Tehran 43rd meeting of the Big Three. What is enough to know about the Tehran Conference. See what the “Tehran Conference” is in other dictionaries

The largest absolutist states of the German Empire were Prussia and Austria, between which rivalry for political supremacy in the empire was already beginning.

The Brandenburg-Prussian state was created at the beginning of the 17th century. on the lands of the former Teutonic Order, whose colonialist activities and ideology laid the foundations of Great Prussian militarism in Germany. The final formation of this state occurred in 1701, when the Elector of Brandenburg achieved the title of King of Prussia.

The head of state - the King of Prussia - was a member of the imperial college of electors. Supreme body government controlled there was a Privy Council under the king. Initially, three directories were subordinate to him: financial, military affairs and royal domains. The directory of military affairs, which was in charge of the organization and armament of the standing army created in 1655, acquired particular importance. The Prussian army was one of the largest in Europe and was famous for its drill and cane discipline.

The main trends in the development of the political system of Prussia in the 18th century. began the further centralization and militarization of the state apparatus, the elevation of military administrative bodies over civilian ones. A significant part of the powers of the Privy Council passes to the General Military Commissariat. All directories are merging into a single military-financial body headed by the President-King. Locally, zemstvo councilors (landrats), appointed by the king on the recommendation of noble assemblies, fall under the strict control of the central government and are endowed with broad military and police powers. City government is being liquidated. City councils were replaced by colleges of magistrates appointed by the king. They were extended to the entire state apparatus military ranks, military subordination and discipline.

In my own way political regime The Prussian monarchy can be characterized as a military-police state. In it, the arbitrariness of the authorities, censorship and petty regulation of not only the state, but also the private life of its subjects were widely developed.

Austria, unlike Prussia, was not a centralized state. It was a multinational country. The Catholic religion dominated in Austria. Since the 15th century the kings of Austria became German emperors and Austria was considered their domain.

The system of central authorities in Austria was not strictly regulated and was constantly being restructured. The highest body of power and administration, together with the monarch, was the Privy Council. Later it was replaced by a conference, which became a permanent institution (from the beginning of the 18th century). Military affairs were in charge of the court Military Council. In 1760, the State Council was established to unite all branches of government.

The provinces of the Austrian monarchy were headed by governors. They were elected by local estate-representative institutions and approved by the king. In the states that were part of Austria, there were diets - class assemblies. In cities, governance was in the hands of elected city councils and burgomasters. Under Queen Maria Theresa (1740-1780), the most important powers were concentrated in the hands of royal officials, and elected bodies came under the control of the government.

In the second half of the 18th century. in Prussia and Austria, a policy of so-called enlightened absolutism was pursued. Certain bourgeois reforms were undertaken, advertised as the fruit of the collaboration of the sovereigns with the French enlighteners. At its core, this policy was an attempt to adapt society and the state to a number of demands put forward by the growing bourgeoisie, without affecting the most significant interests of the nobility and the foundations of serfdom.

Tehran Conference- the first of three conferences of the leaders of the three world powers. It was not so easy for them to get together. The main problem was Stalin.

Why Tehran?

Stalin refused to come to previous meetings, justifying the refusals for various reasons. Stalin did not come to the conference in Cairo that took place before Tehran because a representative of China was there. China was at war with Japan, and Soviet Union but maintained neutrality with Japan. In addition, it is also known that Stalin was afraid of airplanes. Even in Tehran, he most likely eventually arrived by train through Baku.

Tehran was chosen as the meeting location for several reasons. The main one is that, in fact, Iran was occupied by Soviet and British troops and was ruled by a “puppet” government. De facto. Several units of Soviet troops were located in the capital of Iran. Cairo, Basra, Beirut were considered as compromise options, but Tehran was the most convenient.

Roosevelt and Stalin

Roosevelt would have been more interested in meeting Stalin than anyone else. It was fundamentally important for him to know the position of the USSR in the war with Japan. Roosevelt was going to “charm” Stalin; he was famous for his “courtship.” The American president viewed the Tehran conference not as a meeting of three, but as a meeting of "two and a half." Churchill was "half".

Safety

Security issues at the Tehran Conference were resolved at the highest level. The British embassy, where the meetings took place, was surrounded by several rings of security; during the conference, communications in Tehran were cut off and media outlets were banned. Such “sterility” would be impossible anywhere else. The excellent security organization made it possible to prevent the “attack of the century” organized by Otto Skorzeny.

Churchill

Churchill solved his problems at the Tehran Conference. It was they who proposed a solution to the “Polish question”. It was important for Churchill that both the USSR and the USA began to view Great Britain as an equal power. Churchill was, of course, an experienced politician, but during the Tehran Conference, he played, by and large, second fiddle. The first were Stalin and Roosevelt. Neither one nor the other liked Churchill, and it was precisely on the basis of dislike for Churchill that a rapprochement between Roosevelt and Stalin took place. Diplomacy is a delicate matter. By the way, on the occasion of Churchill’s birthday, November 30, a gala reception was held at the embassy.

"Long Jump"

Operation Long Jump was characterized by the breadth of its design and the same breadth of stupidity. Hitler planned to kill “three birds with one stone” with one blow, but the miscalculation was that the “hares” were not so simple. A group led by Otto Skoczeny was tasked with eliminating Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran. Kaltenbrunner himself coordinated the operation.

German intelligence learned of the time and location of the conference in mid-October 1943 by deciphering the American naval code. Soviet intelligence quickly uncovered the plot.

A group of Skorzeny’s militants underwent training near Vinnitsa, where Medvedev’s partisan detachment operated. According to one version of the development of events, Kuznetsov established friendly relations with a German intelligence officer Oster. Having owed Kuznetsov, Oster offered to pay him with Iranian carpets, which he was going to bring to Vinnitsa from a business trip to Tehran. This information, transmitted by Kuznetsov to the center, coincided with other data about the impending action. 19-year-old Soviet intelligence officer Gevork Vartanyan gathered a small group of agents in Iran, where his father, also an intelligence officer, posed as a wealthy merchant. Vartanyan managed to discover a group of six German radio operators and intercept their communications. The ambitious Operation Long Jump failed, leaving the Big Three unscathed. This was another failure of Otto Skorzenny, a great adventurer and not the most successful saboteur. The saboteurs wanted to enter the British embassy through a pipe leading from the Armenian cemetery.

Skorzeny’s operation even helped Soviet intelligence: about four hundred people were detained in Iran. The German network was practically destroyed.

Stalin and the prince

According to the memoirs of Gevork Vartanyan, when the Tehran Conference ended, only one of the three leaders of world powers, Joseph Stalin, went to express gratitude to the young Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, for the reception, and the British expelled Reza Shah from the country. Of course, the young Shah was not ready for such a visit. When Stalin entered the Shah's chamber, the young Tsar jumped up from his throne, ran up, knelt down and wanted to kiss Stalin's hand, but the leader of the USSR did not allow this and raised the Shah from his knees. This very event, that Stalin expressed gratitude for the reception to the head of Iran, had a huge resonance. Neither Roosevelt nor Churchill did this.

Redivision of the world

At the Tehran conference, in fact, all the decisions that were developed during the Yalta and Postdam conferences were adopted. The Tehran Conference was the most important of the three. The following decisions were made:
1. An exact date was set for the Allies to open a second front in France (and the “Balkan strategy” proposed by Great Britain was rejected).
2. Issues about granting independence to Iran were discussed (“Declaration on Iran”).
3. The beginning of the solution to the Polish question has been made.
4. The question of the USSR starting a war with Japan after the defeat of Nazi Germany.
5. The contours of the post-war world order were outlined.
6. A unity of views has been achieved on issues of ensuring international security and lasting peace.

After a radical military turning point in 1943, all the prerequisites were in place for convening a joint conference of the Big Three. F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill had long called on the Soviet leader to hold such a meeting. The heads of the USA and Great Britain understood that further successes of the Red Army would lead to a significant strengthening of the USSR's position on the world stage. The opening of a second front became not only an act of aid to the allies, but also a means to maintain the influence of the United States and Great Britain. The increased authority of the USSR allowed Stalin to insist in a more harsh manner on the agreement of the allies with his proposals.

On September 8, 1943, he agreed on the timing of the meeting with Churchill and Roosevelt. Stalin wanted the conference to be held in Tehran. He justified his choice by the fact that the city already had representative offices of leading powers. Back in August, the Soviet leadership sent representatives of state security agencies to Tehran, who were supposed to provide security at the conference. The Iranian capital was ideal for the Soviet leader. By leaving Moscow, he was thereby making a friendly gesture towards the Western allies, but at the same time he could return to the USSR at any time in a short time. In October, a regiment of NKVD border troops was moved to Tehran and began patrolling and guarding facilities related to the future conference.

Churchill approved Moscow's proposal. Roosevelt was at first against it, making the excuse of urgent matters, but in early November he also agreed to Tehran. Stalin constantly mentioned that he could not leave the Soviet Union for a long time due to military necessity, so the conference must be held quickly (November 27-30). Moreover, Stalin reserved the opportunity to leave the conference if the situation at the front worsened.

Positions of the Allied Powers before the Conference

For Stalin, from the very beginning of the war, the main issue remained the Allies' commitment to open a second front. Correspondence between Stalin and Churchill confirms that the British Prime Minister invariably responded to the constant requests of the head of the USSR with only vague promises. The Soviet Union suffered heavy losses. Lend-Lease supplies did not bring tangible help. The entry of the Allies into the war could significantly ease the position of the Red Army, distract some of the German troops and reduce losses. Stalin understood that after the defeat of Hitler, the Western powers would want to get their “share of the pie”, so they were obliged to provide real military assistance. Already in 1943, the Soviet government planned to take control of European territories up to Berlin.

The US positions were generally similar to the plans of the Soviet leadership. Roosevelt understood the significance of opening a second front (Operation Overlord). The successful landing in France allowed the United States to occupy the western German regions, as well as introduce its warships into German, Norwegian and Danish ports. The President also expected that the capture of Berlin would be carried out exclusively by the US Army.

Churchill had a negative attitude towards the possible increase in military influence of the USA and the USSR. He saw that Great Britain was gradually ceasing to play a leading role in world politics, giving way to two superpowers. The Soviet Union, which was gaining military momentum, could no longer be stopped. But Churchill could still limit US influence. He sought to downplay and focus on the actions of the British in Italy. A successful offensive in the Italian theater of operations allowed Great Britain to “penetrate” Central Europe, cutting off the Soviet troops’ path to the west. To this end, Churchill vigorously promoted the plan for landing Allied troops in the Balkans.

Organizational issues before the conference

On November 26, 1943, Stalin arrived in Tehran, followed by Churchill and Roosevelt the next day. Even on the eve of the conference, the Soviet leadership managed to make an important tactical move. The Soviet and British embassies were nearby, and the American one was at a considerable distance (about one and a half kilometers). This created problems in ensuring the safety of the American president during travel. Soviet intelligence received information about an impending assassination attempt on members of the Big Three. The preparation was led by the main German saboteur, O. Skorzeny.

Stalin warned the American leader about a possible assassination attempt. Roosevelt agreed to live at the Soviet embassy for the duration of the conference, which allowed Stalin to conduct bilateral negotiations without Churchill's participation. Roosevelt was pleased and felt completely safe.

Tehran Conference: date

The conference began its work on November 28 and officially closed on December 1, 1943. On this short term Several fruitful official and personal meetings took place between the heads of the allied states, as well as between the chiefs of the general staff. The allies agreed that all negotiations would not be made public, but this solemn promise was broken during the Cold War.

The Tehran conference took place in a rather unusual format. Its characteristic feature was the absence of an agenda. The meeting participants freely expressed their opinions and wishes, without following strict regulations. Read on for a brief summary of the 1943 Tehran Conference.

Question about the second front

The first meeting of the Tehran Conference of 1943 (you can learn about it briefly from the article) took place on November 28. Roosevelt announced a report on the actions of American troops in Pacific Ocean. The next point of the meeting was a discussion of the planned Operation Overlord. Stalin outlined the position of the Soviet Union. In his opinion, the actions of the Allies in Italy are secondary and cannot have a serious impact on the overall course of the war. The main forces of the fascists are on the Eastern Front. Therefore, landing in Northern France becomes the first priority of the Allies. This operation will force the German command to withdraw some troops from Eastern Front. In this case, Stalin promised to support the Allies with a new large-scale offensive by the Red Army.

Churchill was clearly opposed to Operation Overlord. Before the scheduled date for its implementation (May 1, 1944), he proposed to take Rome and carry out the landing of allied troops in Southern France and the Balkans (“from the soft underbelly of Europe”). The British Prime Minister said he was not confident that preparations for Operation Overlord would be completed by the scheduled date.

Thus, at the Tehran Conference, the date of which you already know, the main problem immediately emerged: disagreements among the allies on the issue of opening a second front.

The second day of the conference began with a meeting of the Allied chiefs of staff (generals A. Brooke, J. K. E. Voroshilov). Discussion of the problem of the second front took on a sharper character. The representative of the American General Staff, Marshall, said in his speech that Operation Overlord is regarded by the United States as a priority task. But the English General Brooke insisted on intensifying actions in Italy and evaded the question of the status of the Overlord.

Between the meeting of military representatives and the next meeting of the leaders of the allied states, a symbolic solemn ceremony took place: the transfer of an honorary sword to the residents of Stalingrad as a gift from King George VI. This ceremony defused the tense situation and reminded everyone present of the need for coordinated action towards a common goal.

At the second meeting, Stalin took a tough position. He directly asked the American President who was the commander of Operation Overlord. Having received no answer, Stalin realized that in fact the operation was still completely unprepared. Churchill again began to describe the advantages of military action in Italy. According to the memoirs of diplomat and translator V. M. Berezhkov, Stalin stood up abruptly and declared: “... we have nothing to do here. We have a lot to do at the front.” Conflict situation Roosevelt softened. He recognized the justice of Stalin's indignation and promised to negotiate with Churchill to make a decision that suited everyone.

On November 30, a regular meeting of military representatives took place. Great Britain and the USA approved a new start date for Overlord - June 1, 1944. Roosevelt immediately informed Stalin about this. At an official meeting, this decision was finally approved and enshrined in the “Declaration of the Three Powers.” The head of the Soviet state was completely satisfied. Foreign and Soviet observers emphasized that the solution to the issue of opening a second front was a diplomatic victory for Stalin and Roosevelt over Churchill. Ultimately, this decision had a decisive influence on the entire further course of the Second World War and the post-war structure.

Japanese question

The United States was extremely interested in the opening of military action by the USSR against Japan. Stalin understood that during a personal meeting, Roosevelt would definitely raise this issue. His decision will determine whether the United States will support the Operation Overlord plan. Already at the first meeting, Stalin confirmed his readiness to immediately begin military action against Japan after the unconditional surrender of Germany. Roosevelt expected more. He asked Stalin to provide intelligence data on Japan; he wanted to use Soviet Far Eastern airfields and ports to accommodate American bombers and warships. But Stalin rejected these proposals, limiting himself only to agreeing to declare war on Japan.

In any case, Roosevelt was satisfied with Stalin's decision. The promise of the Soviet leadership played a big role in bringing the USSR and the USA closer together during the war.

The leaders of the Allied states recognized that all territories occupied by Japan should be returned to Korea and China.

Question about Turkey, Bulgaria and the Black Sea Straits

The question of Turkey's entry into the war against Germany worried Churchill most of all. The British Prime Minister hoped that this would divert attention from Operation Overlord and allow the British to increase their influence. The Americans took a neutral position, and Stalin was strongly against it. As a result, the conference's decisions regarding Turkey were vague. The issue was postponed until a meeting of allied representatives with Turkish President I. Inenu.

Great Britain and the USA were at war with Bulgaria. Stalin was in no hurry to declare war on Sofia. He hoped that during the occupation by the Germans, Bulgaria would turn to the USSR for help, which would allow Soviet troops to enter its territory without hindrance. At the same time, Stalin promised his allies that he would declare war on Bulgaria if it attacked Turkey.

An important place was occupied by the issue of the Tehran Conference on the status of the Black Sea straits. Churchill insisted that Turkey's neutral position in the war deprived it of the right to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles. In fact, the British Prime Minister feared the spread of Soviet influence into the area. At the conference, Stalin actually raised the issue of changing the regime of the straits and stated that the USSR, despite its enormous contribution to the general war, still had no exit from the Black Sea. The decision on this issue was postponed to the future.

Questions about Yugoslavia and Finland

The USSR supported the resistance movement in Yugoslavia. The Western powers were guided by the emigrant royal government of Mikhailovich. But the members of the Big Three were still able to find mutual language. The Soviet leadership announced sending a military mission to I. Tito, and the British promised to provide a base in Cairo to ensure communication with this mission. Thus, the Allies recognized the Yugoslav resistance movement.

For Stalin great importance had a question about Finland. The Finnish government had already made attempts to make peace with the Soviet Union, but these proposals did not suit Stalin. The Finns offered to accept the 1939 border with minor concessions. The Soviet government insisted on recognition of the 1940 peace treaty, the immediate withdrawal of German troops from Finland, the complete demobilization of the Finnish army and compensation for the damage caused “at least in half.” Stalin also demanded the return of the port of Petsamo.

At the Tehran Conference of 1943, briefly discussed in the article, the Soviet leader softened the demands. In exchange for Petsamo, he refused the lease on the Hanko Peninsula. This was a serious concession. Churchill was confident that the Soviet government would maintain control over the peninsula, which was an ideal location for a Soviet military base, at any cost. Stalin's voluntary gesture made the proper impression: the allies declared that the USSR had every right to move the border with Finland to the west.

Question about the Baltics and Poland

On December 1, a personal meeting between Stalin and Roosevelt took place. The American president said that he does not object to the occupation of the territories of the Baltic republics by Soviet troops. But at the same time, Roosevelt noted that it was necessary to take into account the public opinion of the population of the Baltic republics. In a written response, Stalin sharply expressed his position: “... the question... is not subject to discussion, since the Baltic states are part of the USSR.” Churchill and Roosevelt could only admit their powerlessness in this situation.

There was little disagreement regarding the future borders and status of Poland. Even during the Moscow Conference, Stalin categorically refused to establish contacts with the Polish émigré government. The three leaders agreed that the future structure of Poland depended entirely on their decision. It's time for Poland to say goodbye to its pretensions to being a great country and become a small state.

After a joint discussion, the “Tehran Formula” of the British Prime Minister was adopted. The core of ethnographic Poland should be located between the Curzon line (1939) and the Oder River. Poland included East Prussia and Oppel Province. This decision was based on Churchill's "three matches" proposal, which consisted in the fact that the borders of the USSR, Poland and Germany were simultaneously moved to the west.

Completely unexpected for Churchill and Roosevelt was Stalin’s demand for the transfer of Koenigsberg to the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership had been nurturing these plans since the end of 1941, justifying them by the fact that “the Russians do not have anything in the Baltic Sea.” Churchill did not object, but hoped that in the future he would be able to defend Konigsberg for the Poles.

Question about France

Stalin openly expressed his negative attitude to Vichy France. The existing government supported and acted as an ally of the Nazis, and therefore was obliged to suffer a well-deserved punishment. On the other hand, the Soviet leadership was ready to cooperate with the French National Liberation Committee. Charles de Gaulle offered Stalin very ambitious plans for joint governance of post-war Europe, but they did not find a response from the Soviet leader. The Allies did not generally consider France as a leading power with equal rights to them.

A special place at the conference was occupied by the discussion of French colonial possessions. The Allies agreed that France would have to give up its colonies. At the same time, the Soviet Union continued its struggle against colonialism in general. Roosevelt supported Stalin because Great Britain wanted to take possession of French Indochina.

The question of the post-war structure of Germany

For Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt, the common idea was the mandatory dismemberment of Germany. This measure was supposed to stop any possible attempt to revive “Prussian militarism and Nazi tyranny.” Roosevelt planned to divide Germany into several independent small states. Churchill was more reticent because excessive fragmentation of Germany could create difficulties for the post-war economy. Stalin simply stated the need for dismemberment, but did not voice his plans.

As a result, at the Tehran Conference (1943) only general principles post-war structure of Germany. Practical measures were postponed for the future.

Other decisions of the Tehran Conference

One of the secondary issues was the discussion of the creation international organization, which could maintain security throughout the world. The initiator of this issue was Roosevelt, who proposed his plan for creating such an organization. One of the points suggested the formation of a Police Committee (USSR, USA, Great Britain and China). Stalin did not object in principle, but pointed out that it was necessary to create two organizations (European and Far Eastern or European and world). Churchill shared the same opinion.

Another outcome of the Tehran Conference was the adoption of the “Declaration of the Three Great Powers on Iran.” It enshrined the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of Iran. The allies confirmed that Iran had provided invaluable assistance in the war and promised to provide economic assistance to the country.

Stalin’s skillful tactical step was his personal visit to the Iranian Shah R. Pahlavi. The head of Iran was confused and considered this visit a great honor for himself. Stalin promised to help Iran strengthen its military forces. Thus, the Soviet Union acquired a loyal and reliable ally.

Conference results

Even foreign observers noted that the Tehran Conference was a brilliant diplomatic victory for the Soviet Union. I. Stalin showed extraordinary diplomatic qualities to “push” necessary solutions. the main objective Soviet leader was achieved. The Allies agreed on the date for Operation Overlord.

At the conference, there was a convergence of the positions of the United States and the USSR on key issues. Churchill often found himself alone and was forced to agree with the proposals of Stalin and Roosevelt.

Stalin skillfully used the “carrot and stick” tactics. He softened his categorical statements (the fate of the Baltic republics, the transfer of Konigsberg, etc.) with some concessions to the Western powers. This allowed Stalin to achieve favorable decisions at the Tehran Conference regarding the post-war borders of the USSR. They played a huge role in history.

The result of the Tehran Conference was that for the first time general principles of the post-war world order were developed. Britain recognized that the leading role was shifting to the two superpowers. The United States increased its influence in Western and the Soviet Union in Eastern and Central Europe. It became clear that after the war there would be a collapse of the former colonial empires, primarily Great Britain.

The essence

What is the essence of the Tehran Conference? It contained a huge ideological meaning. The conference held in 1943 confirmed that countries with different political systems and mutually exclusive ideologies are quite capable of agreeing on the most important issues. Close, trusting relationships were established between the allies. Of particular importance was clearer coordination of combat operations and the provision of mutual assistance.

For millions of people around the world, the conference became a symbol of inevitable victory over the enemy. Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt set an example of how mutual differences can be easily overcome under the influence of a common mortal danger. Many historians consider the conference to be the zenith of the anti-Hitler coalition.

At the Tehran conference, which we briefly discussed in the article, the leaders of the Big Three came together for the first time. Successful cooperation continued in 1945 in Yalta and Potsdam. Two more conferences took place. The Potsdam, Tehran and Yalta conferences laid the foundations for the future structure of the world. As a result of the agreements, the UN was created, which, even during the Cold War, to some extent sought to maintain peace on the planet.

Participants USSR USSR
USA USA
Great Britain Great Britain Issues covered Opening of a second front in Western Europe. Subsequence

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Tehran Conference- the first conference of the “Big Three” during the Second World War - the leaders of three countries: I. V. Stalin (USSR), F. D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain), held in Tehran on November 28 - December 1 1943.

Preparation

In addition to Tehran, options were considered for holding the conference in Cairo (at Churchill’s suggestion, where earlier and later inter-allied conferences with the participation of Chiang Kai-shek and İsmet İnönü were held), Istanbul or Baghdad.

At the end of November, J.V. Stalin left Moscow on letter train No. 501 on the route Moscow - Stalingrad - Baku in conditions of deep secrecy. The delegation flew from Baku to Tehran by plane. In the memoirs of Air Marshal A. Golovanov there is mention of Stalin’s flight and all the Soviet representatives of this conference, prepared by him personally. Two planes were flying. Golovanov personally controlled the second. The first, flown by Viktor Grachev, carried Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov.

Roosevelt arrived at the Algerian port of Oran on the battleship Iowa, then Roosevelt and Churchill met in Cairo. On November 28, delegations of the three powers arrived in Tehran.

Roosevelt accepted the invitation to live in the building of the Soviet embassy, Churchill settled in the British mission, which was located opposite the Soviet diplomatic mission. Meetings of the leaders took place in the Soviet-British diplomatic complex connected by a “security corridor”.

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Conference goals

The conference was called upon to develop a final strategy for the fight against Germany and its allies.

The conference became important stage in the development of international and inter-allied relations, a number of issues of war and peace were considered and resolved:

The possibility of the Allies opening a second front in France (and the “Balkan strategy” proposed by Great Britain was rejected). The Anglo-American side had previously set the start date of Operation Overlord for May 1944. Subsequently, the above date was moved to June 6, 1944.
The issues of granting independence to Iran (“Declaration on Iran”) were discussed.
A beginning has been made for resolving the Polish question.
The start of the war between the USSR and Japan after the defeat of Nazi Germany was approved.
The contours of the post-war world order were outlined.
A unity of views has been achieved on issues of ensuring international security and lasting peace.

Opening of the “second front”

The main issue was the opening of a second front in Western Europe.

After much debate, the Overlord issue was at a dead end. Then Stalin rose from his chair and, turning to Voroshilov and Molotov, said with irritation: “We have too much to do at home to waste time here. Nothing worthwhile, as I see it, is working out.” The critical moment has arrived. Churchill understood this and, fearing that the conference might be disrupted, made a compromise.

Post-war problems

At the Tehran Conference, opinions were expressed on some post-war problems.

Question about Germany

Polish question

W. Churchill's proposal was accepted that Poland's claims to the lands of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine would be satisfied at the expense of Germany, and the border in the east should be the Curzon line (conditional line). At the insistence of the US President, the agreements reached in Tehran were not officially presented to the Polish government in exile by the time of the next presidential elections in the US.

Post-war world structure

Roosevelt's plan to divide Germany into the states of Prussia, Hanover, Hesse, Saxony, Bavaria, as well as an international zone (Ruhr and Saarland)

The right of the Soviet Union to annex part of East Prussia after the victory was secured as an indemnity.
There should be a plebiscite on the question of the incorporation of the Baltic republics into the Soviet Union at the appropriate time, but not under any form of international control
F. Roosevelt proposed dividing Germany into 5 states.

During J.V. Stalin’s conversation with F. Roosevelt on December 1, Roosevelt believed that world public opinion would consider it desirable that someday in the future the opinion of the peoples of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia would be expressed on the issue of the inclusion of the Baltic republics in the Soviet Union. Stalin noted that this did not mean that the plebiscite in these republics should take place under any form of international control. According to the Russian historian Zolotarev, at the Tehran Conference in 1943, the United States and Great Britain actually approved the entry of the Baltic states into the USSR [ ] Estonian historian Mälksoo notes that the United States and Great Britain never officially recognized this entry. As M. Yu. Myagkov writes:

As for the further American position regarding the entry of the Baltic states into the USSR, Washington did not officially recognize this accomplished fact, although it did not openly oppose it.

Issues of ensuring security in the world after the war

US President Roosevelt outlined at the conference the American point of view regarding the creation of an international security organization in the future, which he spoke about general outline already told the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov during his stay in Washington in the summer of 1942 and what was the subject of discussion between Roosevelt and the British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden in March 1943.

According to the scheme outlined by the president in a conversation with Stalin on November 29, 1943, after the end of the war it was proposed to create a world organization on the principles of the United Nations, and its activities did not include military issues, that is, it should not be similar to the League of Nations. The structure of the organization, according to Roosevelt, should have included three bodies:

A general body consisting of all (35 or 50) members of the United Nations, which will only make recommendations and will meet in different places, where each country can express its opinion.
Executive Committee consisting of the USSR, USA, Great Britain, China, two European countries, one Latin American country, one Middle Eastern country and one of the British Dominions; The committee will deal with non-military issues.
A police committee consisting of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China, which will monitor the preservation of peace in order to prevent new aggression from Germany and Japan.

Stalin called the scheme outlined by Roosevelt good, but expressed his fear that small European states might be dissatisfied with such an organization, and therefore expressed the opinion that it might be better to create two organizations (one for Europe, the other for the Far East or the world). Roosevelt pointed out that Stalin's point of view partially coincides with the opinion of Churchill, who proposes to create three organizations - European, Far Eastern and American. However, Roosevelt noted that the United States could not be a member of the European organization and that only a shock comparable to the current war could force the Americans to send their troops overseas.

Assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three

On the Soviet side, a group of professional intelligence officers took part in uncovering the assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three. In particular, he oversaw the work of neutralizing German saboteurs, then resident in Tehran I. I. Agayants. Information about the impending terrorist attack was reported to Moscow from the Volyn forests by intelligence officer Nikolai Kuznetsov, and in the spring of 1943, a radiogram came from the center saying that the Germans were planning to carry out sabotage in Tehran during a conference with the participation of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, with the aim of sabotage is the physical removal of conference participants. All Soviet intelligence forces in Iran, under the leadership of Agayants, were mobilized to prevent a terrorist attack. In particular, a group of young people led by Gevork Vartanyan worked for Soviet intelligence. For security purposes in the Iranian capital, the US President did not stay at his own embassy, but at the Soviet one, which was located opposite the British one (the American embassy was located much further, on the outskirts of the city in a dubious area).

At the end of the summer of 1943, the Germans dropped a team of six radio operators into the area of Lake Qom near the city of Qom (70 km from Tehran). After 10 days they were already near Tehran, where they boarded a truck and reached the city. From a villa prepared specially for this by local agents, a group of radio operators established radio contact with Berlin in order to prepare a springboard for the landing of saboteurs led by Otto Skorzeny. However, these ambitious plans were not destined to come true - Soviet intelligence, together with the British from MI6, took direction finding and deciphered all their messages. Soon, after a long search for the radio transmitter, the entire group was captured and forced to work with Berlin “under the hood”. At the same time, in order to prevent the landing of the second group, during the interception of which losses on both sides could not be avoided, they were given the opportunity to convey that they had been exposed. Upon learning of the failure, Berlin abandoned its plans.

A few days before the conference, arrests were made in Tehran, resulting in the arrest of more than 400 German agents. The last to be taken was Franz Mayer, who had gone deep underground: he was found in an Armenian cemetery, where he, having dyed his beard and grown it, worked as a gravedigger. Of the large number of agents discovered, some were arrested, and the majority were converted. Some were handed over to the British, others were deported to the Soviet Union.

As was his custom, Stalin refused to fly anywhere by plane. He left for the conference on November 22, 1943. His letter train No. 501 proceeded through Stalingrad and Baku. Stalin was traveling in an armored spring twelve-wheeler carriage.

In the memoirs of Air Marshal Golovanov there are references to the flight of Stalin and all the Russian representatives of this conference, prepared by him personally. Two planes were flying. Golovanov personally controlled the second. The first, piloted by Viktor Grachev, carried Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov.

Conference goals

The conference was called upon to develop a final strategy for the fight against Germany and its allies. The conference became an important stage in the development of international and inter-allied relations; a number of issues of war and peace were considered and resolved at it:

an exact date was set for the Allies to open a second front in France (and the “Balkan strategy” proposed by Great Britain was rejected),
discussed issues of granting independence to Iran (“Declaration on Iran”)
the beginning of the solution to the Polish question was laid
about the beginning of the USSR war with Japan after the defeat of Nazi Germany
the contours of the post-war world order were outlined
a unity of views has been achieved on issues of ensuring international security and lasting peace

Opening of the “second front”

The main issue was the opening of a second front in Western Europe.

After much debate, the Overlord issue was at a dead end. Then Stalin rose from his chair and, turning to Voroshilov and Molotov, said with irritation: “We have too much to do at home to waste time here. Nothing worthwhile, as I see it, is working out.” The critical moment has arrived. Churchill understood this and, fearing that the conference might be disrupted, made a compromise.

Polish question

W. Churchill's proposal was accepted that Poland's claims to the lands of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine would be satisfied at the expense of Germany, and the Curzon line should be the border in the east. On November 30, a gala reception was held at the British Embassy to mark Churchill's birthday.

Post-war world structure

de facto, the right was assigned to the Soviet Union to annex part of East Prussia as an indemnity after the victory
also, F. Roosevelt proposed dividing Germany into 5 states

Issues of ensuring security in the world after the war

US President Roosevelt outlined at the conference the American point of view regarding the creation in the future of an international security organization, which he had already spoken about in general terms to the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov during his stay in Washington in the summer of 1942 and which was the subject of discussion between Roosevelt and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in March 1943.

a general body consisting of all (35 or 50) members of the United Nations, which will only make recommendations and will meet in different places where each country can express its opinion.

an executive committee consisting of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, China, two European countries, one Latin American country, one Middle Eastern country and one of the British dominions; The committee will deal with non-military issues.

a police committee consisting of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China, which will monitor the preservation of peace in order to prevent new aggression from Germany and Japan.

Assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three

For security purposes in the Iranian capital, the US President did not stay at his own embassy, but at the Soviet one, which was located opposite the British one (the American embassy was located much further, on the outskirts of the city in a dubious area). A tarpaulin corridor was created between the embassies so that the movements of the leaders were not visible from the outside. The diplomatic complex thus created was surrounded by three rings of infantry and tanks. For three days of the conference, the city was completely blocked by troops and special services. In Tehran, all media activities were suspended, telephone, telegraph and radio communications were turned off. Even the families of Soviet diplomats were temporarily “evacuated” from the area of the upcoming negotiations.

On the Soviet side, a group of professional intelligence officers took part in uncovering the assassination attempt on the leaders of the Big Three. Information about the impending terrorist attack was reported to Moscow from the Volyn forests by intelligence officer Nikolai Kuznetsov, and in the spring of 1943, a radiogram came from the center saying that the Germans were planning to carry out sabotage in Tehran during a conference with the participation of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, with the aim of sabotage is the physical removal of conference participants. All group members Soviet intelligence officers under the leadership of Gevork Vartanyan were mobilized to prevent a terrorist attack.

At the end of the summer of 1943, the Germans dropped a team of six radio operators into the area of Lake Qom near the city of Qom (70 km from Tehran). After 10 days they were already near Tehran, where they boarded a truck and reached the city. From a villa prepared specially for this by local agents, a group of radio operators established radio contact with Berlin in order to prepare a springboard for the landing of saboteurs led by Otto Skorzeny. However, these ambitious plans were not destined to come true - Vartanyan’s agents, together with the British from MI6, took direction finding and deciphered all their messages. Soon, after a long search for the radio transmitter, the entire group was captured and forced to work with Berlin “under the hood”. At the same time, in order to prevent the landing of the second group, during the interception of which losses on both sides could not be avoided, they were given the opportunity to convey that they had been exposed. Upon learning of the failure, Berlin abandoned its plans.

A few days before the conference, arrests were made in Tehran, resulting in the arrest of more than 400 German agents. The last to be taken was Franz Mayer, who had gone deep underground: he was found in an Armenian cemetery, where he, having dyed and grown his beard, worked as a gravedigger. Of the large number of agents discovered, some were arrested, and the majority were converted. Some were handed over to the British, others were deported to the Soviet Union.

Memory of the conference

"Tehran-43" - a 1980 feature television film about the prevention of the Tehran terrorist attack

Notes

Literature

Tehran Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied Powers - USSR, USA and Great Britain / Gromyko A. - M.: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1974. - T. 2. - 175 p. - (The Soviet Union at international conferences during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945). - 100,000 copies.
Karpov V. Generalissimo. Book 2. - M.: Veche, 2011. - 496 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9533-5891-0
Berezhkov V. Tehran 1943. - M.: Publishing House of the News Press Agency, 1968. - 128 p. - 150,000 copies.
Churchill, Winston Spencer Closing the Ring. - Boston: Mariner Books, 1986. - Vol. 5. - 704 p. - (The Second World War). - ISBN 978-0395410592

Links

"Three Power Declaration" and "Three Power Declaration on Iran"
Shvanits V. G. 4-2010 Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill in Iran ( Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill in Iran, Webversion (German) )

Inter-Allied Conferences of World War II

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See what the “Tehran Conference” is in other dictionaries:

1943 conference of the leaders of the three powers allied in World War II: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill); took place on November 28-December 1 in Tehran (Iran). The Declaration on Joint Actions in War was adopted... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

1943, conference of the leaders of the three powers allied in World War II: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill); took place on November 28-December 1 in Tehran (Iran). The Declaration on Joint Actions in War was adopted... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Tehran Conference- (Teheran Conference) (28 Nov. 1 Dec. 1943), meeting of Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in the capital of Iran. During the meeting, Stalin, invited for the first time to an inter-allied conference, was informed about the upcoming opening of the Second Front on 3.... ... The World History

TEHRAN CONFERENCE- - a conference of the leaders of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and England, which took place in Tehran on November 28 - December 1, 1943. The conference adopted a Declaration on joint actions in the war against Germany and on post-war cooperation of the three powers ... Soviet legal dictionary

Tehran Conference- Tehran Conference (1943) ... Russian spelling dictionary

Tehran Conference 1943- On November 28, December 1, 1943, a conference of the leaders of the three allied states of the anti-Hitler coalition was held in Tehran (Iran): Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Joseph Stalin, US President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Tehran Conference 1943 conference of the leaders of the three powers allied in World War II: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill). Took place on November 28 – December 1 in Tehran (Iran). Declarations on... ... Historical Dictionary

TEHRAN CONFERENCE 1943, a conference of the leaders of the three allied powers in World War II, participants in the anti-Hitler coalition: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill); took place on November 28, December 1 in... ... Russian history

Conference of the leaders of the three powers allied in World War II: the USSR (J.V. Stalin), the USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill); took place on November 28-December 1 in Tehran (Iran). Declarations on joint actions in the war against... ... were adopted. Political science. Dictionary.

The leaders of the three allied powers took place on November 28, 1911. The head of the Soviet government J.V. Stalin, US President F. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, as well as their diplomatic advisers and... took part in the conference. Diplomatic Dictionary