Suleiman I the Magnificent(November 6, 1494 - September 5/6, 1566) - tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from September 22, 1520, caliph since 1538.
Suleiman is considered the greatest Sultan of the Ottoman dynasty; under him, the Ottoman Porte reached the apogee of its development. In Europe, Suleiman is most often called Suleiman the Magnificent, while in the Muslim world Suleiman Qanuni. Some people mistakenly translate the Turkish word "Kanuni" as "Lawgiver". Although the word “Kanun” (emphasis on both syllables) is translated as “Law”, the honorary nickname “Kanuni” given to Suleiman I by the people of the Ottoman Empire, both then and today, is associated with the word “Fair”.
Politics, foreign wars
Suleiman I was born in 1494 in Trabzon in the family of Sultan Selim I Yavuz and Ayse Hafsa, daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray. Until 1512 he was a beylerbey in Cafe. At the time of the death of his father, Sultan Selim I, in 1520, Suleiman was governor of Manisa (Magnesia). He headed the Ottoman state at the age of 26. Cardinal Wolsey said about him to the Venetian ambassador at the court of King Henry VIII: “This Sultan Suleiman is twenty-six years old, he is not devoid of common sense; it is to be feared that he will act in the same way as his father.”
Suleiman I began his reign by releasing several hundred Egyptian captives from noble families who were kept in chains by Selim. The Europeans rejoiced at his accession, but they did not take into account that although Suleiman was not as bloodthirsty as Selim I, he loved conquests no less than his father. Initially he was friendly with the Venetians, and Venice looked at his preparations for wars with Hungary and Rhodes without fear.
Suleiman I sent an ambassador to the King of Hungary and the Czech Republic, Lajos (Louis) II, demanding tribute. The king was young and powerless against his own magnates, who arrogantly rejected negotiations with the Turks and threw the ambassador into prison (according to other sources, they killed him), which became a formal pretext for the Sultan to go to war.
In 1521, Suleiman's troops took the strong fortress of Šabac on the Danube and besieged Belgrade; in Europe they did not want to help the Hungarians. Belgrade resisted to the last; when 400 people remained from the garrison, the fortress surrendered, the defenders were treacherously killed. In 1522, Suleiman landed a large army on Rhodes; on December 25, the main citadel of the Johannite knights capitulated. Although the Turks suffered huge losses, Rhodes and the surrounding islands became the possessions of the Porte. In 1524, a Turkish fleet sailing from Jeddah defeated the Portuguese in the Red Sea, which was thus temporarily cleared of Europeans. In 1525, the corsair Khair ad-Din Barbarossa, who had become a vassal of the Turks 6 years earlier, finally established himself in Algeria; from that time on, the Algerian fleet became the striking force of the Ottoman Empire in naval wars.
In 1526, Suleiman sent an army of 100,000 men on a campaign against Hungary; On August 29, 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Turks completely defeated and almost completely destroyed the army of Lajos II, the king himself drowned in a swamp while fleeing. Hungary was devastated, the Turks took tens of thousands of its inhabitants into slavery. The Czech Republic was saved from the same fate only by the subordination of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty: from that time on, long wars began between Austria and Turkey, and Hungary remained the battlefield almost all the time. In 1527-1528, the Turks conquered Bosnia, Herzegovina and Slavonia; in 1528, the ruler of Transylvania, Janos I Zapolyai, a contender for the Hungarian throne, recognized himself as a vassal of Suleiman. Under the slogan of protecting his rights, Suleiman took the capital of Hungary, Buda, in August 1529, expelling the Austrians from here, and in September of the same year, at the head of an army of 120,000, he besieged Vienna; advanced Turkish troops invaded Bavaria. Fierce resistance from the imperial troops, as well as epidemics among the besiegers and food shortages forced the Sultan to lift the siege and retreat to the Balkans. On his way back, Suleiman ravaged many cities and fortresses, taking away thousands of prisoners. The new Austro-Turkish war of 1532-1533 was limited to the Turkish siege of the border fortress of Koszeg, its heroic defense thwarted the plans of Suleiman, who intended to besiege Vienna again. Around the world, Austria recognized Turkey's dominance over eastern and central Hungary and pledged to pay an annual tribute of 30 thousand ducats. Suleiman made no more campaigns against Vienna, especially since in this war he was opposed not only by the Austrians, but also by the Spaniards: the brother of the King of Austria - Ferdinand I of Austria - was the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Habsburg. However, Suleiman's power was so great that he successfully waged an offensive war against a coalition of the most strong countries Christian Europe.
With my beloved wife - Roksolana
In 1533, Suleiman launched a grandiose war with the Safavid state (1533-55), which was ruled by the weak Shah Tahmasp I. Taking advantage of the campaign of the Safavid troops against the Uzbeks of Sheibani Khan, who seized the Khorasan possessions of the Safavids, the Sultan in 1533 invaded Azerbaijan, where The emir of the Tekelu tribe, Ulama, came over to his side and surrendered the capital of the Safavids, Tabriz, to the Turks. In September 1534, Suleiman with the main forces of the Turks entered Tabriz, then united with the troops of the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha Pargala, and in October their combined forces moved south to Baghdad. In November 1534, Suleiman I entered Baghdad. The rulers of Basra, Khuzistan, Luristan, Bahrain and other principalities on the southern shore of the Persian Gulf submitted to him (Basra was finally conquered by the Turks in 1546). In 1535, Shah Tahmasp went on the offensive and recaptured Tabriz, but Suleiman took the city again in the same year, then went through Diyarbakir to Aleppo and returned to Istanbul in 1536.
In 1533, Khair ad-Din Barbarossa was appointed kapudan pasha - commander of the Ottoman fleet. In 1534 he conquered Tunisia, but in 1535 Tunisia itself was occupied by the Spaniards, who thus drove a wedge between the Turkish possessions in Africa. But in 1536, Suleiman I entered into a secret alliance with the French king Francis I of Valois, who had been at war with Charles V for domination over Italy for many years. Algerian corsairs were given the opportunity to be based in ports in the south of France. In 1537, the Algerians launched a war against Christians in the Mediterranean Sea, Khair ad-Din plundered the island of Corfu, attacked the coast of Apulia, and threatened Naples. In 1538, Venice attacked Turkey in alliance with the Spaniards and the Pope, but Khair ad-Din devastated the Venetian islands of the Aegean Sea, conquered Zante, Aegina, Cherigo, Andros, Paros, and Naxos. On September 28, 1538, the emperor's best admiral, Andrea Doria, was defeated by the Ottoman fleet at Prevese. In the same year, Suleiman I invaded the Principality of Moldova and subjugated it, annexing the lower reaches of the Dniester and Prut to the Turkish possessions.
In 1538 the Turks undertook a great sea voyage to South Arabia and India. On June 13, the Ottoman fleet left Suez, on August 3, the Turks arrived in Aden, the local ruler Amir gave them a ceremonial reception, but was hanged from the mast, the city was taken and plundered. Having captured Aden, the Turks sailed to the shores of Gujarat and besieged the Portuguese city of Diu, which they unsuccessfully tried to take. Indian Muslims helped the besiegers, the fortress was already ready to surrender when rumors spread about the approach of the Portuguese squadron; The Gujaratis made peace with the Portuguese and treacherously killed the Turks besieging the city. Thus, the Sultan's attempt to expel the Europeans from the Indian Ocean failed, but in the land war his generals and vassals won victory after victory. In peace with Venice on October 20, 1540, the Sultan forced her to cede all the islands already captured by Hayraddin, as well as two cities in the Morea that still remained with her - Napoli di Romano and Malvasia; Venice also paid an indemnity of 30 thousand ducats. The Turks secured dominance in the Mediterranean until the Battle of Lepanto. Then Suleiman resumed the war with Austria (1540-1547) In 1541, the Turks took Buda, in 1543 - Esztergom, old capital Hungary, in 1544 - Visegrad, Nograd, Hatvan. At the Peace of Adrianople on June 19, 1547, Austria continued to pay tribute to Turkey; a separate pashalyk was created in the central regions of Hungary, and Transylvania became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, like Wallachia and Moldavia.
Having concluded peace in the west, Suleiman again launched an offensive in the east: in 1548, the Turks took Tabriz for the fourth time (the inability to hold their capital forced Shah Tahmasp to move his residence to Qazvin), penetrated to Kashan and Qom, and captured Isfahan. In 1552 they took Yerevan. In 1554, Sultan Suleiman I took possession of Nakhichevan. In May 1555, the Safavid state was forced to make peace in Amasya, according to which it recognized the transfer of Iraq and South-Eastern Anatolia (the former northwestern possessions of the Ak-Koyunlu state) to Turkey; in return, the Turks ceded most of Transcaucasia to the Safavids, but Western Georgia (Imereti) also became part of the Ottoman Empire.
France, under the pressure of public opinion in Christian Europe, was forced to break the alliance with the Ottomans, but in fact, during the reign of Suleiman I, France and Turkey were still blocked against Spain and Austria. In 1541, Hayraddin Barbarossa repelled a major Spanish campaign against Algeria; in 1543, the Turkish fleet helped the French in the capture of Nice, and in 1553 in the conquest of Corsica.
Turkey's relations with Russia under Suleiman were tense. The main reason was the constant hostility between the Moscow state and the Crimean Khanate, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. Vassal dependence on Suleiman different time recognized by Kazan (Safa-Girey in 1524) and even Siberian khans. The Kazan and Siberian khanates hoped to receive diplomatic and even military assistance from the Turks, but due to the great distance from Istanbul, these hopes were groundless. The Turks occasionally took part in the Crimean campaigns against the Muscovite kingdom (in 1541 - against Moscow, in 1552 and 1555 - against Tula, in 1556 - against Astrakhan). In turn, in 1556-1561, the Lithuanian prince Dmitry Vishnevetsky, together with Danila Adashev, raided Ochakov, Perekop and the Crimean coast, and in 1559-60 he unsuccessfully tried to take the Azov fortress.
In 1550, the Turks recaptured al-Qatif, which had been captured by the Portuguese; in the years 1547-1554, the Turkish fleet in the Indian Ocean more than once entered into battle with the Portuguese and destroyed their trading posts. In 1552, a Turkish squadron took the strong fortress of Muscat from the Portuguese, but in 1553 the Turks were defeated by them in the Strait of Hormuz, and in 1554 - near Muscat.
Two new wars with Austria at the end of Suleiman's reign (1551-1562 and 1566-1568) did not lead to any significant changes in the borders. In August 1551, the Turkish fleet captured Tripoli, and soon all of Tripolitania (modern Libya) submitted to Suleiman. In 1553, the Turks invaded Morocco, trying to restore the overthrown Wattasid dynasty to the throne and thus establish their influence in this country, but failed. The Turkish campaign in Sudan (1555-1557) led to its submission to the Ottomans; in 1557 the Turks captured Massawa, Ethiopia's main port, and by 1559 they had conquered Eritrea and had complete control of the Red Sea. Thus, by the end of his reign, Sultan Suleiman I, who also took the title of caliph back in 1538, ruled the greatest and most powerful empire in the history of the Muslim world.
On May 18, 1565, a huge Turkish fleet of 180 ships landed 30,000 people on Malta. army, but the Knights of St. John, who owned this island since 1530, repelled all the assaults. The Turks lost up to a quarter of their army and were forced to evacuate the island in September.
On May 1, 1566, Suleiman I set out on his last, thirteenth military campaign. On August 7, the Sultan's army began the siege of Szigetvár in Eastern Hungary. Suleiman I the Magnificent died on the night of September 5 in his tent during the siege of the fortress.
The Sultan's body was brought to Istanbul and buried in a turba in the cemetery of the Suleymaniye Mosque next to the mausoleum of his beloved wife Roksolana. According to historians, the heart and internal organs Suleiman I was buried in the very place where his tent stood. In 1573 - 1577 By order of Selim II, a tomb was erected here, which was completely destroyed during the war of 1692 - 1693. In 2013, Hungarian researcher Norbert Pap from the University of Pécs announced the discovery of a tomb in the area of the village of Zsibot (Hungarian: Zsibot).
Personal life
Suleiman I patronized poets (Baki and others), artists, architects, he himself wrote poetry, was considered a skilled blacksmith and personally took part in the casting of cannons, and was also fond of jewelry. The grandiose buildings created during his reign - bridges, palaces, mosques (the most famous is the Suleymaniye Mosque, the second largest in Istanbul) became an example of the Ottoman style for centuries to come. An uncompromising fighter against bribery, Suleiman severely punished officials for abuses; he "won the favor of the people good deeds, released artisans who were forcibly removed, built schools, but he was a ruthless tyrant: neither kinship nor merit saved him from his suspicion and cruelty.” (Quoted from the book “ General history"Georg Weber).
Family
The first concubine who gave birth to a son to Suleiman was Fulane. This concubine bore him a son, Mahmud, who died during a smallpox epidemic on November 29, 1521. She played virtually no role in the life of the Sultan, and died in 1550.
The second concubine's name was Gulfem Khatun. In 1513, she gave birth to the Sultan's son Murad, who died of smallpox in 1521. Gulfem was excommunicated from the Sultan and did not give birth to any more children, but for a long time she remained a loyal friend to the Sultan. Gulfem was strangled by order of Suleiman in 1562.
The Sultan's third concubine was the Circassian Makhidevran Sultan, better known as Gulbahar ("Spring Rose"). Mahidevran Sultan and Sultan Suleiman had a son: Sehzade Mustafa Mukhlisi (Turkish: Sehzade Mustafa) - (1515, Manisa - October 6, 1553, Eregli) - executed in 1553. It is known that the Sultan's foster brother Yahya Efendi, after the events surrounding the execution of Mustafa, sent a letter to Suleiman Kanuni in which he openly declared his injustice towards Mustafa, and never again met with the Sultan, with whom they were once very close. Mahidevran Sultan died in 1581 and was buried next to her son in the mausoleum of Sehzade Mustafa in Bursa.
The fourth concubine and first legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent was Anastasia (in other sources - Alexandra) Lisovskaya, who was called Hurrem Sultan, and in Europe she was known as Roksolana. Writer Osip Nazaruk is the author of the historical story “Roksolana. The wife of the caliph and padishah (Suleiman the Great), conqueror and legislator,” noted that “the Polish ambassador Tvardovsky, who was in Tsargorod in 1621, heard from the Turks that Roksolana was from Rohatyn, other data indicate that she was from Striyschina.” . The famous poet Mikhail Goslavsky writes that “from the town of Chemerivtsi in Podolia.” In 1521, Hurrem and Suleiman had a son, Mehmed, in 1522, a daughter, Mihrimah, in 1523, a son, Abdullah, and in 1524, Selim. In 1526, their son Bayazid was born, but Abdullah died the same year. In 1532, Roksolana gave birth to the Sultan's son Jihangir.
There is an opinion that Roksolana was involved in the death of the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha Pargaly (1493 or 1494-1536), the husband of the Sultan's sister, Hatice Sultan, who was executed on charges of too close contacts with France. Roxolana's protege as grand vizier was Rustem Pasha Mekri (1544-1553 and 1555-1561), to whom she married her 17-year-old daughter Mihrimah. Rustem Pasha helped Roksolana prove the guilt of Mustafa, the son of Suleiman from the Circassian Makhidevran, in a conspiracy against his father in a possible alliance with the Persians (historians are still arguing whether Mustafa’s guilt was real or imaginary). Suleiman ordered Mustafa to be strangled with a silk cord in front of his eyes, and also his son, that is, his grandson, to be executed (1553).
The heir to the throne was Selim, the son of Roksolana; however, after her death (1558), another son of Suleiman from Roksolana, Bayezid, rebelled (1559). He was defeated by his brother Selim in the battle of Konya in May 1559 and tried to take refuge in Safavid Iran, but Shah Tahmasp I handed him over to his father for 400 thousand gold, and Bayezid was executed (1561). Bayazid's five sons were also killed (the youngest of them was three years old).
There is a version that Suleiman had another daughter who survived infancy, Raziye Sultan. Whether she was the blood daughter of Sultan Suleiman and who her mother is is not known for certain, although many believe that her mother was Mahidevran Sultan. An indirect confirmation of the existence of Raziye can be the fact that there is a burial in Yahya Efendi’s turban with the inscription “Carefree Raziye Sultan, blood daughter of Kanuni Sultan Suleiman and spiritual daughter of Yahya Efendi.”
On November 6, 1494, Selim the Terrible had a son, Suleiman. At the age of 26, Suleiman the Magnificent became Caliph of the Ottoman Empire. The powerful state breathed a sigh of relief after 9 years of Selim's bloody reign. The “Magnificent Century” has begun. After Suleiman ascended the throne, one of the foreign ambassadors made the following entry: “The bloodthirsty lion was replaced by a lamb,” but this was not entirely true.
Ottoman Dynasty: Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman was an atypical ruler. He was distinguished by a craving for beauty, he was interested in fashion and architecture. The Great Caliph showed favor to singers, poets, sculptors, and architects. During his reign, architectural masterpieces were created, ingenious and ahead of their time, for example, an aqueduct that stretched over 120 km and supplied fresh water to the capital of the empire.
Those who considered Suleiman a soft ruler were wrong. The notorious and infinitely wise Cardinal Wolsey wrote to Henry VII: "He is only twenty-six years old, but he can be as dangerous as his father." The blood of a conqueror flowed in the veins of the great caliph; he dreamed of expanding the empire. He clearly demonstrated his will and character in 1521. The Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Magnificent sent three of his subjects as ambassadors to negotiate in Hungary, and two returned from there with their noses and ears cut off.
Suleiman was furious. And he immediately began a campaign against the Hungarian fortress of Sabac. His next goal was Belgrade. Suleiman was the first to use cannons against infantry, this action was condemned by European commanders, however, after some time they began to successfully use this method themselves. Belgrade residents resisted to the last, but in the end the city surrendered. In 1522, Suleiman continued to expand his borders; he captured the impregnable island of Rhodes, shedding the blood of the Ionite knights. In 1526, Suleiman's 100,000-strong army, taking with it countless cannons, completely defeated the army of Lajos II and Hungary entered the Ottoman Empire. In 1527-28, Bosnia and Herzigovina and Transylvania were conquered.
Suleiman the Magnificent's next target was Austria, but was forced to retreat. Suleiman repeatedly made attempts to seize Austrian lands, but winter and swampy terrain kept him away from his goal over and over again. Later, during the long period of his reign, Suleiman undertook more than one military campaign both to the east and to the west, more often he won victory and established his power over various territories.
In each captured city, the builders of the great caliph rebuilt the Christian church into a mosque, this was gratitude to Allah for the victory. In addition to remodeling churches in the occupied territories, Suleiman captured local residents into slavery, but the great caliph never forced Christians, Catholics, or Jesuits to change their faith. Probably thanks to this most of his troops consisted of foreigners who were endlessly loyal to him. This fact can confirm that Suleiman was a wise man and a subtle psychologist.
In the last years of his reign, the ruler did not abandon military activities; in 1566, during the siege of another Hungarian fortress, Suleiman was found dead in his tent; he was 71 years old. According to legend, the caliph's heart was buried on the site of the tent, and his body was buried in Istanbul, next to the grave of his beloved wife.
A few years before his death, the Sultan became blind and was unable to observe the greatness of his empire. At the end of Suleiman's reign, the population of the Ottoman Empire was 15,000,000 people, and the area of the state increased several times. Suleiman created many legislative acts covering almost all aspects of life, even prices in the bazaar were regulated by law. It was a strong and independent state that inspired fear in Europe. But the great Turk died.
Ottoman slave Roksolana
Suleiman had a large harem with many concubines. But one of them, the slave Roksolana, was able to do the impossible: become an official wife and first adviser in state affairs, and also gain freedom. It is known that Roksolana was a Slav; perhaps she was captured during the campaign against Rus'. The girl ended up in a harem at the age of 15, here she received the nickname Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska - cheerful. The young Sultan immediately drew attention to the fair-haired and blue-eyed slave and began to come to her every night.
Before Roksolana appeared, Makhidevran was the caliph’s favorite; she gave birth to his heir, Mustafa. But a year after her appearance in the harem, Roksolana also gave birth to a son, and then three more. According to the laws of that time, Mustafa was the main contender for the throne. Probably Roksolana was a woman of extraordinary intelligence and had foresight. In 1533, she arranges the death of Mustafa, and acts through the hands of Suleiman himself. Mustafa was a worthy son of his father, but because of slander, the Ottoman Empire did not see another great ruler, the young man was strangled in front of his father, and his grandfather did not spare his grandson, Mustafa’s little son. After the death of the firstborn, Roksolana’s four sons automatically become heirs to the throne.
Ottoman Dynasty after Suleiman the Magnificent
The heir to the throne was Roksolana’s son, Selim the second; however, another son, Bayazid, began to challenge his power, but was defeated. Suleiman executed his son Bayezid in 1561 and all his sons, after the death of Roksolana. Sources mention Bayezid as a wise man and a desirable ruler. But Selim II was destined to become caliph, and this is where Suleiman’s “Magnificent Century” ends. Unexpectedly for everyone, Selim has an addiction to alcohol.
He entered the annals of history as “Sulim the drunkard.” Many historians explain the passion for alcohol by Roksolana’s upbringing and her Slavic roots. During his reign, Selim captured Cyprus and Arabia and continued wars with Hungary and Venice. He made several unsuccessful campaigns, including to Rus'. In 1574, Selim II died in the harem, and his son Murad III ascended the throne. The empire will no longer see the brilliant rulers of the Ottoman dynasty like Sultan the Magnificent; the age of infantile sultans has come; rebellions and illegal changes of power often arose in the empire. And only almost a century later - in 1683, the Ottoman Empire again gained its strength.
The very beginning of the eleventh century was marked by the fact that in the colossal territories of the Asian, free steppes, countless hordes of Sljuks rushed around, crushing more and more territories under their own rule. The country captured by these tribes included Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, but mainly the territory of modern Turkey. During the reign of the Seljuk Sultan Melek, who quite successfully ordered a long life in 1092, these Turks were the most powerful people for many thousands of kilometers around, but after his untimely death, and according to historians, he did not die from old age, having sat on the throne just two decades later, everything went to hell, and the country began to be torn apart by civil strife and the struggle for power. It was thanks to this that the first Ottoman Sultan appeared, about whom legends would later be made, but let’s take things in order.
The beginning of the beginning: the Sultanate of the Ottoman Empire - the history of its origin
To understand how everything really happened, the best option will present the course of events exactly in the chronology in which it happened. So, after the death of the last Seljuk sultan, everything fell into the abyss, and the large, and, moreover, quite strong state fell into many small ones, which were called beyliks. Beys ruled there, there was unrest and everyone tried to “revenge” according to their own rules, which was not only stupid, but also very dangerous.
Just where it goes northern border modern Afghanistan, in the area that bears the name Balkh, the Oguz Kayi tribe lived since the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Shah Suleiman, the first leader of the tribe, had already handed over the reins of government to his own son Ertogrul Bey. By that time, the Kayi tribes had been pushed back from their nomadic camps in Trukmenia, so they decided to move towards the sunset until they stopped in Asia Minor, where they settled.
It was then that a quarrel between the Rum Sultan Alaeddin Kay-Kubad and Byzantium, which was becoming powerful, was planned, and Ertogrul had no choice but to help his ally. Moreover, for this “disinterested” help, the Sultan decided to endow the Kays with land, and gave them Bithynia, that is, the space that lay between Bursa and Angora, without the above-mentioned cities, rightly believing that this would be a little too much. Just then Ertorgul transferred power to his own son, Osman I, who became the first ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
Osman the First, son of Ertorgul, first Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
About this, really outstanding person, it’s worth talking in more detail, as it undoubtedly deserves close attention and consideration. Osman was born in 1258, in a small town with only twelve thousand people called Tebasion, or Segut, which means “willow”. The mother of the young heir to the bey was a Turkish concubine, who was famous for her special beauty, as well as her tough disposition. In 1281, after Ertorgul successfully surrendered his soul to God, Osman inherited the territories occupied by the nomadic hordes of the Turks in Phrygia, and began to gradually expand.
At that time already full swing The so-called wars for faith unfolded, and Muslim fanatics from all over the area began to flock to the newly formed state with the young Osman at the head, and he took the place of his beloved “daddy” at the age of twenty-four, having more than once proven his own worth. Moreover, these people firmly believed that they were fighting for Islam, and not for money or rulers, and the smartest leaders skillfully used this. However, at that time Osman still hardly understood what he wanted to do and how to continue what he himself had started.
The name of this particular person gave the name to the entire state, and from then on the entire Kayi people began to be called Ottomans or Ottomans. Moreover, many wanted to walk under the banners of such an outstanding ruler as Osman, and legends, poems and songs were written about his exploits in honor of the beautiful Malkhun Khatun, which still exist today. When the last of Alaeddin’s descendants passed away, Osman the first had his hands completely untied, since he owed his rise to the sultan to no one else.
However, there is always someone nearby who wants to grab a bigger piece of the pie for themselves, and Osman had such a half-enemy, half-friend. The name of the disgraced emir, who was constantly plotting, was Karamanogullar, but Osman decided to leave his pacification for later, since the enemy army was small and the fighting spirit was strong. The Sultan decided to turn his attention to Byzantium, whose borders were not reliably protected, and whose troops were weakened by the eternal attacks of the Turkic-Mongols. Absolutely all sultans Ottoman Empire and their wives went down in the history of the rather great and powerful Ottoman Empire, skillfully organized by the talented leader and great commander Osman the First. Moreover, a fairly large part of the Turks living there also called themselves Ottomans before the empire fell.
Rulers of the Ottoman Empire in chronological order: in the beginning there were the Kays
It is imperative to tell everyone that during the reign famous first Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, the country simply blossomed and shone with all its colors and wealth. Thinking not only about personal well-being, fame or love, Osman the First turned out to be a truly kind and fair ruler, ready to take harsh and even inhumane actions if necessary for the common good. The beginning of the empire is attributed to 1300, when Osman became the first Ottoman Sultan. Other sultans of the Ottoman Empire that appeared later, a list of which can be seen in the picture, numbered only thirty-six names, but they also went down in history. Moreover, not only the sultans of the Ottoman Empire and the years of their reign are clearly visible on the table, but also the order and sequence are strictly observed.
When the time came, in 1326, Osman the First left this world, leaving his own son on the throne, named Orhan of Turkey, since his mother was a Turkish concubine. The guy was very lucky that he had no rivals at that time, because people always kill for power in all nations, but the boy found himself on a horse. The “young” khan had already turned forty-five, which did not at all become an obstacle to daring exploits and campaigns. It was thanks to his reckless courage that the sultans of the Ottoman Empire, the list of which is a little higher, were able to gain possession of part of the European territories near the Bosporus, thereby gaining access to the Aegean Sea.
How the government of the Ottoman Empire advanced: slowly but surely
Brilliant, isn't it? Meanwhile, Ottoman sultans, the list is provided to you completely reliable, we should be grateful to Orhan for another “gift” - the creation of a real, regular army, professional and trained, at least cavalry units, which were called yayas.
- After Orhan died, his son Murad I of Turkey ascended the throne, who became a worthy successor to his work, moving further and further to the West and annexing more and more lands to his state.
- It was this man who brought Byzantium to its knees, as well as into vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire, and even invented the new kind troops - the Janissaries, who recruited young Christians, aged about 11-14, who were subsequently raised and given the opportunity to convert to Islam. These warriors were strong, trained, hardy and brave; they did not know their own tribe, so they killed mercilessly and easily.
- In 1389, Murad died, and his place was taken by his son Bayazid I the Lightning, who became famous throughout the world for his exorbitant predatory appetites. He decided not to follow in the footsteps of his ancestors, and went to conquer Asia, which he successfully succeeded in doing. Moreover, he did not forget about the West at all, besieging Constantinople for a good eight years. Among other things, it was against Bayezid that King Sigismund of the Czech Republic, with the direct participation and help of Pope Boniface IX, organized a real crusade, which was simply doomed to defeat: only fifty thousand crusaders came out against the two hundred thousand Ottoman army.
It was Sultan Bayezid I the Lightning, despite all his military exploits and achievements, who went down in history as the man who stood at the helm when the Ottoman army suffered its most crushing defeat, at the Battle of Ankara. Tamerlane (Timur) himself became the Sultan’s opponent and Bayezid simply had no choice; fate itself brought them together. The ruler himself was captured, where he was treated with respect and politeness, his Janissaries were completely destroyed, and his army was scattered throughout the area.
- Even before Bayezid died, a real squabble for the Sultan’s throne broke out in the Ottoman lobbies; there were many heirs, since the guy was overly prolific; ultimately, after ten years of constant strife and showdowns, Mehmed I the Knight was seated on the throne. This guy was fundamentally different from his eccentric father; he was extremely reasonable, selective in his connections and strict with himself and those around him. He managed to reunite the shattered country, eliminating the possibility of rebellion or rebellion.
Then there were several more sultans, whose names can be seen in the list, but they did not leave a special mark on the history of the Ottoman Empire, although they successfully maintained its glory and reputation, regularly performing real feats and aggressive campaigns, as well as repelling the attacks of enemies. It is worth dwelling in more detail only on the tenth sultan - it was Suleiman I Kanuni, nicknamed the Lawgiver for his intelligence.
Famous history of the Ottoman Empire: Sultan Suleiman and the novel about his life
By that time, the wars in the West with the Tatar-Mongols had ceased, the states they had enslaved were weakened and broken, and during the reign of Sultan Suleiman from 1520 to 1566, they managed to very significantly expand the borders of their own state, both in one and and the other way. Moreover, this progressive and advanced person dreamed of close connection East and West, about increasing education and prosperity of sciences, but this is not what made him famous.
In fact, fame throughout the world came to Suleiman not at all because of his brilliant decisions, military campaigns and other things, but because of an ordinary Ternopil girl named Alexandra, according to other sources Anastasia) Lisovskaya. In the Ottoman Empire, she bore the name Hurrem Sultan, but she became more famous under the name that was given to her in Europe, and this name is Roksolana. Everyone in every corner of the world knows their love story. It is very sad that after the death of Suleiman, who, among other things, was also a great reformer, his and Roksolana’s children squabbled among themselves for power, which is why their descendants (children and grandchildren) were mercilessly destroyed. All that remains is to find out who rules the Ottoman Empire after Sultan Suleiman and how it all ended.
Interesting Facts: Women's Sultanate in the Ottoman Empire
It is worth mentioning the period when the female sultanate of the Ottoman Empire arose, which seemed simply impossible. The thing is that, according to the laws of that time, a woman could not be allowed to govern the country. However, the girl Hurrem turned everything upside down, and the sultanas of the Ottoman Empire were also able to have their say in world history. Moreover, she became the first concubine who became a real, legal wife, and, therefore, was able to become valid Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, that is, give birth to a child who has the right to the throne, in fact, simply the mother of the Sultan.
After the skillful reign of a brave and courageous female sultana, who so unexpectedly took root among the Turks, the Ottoman sultans and their wives began to continue new tradition, but not for very long. The last valid sultan was Turhan, who was also called a foreigner. They say her name was Nadezhda, and she was also captured at the age of twelve, after which she was raised and trained like a real Ottoman woman. She died at the age of fifty-five, in 1683; there were no more similar precedents in the history of the Ottoman Empire.
Female Sultanate of the Ottoman Empire by name
- Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska
- Nurbanu
- Safiye
- Kösem
- Turhan
Fall and collapse are just around the corner: the last ruler of the Ottoman Empire
It is worth saying that the Ottoman Empire held power for almost five centuries, while the sultans passed the throne by inheritance, from father to son. It must be said that the rulers of the Ottoman Empire after Sultan Suleiman somehow suddenly sharply shrank, or maybe different times have simply come. Moreover, there is even evidence, for example, the sultans of the Ottoman Empire and their wives, photos of which are in museums, and pictures can be found on the Internet if you really can’t wait to look. There were still quite a lot of sultans of the Ottoman Empire after Suleiman, until the last one appeared. The last sultan of the Ottoman Empire was called Mehmed VI Vahideddin, who took power in early July 1918, and by the autumn of 22 of the last century he had already left the throne due to the complete abolition of the sultanate.
The last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, whose biography is quite interesting and fascinating and deserves a separate story, having really done a lot for his country, for the people, was forced at the end of his life to beg the British to take him away from sin. In the cold autumn of 1922, the British Navy battleship Malaya carried Mehmed VI Vahideddin away from Constantinople. A year later, he made a real pilgrimage to the holy place for all Muslims - Mecca, and three years later he died in Damascus, where he was buried.
Sultan Suleiman Khan Hazretleri - Caliph of Muslims and ruler of the planet
But before we move on to the description of the magnificent wedding ceremonies, we will once again return to the personality of Sultan Suleiman, with whom our heroine had the opportunity to while away her entire life, and to whom she dedicated many beautiful lines, responding to his poetic confessions. Having first indicated another important nuance from the life of the concubines, which - like many others - was disrupted by the love that broke out between Suleiman and his Haseki.
At the Ottoman court, a custom was adopted: the Sultan’s favorite could have only one son, after whose birth she lost her status as a privileged concubine and had to raise her son, and when he reached adulthood, she followed him to one of the remote provinces as the mother of the governor. But, as already mentioned, Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska gave birth to her beloved five children, and, therefore, she did not get bored with the ruler, who neglected the palace foundations. Contemporaries, unable to explain what was happening, and not wanting to pay tribute to true love, assured that Hurrem “wound” the Sultan with witchcraft.
But was it possible to bewitch the sensible Suleiman?
Here we can recall that historians, with great and deep interest in the personality of Suleiman the Magnificent, came to the conclusion that it was Sultan Suleiman who was a fair legislator, receiving the corresponding nickname Kanuni. The conditions for his emergence as a “ruler of the world,” great, just and at the same time merciless, were laid down in him from the very beginning. early childhood in his royal family.
Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska gave birth to her beloved five children, and that means she did not get bored with the ruler, who neglected the palace foundations...
Sultan Suleiman was the long-awaited heir; he was born on April 27, 1494 into a family that already had four girls. This happened during the reign of Bayezid II. His son Sultan Selim “governor” in the province, mastering the craft of a ruler. His young beautiful wife Hafsa Aishe and his mother Gulbahar Sultan lived with him. This arrangement was consistent with the traditions of the Ottoman Empire in preparing sons for supreme government power.
The boy born in this family - the future ruler Suleiman - loved his grandmother Gulbahar Sultan very much, and was very worried when she passed away. After the death of his grandmother, the mother of Sultan Suleiman, Hafsa, took upon herself all the care and upbringing of her adored only son. The most eminent teachers of that time were assigned to the heir to the throne. In addition to teaching literacy, history, rhetoric, astronomy and other sciences, Suleiman studied jewelry. The boy was personally taught the subtleties of his intricate craftsmanship by the most famous and best jeweler of the era, Konstantin Usta.
Sultan Selim with help faithful assistants overthrew Bayezid II from the throne, after which he was proclaimed the new ruler of the empire. He confirmed his son, Sultan Suleiman, who had matured by that time, as governor of Manisa, in order to thus accustom his son to power.
Oriental jewelry
As we already know, after the sudden and sudden death of his father, being 25 years old, Sultan Suleiman ascended the throne. He ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 long years, almost as long as his love for an earthly woman, who received the name Hurrem from him, lasted.
It is believed that with the coming to power of Sultan Selim, the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest prosperity, rightfully receiving the name “solar power”. This country and its richest treasury were guarded by perhaps the largest and most experienced army in the world.
Historians always emphasize that Selim’s son, Sultan Suleiman, bore the nickname Kanuni, that is, fair, thereby emphasizing that this ruler did a lot to make life easier for the common people. Indeed, history has preserved cases when the Sultan - unrecognized - went into the city, into the market squares, wandered the streets and performed good deeds, identifying and punishing the guilty. Surely because of this, people spoke of him as the Caliph of all Muslims, not forgetting to point out something more significant: their Sultan is the Lord of the Planet.
During his reign, the empire successfully established trade, economic and other relations with neighboring countries. It is also known that this man was tolerant of the Christian religion, and people belonging to this faith could calmly live according to the laws and customs of their religion, just like the Muslims themselves. There was no religious confrontation in the empire, and this, of course, was primarily the merit of the ruler. However, not everything went as smoothly as we say, for any strong state, and especially an empire, tried to strengthen its influence in the world, most often resorting to bloody wars to achieve its goals.
Radio “Voice of Turkey” in a series of programs about the history of the Ottomans (broadcast in 2012) announced: “The first Ottoman rulers - Osman, Orhan, Murat, were as skilled politicians and administrators as they were successful and talented commanders and strategists. Among the factors that contributed to the success of the Ottoman cause, one can also point out the fact that even opponents saw in the Ottomans Islamic warriors, not burdened with purely clerical or fundamentalist views, which distinguished the Ottomans from the Arabs, with whom Christians had previously had to deal. The Ottomans did not convert the Christians under their control by force to the true faith; they allowed their non-Muslim subjects to practice their religions and cultivate their traditions. It should be said (and this is a historical fact) that the Thracian peasants, languishing under the unbearable burden of Byzantine taxes, perceived the Ottomans as their liberators. The Ottomans, combining on a rational basis the purely Turkic traditions of nomadism with Western standards of administration, created a pragmatic model government controlled" (etc.).
Carpet seller. Artist Giulio Rosati
Eli the father of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent pursued a policy of expanding the expanses of his possessions through conquest eastern countries, then his son expanded the borders of the Ottoman Empire in the European direction: Belgrade was captured in 1521, the legendary island of Rhodes in 1522, after which the capture of Hungary was planned. This has already been partially discussed above. And yet, adding new information to quotes taken from historians about that period, we will receive the following valuable details, colorfully indicating the spirit of the times. Or rather, about the spirit of that time, which stained the completely enlightened “solar” empire with blood.
After the capture of Rhodes, Sultan Suleiman appoints the former slave Manis, his longtime friend, Ibrahim Pasha, who received an excellent education under the Sultan, as chief vizier. He was to be responsible for the outcome of the Battle of Mohács in Hungary. An army of 400 thousand soldiers was involved in the Battle of Mojacs. Troops after completing morning prayers with the cry: “Allah is Great!” and raising the Sultan's banner, they rushed into battle. It is known that on the eve of the battle, the eldest soldier entered the Sultan, dressed in armor and sitting on a throne near his tent, and, falling to his knees, loudly exclaimed: “O my padishah, what could be more honorable than war?!” After which this exclamation was repeated several times by the entire large army. Only after completing a series of obligatory ceremonies, the soldiers, on the orders of the Sultan, went on the offensive. According to tradition, a battle march was played from the very beginning of the battle until its completion. At the same time, the “military band” sat on the backs of camels and elephants, encouraging the soldiers with rhythmic music. The bloody battle lasted only two hours, ending in victory for the Turks. So Sultan Suleiman gained Hungary, leaving the whole of Europe to shake in feverish tension, awaiting the implementation of new plans for the conquest of the world by the padishah. Meanwhile, Turkish subjects began to calmly settle down in the very center of Germany.
Ibrahim Pasha
After his European conquests, Sultan Suleiman sets out to capture Iran and Baghdad, his army winning battles both on land and at sea. Soon the Mediterranean Sea also becomes under Turkish control.
The result of such a successful policy of conquest was that the lands of the empire turned out to be the largest in the world in terms of area occupied by one power. 110 million people - the population of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. The Ottoman Empire extended over eight million square kilometers and had three administrative divisions: European, Asian, African.
Kanuni Sultan Suleiman, invested with sovereign greatness, acted as the compiler of a number of completely new effective laws. Turkish Kanuni means Legislator.
The inscription on the Suleymaniye Mosque, built in honor of Suleiman, reads: “Distributor of the Sultan’s laws. The most important merit of Suleiman, as a Legislator, was the establishment of Islamic culture in the world.”
The Sultan corresponded with the King of France François I. One of the letters addressed to the king and written by the ruler of the Ottoman Empire begins like this: “I, who rule in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, in the Rumelian, Anatolian and Karashan, Rum and Diyarbekir vilayets, rule in Kurdistan and Azerbaijan, in Ajem, in Sham and Aleppo, in Egypt, in Mecca and Medina, Jerusalem and Yemen, I am the ruler of all Arab countries and many more lands conquered by my ancestors. I am the grandson of Sultan Selim Khan, and you are a pathetic king of the French vilayet, Francesco...”
Halit Ergench as Sultan Suleiman in the Turkish TV series “The Magnificent Century”
By the way, as for enlightened France (for some reason this country is always identified with enlightenment). In 1535, Sultan Suleiman completed a monumental agreement with Francis I that gave France favorable trading rights in the Ottoman Empire in exchange for joint action against the Habsburgs. But what’s even more curious is that one of the French women, a relative of Napoleon himself, or rather, the cousin of Empress Josephine (Napoleon’s wife) Aimée Dubois de Riveri, was among... the ranks of the concubines of one of the Ottoman rulers. She went down in history under the name Naqshidil as the mother of Sultan Mahmud II. By the way, when Sultan Abdul-Aziz (1861–1876) visited France, Emperor Napoleon III, who received him, said that they were relatives through their grandmothers.
This is how Big History jokes with its loyal subjects...
Turkish ceramics, 16th century
Here we can cite another very significant case. One day, Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugénie, was on her way to the opening ceremony. Suez Canal I decided to look into Istanbul and visit the Sultan’s palace. She was received with appropriate pomp and, because she was bursting with curiosity, they dared to take her into the holy of holies - into the harem, which literally excited the minds of Europeans. But the arrival of an uninvited guest caused international embarrassment. The fact is that Valide Sultan Pertivniyal, angry at the foreigner’s invasion of her domain, publicly slapped the empress in the face. It is unlikely that Evgenia has ever experienced such humiliation, but how strong and protected one must feel in order to act in such a way as a valid Sultan. How highly a woman was raised (not only by power, but also by her inner essence) to give a slap in the face for intemperate curiosity. She took revenge, apparently, for what she felt: the European woman came running to inspect the harem, like a monkey nursery. This is what a fashion trendsetter, a sophisticated woman of noble blood, did to... a former laundress! Before becoming the wife of Sultan Mahmud II, Pertivniyal served as a laundress in Turkish bath, where her either chiseled or, on the contrary, curvaceous forms were noticed by Mahmud.
Let's return to our main character, who won the heart of the eastern concubine. Sultan Suleiman, just like his father, was fond of poetry, and until the end of his days he wrote talented poetic works, full of oriental flavor and philosophizing. He also paid great attention to the development of culture and art in the empire, inviting craftsmen from different countries. He paid special attention to architecture. During his time, many beautiful buildings and places of worship were built, which have survived to this day. The prevailing opinion among historians is that important government positions in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Sultan Suleiman were received not so much through titles, but through merit and intelligence. As researchers note, Suleiman attracted the best minds of the time, the most gifted people, to his country. For him there were no titles when it came to the good of his state. He rewarded those who were worthy of it, and they paid him with boundless devotion.
European leaders were amazed by the rapid rise of the Ottoman Empire and wanted to know the reason for the unexpected success of the “savage nation.” We know about a meeting of the Venetian Senate, at which, after the ambassador’s report on what was happening in the empire, the question was asked: “Do you think that a simple shepherd can become a grand vizier?” The answer was: “Yes, in the empire everyone is proud to be a slave of the Sultan. A high statesman may be of low birth. The power of Islam grows at the expense of second-class people born in other countries and baptized Christians.” Indeed, eight of Suleiman's grand viziers were Christians and were brought to Turkey as slaves. The pirate king of the Mediterranean, Barbari, a pirate known to Europeans as Barbarossa, became Suleiman's admiral, commanding the fleet in battles against Italy, Spain and North Africa.
Suleiman the Magnificent
And only those who represented the sacred law, judges and teachers were the sons of Turkey, brought up in the deep traditions of the Koran.
It is interesting that during the reign of Suleiman, the peoples of the world had to experience the same feelings that our compatriots, along with the whole world, who believe in... the end of the world will experience. Those who were afraid of the onset of December 21, 2012, will understand what the writer P. Zagrebelny was talking about when he mentioned: “Suleiman willingly accepted the advice of his mother and beloved wife to play a magnificent wedding for his youngest sister. He hoped that the wedding celebrations would drown out the troops' dissatisfaction with little booty and terrible losses near Rhodes, the dark whispers of Istanbul, disagreements in the divan, bad news from the eastern provinces and Egypt, the enmity that reigned in the harem since the expulsion of Mahidevran and the approach to Sultan Hurrem. 1523 was a difficult year everywhere. In Europe, they were waiting for a new flood, people fled to the mountains, stocked up on grub, those who were richer built arks, hoping to wait out the elements in them, and although the astrologer Paolo de Burgo convinced Pope Clement that heavenly constellations did not indicate the end of the world, the earth continued to be torn apart by wars , and the elements were raging in heaven. On January 17, 1524, in St. Peter's Cathedral, during a service presided over by the pope himself, a large stone fell off a column and fell at the feet of the Roman high priest; Terrible downpours began throughout Europe.”
Dagger from the collection of the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul
And since we have already mentioned the celebrations - the wedding of Suleiman’s beloved sister named Hatice, then we can remember what happened on this significant day with our Hurrem. According to P. Zagrebelny, Roksolana gave birth to her second heir on this day. We read: “At this time, a messenger arrived from the Sultan’s gray with good news: Sultana Haseki gave birth to the ruler of the world, the glorious Sultan Suleiman, another son! It was the twenty-ninth of May - the day Fatih captured Constantinople. But the Sultan had already named his first son Khyurrem after Fatih, so he solemnly proclaimed to the guests that he was naming Haseki’s second son Selim, in honor of his glorious father, and immediately ordered the Sultana to be sent a gift of a large ruby, his favorite stone, and a golden ladder so that to mount a horse or a camel, and some of those present thought: so that it would be more convenient to climb to the heights of power.” Following Haseki's lead, the Sultan resumed the festivities six days later, after his concubine had recovered slightly from childbirth. So that she too could take part in the magnificent celebrations and enjoy entertainment of unprecedented generosity. “It didn’t even occur to the Sultan that with this magnificent wedding, never seen in Istanbul, he was giving birth to and strengthening the two most hostile forces in his state, which sooner or later would have to collide and one of them would inevitably die. He carelessly showed one of these powers to the people and thereby weakened it a hundredfold, for, as highly exalted, the people immediately hated it, while the other power remained hidden for now and was therefore much stronger. The obvious force was Ibrahim, from now on not only the grand vizier, but also the royal son-in-law. By hidden power - Roksolana, whose time has not yet come, but someday could and should have come.”
World famous oriental sweets
Another researcher, a historian, one of the main witnesses of that era, wrote that to commemorate this wedding, a grand celebration was organized at the Hippodrome, which lasted fifteen days. The 16th-century Turkish historian Peshevi wrote about the wedding of Ibrahim and Hatice: “...before our eyes stretched such abundance and fun as had never been seen at the wedding of a princess.”
...Sultan Suleiman, having become a ruler, managed to overcome various difficulties, securing for himself many flattering epithets. In world history, the period of the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent is referred to as the “Turkic era”, since the Ottoman Empire was considered the most developed civilization of the 16th century. The Sultan received his prefix to the name “Magnificent” as the ruler who reached the highest peak for his empire. The great padishah of the Turks was great in different guises: from a warrior to an educator, from a poet to a legislator, from a lover to a lover...
Engraving by Agostino Veneziano depicting Suleiman the Magnificent wearing a helmet above the papal tiara. This helmet was not a typical headdress for the Sultan, and he did not wear it, but the helmet was often near him when receiving ambassadors
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The Ottoman state was created by Osman Bey. Osman Bey headed all the Oguz beyliks and married the daughter of the most authoritative leader, Ahiler Sheikh Edebali.
By connecting all the Turkish beyliks of Anatolia, he was able to establish Turkish unity in a short time. First the Ottomans went to Rumelia; Afterwards, the arrival of Orhan Gazi's son Suleiman Bey at the head of a 5,000-strong army in Thrace in 1353 and the penetration of the successor to the throne Suleiman Pasha from the Gelibolu Peninsula into Europe became significant events in the Turkish chronicle. Sultan Murad the First, who became padishah after the death of Orhan Gazi, was destined to share the conqueror of the Balkans. In 1362, Edirne was conquered and the Ottoman capital moved there from the city of Bursa. In 1363, Filibe and Zagra were taken and thus control of the Maritsa Valley was established. Sultan Fatih Mehmed conquered Istanbul in 1453, thus putting an end to the chronicle Byzantine Empire ended the Middle Ages and laid the foundations of a new era.
The Ottomans fought in the west with the Serbs, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ventians, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Spaniards, the Vatican, England, Poland, France and Russia, in the east and southeast with groups of Akoyuns, Timurites, Mamluks, Safarids. They built a world empire that lasted until the twentieth century and spread across three continents. Sultan Yavuz Selim, who conquered Egypt, ensured the transition of the Caliphate to the Ottoman Empire. During the time of Sultan Suleiman, the Magnificent Frontier of the Ottoman Empire stretched in the north from the Crimea, in the south to Yemen and Sudan, in the east to the interior of Iran and to the Caspian Sea, in the north-west to Vienna and the southwest to Spain.
Starting from the sixteenth century, the power began to lose economic and military superiority over Europe. In the nineteenth century, as a result of incitement by Russia and several Western states, riots began one after another in Ottoman lands. Christians who left the state founded their own countries. The efforts to carry out reforms in the nineteenth century in the Ottoman Empire could not also stall the process of its collapse.
The adoption under Abdulhamid II of the first constitution in the history of Turkey, developed according to Western examples in 1876, did not help in this regard. The time of constitutional transformation in the Ottoman Empire, which arose with the development of the Basic Law by a group of intellectuals called the Young Turks and its imposition on Abdulhamid, culminated in the dissolution of parliament by the padishah, who used the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78 as a pretext for this.
The Committee of Union and Progress, which began to operate as an opposition association led by the Young Turks, forced the Sultan in 1908 to announce the reintroduction of the constitution. After the suppression of the riot on May 31, the Committee came to power, which turned into new problems for the empire and pushed it onto the path of adventurism.
The Tripoli War against the Italians /1911-12/ and the Balkan War /1912-13/, in which the Turks were defeated, contributed to the conversion of the Committee in power into a dictatorial force. Unexpected and hasty entry as an allied side of Germany into the First world war/1914-18/ foreshadowed the rapid death of the Ottoman Empire. Following the signing of the armistice agreement in Mondros, the territory of the Ottoman Empire came under occupation by Russia, England and Greece.
In the 16th-17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire reached the highest point of its influence. At this stage, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful powers in the world - a multinational, multilingual country.
The capital of the empire was in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Controlling the Mediterranean, the Ottoman Empire was the connecting link between Europe and the states of the East for 6 centuries.
Following the international recognition of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, on October 29, 1923, shortly after the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty (July 24, 1923), the founding of the Turkish Republic was declared, which was the successor to the Ottoman Empire. On March 3, 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was irrevocably abolished. Powers and Responsibilities caliphate were given to the Great national assembly Turkey.
The Ottoman Empire preserved a legacy of amazing culture and civilization and, at the same time, patronized the culture, art and science of the previously living Turkic and non-Turkic people. Turkic peoples, she made a magnificent contribution to cultural history. The Ottoman Empire produced masterpieces of original architecture, stone and wood products, porcelain, jewelry, miniatures, calligraphy, bookbinding and the like. The empire, which for centuries had serious authority in world politics, legally and with condescension treated representatives of various nationalities and religious denominations who were in contact with various languages. By providing freedom of religion and conscience, it gave the people on its territory the potential to leave their own language and culture.
Suleiman the Magnificent - tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Suleiman I the Magnificent (Kanuni; see سليمان اول - Süleymân-ı evvel, Turkish Birinci Süleyman, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; November 6, 1494 - September 5/6, 1566) - the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from September 22, 1520 , caliph since 1538.
Suleiman, the son of the 9th Sultan Salim I and Aisha Sultan, daughter of the Crimean Khan Menli I Giray, was born in the Black Sea city of Trabzon on November 6, 1494 and, as befitted the successor of the ruling family in those warlike periods, he began early to study military affairs.
Having received an excellent education at the palace school in Istanbul, he begins Military service still in the army of his forefather Sultan Bayezed II, and then, following Bayezid’s abdication of the throne, in the army of his own father Salim.
At the time of his father's death (1520) he was governor of Magnesia; returned the estates confiscated by his father and severely punished the dignitaries guilty of causing disorder. The refusal to pay a simple tribute during the accession of the new sultan gave him an excuse to march on Hungary and take possession of Sabac, Zemlin and Belgrade.
In 1522 he conquered Rhodes, which fell after a 6-month siege.
In 1526 he undertook a new campaign against Hungary, and after a crushing victory at Mogoch and on September 10 of this year he solemnly set foot in Ofen. Having pacified the rebellion in Asia Minor, Suleiman, at the request of John Zapolye, chosen by one party to the Hungarian throne, undertook the 3rd campaign in Hungary in 1529, captured Ofen and with an army of 120,000 people appeared on September 27 under the walls of Vienna, however, having lost 40,000 people , was forced on October 14. lift the siege.
In 1532, the Sultan's army again invaded Austria. The Turks captured the city of Keszeg in battle. But this Austro-Turkish battle was short-lived. According to the agreements of the peace contract, which was concluded in 1533, the Habsburgs acquired the territory of Western and Northwestern Hungary, but were obliged to pay Suleiman I an annual (until 1606) large tribute for this.
After successful campaigns on the European continent with the Hungarians and Austrians, Suleiman I the Excellent began aggressive campaigns in the East. In 1534–1538, he successfully fought against the Shah's Persia and took away its share of extensive possessions. The Persian army was unable to show firm resistance to the Turks. They occupied such majestic centers as the cities of Tabris and Baghdad. Suleiman's navy conquered Tunisia (1534), recaptured in 1535 by Charles V.
In 1540–1547, Suleiman I began campaigns of conquest against the Habsburgs, this time in alliance with the Kingdom of France. Taking advantage of the fact that the most important French forces were tied up in the war in Northern Italy and on the eastern border of France, the Turks launched an offensive. They broke into Western Hungary and in 1541 captured Buda, and 2 years later - the city of Eszterg.
In June 1547, the warring parties signed the Adrianople Peace Agreement, which confirmed the division of Hungary and the loss of its state sovereignty. Western and Northern Hungary went to Austria, the main part becoming a vilayet of the Ottoman Porte. The rulers of Eastern Hungary - the widow and son of Prince Janos Zapolyani - became the Sultan's vassals.
Another Austro-Turkish battle took place in 1551–1562. Its duration confirmed that part of the Turkish army set off on a campaign against the Persians. In 1552 they took the city of Temesvár and the Veszprém fortress, then they besieged the fortified city of Eger. Even the countless amount of heavy artillery did not help the Turks - they could not take Eger.
Confronting on land, Sultan Suleiman I simultaneously fought frequent battles in the Mediterranean. There, the Turkish fleet operated relatively safely under the control of the admiral of the Western pirates, Barbarossa. With his assistance, Türkiye established absolute control over the Mediterranean Sea for thirty years.
In 1560, Suleiman I's flotilla won another significant victory at sea. Near the coast of North Africa, near the island of Djerba, the Turkish armada entered into battle with the united squadrons of Malta, Venice, Genoa and Florence. As a result, European Christian sailors were defeated.
In 1566, Suleiman, aged over 70, again undertook a campaign against Hungary, but died before Sighet. Suleiman's reign included the height of Ottoman power. The Turks honor him as the greatest of their monarchs. An outstanding military leader, Suleiman exposed himself as both an intelligent legislator and ruler. He was concerned about justice, patronized agriculture, industry and trade, and was a wealthy patron of scientists and poets. However, he was not far from merciless: so, to please his favorite Roxalana, who was Russian in origin, he ordered the death of all the children he had from his other wives in order to secure the throne for her son, Salim II
At a young age, Suleiman was the Sultan's governor in Caffa for a few years, and after the death of Salim's father in 1520, he became the 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned longer than any of his predecessors - 46 years. He continued the proactive aggressive policy of his ancestors, although he expressed greater balance in military affairs. He died at the age of 71 on the battlefield - during the siege of Fort Sitgevar.
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