If the victim does not breathe at all or, being in an unconscious state, breathes rarely and convulsively, with sobbing, but his pulse is palpable, you must immediately send for a doctor, and before he arrives, do artificial respiration.
Before this, you need to quickly unbutton the victim’s clothes that are restricting breathing (tie, belt), but you should not undress him, as this is useless and time-consuming, and the probability of success is less, the later artificial respiration is started (if it is started 5 minutes after Once the victim has stopped breathing, there is little hope for revival). It is necessary to open the victim’s mouth and remove anything that may interfere with breathing (for example, displaced dentures), i.e., ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract.
Most effective way artificial respiration is the way " mouth to mouth" or " from mouth to nose"- this is the blowing of air from the mouth of the rescuer into the mouth or nose of the victim.
This method of artificial respiration allows you to easily control the flow of air into the victim’s lungs by expansion chest after insufflation and its subsequent decline as a result of passive exhalation.
To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfasten clothing that is restricting breathing, place something soft under the shoulder blades, and lightly press on the head so that it tilts back as much as possible (Fig. 5.3).
Rice. 5.3. Position of the victim's head during artificial respiration
In this case, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the victim’s mouth opens. In this case, the tongue does not block the passage of air into the throat. Next, they pinch the victim’s nose, and taking a deep breath, sharply exhale air into the victim’s mouth (Fig. 5.4).
Rice. 5.4. Performing artificial respiration
Air can be blown through a dry handkerchief, gauze, or a special device called an “air duct.” If the victim’s pulse is well determined and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 s (12 respiratory cycles per minute). During these 5 s, the victim exhales; the air comes out on its own. You can assist the exit by lightly pressing on the chest.
For children, air injections are done less sharply than for adults, in a smaller volume and more often up to 15 - 18 times per minute.
Stop artificial respiration after the victim has regained rhythmic spontaneous breathing.
Rules indirect massage hearts.
If the victim’s pulse cannot be felt even in the neck, then perform a heart massage, pressing on the lower third of the victim’s chest (but not “in the stomach”) with quick sharp pushes of the rescuer’s palms placed one on top of the other (Fig. 5.5).
Rice. 5.5. Position of the person providing assistance during external cardiac massage
Pressure should be made in quick bursts, so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm, the duration of pressure is no more than 0.5 s, the interval between individual pressures is 0.5 s. Each pressure compresses the heart and drives blood through circulatory system. At least 60 pressures must be applied in 1 minute.
For children under 12 years of age, pressure is applied with one hand and more often 70...100 per minute, depending on age. For children under one year old - with two fingers 100...120 times per minute. Every 2 minutes it is recommended to check for 2-3 seconds to see if a pulse appears.
6. Fire safety
Fire resistance of building structures
Based on flammability, building structures are divided into fireproof, fireproof and combustible.
Fireproof are building structures made of fireproof materials.
Fire-resistant structures made of fire-resistant materials or combustible materials protected from fire and high temperatures fireproof materials (for example, a fire door made of wood and covered with asbestos sheets and roofing steel).
Under fire resistance building structures usually imply their ability to perform operational functions for a certain period of time, maintaining a given load-bearing capacity (no collapse) and the ability to protect from combustion products and flames under fire conditions.
The fire resistance of a building structure is assessed fire resistance limit, representing the time in hours from the start of testing the structure under a standard temperature-time regime until the appearance of one of the following signs:
– formation of through cracks or holes in the design sample through which combustion products or flames penetrate;
– an increase in the average temperature at the measurement points on the unheated surface of the structure by more than 160 °C, or at any point on this surface by more than 190 °C compared to the temperature of the structure before testing or by 220 °C regardless of the initial surface temperature; deformation and collapse of the structure, loss of bearing capacity.
There are several methods of artificial respiration, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are used for diseases and accidents associated with the cessation of natural breathing. Artificial respiration can be performed manually and mechanically (using artificial respiration devices) . The most effective and affordable way to restore blood circulation and cardiac activity is the “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method using heart massage, since the air exhaled by a person contains a significant percentage of oxygen (
15:
Yes, allowing the use of artificial respiration and carbon dioxide necessary for humans.
The mouth-to-mouth method (Fig. 9.2) is as follows. After the water has been removed and the victim's mouth has been cleaned, he is placed on the ground or a hard surface.
Rice. 9.2. Method of artificial respiration "mouth to mouth":
a - through the gasket; b - using an air duct
If one person is providing assistance, then he kneels down at the side of the headboard, puts one hand under the victim’s neck, the other on his forehead and throws his head back as far as possible, and with his large and index fingers pinches his nostrils and, making deep breath and wrapping your lips around his mouth (possibly through a scarf or gauze), blows air into his lungs. If at the same time the exhaled air of the rescuer did not leak out anywhere and the victim’s chest expanded, it means that the air entered the lungs and the exhalation reached goal, at the moment of maximum expansion of the chest, the rescuer removes his mouth from the victim’s mouth. If the goal is not achieved, and the tongue falls back, tightly closing the entrance to the larynx, then air cannot pass into the lungs.
With maximum extension of the sixth section of the spine, the root of the tongue moves upward, opening access to the respiratory tract. A cushion should be placed under the victim’s shoulders. The frequency of air insufflation for an adult is 12...14, for children 16...18 times per minute. The victim exhales will occur passively (but due to the created increased pressure in the lungs, their elasticity and chest pressure.
Since children's mouth and nose are located close to each other, they can be tightly wrapped around their lips and inhaled through them into the lungs.
When blowing air “from mouth to nose” by one person, the victim’s head is also thrown back and held as in the “mouth to mouth” method. Having taken a deep breath, the rescuer wraps his lips around the victim’s nose and blows air into it.
Rescuer providing assistance to the victim, must be replaced after 2...3 minutes to avoid increased hyperventilation, dizziness and even short-term loss of consciousness.
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Good results are achieved by mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration in combination with chest compressions. By pressing on the sternum, the heart can be shifted towards the spine by 3...4 cm. At the same time, the heart is compressed, blood from its cavity enters the vessels of the small and big circles blood circulation. When the pressure on the sternum stops, the heart cavities straighten and fill with blood.
With the help of indirect cardiac massage, it is possible to artificially move blood through the vessels and maintain vital functions in the body for a long time. Rhythmic compression of the heart between the sternum and the spine, in addition, stimulates the activity of the heart muscle, promotes its blood circulation and independent contraction.
The victim is placed on a hard surface (ground, floor, board, table) since otherwise the massage does not achieve the goal. A soft surface (mattress, bed, stretcher) “extinguishes” shocks to the chest, and the heart is not compressed between sternum and spine.
Having felt the lower end of the victim’s sternum, place the palm of one hand approximately two fingers above this place of the sternum, place the second hand on top at a right angle, bring the fingers of both hands together, raise them and should not touch the victim’s chest (Fig. 9.3).
Rice. 9.3. Indirect cardiac massage
The rescuer can be located to the right or left of the victim; if necessary, he can kneel. The rescuer’s body pushes, sharp rhythmic pressure with both straight arms on the lower part of the sternum should not be too strong, so as not to damage the sternum, ribs and internal organs. During the push, your arms should not be bent at the elbow joints.
To increase the pressure on the sternum during a push, you can help with the weight of the upper body. Immediately after the push, you need to relax your arms without taking them away from the sternum, then the victim’s chest will straighten and blood will flow into the heart.
Indirect cardiac massage for an adult is performed at a strict rhythm of 2 or 3 blows into the mouth or nose, alternating with fifteen pushes to the sternum (about 60 pushes per minute).
For children aged 10 to 12 years, indirect cardiac massage should be performed with one hand (60...80 shocks per minute).
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During inhalation, thrusts on the victim’s sternum should be stopped, otherwise air will not flow into the patient’s chest. Airways and lungs.
When two rescuers provide assistance to a victim, one of them makes one blow into the victim’s lungs “from mouth to mouth” or “from mouth to nose,” and the second at this time determines the pulse in the carotid arteries. If there is no heartbeat, he begins to perform chest compressions.
Artificial respiration "mouth to mouth" can be done using an air duct (a tube with a diameter of 0.7 cm with a curved end, Fig. 9.2b). One end of the tube is inserted into the victim's respiratory tract, the other is taken into the mouth and periodic blowing, as described above. The shield in the upper part of the air duct is pressed to the victim’s lips, thus eliminating air leakage during blowing. The air duct is inserted between the teeth with the convex side, then at the root of the tongue it is turned with the convex side up, pressing the tongue against the bottom of the mouth so that it does not sink in and cover the larynx.
After spontaneous breathing appears in the victim, it is necessary to transfer him to breathing with pure oxygen as quickly as possible.
Rice. 9.4. Artificial respiration according to Sylvester's method
Sylvester's method (Fig. 9.4) consists of laying the patient on his back, having previously poured water from the respiratory tract and cleared the mouth of sand and silt. Place a 15...20 cm thick layer of linen, clothing or a special one made of wood under the shoulder blades The head is turned on its side, the tongue is pulled out of the mouth and secured with a tongue holder. The person providing assistance kneels at the victim’s head, grabs his arms just above the hands and bends them into elbow joints, pressing the forearms to the sides of the chest, which is compressed, an exit occurs. Then, on the count of “one,” the victim’s arms are thrown back with a sharp movement behind the head in an extended state, the chest expands, a pause is maintained, on the count of “two,” three" inhalation occurs. On the count of "four" the victim's hands are again pressed to the chest, the compression of which continues on the count of "five", "six" - exhalation occurs. Such movements with this and other methods are repeated 14...16 times in a minute.
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This method is the most popular, quite effective for ventilating the lungs, improving blood flow through the vessels and increasing the reflexivity of the heart, but it is very tedious. It is better to use it in combination with the Howard method, ensuring air suppression to 300 ml.
With the Sylvester-Bosch method, performed by two people, one takes the victim by one hand, the other by the other, and both perform artificial respiration, as described above. This method cannot be used for fractures of the upper limbs and ribs.
The Schaefer method differs in that the victim is placed on his stomach, his head is turned to the side so that the mouth and nose are free, the arms are extended forward, or one arm can be bent at the elbow and the victim’s head is placed on it. The tongue in this position does not sink in and it may not be recorded.
The person providing assistance kneels over the victim (Fig. 9.5) or with one knee between his legs, places the palms of his hands on the lower chest so that the thumbs are parallel to the spine, and the rest cover the lower ribs.
On the count of “one, two, three,” the person providing assistance compresses the chest, transferring the weight of his body onto the palms of his arms without bending them at the elbows, exhaling. On the count of “four, five, six,” the person providing assistance leans back ( Fig. 9.5) the pressure on the chest stops, and air enters the lungs - inhalation occurs.
Rice. 9.5. Artificial respiration according to the Schaefer method
The positive thing about this method is that the person providing assistance gets less tired, the victim’s tongue does not sink in, and mucus and vomit do not get into the larynx and respiratory tract. This method is used for fractures of the bones of the shoulder and forearm, but it does not ventilate the lungs much; the chest, when positioned face down, compresses the heart area, which affects blood circulation; it cannot be used for rib fractures.
With the Howard method, the victim is laid on his back, a cushion is placed under the shoulder blades, the head is turned to one side, the tongue is extended and secured with a tongue holder, the arms are folded back (placed behind the head. The person providing assistance kneels on
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level with the victim’s hips and rests the palms on the lower part of the chest, covering the chest, with the thumbs located on the xiphoid process of the chest. Leaning forward, the person providing assistance with his body and body compresses the victim’s chest with force - exhalation occurs. On the count of “one, two”, the person providing assistance, leaning back, stops squeezing the chest, it straightens, air enters the lungs, inhale. On the count of “three, four,” squeeze again (part of the chest, etc.
Nilson's method (Fig. 9.6.) differs in that the victim is placed on his stomach face down, his arms are bent at the elbows so that the hands are located under the chin. The person providing assistance stands with one leg on the knee at the head of the bed, and the other on the foot at the victim’s head. On the count of “one,” the person providing assistance lowers the victim’s chest and shoulders to the ground; on the count of “two,” he places his palms on his back; on the count of “three, four,” he presses on the chest, ensuring active exhalation.
Rice. 9.6. Artificial respiration according to the Nilson method
On the count of “five”, he takes the victim by the shoulders, lifts him towards himself, while the shoulder blades come somewhat closer together, and the traction of the muscles and ligamentous apparatus The shoulder girdle causes the chest to rise and thus expand - inhalation occurs.
According to the Kallistov method (Fig. 9.7), more air enters the lungs upon entry than according to the Shaffer method, and the person providing assistance does not get tired so quickly. The victim is laid face down, the head is turned to the side, the arms are extended forward or bent at the elbows and supported under the head. The person providing assistance kneels at the head of the victim, places a strap on the area of the victim’s shoulder blades and passes it under the armpits. The ends of the strap are tied or tightened with a buckle and puts it on his neck so that when he straightens his body slightly lift the victim's chest. With this lift, the chest expands and inhalation occurs. Then, the person providing assistance, bending down, loosens the strap, the victim's chest collapses, and exhalation occurs.
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It is recommended to combine this method with simultaneous exhalation of oxygen using an oxygen inhaler. Kallistov's method causes little injury to the victim's lungs, so it can be used for barotrauma of the lungs when there is a rupture lung tissue and the victim has no natural breathing.
Rice. 9.7. Artificial respiration according to the Kalistov method
Labard's method is based on reflex stimulation of the respiratory center, caused by rhythmic energetic stretching of the tongue every 3...4 seconds, while not only the front part of the tongue is stretched, but also its root, thereby irritating the nerve endings embedded in the mucous membrane of the mouth. Irritation is transmitted to the medulla oblongata, causing excitation of breathing.
A sign of the approaching restoration of independent breathing is the resistance that appears when stretching the tongue.
With this method, it is necessary that the stretching of the tongue coincides with a movement that provides inhalation to the victim, who can lie either on his stomach or on his back. The tongue holder (with a tongue or fingers wrapped in gauze, grasps the tongue of the victim and at the expense of "one" pull it out, on the count of "two, three" - a pause. On the count of "four" the tongue is placed in the oral cavity, but do not release it; on the count of "five" - a pause. This method is sometimes sufficient to restore normal breathing It is used in the presence of trauma and wounds on a large area of the body and arms, as well as in combination with another method. When spontaneous breathing appears, artificial respiration should be continued for some time and stopped only when spontaneous breathing is completely restored in the victim.
The Kohlrausch method (Fig. 9.8.) differs in that when it is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration, a heart massage is performed. The victim is placed on the right side so that his head lies on his arm extended forward. The person providing assistance stands on his left knee behind the victim's back (go, takes his hand left hand, bends it at the elbow and presses it to the side surface of the chest with his left hand, pressing (
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By pouring on the area of the heart, an exhalation occurs and at the same time a massage of the heart occurs. Then the person providing assistance takes it up and places it on his head, the victim’s chest expands, air rushes into the lungs - inhalation occurs.
Rice. 9.8. Artificial respiration according to the Kohlrausch method
With the chest wrap method, the person providing assistance sits the victim between his legs, clasps his chest with his hands, presses it firmly, thus causing exhalation. Then the rescuer relaxes his hands, i.e. lowers the victim's compressed chest, spreads the victim's arms to the sides - inhales. This method can be used in cramped conditions (on boats, boats, etc.).
Ventilation of the lungs (in l/min) with 12 inhalations - exhalations for different methods of artificial respiration is as follows: Schaefer method - 9.6, Howard - 12, Sylvester - 18, Nile and Kalis (tova - 21.6, Kalistova (Schefer - 24.
The method of artificial respiration is chosen by rescuers or a doctor depending on the specific conditions and condition of the victim. If necessary, endotrachial intubation of the victim is carried out, manual ventilators and oxygen inhalers are connected. Measures are taken to warm the victim (warm heating pads, wrapping). If there are no signs of restoration of blood circulation (from (a clear push during the massage on the carotid or femoral artery, blood pressure below 60 (70 mm Hg, as well as constriction of the pupils and pinkening of the skin of the nasolabial triangle in the first 1...2 minutes after the start of indirect cardiac massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs), then additionally (raising the lower extremities 50...75 cm above the level of the heart, drug stimulation of the myocardium by intracardial injection of 0.5...1.0 ml of a 0.1% solution of adrenaline with 5 ml 10% solution calcium chloride. During the intracardiac administration of drugs, artificial ventilation and cardiac massage are suspended, but for no more than 10 seconds. In addition, if there are weak signs of cardiac activity, it is necessary to administer camphor and caffeine in normal dosages.
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Artificial ventilation should continue until natural breathing is completely restored.
For prevention possible swelling lungs, a 10% alcohol solution of antifolesilane is used, which can be supplied with a breathing apparatus along with oxygen, intravenous infusion of a 5% bicarbonate solution, the introduction of 40-60 ml of a 4% glucose solution with 0.5-1.0 ml of a solution of corglycone or strophanthin. In order to prevent inflammatory changes in the lungs, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, and at the first suspicion of BTL, oxygen barotherapy is performed.
If the pulse is carotid artery there is, but there is no breathing, immediately begin artificial ventilation lungs. At first provide restoration of airway patency. For this the victim is placed on his back, head maximum tipped back and, grabbing the corners of the lower jaw with your fingers, push it forward so that the teeth of the lower jaw are located in front of the upper ones. Check and clean the oral cavity of foreign bodies. To comply with safety measures You can use a bandage, napkin, or handkerchief wrapped around your index finger. During spasm masticatory muscles You can open your mouth with some flat, blunt object, such as a spatula or the handle of a spoon. To keep the victim's mouth open, you can insert a rolled up bandage between the jaws.
To perform artificial lung ventilation using the "mouth to mouth" It is necessary, while holding the victim’s head back, take a deep breath, pinch the victim’s nose with your fingers, press your lips tightly against his mouth and exhale.
When performing artificial lung ventilation using the "mouth to nose" air is blown into the victim’s nose, while covering his mouth with his palm.
After inhaling air, it is necessary to move away from the victim; his exhalation occurs passively.
To comply with safety and hygiene measures Insufflation should be done through a moistened napkin or a piece of bandage.
The frequency of injections should be 12-18 times per minute, that is, you need to spend 4-5 seconds on each cycle. The effectiveness of the process can be assessed by the rise of the victim’s chest when his lungs are filled with inhaled air.
In that case, When the victim simultaneously lacks breathing and pulse, urgent cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed.
In many cases, restoration of heart function can be achieved by precordial stroke. To do this, place the palm of one hand on the lower third of the chest and apply a short and sharp blow to it with the fist of the other hand. Then they re-check the presence of a pulse in the carotid artery and, if it is absent, begin indirect cardiac massage and artificial ventilation.
For this victim placed on a hard surface The person providing assistance places his crossed palms on the lower part of the victim’s sternum and vigorously presses on the chest wall, using not only his hands, but also the weight of his own body. The chest wall, shifting towards the spine by 4-5 cm, compresses the heart and pushes blood out of its chambers along its natural course. In an adult person, such an operation must be performed with frequency of 60 compressions per minute, that is, one pressure per second. In children up to 10 years massage is performed with one hand with frequency 80 compressions per minute.
The correctness of the massage is determined by the appearance of a pulse in the carotid artery in time with pressing on the chest.
Every 15 compressions assisting blows air into the victim's lungs twice in a row and again performs a heart massage.
If resuscitation is carried out by two people, That one of which carries out heart massage, the other is artificial respiration in mode one blow every five presses on the chest wall. At the same time, it is periodically checked whether an independent pulse has appeared in the carotid artery. The effectiveness of resuscitation is also judged by the constriction of the pupils and the appearance of a reaction to light.
When restoring breathing and cardiac activity of the victim in an unconscious state, must be laid on its side to prevent him from suffocating with his own sunken tongue or vomit. The retraction of the tongue is often indicated by breathing that resembles snoring and severe difficulty in inhaling.
Good day, dear readers!
In modern times, looking at media reports, one can see one feature - in the world, more and more natural disasters, more and more car accidents, poisonings and other unpleasant situations. It is these situations emergency situations, call for every person who finds himself in a place where someone requires help to know what needs to be done to save the life of the victim. One of these resuscitation measures is artificial respiration, or as it is also called artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV).
In this article, we will look at artificial respiration in combination with chest compressions, since, in the event of cardiac arrest, it is these 2 components that can return a person to consciousness, and perhaps even save a life.
The essence of artificial respiration
Doctors have established that after cardiac arrest, as well as breathing, a person loses consciousness and clinical death occurs. Duration clinical death may last about 3-7 minutes. The amount of time allotted for providing resuscitation actions the victim, after which, if unsuccessful, the person dies, is about 30 minutes. Of course, there are exceptions, not without God’s providence, when a person was brought back to life after 40 minutes of resuscitation, however, we will still focus on a short period of time. But this does not mean that if a person has not woken up after 6 minutes, you can leave him - if your faith allows, try to the last, and may the Lord help you!
When the heart stops, it should be noted that the movement of blood stops, and at the same time the blood supply to all organs. Blood carries oxygen nutrients, and when the nutrition of the organs stops, literally after a short period of time the organs begin to die, carbon dioxide stops leaving the body, self-poisoning begins.
Artificial respiration and cardiac massage replace the natural work of the heart and the supply of oxygen to the body.
How it works? When you press on the chest, in the area of the heart, this organ begins to artificially contract and unclench, thereby pumping blood. Remember, the heart works like a pump.
Artificial respiration in these actions is necessary to supply oxygen to the lungs, since the movement of blood without oxygen does not allow all organs and systems to receive necessary substances for their normal operation.
Thus, artificial respiration and cardiac massage cannot exist without each other, except in the form of exceptions, which we wrote about just above.
This combination of actions is also called cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Before considering the rules of resuscitation, let's learn the main causes of cardiac arrest and how to know about cardiac arrest.
The main causes of cardiac arrest are:
- Myocardial ventricular fibrillation;
- Asystole;
- Electric shock;
- Blockage of breathing with foreign objects (lack of air) - water, vomit, food;
- Strangulation;
- Strong, in which the temperature inside the body drops to 28 ° C and below;
- Strong allergic reaction– , hemorrhagic shock;
- Taking certain substances and medicines- “Diphenhydramine”, “Isoptin”, “Obzidan”, barium salts or, fluorine, quinine, antagonists, cardiac glycosides, antidepressants, sleeping pills, adrenergic blockers, organophosphorus compounds and others;
- Poisoning with substances such as drugs, gas (nitrogen, helium, carbon monoxide), alcohol, benzene, ethylene glycol, strychnine, hydrogen sulfide, potassium cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, nitrites, various poisons against insects.
Cardiac arrest - how to check if it is working?
To check if the heart is working, you need to:
- Check for a pulse - place two fingers on your neck under your cheekbones;
- Check for breathing - place your hand on the chest and see if it rises, or put your ear to the heart area and listen for beats from its work;
- Attach to oral cavity or a mirror on my nose - if it fogs up, it means the person is breathing;
- Lift the patient's eyelids and shine a flashlight on the pupil - if the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light, the heart has stopped.
If the person is not breathing, begin performing artificial respiration and chest compressions.
Before starting resuscitation, call urgently ambulance. If there are other people nearby, begin performing artificial ventilation, and have the other person call an ambulance.
Also, it will be great if there is someone else next to you with whom you can share assistance - one does cardiac massage, the other performs artificial respiration.
In the life of every person, a situation may arise when it is necessary to provide first aid to the victim or even perform artificial respiration. Of course, in such a situation, navigating and doing everything right is not only very important, but also very difficult. Despite the fact that everyone is taught the basics of first aid at school, not every person will be able to even approximately remember what and how to do a few years after leaving school.
Most of us by the phrase “artificial respiration” mean resuscitation measures such as mouth-to-mouth breathing and chest compressions or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, so let’s look at them. Sometimes these simple actions help save a person’s life, so you need to know how and what to do.
In what situations is it necessary to perform indirect cardiac massage?
Indirect heart massage is performed to restore its function and normalize blood circulation. Therefore, the indication for its implementation is cardiac arrest. If we see a victim, the first thing we need to do is make sure of our own safety., because the injured person may be under the influence of poisonous gas, which will also threaten the rescuer. After this, it is necessary to check the victim’s heart function. If the heart has stopped, then you need to try to resume its work using mechanical action.
How can you determine whether the heart has stopped? There are several signs that can tell us about this:
- cessation of breathing
- pale skin,
- lack of pulse,
- absence of heartbeat,
- no blood pressure.
These are direct indications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. If no more than 5-6 minutes have passed since the cessation of cardiac activity, then properly performed resuscitation can lead to the restoration of the functions of the human body. If you start resuscitation after 10 minutes, it may be impossible to completely restore the functioning of the cerebral cortex. After a 15-minute cardiac arrest, it is sometimes possible to resume the body’s activity, but not thinking, since the cerebral cortex suffers too much. And after 20 minutes without a heartbeat, it is usually not possible to resume even autonomic functions.
But these numbers greatly depend on the temperature around the victim’s body. In the cold, brain vitality lasts longer. In the heat, sometimes a person cannot be saved even after 1-2 minutes.
How to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
As we have already said, any resuscitation measures must begin with ensuring your own safety and checking the presence of consciousness and heartbeat in the victim. It is very simple to check for breathing; to do this, you need to place your palm on the victim’s forehead, and with two fingers of the other hand lift his chin and push it out. lower jaw forward and upward. After this, you need to lean towards the victim and try to hear breathing or feel the movement of air on your skin. At the same time, it is advisable to call an ambulance or ask someone about it.
After this, we check the pulse. On the arm, the way they test it in the clinic, we most likely won’t hear anything, so we immediately proceed to check on the carotid artery. To do this, place the pads of 4 fingers on the surface of the neck on the side of the Adam's apple. Here you can usually feel the pulse beating; if there is none, we proceed to chest compressions.
To implement indirect cardiac massage, we place the base of the palm in the middle of the person’s chest and take the hands into the lock, while keeping the elbows straight. Then we perform 30 presses and two mouth-to-mouth breaths. In this case, the victim should lie on a flat, hard surface, and the frequency of pressing should be approximately 100 times per minute. The depth of pressure is usually 5-6 cm. Such pressure allows you to compress the chambers of the heart and push blood through the vessels.
After performing compression, it is necessary to check the airway and breathe air into the victim’s mouth, while closing the nostrils.
How to properly perform artificial respiration?
Direct artificial respiration is exhaling air from your lungs into the lungs of another person. Usually it is done simultaneously with indirect cardiac massage and this is all called cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is very important to carry out artificial respiration correctly so that air enters the respiratory tract of the injured person, otherwise all efforts may be in vain.
To inhale, you need to place one of your palms on the victim’s forehead, and with the other hand you need to lift his chin, move his jaw forward and up and check the patency of the victim’s airway. To do this, you need to pinch the victim's nose and breathe air into the mouth for a second. If everything is normal, then his chest will rise, as if inhaling. After this, you need to let the air come out and inhale again.
If you are driving a car, then it most likely has a special device for artificial respiration in the car first aid kit. It will greatly facilitate resuscitation, but still, it is a difficult matter. To maintain strength during chest compressions, you must try to keep them straight and not bend your elbows.
If you see that during resuscitation the victim's arterial bleeding, then be sure to try to stop him. It is advisable to call someone for help, since doing everything on your own is quite difficult.
How long is it necessary to carry out resuscitation measures (Video)
While everything is more or less clear about how to carry out resuscitation, not everyone knows the answer to the question of how long it should take. If resuscitation does not seem to be successful, when can it be stopped? The correct answer is never. It is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures until the ambulance arrives or until the doctors say that they are taking responsibility or, in the best case, until the victim shows signs of life. Signs of life include spontaneous breathing, coughing, pulse or movement.
If you notice breathing, but the person has not yet regained consciousness, you can stop resuscitation and place the victim in a stable position on his side. This will help prevent the tongue from sticking, as well as the penetration of vomit into the respiratory tract. Now you can calmly examine the victim for presence and wait for the doctors, observing the condition of the victim.
CPR can be stopped if the person doing it is too tired to continue. It is possible to refuse resuscitation measures if the victim is clearly not viable. If the victim severe injuries, which are incompatible with life or noticeable cadaveric spots, resuscitation does not make sense. In addition, resuscitation should not be performed if the absence of a heartbeat is due to an incurable disease, such as cancer.
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