What is pulmonary insufficiency and what forms exist. Pulmonary heart failure Chronic cardiopulmonary failure Treatment

• Headache
• Nausea
• Dyspnea
• Cough
• Insomnia
• Memory impairment
• Chest pain
• Low blood pressure
• Rapid pulse
• Labored breathing
• Abnormal heart rhythm
• Blueness of the skin
• Gagging
• Impaired consciousness

Pulmonary insufficiency is a condition characterized by the inability of the pulmonary system to maintain a normal blood gas composition, or it is stabilized due to a strong overstrain of the compensatory mechanisms of the external respiration apparatus. The basis of this pathological process is a violation of gas exchange in the pulmonary system. Because of this, the required volume of oxygen does not enter the human body, and the level of carbon dioxide is constantly increasing. All this becomes the cause of oxygen starvation of organs.

• Etiology
• Varieties
• Symptoms
• Diagnostics
• Treatment

With pulmonary insufficiency, the partial tension of oxygen in the blood decreases below 60 mm Hg. Art. At the same time, an increase in the partial stress of carbon dioxide is observed. Its indicators exceed 45 mm Hg. Art. This pathological syndrome can begin to progress in people of different age categories. Gender is not peculiar to him.

The main reason for the progression of pulmonary insufficiency in humans is damage to the external respiratory apparatus at various levels:

• neuromuscular system. The reasons for the progression of pulmonary insufficiency can be various infectious or neurological ailments that have a damaging effect on the central nervous system and disrupt the physiological mechanisms of transmission of impulses from the brain to the muscles of the respiratory system. These pathologies include myasthenia gravis and so on;
• respiratory center and central nervous system. In this case, the reasons for the progression of pulmonary insufficiency can be brain damage of varying severity, the use of potent drugs, disturbances in the circulation of blood in the brain, etc.
• rib cage. To pulmonary failure can lead, and the accumulation of excessive exudate in the pleural cavity;
• damage to the airways:, embolus in the bronchi,;
• alveoli. Pulmonary insufficiency is often manifested as the main symptom of pulmonary edema, as well as ailments characterized by the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs.

Varieties

By the mechanism of progression:

• hypoxemic. In this case, a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) is observed. It is difficult to normalize partial pressure even with oxygen therapy. This form of pathology is more typical for ailments that directly affect the respiratory system, as well as for those diseases based on the rapid replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue;
• hypercapnic. Too much carbon dioxide builds up in the blood. It is worth noting that oxygen deficiency is also observed with this form, but it can be corrected with oxygen therapy. Hypercapnic pulmonary insufficiency progresses due to the weakness of the muscular structures of the respiratory system, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and so on.

By the speed of development:

• acute pulmonary failure. This form of pathology progresses very quickly. Acute symptoms may appear within minutes, hours, or days. Since this period is very short, the body does not have time to turn on its compensatory capabilities. That is why acute failure is a very dangerous condition that threatens not only the health, but also the life of the patient. To stop it, you need to resort to intensive care. Treatment of an acute form of pathology is usually carried out in intensive care;
• chronic pulmonary insufficiency. A characteristic feature of the chronic form is slow development. The pathological condition progresses over several months or even years. This enables the human body to maximize its compensatory capabilities, thereby maintaining a full blood gas composition. The chronic form is safer, since in most clinical situations it is detected and treated in a timely manner. Death is extremely rare.

Based on the severity:

1st degree- the partial tension of oxygen (PNA) in the blood is in the range of 60–79 mm Hg. Art. Blood oxygen saturation at a given degree ranges from 90 to 94%;

2nd degree. PNA decreases to 40–59 mm Hg. Art., and the saturation of blood with oxygen up to 75–89%;

3 degree. PNA in the blood decreases to critical levels - below 40 mm Hg. Art., and the saturation of blood with oxygen is less than 75%.

Based on the severity of the symptoms shown (only for chronic pulmonary insufficiency), there are:

LN 1 degree. A sick person has shortness of breath with moderate or significant physical. loads;

2 degrees. Shortness of breath occurs even with mild exertion. While the person is in complete rest, it can be noted that compensatory mechanisms have been activated;

Pulmonary insufficiency is a group of secondary respiratory and circulatory symptoms that result from primary lung disease. When our lungs are not working properly, they cannot supply our blood vessels with enough oxygen. As a result, the contractile ability of the heart bag worsens, which entails a number of problems.

Due to a combination of disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, this disease is usually an irreversible and progressive process. If not treated, the patient dies over time. Therefore, the patient must take up his health with the utmost seriousness.

To stop the development of cardiopulmonary failure, it is necessary to revise the lifestyle, change the diet, constantly monitor blood pressure and the general condition of the body. Natural preparations that improve blood circulation and relieve pressure from the lungs will be of great benefit.

1. Quit smoking completely.
2. Treat all respiratory problems in time.
3. In people with advanced cardiopulmonary insufficiency, breathing exercises bring significant relief. It improves alveolar ventilation and oxygenates the blood. There are many breathing exercises online, so be sure to try this technique.
4. For edema, reduce the amount of salt you eat.

Treatment

Treatment of this ailment is aimed primarily at improving the supply of oxygen to the blood, eliminating the underlying pulmonary disease, and relieving unpleasant symptoms. We have selected for you the best products that you can prepare and take at home.

Pumpkin juice

The patient will significantly improve pulmonary ventilation if he undergoes treatment with pumpkin juice. You need to take it raw, half a glass in the morning and evening. Add a spoonful of natural honey or a couple of drops of lemon juice to the drink. The course of treatment is one month.

Madder

Madder root and rhizome have long been used by patients who have pulmonary insufficiency with complications in the circulatory system.

Grind the plant into powder, mix with the same amount of honey and ground walnuts. Take this mixture a dessert spoon every morning after waking up.

Sagebrush

Wormwood will help reduce swelling, cyanosis of the skin, shortness of breath and other unpleasant symptoms. Soak a tablespoon of dry herb in 300 ml of water overnight and leave until morning. After waking up, put the mixture on fire and wait until it boils. Immediately after boiling, remove the drink from the stove, cool and strain. Drink 100 ml three times a day 30 minutes before meals. This treatment will give results in a few weeks, but you should continue the course for 2-3 months. You can repeat therapy courses as needed.

Lobelia bloated

Lobelia bloated products help well. This herb helps to cure the major respiratory diseases that lead to heart failure, as well as to keep the patient in good health. There are several ways to use lobelia.

The first method is to grind dry grass into powder and take 1 gram each time before meals, snack on a small amount of honey.

The second method is to brew 1-2 g of a dry plant in a glass of boiling water and drink instead of tea. Continue the treatment for at least 3 months.

The third way is to make a syrup. Pour a handful of bloated lobelia with 500 ml of hot red wine, add 5 tablespoons of honey and leave for 2 weeks. Strain the prepared syrup and take a tablespoon three times a day one hour after meals.

Lespedets penny

To restore pulmonary circulation and reduce unpleasant symptoms, take advantage of the properties of the Lespedeza herb. It removes excess fluid, improves breathing, and supports the activity of the circulatory system.

To prepare the broth: add 2 tablespoons of dry herb to 3 cups of boiling water, cover, reduce heat to low and cook for about 5 minutes. Drink the strained broth in a glass 2-3 times a day.

Preparation of the tincture: heat 500 ml of red wine almost to a boil (but do not boil), throw in 5 tablespoons of Lespedetsa herb, cover and leave for 3 days in a warm place. Then strain the infusion, add 3 tablespoons of honey and a pinch of cinnamon to it. Drink three times a day, 25 ml of the medicine before meals.

You can also grind the plant into a powder and take ¼ teaspoon 4 times a day with a little water.

Orthosiphon staminate herb

If the patient has severe edema, herbal treatment of staminate orthosiphon will help. It has a diuretic effect, due to which it removes fluid from the body and relieves stress on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems.

Preparation of alcoholic tincture: Pour 4 tablespoons of dry chopped herbs into a bottle of vodka, close with a stopper and leave for 20 days. The filtered drug is drunk a teaspoon each time before meals.

Preparation of a wine elixir: heat 500 ml of red fortified wine, add a handful of dry orthosiphon, cover the pan with a lid and wrap it with a blanket. Insist the remedy for 3 days, then strain, add 5 tablespoons of aloe juice, 5 tablespoons of natural honey and a tablespoon of grated ginger. Take 25 ml each time after meals.

Orthosiphon herb can also be brewed instead of tea and drunk several times a day, but water infusions are not as effective as alcohol or wine medications.

A mixture of tinctures

A special mixture of alcoholic tinctures will help to overcome the ailment:

• Celandine herb tincture - 7 ml;
• Lobelia herb tincture - 7 ml;
• Licorice root tincture - 5 ml.

You can buy these tinctures from a herbalist, or prepare it yourself (the ratio of the plant and alcohol is 1:10, the mixture should be infused for 10 days, then strain). Drink 20 drops of the product, diluted in 1 tablespoon of boiled warm water, 15 minutes after each meal.

Comfrey

Comfrey has a very good effect on the lungs, increasing their volume and elasticity. It also maintains the work of the heart muscle at the proper level.

Comfrey powder: Dry the root of the plant and grind into a powder. Take 3-4 times a day, one mustard spoon, dissolving this remedy in warm tea or milk.

Comfrey Elixir: For each teaspoon of plant powder, add 1 tablespoon honey and half a teaspoon of glycerin, mix gently. Eat 1 tablespoon of the elixir 3-4 times a day.

Glycerin extract of comfrey: pour half a glass of fresh or dried root with 300 g of glycerin; keep the mixture in a dark place for seven days, then strain. Consume 1 tablespoon of glycerin extract internally mixed with 100 ml of lemon juice or any other juice.

Comfrey syrup: Pour 4 tablespoons of dry chopped root with 2 cups of water, boil and cook for 10 minutes; strain through cheesecloth and add the missing water (so that you get 2 glasses of the product again). Add 100 ml of honey and half a glass of sugar, stir it all until all the ingredients are completely dissolved. Also add the juice of one lemon and 30 g of glycerin. Drink the resulting syrup 4-6 times a day, 1 tablespoon. Shake bottle before use. Store in a cool place.

Herbal preparations

A good effect is given by treatment with herbal preparations. Here is one of the most popular recipes:

• Leaf or flowers of coltsfoot - 100 g;
• Plantain leaves - 100 g;
• Flaxseed - 100 g;
• Lungwort leaves - 100 g;
• Mint leaves - 100 g;
• Marjoram herb - 100 g;
• Flowers or cornflower grass - 100 g;
• Licorice root - 100 g;
• Black mallow flowers - 100 g;
• Cyanosis grass - 100 g.

Mix all ingredients. Throw a tablespoon of the collection into a saucepan of boiling water (300 ml) and cook for 5 minutes. Take the cooled drug ½ glass several times a day. You will feel better within a week.
To make your pulmonary system recover, prepare a decoction from the following collection:

• Common pickle grass - 100 g;
• Horsetail herb - 100 g;
• Knotweed rhizome - 100 g;
• Meadow geranium leaf - 100 g;
• True bedstraw herb - 50 g;
• Black marigold flowers - 50 g.

Mix all herbal ingredients. Boil 2 cups of water, add 2 tablespoons of the collection, cover and cook for 5 minutes, then set the bowl aside for 30 minutes in a warm place. Strain and drink 100 ml of medicine every 6 hours.

The following drug well supports the cardiovascular and respiratory systems:

• Flowers or leaves of tansy - 200 g;
• Carrot seeds - 100 g;
• Evening primrose seeds - 100 g;
• Goose grass - 100 g;
• Mint leaves - 100 g;
• Cherry branches - 100 g;
• Nettle leaves - 100 g;
• Lily of the valley leaves - 100 g;
• Barberry root - 100 g.

Pour 1 liter of boiling water into a thermos and add 3 tablespoons of the herbal mixture. Leave to infuse overnight, strain the next morning and take the infusion (it can be sweetened) instead of regular liquids. The course of treatment is 4-6 weeks.

The phenomena of insufficiency of the respiratory process, both in acute and in chronic manifestations, are threatening health and life.

The normal functioning of the body requires the uninterrupted coordinated work of all its systems. An important role of the respiratory system is to ensure gas exchange. Thanks to this process, a balanced state takes place between the amount of oxygen that comes in from the outside and the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed.

Failure, violation of the normal balance, leads to a pathological condition, the so-called respiratory failure, when the maintenance of the required arterial gas composition, the ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide, is disturbed and cannot be provided by the body, or occurs due to additional efforts.

The term "respiratory failure" is a broader concept than the actual pulmonary failure, which is understood as the inadequate functioning of the organs that provide external respiration.

To systematize the pathological condition, types of pulmonary insufficiency, it is customary to classify it taking into account a number of criteria:

• According to the speed of the onset and course of the process, pulmonary insufficiency, acute and chronic
• According to the nature of the disturbances in the balanced state of blood gases, they distinguish hypoxemic pulmonary insufficiency (otherwise parinchymal, or of the first type), in which there is a reduced oxygen content and its partial pressure; and hypercapnic (ventilation, or failure of the second type), which is characterized by an increase in the content of carbon dioxide and its partial pressure
• According to the level of severity of the disease and, accordingly, the patient's condition, it is customary to distinguish three degrees; an indicator such as saturation or oxygen content in arterial blood, expressed as a percentage, is taken into account: in the first degree, this indicator corresponds to values ​​from 90 to 94%, in the second - from 75 to 89%, in the third - below the value of 75%
• By the extent to which the clinical symptoms of pathology are expressed, four stages of pulmonary insufficiency are distinguished, initial, compensated, decompensated, terminal

It is important to classify the type of pulmonary insufficiency for understanding what is happening with the patient, as well as for choosing the tactics of medical delivery.

For detailed information on respiratory failure, we suggest learning from this video.

Acute and chronic pulmonary failure

The acute form of pulmonary insufficiency is characterized by:

• Rapid onset, lasting from minutes to hours
• Life-threatening nature of the course
• A condition in which the provision of immediate assistance, including resuscitation, is vital
• Due to the transience of development, it is impossible to involve compensatory mechanisms (rapid breathing, increase in blood volume, increase in the number of erythrocytes, adaptation of cellular and tissue structures) to correct pathology, provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• The possibility of development in healthy persons who do not suffer from any diseases, due to suffocation, ingestion of foreign objects into the respiratory system, pain shock, edema of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, poisoning, with damage to the integrity of the chest, with depression of the respiratory center of the brain
• Development due to various kinds of impairment of the patency of the respiratory system or their blockage due to diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, as well as other painful conditions (, acute heart failure, thrombosis)
• Development as a result of exacerbation of the chronic form of pathology

Pulmonary insufficiency is called a pathology in which the lungs do not enrich the blood with oxygen in the required amount.

This condition is characterized by the fact that the oxygen pressure does not exceed 80, and carbon dioxide is more than 45 mm Hg.

With pulmonary insufficiency, the body is unable to maintain an optimal ratio of gases in the blood.

Classification of the disease

Depending on the mechanism of development, 3 forms of pulmonary insufficiency are distinguished:

• Hypoxemic;
• Hypercapnic;
• Mixed.

With a hypoxemic form, there is a lack of oxygen in the tissues. It is difficult to bring the condition back to normal even with the help of oxygen therapy. This type of pathology is characteristic of lesions of the respiratory system and those pathologies in which the lung tissue is replaced by connective tissue.

The alveoli, the peripheral nerve system responsible for the coordinated work of the respiratory organs, the muscles involved in breathing, the central nervous system, the chest, and the respiratory tract are affected.

In the hypercapnic form, carbon dioxide accumulates in the tissues... This type of disease is also characterized by a lack of oxygen.

It is possible to normalize the condition with the help of oxygen therapy.

The disease develops against the background of weakness of the muscles that regulate the respiratory system, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Oxygen therapy procedure

The mixed form is characterized by simultaneous combination of hypoxemia and primary hypercapnia.

According to the rate of progression, the following forms are distinguished:

• Sharp
• Chronic

Symptoms of the acute form of the disease appear in a few minutes or hours, less often in a few days. During this period, the body's compensatory abilities do not have time to turn on.

This is a rather dangerous pathology that threatens life. It is possible to normalize the condition only with the help of intensive therapy in intensive care.

The chronic form of the disease develops slowly... Pathology can progress without endangering the patient's life for many months or years.

Within a specified time, the body manages to turn on the mechanisms of adaptation and provides an optimal gas composition of the blood. This type is considered safe, because it can be timely identified and normalized the patient's condition.

Experts distinguish 3 degrees of pulmonary insufficiency, which occurs in a chronic form:

Depending on the severity of the pathology, there are 3 stages of the disease:

• I (easy) stage: the partial pressure of oxygen is in the range from 60-80 mm Hg, the blood is saturated with oxygen at the level of 90-94%;
• Stage II: the partial oxygen pressure drops to 40-59 mm Hg, the oxygen concentration in the blood varies within 75-89%;
• Stage III: the condition is critical, the oxygen pressure becomes less than 40 mm Hg, the oxygen concentration in the blood drops to less than 75%.

With the development of pulmonary insufficiency, it is necessary to understand the causes of its appearance. Further treatment will depend on this.

Pulmonary heart disease is separately distinguished. This disease is associated with a malfunction of the heart, blood vessels and respiratory organs. In some patients, the insufficiency develops against the background of regurgitation - the throwing of some of the blood back into the right atrium.

With this pathology, blood does not fully enter the respiratory organs. Pulmonary regurgitation of the 1st degree is considered not dangerous, the stream of thrown blood is practically invisible. At grade 4, only surgical intervention allows the patient's health to be preserved.

Disease development factors

The causes of pulmonary insufficiency depend on the form of the lesion. The hypoxemic type develops when there is a failure of blood circulation in the lungs.

This occurs due to the fact that there is a full exchange of gases between the blood and the alveoli, but the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the environment is disrupted.

In the process of bypass surgery, the blood from the veins is not saturated with oxygen, it immediately passes into the arteries.

Hypercapnic form develops due to alveolar hypoventilation and disturbance of ventilation-perfusion mechanisms (alveoli are insufficiently ventilated).

The hypercapnic form most often develops against the background of bronchial asthma, lingering bronchitis, bronchial tumors, bronchopneumonia.

Severe lesions of the pulmonary parenchyma lead to a hypoxemic form(aspiration of fluid, pulmonary edema, inhalation of poisonous gases).

The mixed form appears with lung lesions that provoke obstructive hypoventilation (pneumonia, abscesses, bronchial asthma, obstructive pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis).

The reason for the appearance of cardiopulmonary failure is considered to be an increase in pressure in the pulmonary circulation (it is responsible for how the process of filling the blood with oxygen occurs).

Hypertension provokes an increase in the activity of the right ventricle and an increase in the intensity of the release of blood entering the pulmonary artery. As a result, the myocardium is hypertrophied.

All reasons for the appearance of failure are divided into groups depending on which system of the body has failed.

1. The neuromuscular system. Pulmonary insufficiency develops and progresses against the background of infectious and neurological lesions, which negatively affect the central nervous system, disrupt the transmission of impulses from the brain to the respiratory muscles. It is observed with botulism, myasthenia gravis.
2. Respiratory center and central nervous system. The progression of the disease is caused by damage to the brain tissues, which developed against the background of cerebral circulation failures, the use of drugs.
3. Rib cage. With scoliosis, accumulation of exudate in the pleural cavity, pneumothorax, these problems appear.
4. Oxygen delivery routes. The defeat develops with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, laryngeal edema, and the appearance of emboli in the bronchi.
5. Alveoli. Problems begin with pulmonary edema, pneumonia and other diseases that lead to the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs.

Alveoli

The main reasons for the onset of heart and lung failure include the following:

• Chronic bronchiolitis and bronchitis;
• Extensive pneumonia;
• Bronchial asthma;
• Tuberculosis;
• Pneumosclerosis;
• Emphysema of the lungs;
• Sarcoidosis;
• Bronchiectasis disease.

These are the most common bronchopulmonary factors. But vascular and thoradiaphragmatic factors can lead to the above problems.

Among them:

• Tumors of the mediastinum;
• Atherosclerotic changes in the pulmonary trunk;
• Inflammatory lung disease (vasculitis);
• Polio;
• Thrombosis of an artery going to the lungs;
• Ankylosing spondylitis;
• Compression of the right side of the heart with a growing aneurysm;
• Kyphoscoliosis;
• Incorrect innervation of the diaphragm.

The appearance of problems is indicated by characteristic symptoms. If you know them, you can have time to seek medical help even with an acute form of the disease.

The main signs of the disease

To understand that pulmonary insufficiency develops, it will turn out if you know what kind of disease it is and how it manifests itself.

The main symptoms of the disease include:

• Shortness of breath (regardless of its intensity);
• Headaches that bother patients mainly in the morning;
• An increased frequency of contractions of the heart muscle;
• Insomnia;
• Reducing the level of pressure;
• Vomiting, nausea;
• Blueness of the skin;
• Memory problems;
• Change in breathing (depth and frequency of inspirations / expirations change);
• Involvement of auxiliary muscles in the breathing process.

Patients complain of choking, severe shortness of breath. Lack of oxygen in the bloodstream and the accumulation of carbon dioxide in excessive quantities leads to problems with consciousness, memory. In severe cases, this becomes the cause of loss of consciousness or the appearance of a coma.

The most dangerous sign is a drop in the respiratory rate: if the patient takes less than 12 breaths per minute, then this indicates the beginning of the process of respiratory arrest.

When such signs appear, you should understand how the disease is diagnosed and treated.

To determine the cause of the above symptoms, you need:

When signs of pulmonary insufficiency appear, the patient is sent to a medical institution for inpatient treatment.

Choice of treatment tactics

In 30% of cases, patients are admitted to the hospital with acute pulmonary insufficiency.

Only competent first aid provided in a timely manner can save the patient's life.

It should be aimed at normalizing airway patency, eliminating hemodynamic disturbances and restoring perfusion and ventilation.

Information on methods of emergency assistance is given in the table.

Medical personnel action	Characteristic
Oral examination	It is required to remove the trapped foreign bodies, to get the sunken tongue, to aspirate the airways
Oxygen therapy	Essential to Maintain Blood Gas Levels
Vibrating chest massage	Provides restoration of bronchial patency
Artificial ventilation of the lungs	It is prescribed for diagnosing pulmonary insufficiency of the 2nd degree.
Tracheal intubation	Essential if the risk of suffocation remains high and there is no progress from first aid
Drainage of the pleural cavity	It is carried out with hemo- and pneumothorax

With the normalization of pulmonary ventilation, treatment continues. If necessary, continue to supply humidified oxygen: they do this using a nasal catheter, through an oxygen mask or a tent.

If the problems were caused by bronchospasm, then glucocorticosteroids and bronchodilators are prescribed.

The method of therapy is chosen by the doctor: inhalation or systemic administration of these drugs is possible. At the same time, drug therapy is prescribed.

If the pathology is accompanied by painful sensations, then analgesics are given. To stimulate the work of the heart and blood vessels, cardiac glycosides are prescribed, and respiratory analeptics are prescribed for the respiratory organs. To eliminate the signs of intoxication and hypovolemia, infusion therapy allows.

It is difficult to avoid the negative consequences of acute respiratory failure. But with the timely provision of medical care, a favorable prognosis is possible.

When restoring the respiratory system, it is required to carry out simultaneous treatment of the underlying disease, which provoked the development of pulmonary insufficiency.

Video: Pulmonary hypertension. What makes the lungs difficult to breathe?

Cardiopulmonary failure is a deviation in which the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is disrupted. The cause of this phenomenon is hypertension, which appears in the pulmonary circulation. It provokes the reflux of blood into the pulmonary artery, due to which myocardial hypertrophy develops over time.

Pulmonary failure most often develops against the background of myocarditis and heart defects. Its cause is a violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the lungs, in which there is an increase in pressure, stagnation, etc. As a result, the blood is less saturated with oxygen, which leads to additional problems.

In its chronic form, this disease often develops as pulmonary heart failure. First, there is a pathology of the respiratory system, to which, over time, deviations of a cardiological nature are added. We are talking about "cor pulmonale", a deviation that occurs in patients with chronic pulmonary ailments.

Deviations in the work of the heart can cause the development of the following pathologies:

1. Hypoxia. The disease can affect various organs, provoked by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood.
2. The onset of congestion in the lungs. This leads to the inability of the patient to use the full volume of the organ for breathing.
3. The onset of heart failure against the background of congestion in the lungs.

The reasons for the development of the disease

Cardiopulmonary insufficiency in acute form can have a different nature of its development. On the part of the lungs, one of the following factors becomes the cause:

• chronic asthma during an exacerbation;
• pneumonia;
• pulmonary artery thrombosis and the resulting spasms;
• a previous trauma in the chest area;
• stagnation in the chest formed with the accumulation of fluid or air.

Also, pathology can be triggered by a number of cardiovascular diseases:

• the development of a tumor in the mediastinal region;
• the development of vasculitis;
• aneurysms that compress the heart.

In addition, the pathology of the bronchi can also become the cause of this disease:

• improperly treated pneumonia;
• bronchitis of an asthmatic nature;
• chronic infections, including tuberculosis;
• pulmonary emphysema.

The main signs

Already at the initial stages of the development of this disease, rather obvious signs appear. Most often, patients complain of the following symptoms of cardiopulmonary failure:

1. Shortness of breath even with light exertion. It occurs in the first stages of the disease. Most patients complain that they are not able to take a full breath with considerable effort. Attacks of heart coughing are possible.
2. The next stage is blue lips or cyanosis. The reason for this is the insufficient amount of oxygen in the arterial blood.
3. After this, symptoms of a compensatory reaction appear. Lack of oxygen leads to the fact that the body begins to increase the production of red blood cells. For this reason, blood tests of patients with this disease show an increase in this indicator, as well as hemoglobin.
4. Ascites develops. This pathology is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal region. Its occurrence indicates the neglect of the patient's condition.
5. In the area of ​​the right hypochondrium, pain and heaviness can be felt, which indicates the presence of malfunctions in the work of the organ.
6. Hypotension. Arises suddenly, accompanied by attacks of migraine, weakness, dizziness.

The above symptoms do not necessarily indicate the development of this pathology. Sometimes the reason lies in a completely different ailment. Even an experienced doctor, during the initial examination of a patient, can confuse cardiopulmonary insufficiency with signs of bronchial asthma or a number of cardiac diseases. Therefore, for a more accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct a number of instrumental studies.

Diagnostic features

With the development of this disease, the patient should be observed by two specialists: a cardiologist and a pulmonologist. The diagnosis begins with the collection of a detailed anamnesis, when the patient talks about his complaints, the presence of bad habits, previously suffered ailments, working conditions and lifestyle, etc.

The next stage is listening to the heart, defining its boundaries with a percussion method, measuring pressure. With hypertrophy of the right ventricle, muffled tones are detected, accompanied by an increase in pulmonary pressure, a strong heartbeat, and a reduced level of blood pressure. If, at the same time, congestion in the lungs is observed, then signs of arterial hypertension may appear on their background.

After that, instrumental diagnostics are assigned, the purpose of which is to accurately determine the nature of the pathology:

1. X-ray of the sternum. Allows you to determine the possible pathology of the lung tissue with the growth of the mediastinum to the right.
2. Echocardiography. One of the main diagnostic methods by which functional deviations in the operation of the valve apparatus are determined. Also, during the study, a specialist can identify changes in cardiac output and assess the correctness of myocardial contractions.
3. CT. This procedure is used to in-depth study of areas of the lungs and heart that have undergone changes.
4. Angiography. It is necessary for visualization of the lumen of the vessel, its shape, detection of blood clots and various changes of an atherosclerotic nature.
5. Electrocardiography. Allows you to determine the indicators of conductivity and excitability of the organ. Thus, areas of hypertrophy of the heart muscle, rhythm disturbances and ischemic foci are identified. If in this case doubts arise, specialists additionally conduct a study using the Holter apparatus.
6. Catheterization with a manometer. It is necessary to determine the pressure in large vessels and heart cavities. The procedure is very important in the treatment of thrombosis, since in this way agents are introduced into the vessels that promote the breakdown of blood clots.
7. Spirometry, through which it is possible to identify the degree of respiratory failure.

Diagnostics is advisable in the early stages of the disease. With the timely detection of pathology, it is possible to prevent the development of irreversible changes in the myocardium, kidneys, liver, lungs and brain. If the patient develops concomitant diseases leading to cardiopulmonary disorders, then the examination should be carried out even at the preclinical stage of the development of pathology.

Treatment of cardiopulmonary insufficiency

In case of an acute manifestation of the disease, resuscitation of the patient is necessary. In this case, the use of artificial respiration technology is often required, when an oxygen mixture is administered to the patient through a nasal catheter. This procedure allows you to maintain the vital functions of important body systems.

Therapeutic procedures primarily involve the introduction of the following drugs for cardiopulmonary insufficiency:

• "Thrombolysis", which reduces the symptoms of thromboembolism and helps to destroy the blood clot.
• "Papaverine" is a drug used to reduce the tone of blood vessels by expanding their walls. At the same time, the pressure level drops.

• "Atropine", which helps to relax the muscles of the bronchi, thanks to which the patient regains the ability to breathe independently.
• "Euphyllin". The tool helps to normalize myocardial function, and also helps to stabilize breathing.
• Anticoagulants. They prevent thrombosis by protecting the heart from the risks of blood disease.

First aid for pulmonary edema

Since, with any delay, this process can lead to irreversible consequences, it is necessary to act as quickly as possible. First, you should call an ambulance, after which the patient takes the following measures:

1. Give a sitting position.
2. Open the window so that the room is well ventilated.
3. Give a tablet of "Nitroglycerin", which will reduce blood pressure. The patient must put it under the tongue.
4. To relieve the swelling, you can give the patient a diuretic.
5. If the pressure is very high, then blood should be drawn from the lungs to prevent it from accumulating. For this, a basin of heated water is taken, into which the patient must lower his legs.
6. To reduce negative symptoms, you can moisten gauze in alcohol and periodically bring it to the patient's nose.

Heart lung failure is a dangerous disease that affects two important parts of the human body at once. Therefore, at the first symptoms of this pathology, you should immediately contact a specialist. In the early stages, treatment is not particularly difficult, and it is better not to delay the visit to the doctor, since the disease can give serious complications.