There is not one in the world big city, which would not face the transport problem. However, contrary to widespread belief, it did not arise with the beginning of mass production of cars. For example, the problems of traffic jams and parking spaces made themselves felt acutely... in Ancient Rome. And the first who took up their solution was Julius Caesar. Traditionally, he is considered only an outstanding commander, statesman and a writer. But few people know that it was Julius Caesar who put the ancient Roman rules into effect traffic. For all their imperfections, they already included a number of provisions that are still used today to curb the traffic flood that floods modern cities. Thus, one-way streets were introduced to prevent congestion. In addition, the passage of private chariots, carts and carriages in Rome was prohibited from sunrise to the end of the "working day", which approximately corresponded to two hours before sunset. Even more strict restrictions acted in relation to non-resident owners of vehicles of any kind, who were obliged to leave them outside the city limits and could move around the streets only on foot or by “taxi”, that is, in hired palanquins.
Naturally, monitoring compliance with these rules also required the creation of a special service, which recruited mainly freedmen who had previously performed the functions of firefighters. The main task of the ancient Roman traffic controllers was to prevent unwanted incidents between the “drivers” of chariots and carts, who were often inclined to decide the issue priority right travel with fists.
On the other hand, since traffic lights had not yet been invented in Ancient Rome, and the few “traffic police inspectors” with the growth of traffic flows were unable to ensure universal order, noble nobles and wealthy merchants found their own way of solving the problem of uncontrolled intersections: they sent walkers ahead of them , which blocked traffic at intersections, ensuring unhindered passage of the owners' chariots.
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Prototype modern rules road traffic was adopted in France.
The first traffic rules in the world were adopted in France on August 16, 1893. It was then that the Paris police prefect decided to restore order to the street traffic of newly appeared cars. There were already 600 cars in the country and these cars, naturally, were mostly located in the capital of France. The city has already developed a list of rules for driving mechanical carriages around the city. It was forbidden to drive and stop on sidewalks, alleys and places intended only for pedestrian traffic. It was forbidden to drive around the city at a speed of more than 12 km/h, and outside the city at a speed of more than 20 km/h.
Traffic rules and the history of their creation.
The purpose of the lesson : introduce students to the history of the creation of traffic rules, test knowledge of current traffic rules.
Equipment : new traffic regulations.
Attempts to introduce rules for driving on streets and roads were made back when horse-drawn carriages reigned supreme. In 1863, a personal decree was issued in Russia “said to people of different ranks” by Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich: “The great sovereigns knew what happened,” it was written in it, “that many taught to ride in a sleigh on the reins with large whips and, driving along the street , they casually beat people.” The decree categorically prohibited driving horses with reins. Then it was believed that in order for the coachman to see the road better, he must control the horse while sitting astride it.
In 1730, a new decree was issued: “Carriers and others of all ranks should ride, having horses bridled, with all fear and caution, at attention.”
In 1742, a decree appeared that said: “If anyone rides horses quickly, they should be caught through police commands and the horses sent to the empress’s stable.”
In 1812, rules were introduced that established right-hand traffic, speed limits, requirements for the technical condition of crews, and the introduction of license plates. These were attempts to organize the movement of crews. There were no systematic rules for driving on the roads at that time. Pedestrian traffic was chaotic and disorganized. When steam and then gasoline cars appeared, new attempts followed, both in Russia and abroad, to ensure traffic safety.
Some of them can only make us smile now. So, for example, in England, a man with a red flag walked ahead of a steam carriage and warned those oncoming about the approach of the steam engine, and at the same time pacified the frightened carriage horses. In France, the speed of gasoline cars in populated areas should not exceed the speed of a pedestrian. In Germany, the owner of the car was obliged to tell the police the day before which road the “gasoline cart” would go. Driving at night was generally prohibited. If the driver was caught at night on the road, he had to stop and wait for the morning.
In those days there were very few cars in Russia, so safety issues were not yet so pressing. But as the years passed, the number of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trams and other vehicles increased. The task of creating road safety conditions required its solution.
In Russia, already in 1897, the City Dumas of Moscow and St. Petersburg were already considering the issue of establishing special rules for “automatic carriages,” and three years later, the “Mandatory Resolution on the procedure for passenger and freight traffic in the city of St. Petersburg by car” was approved. This document consisted of 46 paragraphs and established requirements for drivers and cars, driving procedures and parking rules. Thus, a driving permit could be obtained by a citizen at least 21 years old, literate and able to speak Russian, subject to successful passing of the driving test. Cars had to be registered and have two license plates (front and rear). an annual mandatory technical inspection was provided for in the period from March 1 to April 1. The maximum permitted speed in Moscow was 20 versts per hour, and for cars weighing more than 350 pounds - 12 versts per hour. Paragraph 41 of this resolution stated: “If the approach of an automatic carriage causes anxiety among the horses, the driver must slow down and, if necessary, stop.”
We find the first mention of the Traffic Rules in the “Instructions on the use of cars and motorcycles and the rules of movement in Moscow and its environs in 1918.” Two years later, the Traffic Rules were approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This historical document marked the beginning of the development of Soviet legislation in the field of road safety. The decree included basic requirements for the behavior of drivers, as well as rules for registration and technical control of motor vehicles. The speed of vehicles was regulated: for cars - 25 versts per hour, for trucks - 15 versts per hour. At the same time, at night the speed for all vehicles, except firefighters, was limited to 10 versts per hour.
To facilitate movement they began to use road signs, traffic lights and road markings. The first 4 signs indicating the presence of danger, with symbols of an intersection, a railway crossing, a winding road, and uneven roads, were approved in 1909 by the Paris Convention on Road Traffic. The international system of road signs was supplemented in 1926 by two more - “unguarded railway crossing” and “Stopping is required”. In 1931, at the next conference on road traffic in Geneva, the number of signs was increased to 26, classified into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative. Remember how many groups of characters are in these rules (7) and how many characters (231).
Before the Second World War in various countries There were two main systems of road signs in the world, one of which was based on the use of symbols, the other on the use of inscriptions. After the end of the Second World War, an attempt was made to create a unified road signaling system for all countries of the world.
In 1949, at the next conference on road traffic in Geneva, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Protocol on Road Signs were adopted.
Until 1940, there were no uniform rules in our country, and their development and approval fell within the competence of local authorities authorities. In 1940, the first standard traffic rules were approved, on the basis of which more or less uniform rules began to be created locally.
The first, uniform for the entire country, Rules for driving on city streets, settlements and roads of the USSR, introduced in 1961 (they were based on the 1949 convention), then they were finalized and existed until 1973, when they were replaced by the Road Traffic Rules, based on the 1968 and 1971 conventions.
Since the introduction of the Rules in 1973, significant changes have occurred in the practice of organizing traffic in our country, so they have undergone changes and additions several times. The latest traffic rules were put into effect on July 1, 1994. What new did they bring?
There was a requirement for mandatory use of seat belts and equipping cars with first aid kits and fire extinguishers; The responsibilities of pedestrians and drivers are separated into separate sections. Traffic lights and traffic controller signals are combined into one section. Appeared new section“Priority of route vehicles”; benefits for disabled drivers have been clarified; the procedure for the movement of vehicles equipped with special light and sound signals is regulated in more detail; New terms have been introduced (“Road user”, “Forced stop”, “Lack of visibility”, “Sidewalk”, “Pedestrian path”, “Pedestrian crossing”, etc.). The concept of “overtaking” is interpreted in a fundamentally new way. Now overtaking is considered to be the advance of a vehicle associated with leaving the occupied lane, and not just with entering the oncoming lane.
Certain changes have been made to the “movement speed” section. In populated areas, all vehicles have a single speed limit of 60 km/h. Motorcyclists are allowed a speed limit of 90 km/h on roads outside populated areas; a speed limit of 110 km/h on highways is included for cars, as well as for trucks with a permissible maximum weight of 3.5 tons.
Safety requirements for transporting people in trucks have become more stringent. The appendix to the Rules includes a list of conditions relating to the technical condition and equipment under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.
In the remaining time during the lesson, repeat the traffic rules regarding the questions from previous lessons, solve road problems or sort out an accident.
Teacher additional education
Akhmetzyanova Gulchachak Khamisovna
The huge flow of cars on the streets of Russian cities has long become commonplace, not frightening or surprising to anyone. Today, the vast majority of the country's residents of any gender strive to obtain a driver's license and diligently study the rules of the road. At the same time, few people know that Tsar Ivan III was the first to try to regulate the behavior of cab drivers and riders on the roads of Russia back in the fifteenth century. He streamlined the movement of horse-drawn carriages along postal routes for those traveling long distances. And at the end of the seventeenth century, Peter the Great contributed to its rules, forbidding fast driving around Moscow. He also introduced right-hand traffic and established a police department that monitored compliance with traffic rules in Russia.
A little later, Tsarina Anna Ioanovna created a decree according to which cab drivers exceeding the prescribed speed were fined, flogged and even sent to hard labor as punishment for this. Then the rules were constantly changed, supplemented, acquiring more and more new details. The number of private cab drivers in the big cities of Russia was growing, they needed to be controlled, and therefore cab licenses were invented. Horse-drawn cars with numbers appeared on the streets, which were only allowed to be driven by sober and tidy people who had the appropriate permit. New rules for crossing intersections arose, accompanied by a ban on leaving carts anywhere.
In the nineteenth century, the first cars, originally called “self-propelled carriages,” appeared on the roads. They were not able to develop a decent speed, moving no faster than three kilometers per hour, but after that road traffic began to require more careful organization. As a result, in 1900 in St. Petersburg, the authorities approved a new set of traffic rules, some of which still exist today. Their obligatory items were car registration, provision of vehicles with state license plates and their annual inspection by a special commission. The numbers were only valid for a year at that time. Drivers constantly paid for their new registration, and the money went to the treasury and was considered a transport tax. It is interesting that in different cities the license plates on cars had different dimensions.
Russian citizens who have reached the age of twenty-one and are well literate could obtain a driving license. They took the exam in educational institutions who trained drivers. Traffic rules in those days included sound signals when approaching railroad crossings, reducing speed or stopping when passing intersections that were being crossed by horse-drawn carriages at the same time. When stopping, cars had to be parked near the sidewalks so that they were lined up in the direction of travel. We drove a car with right side, overtaking was allowed on the left side, but driving on it for a long time was prohibited.
The maximum speed when driving cars in Moscow was limited to 25 kilometers per hour, in St. Petersburg - 20 kilometers per hour, trucks could drive on big cities Russia at a speed of no more than 12 kilometers per hour. Moreover, on especially busy streets they moved only at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour. Violation of the rules was punishable by a fine of up to one hundred rubles or arrest for 14 days. For driving in drunk deprived driver's license. On roads with outposts, it was necessary to pay a fee for travel, that is, they were toll roads.
The first “traffic cops” appeared in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the twentieth century. The police were given white canes, which they used to signal drivers. When the cane rose up, the carriage drivers, car owners, and cyclists stopped. Signs on Russian roads began to be installed around the same time in accordance with a convention adopted in France in 1909. It determined the appearance of the signs, the responsibilities and rights of pedestrians and drivers.
Since then, the traffic rules have been amended several times. In 1940, unified regulations for the USSR on traffic rules were adopted, and in 1957 they changed, eliminating some restrictions and establishing driving rules for individual republics. Regulations have appeared on appearance cars and the procedure for conducting exams, which was last determined in March 2016. Now the set of tasks for these exams is determined by the state inspector for road safety of the Russian Federation. According to such regulations, anyone who has Russian citizenship and those who temporarily reside in Russia can apply to take the exams. They have the right to declare this through the federal state system www.gosuslugi.ru or www.gibdd.ru. An application at the regional level is also submitted through the website www.gibdd.ru, and our website allows you to test your knowledge and determine the degree of preparedness for the exams. We provide a range of services that give users the opportunity to replenish their knowledge and thoroughly study all the nuances of driving cars on the roads of Russia and abroad.
Every year there are more and more cars on the streets of our cities. Their movement requires orderliness and compliance with certain rules to ensure the safety of drivers and pedestrians.
For this purpose, in every country, including Russia, a special set of traffic rules has been developed that regulates the rights and responsibilities of all people on the roads. What is traffic rules? Where are they used and what are the consequences of violating them?
Traffic rules are traffic rules and technical requirements that apply to vehicles while driving. The first to attempt to introduce them on city streets was the Roman commander Julius Caesar.
Back in the 50s BC, he ordered all owners of carts and chariots to move only on one side and not to go on the roads after sunset. During the Middle Ages in Europe, knights were allowed to drive on the right, which is still in effect in most countries of the world today.
The modern history of traffic rules begins in London in 1868, when a mechanical semaphore appeared in front of the British Parliament. Since then, the rules for traveling on roads have been constantly expanding and adding new requirements due to the growing number of vehicles.
home purpose of traffic rules– protect motorists and pedestrians from road accidents that result in damage to vehicles, injury or death. 
Every driver should know them, because if he breaks the rules and gets into an accident, then at best he will get off with a fine and expenses for vehicle repairs, and at worst he will die or go to prison for causing injury to other participants in the accident. For this reason, knowledge of PPD is a prerequisite when obtaining driver's license.
The most dangerous traffic violations are considered to be driving while intoxicated, with a faulty brake system, lighting equipment or steering wheel controls, as well as speeding and driving against a red light. They threaten that the driver may lose control and have an accident. Violating the rules for using seat belts, overtaking, or crossing railroad crossings that are closed by a barrier poses no less of a threat.
Not so dangerous, but fraught unpleasant consequences, are considered driving unregistered vehicles, driving without documents or improper conduct. 
You can also be punished for violating the rules for transporting dangerous or large cargo, and for minibus drivers - for transporting passengers in excess of the established number.
Enough frequent violation Traffic rules include parking cars on lawns. Some drivers do not know well what such a territory is like, so they calmly leave their vehicles there and then pay with fines.
In accordance with the traffic rules of the Russian Federation, a lawn is considered to be an area with a turf covering, which was artificially created by sowing seeds and growing turf-creating plants.
The lightest punishment a driver can receive for violating traffic rules is a warning or a fine in the amount established by the state. For more serious violations may be deprived of a driver's license (temporarily or permanently) and prohibited from operating vehicles with the registration plates removed.
For driving without a driver's license or while under the influence of alcohol (drugs), you can be arrested for 15 days, and if people died during the accident, there is a high probability of receiving a prison sentence.
According to the new traffic rules as amended in 2015, for driving while intoxicated or handing over a car to a person under the influence of drugs or alcohol intoxication, the driver may lose his license for up to 2 years. In case of repeated violation, the document is confiscated for up to 3 years.
If a motorist drives on the roads without registration plates, he may lose his license for 3 months, and if the plates were knowingly forged, his license will be taken away for 6–12 months. 
For using red lighting equipment, your license can be taken away for 6–12 months, for speeding or driving into the oncoming lane – for 4–6 months, and for transporting large cargo without a permit or for driving through a closed railway crossing – for six months.
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