first helped us win the Great Patriotic War, then they saved the Soviet Union and all of humanity from nuclear war, and the apogee of their activity was our breakthrough into space.
This topic came up for me in connection with conversations among the technical intelligentsia (not only there, of course, but I’m talking about myself) about the urgent need for Russian industry to make a sharp technological breakthrough in order to get out of the current swamp into which the slowly dying Soviet industry has turned with rare islands of modern (I emphasize again - technologically modern) production. Moreover, all these islands mainly belong to the military-industrial complex + Roscosmos + Rosatom. But even there, solid ground in most cases consists of carefully preserved (and developed, of course) developments of the Soviet period.
In these conversations, my interlocutors recalled how their senior comrades, who taught them their professions, told them about the remarkably effective system of organizing labor and production in research and production teams that grew out of the “Stalinist sharashki”, which made it possible to quickly and efficiently develop and introduce into production a new technique. But later, for some reason, this system was “buried.”
All these conversations were from the category of “legends”, and I myself did not have to meet any living witnesses or participants in this activity in my life. In our quiet, provincial and even before the war, not a regional city, there were no “sharashkas”. Since there was practically no industry. This is after the war, Vladimir, having become by that time regional center, sharply increased the number of large enterprises, mainly just mailboxes. After graduating from college, I came to work at one of these mailboxes. My status as an engineer, the name and status of the organization changed over time, but not my place of work.
I need this “lyrical” introduction to substantiate my keen interest in this topic, which, it seems to me, is not very conclusively disclosed in the literature and is similarly discussed in the media, including the Internet.
There is a common expression: “Winners are not judged.” But, alas, it is completely inappropriate when assessing the activities of Stalin and his other associates, especially Beria, in organizing and implementing the powerful industrial rise of Soviet industry, especially the military-industrial complex, before, during the Great Patriotic War and immediately after it. If it were not for this colossal leap in the industrialization of the country, we would never have defeated this terrible Hitlerite army, armed to the teeth with the industry of all Europe (and America too). Stalin and his comrades are the undisputed organizers of the Victory. But they were tried and convicted. Almost immediately after Stalin's death. Not everyone accepted the decision of this “court”. Front-line soldiers are a minority. I judge from my own childhood memories. The debate about the Stalin era in the life of the country does not end to this day. I will try to consider only a small (in volume, but not in importance) piece of this era - “Stalin’s (otherwise Beria’s) sharashkas.”
Let's start, as is usual these days, with Wikipedia:
Sharashka
(or sharazhka
, from “sharaga”) -
slang
Name
research institute
And
KB
prison type, subordinates
NKVD
/
Ministry of Internal Affairs
USSR
where they worked
prisoners
scientists, engineers and technicians. In the NKVD system they were called “special technical bureaus” (OTB), “special design bureaus” (OKB) and similar abbreviations with numbers.
Many outstanding Soviet scientists and designers passed through the sharashkas. The main direction of OTB was the development of military and special (used by intelligence services) equipment. Many new models of military equipment and weapons in the USSR were created by sharashka prisoners.
Self relevantchapter Wikipedia is quite extensive and contains lists of existing sharashkas, the most famous prisoners who worked there, and the most important products developed in these organizations (samples of military equipment developed in the sharashkas and entered service with the Red Army are presented in the photo at the beginning of the article). At the same time, a significant number of references are given both to archival documents and to memoirs and other literature.
But!.. But there we will not find the answer to main question, which our contemporaries who discuss this topic in articles, books, films, videos and discussion platforms on the Internet decide and cannot solve (with evidence, and not with emotional statements-mantras). And this question is posed like this: were these sharashkas a hard labor prison, where the criminal Stalinist regime exploited the slave labor of prisoners (one position supported by our liberal democratic human rights activists), or was it a way to mobilize for the implementation of vital state tasks “ the “unconscious” part of the scientific and technical intelligentsia, which, due to this “unconsciousness,” again unconsciously, acted or acted to the detriment of the directive plans Soviet government and which had to be reined in, organized and mobilized to implement these plans (the second position, behind which our “Stalinists” stand).
VS 
And so I wanted to find out, “who is behind the truth?” Is the truth in the middle between these polar opinions or is it something else altogether? More multidimensional, not fitting into a linear scheme: white - gray - black? I don’t know if I will be able to come to a definite answer, but “an attempt is not torture.” But demand is not a problem. Therefore, I will be glad to anyone information on this topic.
To be continued…
Continuation Discussion about the role of “sharashkas”
Continued 2 Analysis of the arguments of anti-Stalinists in the discussion about the role of “sharashkas”
Continued 3 Stalin’s mobilization industrialization and the readiness of the scientific and technical intelligentsia for it
Continuation of 4 “Sharashka” 1930 - 1936. TsBB-39 OGPU im. Menzhinsky
Continuation of 5 “Sharashka” 1930 - 1936. BON OO OGPU
Continued 6 The repressions of the 30s, according to anti-Stalinists, threw Russian science and technology far back, sharply reduced the number of specialists in all sectors of the national economy, which reduced the scientific and technical potential and reduced the defense capability of the Soviet state
Continuation of 7 “Sharashka” 1930 - 1936. Development and production of chemical weapons in the pre-war USSR.
Sharashka, Sharaga - a closed design bureau, in which all the technical personnel are prisoners. In other words, sharaga
I looked into Dahl’s dictionary: there is a word to shy away, one of the meanings is: “to resist, resist and not go where they drag you.” שרש / shoresh – “root” ---- sharash – cling to the ground with roots שרש / sherash – “1. uproot, uproot 2. destroy.” Sharashka is a “prison” where prisoners are destroyed and the love of freedom is eradicated. See Leonid Lvovich Kerber “Tupolev sharaga”
Sharaga שרג / serag // sharaga – “to intertwine, weave” Archaeometer “to bind” שרה געה / shara gaa = “שרה to rest, to abide; immerse in liquid, soak; השרה /ishra – “to lead, to inspire” + shout, moo, howl” שררה גאה / sarar gaa // sharra gaa = “שררה to rule, to dominate; 2. reign, ascend; 3. reign, dominate + be proud, arrogant, high-ranking"
Date of appearance [edit code]
Where do the dates of the emergence and liquidation of sharashkas come from?
Date of origin - from English Wikipedia; date of liquidation - from the Memorial website: “after the liquidation of the Sharashka in April 1953”; here's another: "Sharashka, in the 30-50s, a privileged educational and correctional institution, from which in 1953 a whole galaxy of outstanding Soviet scientists came out." --Bubuka 10:44, January 27, 2006 (UTC) Looks like the date liquidation was incorrect, some sharashkas were still functioning in 1954.--Bubuka 10:53, January 27, 2006 (UTC) But they even say about 1955: “In 1955, N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky’s stay in the “sharashka” ended - closed research institution in the Urals, with part of his employees, he went to work at the Institute of Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Sverdlovsk." --Bubuka 10:56, January 27, 2006 (UTC)
Something is wrong: the Industrial Party process ended in 1930, it is immediately written that the sharashkas “emerged in 1934 after the “Industrial Party” case.” The 34th - of course it is after the 30th, but something is not right. Again, on the indicated page of the “Memorial” there are only memories, then one can refer to Solzhenitsyn, who claims that the first “sharashka” was organized on the White Sea Canal, and this is 1931-1933. -- Sergey Smetanin
In 1934, the Bureau of Direct-Flow Boiler Construction was created as part of the GPU under the leadership of L.K. Ramzin, who was arrested in the Industrial Party case, in which other arrested “members of the Industrial Party” also worked. (mass media ). I'll try to clarify everything in the article.--Bubuka 09:56, January 30, 2006 (UTC)
Etymology [edit code]
Please do not put obvious etymological information in the introductory part. 13:43, March 25, 2012 (UTC)
Sharaga? [edit code]
Somehow, I have great doubts about the hypothesis about the origin of “sharashka” from “sharaga”. My linguistic intuition (nothing more) tells me that “sharaga” is rather the result of folk etymology, like the story of the word “umbrella”. Fomich 20:50, October 10, 2007 (UTC)
I looked into Dahl's dictionary: there is a word shy away, one of the meanings: “to resist, resist and not go where they drag you.” It seems there is no need to explain. Accordingly, I also remove the illiterate “sharazhka”. Fomich 14:38, February 22, 2008 (UTC)
It is necessary to write: “sharazhka” (diminutive of “sharaga”, according to the rules of the Russian language). "Sharashka" and (colloquially) - a hard object, a stick, that can be beaten. Accordingly, to “stun”, -shu, -shish, someone or something (colloquial) - 1. Hit hard. 2. To puzzle, to confuse. As you can see, Sharashka has nothing to do with SharZhka. (And to the cutter:) too. I think it is necessary to change the title of the article. By the way: http://www.gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=x&word=%F8%E0%F0%E0%E6%EA% E0 77.41.81.109 18:36, April 15, 2010 (UTC)Pavel
According to the rules for naming articles, Wikipedia does not use the “correct” names (even if they are correct from a grammatical point of view), but the most common ones. Therefore, the only argument in favor of renaming is a frequency analysis of modern usage. 02:22, April 16, 2010 (UTC) Okay, I agree. But only in this case (since these are homonyms) it is necessary to give all the meanings of this spelling and the corresponding references. And also explain that this word is “correct” or “incorrect”. After all, the goal of any encyclopedia, no matter what rules it has, is to give people the most complete information. And, if possible, do not mislead. 77.41.81.109 08:10, April 17, 2010 (UTC)Pavel
Stechkin, Boris Sergeevich[edit code]
Stechkin, Boris Sergeevich - engine specialist, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of all prizes (including the Stalin Prize). There is no article on Wikipedia. I'm collecting material. Kerber mentions that he was a prisoner of TsKB 29. This is not mentioned in official biographies. Can you help me find out? -- yuk 21:46, April 12, 2008 (UTC)
Stechkin, Boris Sergeevich Here is the article already 77.41.81.109 08:31, April 17, 2010 (UTC)Pavel Bravo! Wiki is known to mean "fast". 08:57, April 17, 2010 (UTC)There is such a thing as alternating consonants. Example: "G" alternates with "F" and not with "W".
- SNEG - snowy
- courage - brave
- BREG - COAST
- friend - friend
- road - path
- girlfriend - girlfriend
- sharaGa - sharaZhka
Diminutive suffix "KA" in in this case says that there is a single-root noun that characterizes an object or phenomenon of “standard” dimensions: thought - little thought, son - little son, idea - idea, khanyGA - khanyZhKA
So, if there is sharazhka, that is, sharaga.
Initiating the article “Technopark”, I wrote that the early prototypes of technology parks were Stalin’s cartoons. But someone demolished this comparison. But in vain. Flingern 20:23, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
By the way, the expression “sharashka’s office” has long existed in the Russian language, and I’m not sure that it did not appear before Stalin’s sharashkas. This expression is similar in type to the idiom “filkina gramata”.
I support the opinion about alternating consonants like “sharaga - sharazhka”, but it seems to me that the word “sharaga” came about by reducing the sounds in the word “sharazhka”, and not vice versa.
For me, even if you call it a pot, just don’t put it in the oven... 19:58, November 24, 2008 (UTC) There is an opinion that “sharazhka” comes from the French charge - a type of caricature... That is, sharazhkas were like parodies to “real” offices and research institutes. There is another opinion. Just as Pupkin or a certain Mr. Khren is now mentioned, so at the beginning of the last century (and maybe earlier) there was a virtual surname Sharashkin, that is, no one knows who. And small private firms were called sharashka offices. Since private traders were very disrespected during the years of the NEP, it is quite possible that the origin of the expression “sharashkin’s office” must be sought back then. 77.41.81.109 08:31, April 17, 2010 (UTC)
Zavod 16 [edit code]
I believe Factory 16 was in Voronezh. Glushko started at Plant 27 in Kazan, and was evacuated to Voronezh Oct 1941. 16/24/88/14 03:23, October 19, 2009 (UTC)
OK, Zavod 16 in Voronezh was evacuated to Kazan and united with Zavod 27. The result was called "Zavod 16". 16/24/88/14 06:24, October 19, 2009 (UTC)
translate your comments :)
I believe that "Plant 16" was located in Voronezh. Glushko worked at Factory 27 in Kazan and was then evacuated to Voronezh in October 1941. OK, Factory 16 in Voronezh was evacuated to Kazan and merged with Factory 27. The merged company was called "Plant 16". 77.41.81.109 08:20, April 17, 2010 (UTC)Pavel
Section “famous prisoners of sharashkas”[edit code]
Presentation of Glushko, Korolev, Kerber, Myasishchev, Polikarpov, Tupolev and others - heroes Soviet Union, winners of the highest state awards and prizes - like some kind of “prisoners of sharashkas” - this is VP:ORiss, a gross violation of VP:NTZ, VP:Verifiability. Deleted. This article is generally written about slang expressions. Psikos 08:22, 23 March 2010 (UTC) Dear Colleague Psikos, I agree with you: the detention of the outstanding figures of Soviet science and technology you listed, without any reason, cannot but cause indignation. However, this is an unfortunate fact of our history. As they say, you can’t erase words from a song. 22:11, March 23, 2010 (UTC) If a list is presented “without any reason,” then such a list is thrown out of Wikipedia at once. And there is no reason to consider heroes of the USSR, gentlemen of the highest state. There are no awards or other regalia for “prisoners of sharashkas”. What the hell are "prisoners", I beg your pardon? It's like "prisoners of the IF castle", or what? This is an encyclopedia, after all, not grani.ru. In addition, deleting source requests is a gross violation of the rules. Psikos 09:06, March 24, 2010 (UTC) Dear Psikos colleagueList of prisoners You write: " the list [of sharashka prisoners] is presented without any reason"However, if you look at the articles from this list, then in each of them you will find information about being in prison and working in closed design bureaus ("sharashkas"). This is the basis for inclusion in the list. I will add that the list of famous scientists and The number of engineers who worked in prison during the years of Stalin's repressions is still far from full.I invite you to replenish it. Source queries I agree with you regarding the removal of source requests. However, in my opinion, the answer to your questions (queries) follows from the text of the article itself. For example:
You asked for a source, despite the fact that the cases in question are directly listed in the text. How then should we understand your request? If you object to the wording of the phrase ( actively prepared), then this, of course, can be discussed in a working manner. Order of discussion. I also ask you to pay attention to the fact that this article has stood the test of time - it has existed for many years, and I took part in its writing a large number of editors. This, of course, does not negate the possibility of further edits, however, in my opinion, radical doubts and, especially, edits should be at first discuss, at least out of respect for the collective work of colleagues. I hope for your understanding and cooperation. 05:41, March 25, 2010 (UTC) Colleague Sergey Olegovich-KW, I’m not writing this “the list [of sharashka prisoners] is presented without any reason”, and you are absolutely right that there is no reason. In order to register someone as a “prisoner”, grounds are needed. And above all, the opinion of the “prisoners” themselves. Please provide links to AI in which these individuals call themselves “prisoners.” Otherwise, the one who appointed them as “prisoners” is engaged in Orissa. Psikos 08:41, March 25, 2010 (UTC) If I understand you correctly, you object to the use of the word "prisoner" in relation to scientists and engineers who served time in special prison-type design bureaus? If this is exactly the case, then it can be corrected to a more formal word - “prisoners”. 09:06, March 25, 2010 (UTC) Please provide links to AI in which the indicated individuals consider themselves prisoners. Psikos 09:22, March 25, 2010 (UTC) Your requirement may have some basis, however, in my opinion, it is obvious that the list in this article is for reference only. Basic information on the history of the conviction of certain personalities is given in the relevant articles. I believe that requests on this topic should be placed specifically in biographical articles and there should be a detailed discussion of each case separately. If the information on a particular person turns out to be erroneous, then the list will need to be corrected. In parentheses, I note that the above list is far from complete; it includes only the most prominent scientists and engineers who became victims of massive Stalinist repressions. I believe that as the project develops, the list will only expand. Unfortunately. 10:11, March 25, 2010 (UTC) Colleagues, there is a proposal to add Lev Aleksandrovich Zilber to the list. Kuzmi 4 15:32, January 10, 2016 (UTC+2) Yes, of course. Very interesting biography. - 15:39, January 10, 2016 (UTC)The OGPU bodies were actively preparing [ ] cases of sabotage organizations in various industries, enterprises, etc. - “ Indictment in the case of sabotage organization in the military industry" (1929), " Indictment on a counter-revolutionary sabotage organization in the NKPS and on the railways of the USSR" (1929), " The case of a counter-revolutionary sabotage and espionage organization in the gold mining industry of the DCK"(1930), " The case of a counter-revolutionary sabotage organization in the system of agricultural credit and machine supply in Far East (1931) " etc.
Removing Source Queries
You (Sergey Olegovich-KW) are deleting source requests with the comment “addition”. Please restore your source requests. Psikos 08:56, March 25, 2010 (UTC)
Dear colleague Psikos,
My difficulty is due to the fact that your requests can be divided into two groups:
a) requests related to the sources of opinions expressed in the article
b) queries related to the logic of cause-and-effect relationships and conclusions.
For example:
The second request belongs to group a) and the answer to it, in my opinion, is obvious: the name of the cited document is directly indicated in the text. The first request is from group b) - please look at them below. Another example:Therefore [source?] On May 15, 1930, the “Circular of the Supreme Council of the National Economy and the United State political management“On the “use in production of specialists convicted of sabotage,” signed by V.V. Kuibyshev and G.G. Yagoda. In particular, this document stated [source?]:
Indeed, here we need a source regarding the date of formation of the EKU OGPU, however, you are asking to clarify not the fact, but the purpose of the creation, i.e. This is a question from group b). In my opinion, only requests from group a), i.e., are correct. to sources of facts. Indeed, there should be more such sources in the article, so I suggest using the template (( )) . As for requests for a cause-and-effect outline of the history of the special design bureau, it seems obvious to me that some outline must be present. If you know of an interpretation different from that given in the article, then it should probably be presented in a separate section. This is usually done in articles on controversial topics in the history of Russia, for example, Industrialization of the USSR, etc. I propose the following procedure:In 1930, for this purpose [source?] the Technical Department of the EKU OGPU was organized,
- Instead of queries to facts, use the general template (( )), used. -KW
- Refuse to arrange queries according to cause-and-effect outline, Spanish. - Psikos
- Offer an additional alternative interpretation of the cause-and-effect outline of the history of the special design bureau in a separate section, used - Psikos
- for reasons and consequences - wait for other opinions, perhaps making a request for a review.
- by name - if you wish, put it up for discussion
Thank you for your question. Of course, the sharashkas were secret in both senses, to some extent. However, secrecy common feature all military research institutes and design bureaus in the USSR. A distinctive feature of the sharashkas is the prison regime and the corresponding position of the “employees”. This is exactly what is stated in the preamble. 02:31, March 17, 2013 (UTC)\ i.e. (once " secrecy is a common feature of all military research institutes and design bureaus in the USSR", and, according to you, - and the subject as well) - it should be written like this - "..slang name defense research institutes secret there were all defense research institutes and design bureaus, but Not all they were called sharashki. The defining property of the sharashkas was not secrecy, but rather the prison regime. The definition of any concept should be based precisely on the defining properties, right? If we include in the definition properties that are also inherent in other objects, then the question arises: how to limit the set of these not unique properties. 11:18, March 20, 2013 (UTC)
- Well, then there are two options:
- if, according to your statement No. 2 (see above), the fact takes place - then return it to the Definition;
- If secrecy is not significant fact(for the Definition (aka Preamble)) - then please indicate the place/section where this can be mentioned.
Citizens, I would like to express a special opinion regarding the sources used in this article. 90% of the information in the article is written based on reading the “works” of citizen Solzhenitsyn. I draw your closest attention - This work by citizen Solzhenitsyn artistic! This means he could write absolutely anything into it, and no one professionally checked the information contained in the “work.” Also, please note, this is NOT a memoir - this is specific fiction, which means the article has no value, since it does not correspond to reality. To identify the real state of affairs in the history of forced labor camps in the USSR, it is necessary to rely on data obtained from archives, as well as information received from interviewees and authoritative sources. Prisoners of ITL data cannot be such sources. The basic rule of the criminal correctional authorities is not to believe the convicted. A convicted person always considers himself illegally convicted, regardless of whether he is guilty or not. Simply put, the article needs to be rewritten so that it does not seem to the reader real description historical events. - This remark was added by Martin Leshchuk (·) 2016-12-10 (UTC)
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Many outstanding Soviet scientists and designers passed through the sharashkas. The main direction of OTB was the development of military and special (used by intelligence services) equipment. Many new models of military equipment and weapons in the USSR were created by sharashka prisoners.
Story
The prototype of a closed territorial-administrative entity appeared in the Venetian Republic, when in 1291 all glassblowers were evicted to the island of Murano. The Muranians enjoyed a lot of rights and privileges, but they could never leave their island under any circumstances.
The historical roots of the Special and Special Design Bureaus go back to 1928-1930, to the era of the first mass anti-sabotage campaign. The first sabotage trial was organized in 1928 - the Shakhty case.
The OGPU bodies were actively preparing cases of “sabotage” organizations in various industries, enterprises, etc. - “ Indictment in the case of sabotage organization in the military industry" (1929), " Indictment on a counter-revolutionary sabotage organization in the NKPS and on the railways of the USSR" (1929), " The case of a counter-revolutionary sabotage and espionage organization in the gold mining industry of the DCK"(1930), " The case of a counter-revolutionary sabotage organization in the system of agricultural credit and machine supply in the Far East (1931)" and so on.
On February 25, 1930, a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was issued on shortcomings in the work of the military industry, which identified the culprits for failures in economic activity - “pests”.
Beginning in 1930, a broad anti-sabotage campaign led by Economic Administration The EKU of the OGPU led to the appearance in prison of a mass of highly qualified specialists, whose use for physical labor was irrational.
Therefore, on May 15, 1930, “ Circular of the Supreme Council of the National Economy and the United State Political Administration" about " use in production of specialists convicted of sabotage", signed by V.V. Kuibyshev and G.G. Yagoda. In particular, this document stated:
The use of pests should be organized in such a way that their work takes place on the premises of the OGPU.
This is how the first system of scientific and technical prisons appeared - “sharashkas” for the use of “pests” in the interests of military production.
In 1930, for this purpose, within the framework of the Economic Directorate of the EKU OGPU, a Technical Department was organized, which supervised the work of special design bureaus that used the labor of imprisoned specialists. Head of the EKU OGPU (1930-1936) - L. G. Mironov (Kagan) - State Security Commissioner of the 2nd rank. In 1931-1936, for the purpose of secrecy, the Technical Department was successively assigned the numbers of the 5th, 8th, 11th and 7th departments of the EKU OGPU of the USSR (chief Goryanov-Gorny A.G. (Penknovich) 1930-1934. ).
In September 1938, by order of Yezhov, the Department of Special Design Bureaus of the NKVD of the USSR was organized (NKVD order No. 00641 of September 29, 1938).
On October 21, 1938, in accordance with NKVD order No. 00698, this unit received the name “4th Special Department.”
On January 10, 1939, by order of the NKVD No. 0021, it was transformed into a Special Technical Bureau (OTB) under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the use of prisoners with special technical knowledge.
The 4th special department of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR was organized in July 1941 on the basis of the Special Technical Bureau (OTB) of the NKVD of the USSR and the 4th department of the former NKGB of the USSR. Head of the department - V. A. Kravchenko.
The main tasks of the Department (from " A brief report on the work of the 4th special department of the NKVD of the USSR from 1939 to 1944»..)
The main tasks of the 4th Special Department are: the use of imprisoned specialists to carry out research and design work on the creation of new types of military aircraft, aircraft engines and engines of naval vessels, samples of artillery weapons and ammunition, chemical attack and defense means... providing radio communications and operational technology...
Since 1945, the special department also used German prisoners of war specialists.
The institution of sharashkas received its greatest development after 1949, when the 4th special department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the organization of “ Special technical, design and design bureaus for carrying out research, experimental, experimental and design work on the subject of the Main Directorates of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR"(Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 001020 of November 9, 1949) At a number of enterprises under the auspices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special bureaus were organized where prisoners worked.
After Stalin's death in 1953, the liquidation of the sharashkas began.
On March 30, 1953, the 4th Special Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was disbanded, but some sharashkas continued to function for several more years.
List of closed prison-type research institutes and design bureaus
- TsKB-39 The first prison design bureau in the history of aviation was organized in December 1929. Initially it was located in Butyrka prison.
- VT-11 (“Internal Prison - 11”) - worked by N. N. Polikarpov and D. P. Grigorovich.
- TsKB-29, or “Tupolev sharaga”, or special prison No. 156 Moscow - the largest aviation design bureau in the USSR in the 1940s. From 1941 to 1944 it was located in Omsk.
- OKB-16 is a special prison in Kazan at Aviation Plant No. 16 for the development of liquid-propellant rocket engines, or “rocket engine charaga.” Since November 1942, S.P. Korolev, transferred from the Omsk “sharashka” of A.N. Tupolev, worked here. The development of the RD-1 rocket engine was carried out by V. P. Glushko and D. D. Sevruk.
- OTB-82 or “Tushinskaya Sharaga” - prison design bureau for aircraft engines, 1938-1940. - Tushino, plant No. 82. Chief designer of the OKB A.D. Charomsky. Worked: professors B. S. Stechkin, K. I. Strakhovich, A. M. Dobrotvorsky, I. I. Sidorin. With the beginning of the war, the Tushino Sharashka, together with plant No. 82, was relocated to Kazan. In 1946, the OKB was transferred to Rybinsk (then the city of Shcherbakov), to engine plant No. 36. From September 27, 1946 to February 21, 1947, A. I. Solzhenitsyn worked in the Rybinsk sharashka
- Suzdal Pokrovsky Monastery is a center of microbiological weapons. Organized at the suggestion of the head of VOKHIMU Y. M. Fishman on the territory of the former Intercession Monastery. In 1932-1936 it was called the Bureau of Special Purpose (BON) of the Special Department of the OGPU, later it became (BIHI). Chief M. M. Faibich, his subordinates were repressed microbiologists.
- Research Institute of Communications, or “Marfinskaya sharaga” - special prison No. 16 of the USSR Ministry of State Security, 1948 (currently)
- Radio technical sharashka (wiretapping, operational communications, etc.) in Kuchino near Moscow, in the 1940s and 50s.
- NIIOKhT is the first “military chemical charaga”, at plant No. 1 (Olginsky plant) now GosNIIOKhT. The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology was created in 1924 in Moscow, research on the creation of chemical weapons in the 1930s. Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, s/k E. I. Shpitalsky, founder of the production of toxic substances - phosgene and mustard gas in the USSR, worked here. Experiments were also carried out on prisoners here to evaluate the effect of chemical agents on humans.
- Special military chemical bureau of the OGPU at the VKhNII (Military Chemical Institute), 1931.
- Special Technical Bureau (OTB) of the NKVD, later NII-6 NKVD. It was located on the territory of modern TsNIIHM - a red brick building. New types of ammunition and new technologies for military chemical production were created here. At OTB, the former head of the Military Chemical Directorate of the Spacecraft (VOKHIMU), Doctor of Chemical Sciences, now s/k Ya. M. Fishman, worked on the creation of a new type of gas mask.
- A special technical bureau, OTB-40, was created at the Kazan Powder Plant No. 40. The contingent of OTB-40 are engineering and technical workers of the powder industry and former employees plant No. 40, accused of sabotage and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Carried out the development and development of gunpowders, including those for Katyusha rocket launchers. The group was headed by N. P. Putimtsev (formerly chief engineer of the All-Union Powder Trust), the leading specialists were V. V. Shnegas, a nobleman, former colonel of the tsarist army (formerly technical director of plant No. 40) and scientists: Mikhail Abramovich Shvindelman, Grigory Lvovich Shtukater , Vorobyov David Evseevich, Belder Mikhail Abramovich, Fridlander Rostislav Georgievich - former chief technologist of the plant.
- Automotive and Tractor Design Bureau of the Izhora Plant, Podolsk branch. In 1931-1934. was under the jurisdiction of the Technical Department of the EKU OGPU, located at the Podolsk plant named after. Ordzhonikidze. Prisoners - specialists convicted in the case of the "Industrial Party" - developed light amphibious tanks T-27 and T-37, etc. under the leadership of civilian N.A. Astrov, the future famous designer of armored vehicles. Here, the creators of domestic aviation armor, S. T. Kishkin and N. M. Sklyarov, gained experience in managing work collectives.
- Design Bureau of the Automatic Tank-Diesel Department of the Economic Directorate of the OGPU (in the late 1920s, worked on a 75-ton breakthrough tank).
- Special Geological Bureau (Murmansk “sharaga”). Organized in 1930 in Murmansk, where prisoners M. N. Dzhakson, S. V. Konstantov, V. K. Kotulsky, S. F. Malyavkin, A. Yu. Serk, P. N. Chirvinsky worked. At the end of the 40s, other “sharashkas” of geological profile functioned - Dalstroevskaya (Northern Complex Thematic Expedition No. 8) and Krasnoyarsk (OTB-1 “Yeniseistroya”). Over the years, imprisoned geologists also worked (not in their specialty) in scientific and technical “sharashkas” - special technical bureaus of the OGPU and its “successors” (M. M. Ermolaev, D. I. Musatov, S. M. Sheinmann).
- Atomic sharaga in Sukhumi (1940s and 1950s), where specialists brought from Germany (Prof. Ardenne, Prof. Hertz (nephew of Heinrich Hertz), etc.) worked on the separation of uranium isotopes.
- Special Technical Bureau (OTB-1) - as part of Glaveniseystroy. Krasnoyarsk. Created in 1949. Currently vr. "SibtsvetmetNIIproekt"
- LLC PKF "Infanko" (Smolensk "sharaga").
- OTB-569 (from April 1945 - NII-862) at the Zvyozdochka enterprise (later NIIPH in Zagorsk, where Solzhenitsyn was transferred on March 6, 1947 and where he was until his transfer to Marfino on July 9, 1947).
- Laboratory “B” of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was created in May 1946 by order of the USSR government (No. 1996-р-с) on the basis of the Sungul sanatorium in the Urals in the Chelyabinsk region, in 1948 it was renamed Object 0215 (address: Kasli, Chelyabinsk region, PO Box 33/6). The laboratory was closed in March 1955, after which an institute was built in its place, now (since 1992) called RFNC-VNIITF. The city of Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70) arose around the institute. Director of the Object, Colonel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Alexander Konstantinovich Uralets (until December 1952), deputy. according to the regime, Major M. N. Vereshchagin. After Uralets, the Director of the Object, Ph.D. Gleb Arkadyevich Sereda. Scientific guidance was entrusted to the German scientist N. Riehl. The radiochemical department was headed by chemist Sergei Aleksandrovich Voznesensky (1892-1958) since 1941, and the biophysical department was headed by geneticist N.V. Timofeev-Ressovsky (1900-1981).
- OKB-172 at the Leningrad prison "Kresty" (before the evacuation, in 1942, to Molotov it was called the OTB UNKVD for the Leningrad Region) was officially created in April 1938 (actually earlier). On the basis of this design bureau, several dozen samples of military equipment were developed that proved themselves well during the Second World War, for example, self-propelled guns SU-152 and ISU-152, a two-gun 130-mm main caliber naval artillery mount B-2-LM, a 45-mm anti-tank gun model 1942 (M-42, “forty-five”), etc. The first employees of the OTB were arrested engineers from the “Bolshevik” camp. From the beginning of his work, the leading designer of the OTB was S.I. Lodkin. Later, the work collective of the “sharashka” was replenished with arrested mathematicians, mechanics, engineers, among whom there were many prominent specialists, such as designers: V. L. Brodsky (builder of the cruiser “Kirov”), E. E. Papmel, A. S. Tochinsky, A. L. Konstantinov, M. Yu. Tsirulnikov; mathematicians professors A. M. Zhuravsky and N. S. Koshlyakov, arrested in the famous blockade case No. 555, and others. Disbanded in 1953.
Famous prisoners of prison research institutes and design bureaus
- R. L. Bartini, aircraft designer;
- N. I. Bazenkov, aircraft designer;
- Belder Mikhail Abramovich, scientist chemist;
- Vorobyov David Evseevich, scientist chemist;
- V. P. Glushko
- D. P. Grigorovich, aircraft designer;
- S. M. Ivashev-Musatov, artist;
- L. Z. Kopelev, writer, literary critic;
- N. S. Koshlyakov, mathematician, corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences;
- S. P. Korolev, designer of rocket and space technology;
- L. L. Kerber, long-distance radio communications specialist;
- Yu. V. Kondratyuk, designer of wind power plants, author of works on astronautics (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32);
- N. E. Lanceray, architect-artist;
- S. I. Lodkin, designer in the field of shipbuilding and military artillery;
- B. S. Malakhovsky, designer of steam locomotives;
- D. S. Markov, aircraft designer;
- B. S. Maslenikov, pioneer of Russian aviation, engineer, organizer (Novosibirsk, head of OPKB-14 at the OGPU PP of the West Siberian Territory, 1930-1932, civilian);
- V. M. Myasishchev, aircraft designer;
- I. G. Neman, aircraft designer;
- N.V. Nikitin, engineer, future creator of the Ostankino television tower (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, worked part-time);
- G. A. Ozerov, aircraft designer;
- V. M. Petlyakov, aircraft designer;
- N. N. Polikarpov, aircraft designer;
- A. I. Putilov, aircraft designer;
- L.K. Ramzin, heating engineer;
- V. F. Savelyev, pioneer of the Russian aviation industry, designer of aircraft weapons (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, link);
- I. I. Sidorin, metallurgist;
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer (in sharashka - as a mathematician);
- B. S. Stechkin, scientist and designer of aircraft engines;
- L. S. Theremin, creator of the theremin;
- N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky, geneticist (in sharashka - specialist in radiation genetics and safety);
- D. L. Tomashevich, aircraft designer;
- A. N. Tupolev, aircraft designer;
- M. Yu. Tsirulnikov, designer of artillery weapons;
- V. A. Chizhevsky, aircraft designer;
- A. D. Charomsky, designer of aviation diesel engines;
- A. M. Cheremukhin, aircraft designer;
- A. S. Fanshtein, prominent chemist;
- N. A. Chinakal, mining engineer, future director of the Institute of Mining, Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk, OPKB-14, 1930-32, convicted in the “Shakhty case”);
- E. I. Shpitalsky, professor-chemist, specialist in chemical weapons.
- Shtukater Grigory Lvovich, scientist chemist;
- Shnegas Vladimir Vladimirovich, scientist chemist;
- Shvindelman Mikhail Abramovich, scientist chemist;
- V. N. Yavorsky, designer of military equipment.
Products created in prison research institutes and design bureaus
- Fighter I-5 - TsKB-39 under the direction of N. G. Polikarpov, 1930;
- Freight locomotive "Felix Dzerzhinsky" - TB OGPU, 1931;
- High-altitude bomber DVB-102 - TsKB-29 under the leadership of V. M. Myasishchev, 1938;
- Pe-2 dive bomber - TsKB-29 under the leadership of V. M. Petlyakov, 1939;
- Front-line bomber Tu-2 - TsKB-29 under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, 1941;
- Auxiliary aviation liquid-propellant engines RD-1, RD-1KhZ, RD-2 and RD-3 - Design Bureau of the 4th Special Department of the NKVD at Kazan Plant No. 16 under the leadership of V. P. Glushko, 1942-44;
- Universal artillery system 152 mm;
- Regimental 75 mm gun model 1943, in TsKB-39 (adopted into service on September 4, 1943)
Sharashki in culture
In literature- A. Solzhenitsyn"In the first circle"
- Zorohovich A. In “Sharashka” / In the collection: ...To have the strength to remember. Stories of those who went through the hell of repression. Comp. Gurvich L.M. - M.: Moscow Worker, 1991. - 369 p. - (Truth Foundation: documents, evidence, research) - ISBN 5-239-01273-3 - P. 212, 214-215.
- A. Zorokhovich. Sharashka of the “first circle”: Chapter 4 from the book. “Memories” // Zvezda, 1992. - No. 7. P. 185, 187-188.
- Kopelev L. Solzhenitsyn on a sharashka: [From the book. “Quench my sorrows”] // Time and us. Tel Aviv, 1979. No. 40. P. 178-205.
- Kopelev L. Marfinskaya sharashka // Questions of literature, 1990. No. 7. P. 73-96.
- L. Kopelev.“Silent sharashka night...” / Kopelev L. Soothe my sorrows: Memoirs. - M.: Ex libris - Slovo, 1991. - ISBN 5-85050-270-X - P. 37.
- Panin D. On the sharashka: About the prototypes of the novel “In the First Circle” / [Preface. F. Medvedeva] // Lit. gas. 1990. May 30. P. 7: ill.
- Panin D. From the book “Notes of Sologdin”: On the sharashka (1947-1950) / Prepared text. I. Panina // Chronograph-1990. M., 1991. S. 498-501, 502, 504, 506, 508, 509-510, 518.
- Kompaneets J. Someone else's social life: ...Sharashkin's office: [About Solzhenitsyn's visit to the Automation Research Institute in Marfino] // Panorama of Latvia. 1997. February 6: portrait. (Solzhenitsyn is again in the “sharashka”: // Ogonyok. 1997. No. 4. P. 20-21: ill., portrait.)
- Reshetovskaya N. A. In the second circle: Revelations of Solzhenitsyn’s first wife. - M.: Algorithm, 2006. (with decoding of the prototypes of the literary characters “In the First Circle”)
- In the First Circle (TV series) (based on the novel of the same name)
- Keep forever (based on the novel “In the First Circle”)
- Unreal story on STS (series of stories about “Soviet scientists”)
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Excerpt characterizing Sharashk
“Kiss the doll,” she said.Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting with her thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked next to him into the sofa.
The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the countess, addressing her eldest daughter, obviously unloved. - How come you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're out of place here? Go to your sisters, or...
Beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me long ago, mamma, I would have left immediately,” she said, and went to her room.
But, passing by the sofa, she noticed that there were two couples sitting symmetrically at two windows. She stopped and smiled contemptuously. Sonya sat close to Nikolai, who was copying out poems for her that he had written for the first time. Boris and Natasha were sitting at another window and fell silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha looked at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but the sight of them, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.”
She took the inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” said Vera. “Then they ran into the living room, so everyone felt ashamed of you.”
Despite the fact that, or precisely because, what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only looked at each other. She lingered in the room with the inkwell in her hand.
- And what secrets could there be at your age between Natasha and Boris and between you - they’re all just nonsense!
- Well, what do you care, Vera? – Natasha said intercedingly in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was even more kind and affectionate to everyone than always that day.
“Very stupid,” said Vera, “I’m ashamed of you.” What are the secrets?...
- Everyone has their own secrets. We won’t touch you and Berg,” Natasha said, getting excited.
“I think you won’t touch me,” said Vera, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions.” But I’ll tell mommy how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilyinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
- Leave it, Boris, you are such a diplomat (the word diplomat was in great use among children in the special meaning that they attached to this word); It’s even boring,” Natasha said in an offended, trembling voice. - Why is she pestering me? You will never understand this,” she said, turning to Vera, “because you have never loved anyone; you have no heart, you are only madame de Genlis [Madame Genlis] (this nickname, considered very offensive, was given to Vera by Nikolai), and your first pleasure is making trouble for others. “You flirt with Berg as much as you want,” she said quickly.
- Yes, I certainly won’t start chasing a young man in front of guests...
“Well, she achieved her goal,” Nikolai intervened, “she said unpleasant things to everyone, upset everyone.” Let's go to the nursery.
All four, like a frightened flock of birds, got up and left the room.
“They told me some troubles, but I didn’t mean anything to anyone,” said Vera.
- Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis! - Laughing voices said from behind the door.
Beautiful Vera, who had such an irritating, unpleasant effect on everyone, smiled and, apparently unaffected by what was said to her, went to the mirror and straightened her scarf and hairstyle. Looking at her beautiful face, she apparently became even colder and calmer.
The conversation continued in the living room.
- Ah! chere,” said the countess, “and in my life tout n”est pas rose. Don’t I see that du train, que nous allons, [not everything is roses. - given our way of life,] our condition will not last long for us! And "It's all a club, and its kindness. We live in the village, do we really relax? Theatres, hunting and God knows what. But what can I say about me! Well, how did you arrange all this? I'm often surprised at you, Annette, how it's possible You, at your age, ride alone in a carriage, to Moscow, to St. Petersburg, to all the ministers, to all the nobility, you know how to get along with everyone, I’m surprised! Well, how did this work out? I don’t know how to do any of this.
- Oh, my soul! - answered Princess Anna Mikhailovna. “God forbid you know how hard it is to remain a widow without support and with a son whom you love to the point of adoration.” “You’ll learn everything,” she continued with some pride. – My process taught me. If I need to see one of these aces, I write a note: “princesse une telle [princess so-and-so] wants to see so-and-so,” and I drive myself in a cab at least two, at least three times, at least four times, until I achieve what I need. I don't care what anyone thinks of me.
- Well, well, who did you ask about Borenka? – asked the Countess. - After all, yours is already a guard officer, and Nikolushka is a cadet. There is no one to bother. Who did you ask?
- Prince Vasily. He was very nice. Now I agreed to everything, reported to the sovereign,” Princess Anna Mikhailovna said with delight, completely forgetting all the humiliation she went through to achieve her goal.
- That he has aged, Prince Vasily? – asked the Countess. – I haven’t seen him since our theaters at the Rumyantsevs’. And I think he forgot about me. “Il me faisait la cour, [He was trailing after me,” the countess recalled with a smile.
“Still the same,” answered Anna Mikhailovna, “kind, crumbling.” Les grandeurs ne lui ont pas touriene la tete du tout. [The high position did not turn his head at all.] “I regret that I can do too little for you, dear princess,” he tells me, “order.” No, he is a nice man and a wonderful family member. But you know, Nathalieie, my love for my son. I don't know what I wouldn't do to make him happy. “And my circumstances are so bad,” Anna Mikhailovna continued with sadness and lowering her voice, “so bad that I am now in the most terrible situation. My miserable process is eating up everything I have and is not moving. I don’t have, you can imagine, a la lettre [literally], I don’t have a dime of money, and I don’t know what to outfit Boris with. “She took out a handkerchief and began to cry. “I need five hundred rubles, but I have one twenty-five-ruble note.” I am in this position... My only hope now is Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov. If he does not want to support his godson - after all, he baptized Borya - and assign him something for his maintenance, then all my troubles will be lost: I will have nothing to outfit him with.
The Countess shed tears and silently thought about something.
“I often think, maybe this is a sin,” said the princess, “and I often think: Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhoy lives alone... this is a huge fortune... and what does he live for? Life is a burden for him, but Borya is just beginning to live.
“He will probably leave something for Boris,” said the countess.
- God knows, chere amie! [dear friend!] These rich people and nobles are so selfish. But I’ll still go to him now with Boris and tell him straight out what’s going on. Let them think what they want about me, I really don’t care when my son’s fate depends on it. - The princess stood up. - Now it’s two o’clock, and at four o’clock you have lunch. I'll have time to go.
And with the techniques of a St. Petersburg business lady who knows how to use time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.
“Farewell, my soul,” she said to the countess, who accompanied her to the door, “wish me success,” she added in a whisper from her son.
– Are you visiting Count Kirill Vladimirovich, ma chere? - said the count from the dining room, also going out into the hallway. - If he feels better, invite Pierre to dinner with me. After all, he visited me and danced with the children. Call me by all means, ma chere. Well, let's see how Taras distinguishes himself today. He says that Count Orlov never had such a dinner as we will have.
“Mon cher Boris, [Dear Boris,”] said Princess Anna Mikhailovna to her son when Countess Rostova’s carriage, in which they were sitting, drove along the straw-covered street and drove into the wide courtyard of Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy. “Mon cher Boris,” said the mother, pulling her hand out from under her old coat and with a timid and affectionate movement placing it on her son’s hand, “be gentle, be attentive.” Count Kirill Vladimirovich is still for you Godfather, and your future fate depends on it. Remember this, mon cher, be as sweet as you know how to be...
“If I had known that anything other than humiliation would come out of this...” the son answered coldly. “But I promised you and I’m doing this for you.”
Despite the fact that someone’s carriage was standing at the entrance, the doorman, looking at the mother and son (who, without ordering to report themselves, directly entered the glass vestibule between two rows of statues in the niches), looking significantly at the old cloak, asked who they wanted whatever, the princesses or the count, and, having learned that the count, said that their Lordships are worse off now and their Lordships do not receive anyone.
“We can leave,” the son said in French.
- Mon ami! [My friend!] - said the mother in a pleading voice, again touching her son’s hand, as if this touch could calm or excite him.
Boris fell silent and, without taking off his overcoat, looked questioningly at his mother.
“Darling,” Anna Mikhailovna said in a gentle voice, turning to the doorman, “I know that Count Kirill Vladimirovich is very ill... that’s why I came... I’m a relative... I won’t bother you, dear... But I just need to see Prince Vasily Sergeevich: because he is standing here. Report back, please.
The doorman sullenly pulled the string upward and turned away.
“Princess Drubetskaya to Prince Vasily Sergeevich,” he shouted to a waiter in stockings, shoes and a tailcoat who had run down from above and was looking out from under the ledge of the stairs.
The mother smoothed out the folds of her dyed silk dress, looked into the solid Venetian mirror in the wall and walked briskly up the staircase carpet in her worn-out shoes.
“Mon cher, voue m"avez promis, [My friend, you promised me,” she turned again to the Son, exciting him with the touch of her hand.
The son, with lowered eyes, calmly followed her.
They entered the hall, from which one door led to the chambers allocated to Prince Vasily.
While the mother and son, going out into the middle of the room, intended to ask for directions from the old waiter who jumped up at their entrance, a bronze handle turned at one of the doors and Prince Vasily in a velvet fur coat, with one star, in a homely manner, came out, seeing off the handsome black-haired a man. This man was the famous St. Petersburg doctor Lorrain.
“C"est donc positif? [So, is this true?] - said the prince.
“Mon prince, “errare humanum est”, mais... [Prince, it is human nature to make mistakes.] - answered the doctor, gracing and pronouncing Latin words in a French accent.
– C"est bien, c"est bien... [Okay, okay...]
Noticing Anna Mikhailovna and her son, Prince Vasily dismissed the doctor with a bow and silently, but with a questioning look, approached them. The son noticed how suddenly deep sorrow was expressed in his mother's eyes, and smiled slightly.
- Yes, in what sad circumstances did we have to see each other, Prince... Well, what about our dear patient? - she said, as if not noticing the cold, insulting gaze directed at her.
Prince Vasily looked questioningly, to the point of bewilderment, at her, then at Boris. Boris bowed politely. Prince Vasily, without answering the bow, turned to Anna Mikhailovna and answered her question with a movement of his head and lips, which meant the worst hope for the patient.
- Really? - Anna Mikhailovna exclaimed. - Oh, this is terrible! It’s scary to think... This is my son,” she added, pointing to Boris. “He himself wanted to thank you.”
Boris bowed politely again.
- Believe, prince, that a mother’s heart will never forget what you did for us.
“I’m glad that I could do something pleasant for you, my dear Anna Mikhailovna,” said Prince Vasily, straightening his frill and in his gesture and voice showing here, in Moscow, in front of the patronized Anna Mikhailovna, even greater importance than in St. Petersburg, at Annette’s evening Scherer.
“Try to serve well and be worthy,” he added, turning sternly to Boris. - I'm glad... Are you here on vacation? – he dictated in his dispassionate tone.
“I’m waiting for an order, your Excellency, to go to a new destination,” answered Boris, showing neither annoyance at the prince’s harsh tone, nor a desire to engage in conversation, but so calmly and respectfully that the prince looked at him intently.
- Do you live with your mother?
“I live with Countess Rostova,” said Boris, adding again: “Your Excellency.”
“This is the Ilya Rostov who married Nathalie Shinshina,” said Anna Mikhailovna.
“I know, I know,” said Prince Vasily in his monotonous voice. – Je n"ai jamais pu concevoir, comment Nathalieie s"est decidee a epouser cet ours mal – leche l Un personnage completement stupide et ridicule.Et joueur a ce qu"on dit. [I could never understand how Natalie decided to come out marry this dirty bear. A completely stupid and ridiculous person. And a player, too, they say.]
“Mais tres brave homme, mon prince,” Anna Mikhailovna remarked, smiling touchingly, as if she knew that Count Rostov deserved such an opinion, but asked to have pity on the poor old man. – What do the doctors say? - asked the princess, after a short silence and again expressing great sadness on her tear-stained face.
“There is little hope,” said the prince.
“And I really wanted to thank my uncle again for all his good deeds to both me and Bora.” C"est son filleuil, [This is his godson," she added in such a tone, as if this news should have greatly pleased Prince Vasily.
Prince Vasily thought and winced. Anna Mikhailovna realized that he was afraid to find in her a rival in the will of Count Bezukhy. She hastened to reassure him.
“If it weren’t for my true love and devotion to my uncle,” she said, pronouncing this word with particular confidence and carelessness: “I know his character, noble, direct, but he has only the princesses with him... They are still young...” She bowed her head and she added in a whisper: “Did he fulfill his last duty, prince?” How precious are these last minutes! After all, it can’t be worse; it needs to be cooked if it is that bad. We women, Prince,” she smiled tenderly, “always know how to say these things.” It is necessary to see him. No matter how hard it was for me, I was already used to suffering.
The prince apparently understood, and understood, as he did at the evening at Annette Scherer’s, that it was difficult to get rid of Anna Mikhailovna.
“Wouldn’t this meeting be difficult for him, here Anna Mikhailovna,” he said. - Let's wait until evening, the doctors promised a crisis.
“But you can’t wait, Prince, at these moments.” Pensez, il va du salut de son ame... Ah! c"est terrible, les devoirs d"un chretien... [Think, it’s about saving his soul! Oh! this is terrible, the duty of a Christian...]
A door opened from the inner rooms, and one of the count's princesses, the count's nieces, entered, with a gloomy and cold face and a strikingly disproportionate long waist to her legs.
Prince Vasily turned to her.
- Well, what is he?
- All the same. And as you wish, this noise... - said the princess, looking around Anna Mikhailovna as if she were a stranger.
“Ah, chere, je ne vous reconnaissais pas, [Ah, dear, I didn’t recognize you,” Anna Mikhailovna said with a happy smile, walking up to the count’s niece with a light amble. “Je viens d"arriver et je suis a vous pour vous aider a soigner mon oncle. J'imagine, combien vous avez souffert, [I came to help you follow your uncle. I can imagine how you suffered," she added, with participation rolling my eyes.
The princess did not answer anything, did not even smile, and immediately left. Anna Mikhailovna took off her gloves and, in the position she had won, sat down on a chair, inviting Prince Vasily to sit next to her.
- Boris! “- she said to her son and smiled, “I’ll go to the count, to my uncle, and you go to Pierre, mon ami, in the meantime, and don’t forget to give him the invitation from the Rostovs.” They call him to dinner. I think he won't go? - she turned to the prince.
“On the contrary,” said the prince, apparently out of sorts. – Je serais tres content si vous me debarrassez de ce jeune homme... [I would be very glad if you saved me from this young man...] Sits here. The Count never asked about him.
He shrugged. The waiter led the young man down and up another staircase to Pyotr Kirillovich.
Pierre never had time to choose a career for himself in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was exiled to Moscow for rioting. The story told by Count Rostov was true. Pierre participated in tying up the policeman with the bear. He arrived a few days ago and stayed, as always, at his father's house. Although he assumed that his story was already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, who were always unkind to him, would take advantage of this opportunity to irritate the count, he still went after his father’s half on the day of his arrival. Entering the drawing room, the usual abode of the princesses, he greeted the ladies who were sitting at the embroidery frame and behind a book, which one of them was reading aloud. There were three of them. The eldest, clean, long-waisted, stern girl, the same one who came out to Anna Mikhailovna, was reading; the younger ones, both ruddy and pretty, differing from each other only in that one had a mole above her lip, which made her very beautiful, were sewing in a hoop. Pierre was greeted as if he were dead or plagued. The eldest princess interrupted her reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; the youngest, without a mole, assumed exactly the same expression; the smallest one, with a mole, of a cheerful and giggling character, bent over the embroidery frame to hide a smile, probably caused by the upcoming scene, the funnyness of which she foresaw. She pulled the hair down and bent down, as if she was sorting out the patterns and could hardly restrain herself from laughing.
“Bonjour, ma cousine,” said Pierre. – Vous ne me hesonnaissez pas? [Hello, cousin. Don't you recognize me?]
“I recognize you too well, too well.”
– How is the count’s health? Can I see him? – Pierre asked awkwardly, as always, but not embarrassed.
– The Count is suffering both physically and morally, and it seems that you took care to cause him more moral suffering.
-Can I see the count? - Pierre repeated.
- Hm!.. If you want to kill him, completely kill him, then you can see. Olga, go and see if the broth is ready for your uncle, it’s time soon,” she added, showing Pierre that they were busy and busy calming his father down, while he was obviously busy only upsetting him.
Olga left. Pierre stood, looked at the sisters and, bowing, said:
- So I’ll go to my place. When it is possible, you tell me.
He went out, and the ringing but quiet laughter of the sister with the mole was heard behind him.
The next day, Prince Vasily arrived and settled in the count's house. He called Pierre to him and told him:
– Mon cher, si vous vous conduisez ici, comme a Petersbourg, vous finirez tres mal; c"est tout ce que je vous dis. [My dear, if you behave here as in St. Petersburg, you will end very badly; I have nothing more to tell you.] The Count is very, very sick: you don’t need to see him at all.
Sharashka(sharaga) - a slang name for secret research institutes and design bureaus subordinate to the NKVD/MVD of the USSR, in which imprisoned engineers worked; also a disparaging name for the employing organization or counterparty. In the NKVD system they were called “special technical bureaus” (OTB), “special design bureaus” (OKB) and similar abbreviations with numbers.
Story
The overwhelming number of citizens of our country learned about the so-called “sharashkas” (or sharagas) only from materials in the domestic media in the late 1980s - early 1990s. In the wake of “Perestroika,” anti-Soviet elements presented secret design bureaus and laboratories to the average person as “places for recycling the intelligentsia.” This is what “democratic” publishers write today in the preface to L.L. Kerber’s book “Tupolev’s Charaga”:
The time has come to return the name of the real author to the book "Tupolev's Sharaga" and open it to millions of readers around the world. In addition, it is extremely interesting and instructive to read several dozen pages of truth about the past of Russia, written by an eyewitness of the events in figurative, living language: about its bright, spiritually free, highly educated and talented intelligentsia - scientists, designers, technicians. About people who received an excellent education from pre-Soviet Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan (as well as German, English, French) professors. About citizens who freely traveled until 1913 to study at the best universities in Europe and work in leading Western companies and returned without hindrance, and most importantly, with great desire, to live and work home in Russia... (Then there was war, revolution, NEP, the Iron Curtain and bloody grip of the Stalinist totalitarian regime). For many, it will be a discovery to learn about the extraordinary Western eccentric idealists, seduced by Soviet propaganda, who came to help build a “new, happy, free Russia” and who fell into the same clutches.
It is especially necessary to know this now, when much has already been forgotten, and young schoolchildren and students are increasingly reading and hearing on radio and TV, “how wonderfully the Chekists of L.P. Beria organized scientific work before the war, during the war and in the post-war time," they say, there is something to learn...
It seems that everything is correct - the bloody Communist maniacs set themselves the goal of slaughtering the entire “Russian” intelligentsia and establishing the rule of the proletariat, that is, “stupid, uneducated hillbillies.” But - alas, it doesn’t add up! Were it not the revolutionary intellectuals who threw bombs at the Tsar and the General Governors? Isn't it February Revolution 1917 and it wasn’t the intellectuals who “arranged” the overthrow of the tsar?! Wasn’t it the intelligent “Provisional Government” with its “wise” leadership that led to the massacre of officers in the Russian Army and Navy, the seizure of landowners’ lands by peasants and factories by workers?! And finally - didn’t the “leaders of the proletariat” who threw the incompetent “Provisional Government” out of the Winter Palace come from hereditary “intelligent” families?! And wasn’t it in the USSR that it was created and supported in every possible way by the state the new kind intelligentsia - "Creative Intelligentsia" - which included actors, musicians, sculptors, artists, writers, singers, poets, etc. "creators" - previously not "comedians who were considered human"?!
About the counter-revolutionary wrecking organization
Here it should be remembered that the Soviet national economy inherited technical backwardness from pre-revolutionary Russia. And, of course, this situation could not be corrected overnight. Our country was in dire need of supplies of modern industrial equipment. These needs increased sharply at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s due to the onset of industrialization, when a desperate attempt was made to catch up with developed countries.
As you know, speaking on February 4, 1931 at the first All-Union Conference of Socialist Industry Workers, Stalin said: “We are 50–100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we will do this, or we will be crushed” (Stalin I.V. Works. T.13. M., 1951. P.39).
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