Prepositions and conjunctions are functional parts of speech, which many people have difficulty writing. They are used to establish connections between words in a sentence and to construct certain grammatical structures: near the fence, past the bus stop, opposite the building. And if the spelling of non-derivative auxiliary parts of speech ( at a neighbor's, on the table, in the refrigerator) most often do not cause difficulties, then when writing derivatives you have to remember various rules.
In addition, it can be difficult to immediately determine whether the selected part of speech is a noun or a preposition. Examples of such structures are the following: during years, meet each other halfway yes(where the highlighted words are derived prepositions), in the river flow, be late for a meeting with a friend(here the highlighted words are nouns with non-derivative parts of speech).
Classification by origin and structure
As mentioned earlier, prepositions are usually divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. Non-derivatives include simple prepositions that have long existed in the Russian language: under the ceiling, above the water, to the ingredients.
What prepositions are called derivatives? These include those that were originally other parts of speech. There are 3 types:
In Russian language exercises for grade 7, you often come across tasks in which you need to distinguish service part speeches from independent. It should be remembered that a derived preposition can often be replaced with a non-derivative one:
- due to strong wind - due to strong wind;
- inquire about the application - inquire about the application;
- after five minutes - after five minutes.
In addition, you can ask a question about independent parts of speech, as opposed to auxiliary ones. In the case of auxiliary parts of speech, the question is asked about nouns or pronouns related to them:
- looked around (Where?) around - walked around (Where?) around the house;
- costs (Where?) ahead - ran (Where?) ahead of me.
Many derived prepositions lose their former lexical meaning:
- within five minutes (time value);
- due to illness and adversity (meaning because of);
- came up with a congratulation like last year (meaning like).
Constructions derived from gerunds can be distinguished as follows: to do this, you need to remember that the verb form can be replaced with a verb by slightly rearranging the sentence. In the case of a pretext, this is impossible to do. For example:
- We left the room, thanking the hosts for their hospitality. You can replace the gerund with a verb: We left the room and thanked the hosts for their hospitality. Here thanks to is a participle.
- Thanks to the teachers, we were able to go to college. In this case, replacing the highlighted word with a verb will change the meaning of the phrase and will be incorrect. Therefore, here thanks to- pretext.
In addition, it is customary to divide prepositions and conjunctions into simple (consisting of one word: inside, about, before), complex (includes 2 simple ones: due, from under) and compound (consisting of 2 or more words: despite on, to the extent, for purposes).
Rules for writing compound prepositions
All prepositions and conjunctions, regardless of their origin and structure, are written separately from the independent parts of speech. However, the spelling of such constructions as despite difficult circumstances - played despite the strings, most often causes difficulties.
So, compound derivatives of auxiliary parts of speech are most often written together, especially when it comes to adverbial or verbal. Here are examples of phrases with them: sit opposite the boss, walk around the site, walk with friends. However, among the denominates, a number of derived prepositions (the list of which is given below) should be highlighted, which always have separate writing:
Other designs can also be added to this list: in the form of, in fulfillment, in measure, in continuation and similar ones.
Continuous writing observed in combinations:
- took a loaf instead of bread;
- inquired about the new position;
- the event was canceled due to bad weather conditions;
- continued to work beyond the fulfilled plan;
- I bought a car similar to the previous one.
Complex prepositions from under, due to and others are always written with a hyphen.
Denominate prepositions: E or I at the end
Often doubts arise when writing combinations during, in conclusion, in accordance. Something to remember special cases spelling of derivative prepositions. The table shows the most frequently used combinations.
Special cases of use
Prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech that are not used separately, but only with nouns or pronouns replacing them that are in a certain indirect position. (any except nominative) case. In most cases, it is not difficult to determine the case required for agreement:
- on (on what? on whom?) outskirts - prepositional case;
- For (who? what?) friends - genitive case;
- despite (who? what?) strange circumstances - accusative case.
However, you should remember the exceptions when the noun should not be in the genitive, but in the dative case:
- thanks to (to whom; to what?) unexpected return;
- according to (to whom; to what?) prepared schedule.
Another common mistake is the presence or absence soft sign at the end of the words near and through. Their correct spelling should also be remembered.
Examples of usage in Russian
To begin with, let us give examples of texts from fiction:
I took her with me on a trip, despite the fragile age of my child, I took her to my friend who lived in Siberia. (L. Charskaya, “Sibirochka”)
...Open your closed eyes to bliss
Towards northern Aurora,
Be the star of the north! (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)
...The moon is like a pale spot,
Through the gloomy clouds it turned yellow... (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)
Now let's look at several sentences that use prepositions, and some of them use nouns, adverbs or gerunds that are homonymous with them.
He went to (...)to meet the new day, not at all (...) looking at those around him .
It is necessary to determine whether words or phrases will be written together or separately from each other. Let's try to figure it out, for this we will define, with what part of speech we are dealing. It should be remembered that another word can always be inserted before a noun, and a derived preposition can be replaced with another, similar in meaning. In the case of (...)meeting, you can make a replacement: he was walking towards a new day . Therefore, this word is a preposition. Since it was not on the list of exceptions, which are written separately, correct writing- fused.
Let's deal with the second spelling. Let's try to replace not (...)despite a preposition with a similar meaning contrary to: completely contrary to others . The result was a phrase with a completely different meaning. We conclude that we have a gerund with the particle NOT, which, of course, is written separately from the word.
The man quickly walked down (...)along the long alley, not (...)despite the fact that a piercing wind was blowing .
Let's look at the first word. If this is an adverb, then the question can be asked to it from the verb; but when along is a derivative or non-derivative preposition, it will refer to a noun, and the question will not be asked about it. In our case, along refers to a noun alleys, therefore, it is a preposition (derived from the adverb along). The writing of adverbial and verbal prepositions is always continuous.
We do the same with the second word as in the first sentence: let's try to replace it with another word. In this example, we get a completely similar meaning, although a piercing wind was blowing, from which we conclude that we are dealing with a verbal preposition, which was formed from a gerund and is written together.
During (…) next day the store was not open.
To determine which letter should be written at the end of a word, it is necessary to determine what the combination is for (...). If it is a noun (you can insert an adjective related to the word current: in strong current), then its ending is determined in accordance with the rules of its declension. If we are talking about a preposition (having a temporary meaning), you need to write the letter E at the end.
In the selected sentence, the combination is used to mean time: the store was not open (When?) during the next day, therefore, the letter E was missed.
Task No. 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.
The task on this topic is formulated as follows:Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written FULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
13 task checks knowledge of continuous, hyphenated, separate writing of homonymous parts of speech. Homonyms - units of language that are different in meaning but identical in spelling.
Algorithm for completing the task:
1. READ THE SENTENCE, THINK ABOUT ITS MEANING.
2. DETERMINE WHICH PART OF SPEECH THE HIGHLIGHTED WORD BELONGES TO.
3. REMEMBER THE RULE.
4. OPEN THE BRACKETS AND WRITE OUT TWO WORDS.
Before turning to the rule, check whether the form can be used without a preposition/prefix. If you can’t, write together.
Spelling of derivative prepositions.
It is necessary to distinguish between derived prepositions and nouns in oblique cases, used with non-derivative prepositions.
| Derivative prepositions | Noun + non-derivative preposition | |
| DURING The derivative preposition DURING is written in two words with the ending E, has the meaning of time duration, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? Noun following him. It has time value: (HOW LONG?) I studied hard throughout the year. (WHEN?) I read a lot of books during the summer. | DURING Between the non-derivative preposition B and the noun DURING, you can insert an adjective. There are many turns in the (lower) RIVER. | |
| IN CONTINUATION The derivative preposition IN CONTINUATION is written in two words with a final E, has the meaning of temporal length, answers the questions HOW LONG? WHEN? Noun following him. It has time value: (HOW LONG?) The house was being repaired for a month. (WHEN?) It was unbearably hot for several days. | CONTINUED Between the non-derivative preposition Vi noun. in the prepositional case CONTINUATION you can insert an adjective: New characters appeared in the (long-awaited) sequel to the novel. | |
| TOWARD (= TO) The derivative preposition TOWARD (= TO MY SIDE) is written in one word, can be replaced by the preposition K: The school principal was walking towards me (= towards me, in my direction). I decided to go out to meet the guests (= to the guests). | TO MEET WITH Between the non-derivative preposition ON and noun. MEETINGYou can insert an adjective, with a noun. MEETING there must be a preposition C: Still, I decided to go to an (unexpected) meeting with friends. | |
| ABOUT (=О;OB) The derivative preposition ABOUT is written together and = О, OB: We talked about (= about) a trip to the forest. | ON THE COUNT Between the non-derivative preposition ON and noun. COUNT You can insert an adjective: The money has arrived in a (known) account. | |
| CONSEQUENCE (= BECAUSE OF) The derivative preposition RESULTATION is written in one word with the final E, and = BECAUSE OF, indicates reason, answers the question WHY?: (WHY?) Due to illness, he stayed at home. NOTE: Do not confuse the spelling of the derived preposition AFTER (= BECAUSE of) and the adverb SUBSEQUENTLY (= THEN): Subsequently, he remembered school more than once. Due to a broken arm, he was unable to attend school. | AS A CONSEQUENCE Between the non-derivative preposition B and noun. CONSEQUENCES used in one of the cases, you can insert an adjective: During the (high-profile) investigation into the theft case, many facts were revealed. | |
| IN VIEW (= BECAUSE OF; BY REASON) The derivative preposition IN VIEW is written in one word, and = BECAUSE OF, = BY REASON: Due to rain, the excursion did not take place. NOTE: It is necessary to distinguish the derived preposition IN VIEW (of something), which is written in two words, from the derived preposition IN VIEW, which is written in one word and = BECAUSE of: IN VIEW (= BECAUSE OF) - IN THE FORM OF SOMETHING: SHE was given a brooch in the shape of a butterfly. Allowed to add as an exception. | KEEP IN MIND A stable combination is written with three words. | |
| LIKE (= LIKE) The derivative preposition LIKE is written in one word and = LIKE: We built something like (=like) a hut. | LIKE In geometry class we solved problems involving similar triangles (= similar triangles). | |
Note:
1. Derivative preposition IN CONNECTION WITH written separately, in three words: due to departure.
2. The derivative preposition IN CONCLUSION is written two words with an E at the end and has the meaning “FINISHING”, “IN THE RESULT”, “AT THE END”: At the end of my report I would like to summarize what has been said.
3. Derivative preposition IN DIFFERENCE from someone, something written as two words with an E at the end: Unlike me, my sister gets straight A's.
4. REMEMBER the spelling of the following prepositions, which are written together: In the middle of the room); NEAR (the monument); INSTEAD (brother).
DISTINCTION:
Spelling of conjunctions and homonymous parts of speech. The conjunctions SO THAT, TOO, ALSO, THEN, BEHIND, AND SO, THEREFORE are written together, they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech. Other parts of speech that are similar in sound to these conjunctions, THAT WOULD, THE SAME, THE SAME, FOR THAT, WITH WHAT, AND SO, FROM THAT are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them can be: 1.Removed from the sentence. 2. Rearrange to another place 3. Insert another word between them.
December 13, 2017Studying the Russian language, we make many new discoveries for ourselves about its magnificence, beauty, and virtuosity. How multifaceted, flexible and eloquent he is. Today, let’s discover together another puzzle of that wonderful picture called “Russian Grammar.”
Let us consider in our material the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. Using examples, we will clearly learn how they differ from other parts of speech.
What is a preposition
A preposition is a functional part of speech. This element is necessary to show how words in sentences depend on each other, connecting them together.
Example: “Today in our biology class there was a interesting case" In this sentence, “in” and “on” are prepositions, which in Russian a large number of. Some are varied, some are simple and clear to use and write, while others are more complex, especially with regard to spelling.
We move from simple to more complex. So, combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. The lesson in 7th grade on this topic is not easy, but very interesting.
Classification, definition, origin
Derivatives are isolated and non-derivative prepositions. In turn, derivatives - from independent parts to auxiliary parts of speech - pass during the process of formation, as a result of which they are lost morphological characteristics and, moreover, their lexical meaning is annulled.
By origin, they are divided, firstly, into adverbials, which are formed from adverbs. Such prepositions express relations of a spatial and temporal nature. Let's give examples: near the house, near the river, around the world, in front of the locomotive.
Secondly, derivatives can be denominal if they are formed from a noun. They express an objective and thorough character. Examples of this type of derivatives: about, during, in view of.
And finally, thirdly, derived prepositions that are formed from verbs are called verbal. They express adverbial meanings. Let's give their examples: after, thanks, despite.
Video on the topic
How to write derivative prepositions
In this section we will consider the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. The “golden” rule for the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions is as follows: in order to understand the text in the writing of the elements we are studying, we must correctly determine the part of speech and be able to distinguish them from adverbs and nouns. Step by step, let's look at examples of combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions.
“I wanted to look around.” In this sentence, “around” is an adverb.
“I had to go around the houses because the thick thickets of grass prevented me from approaching the doors.” In this case, the element we are studying is “circle”.
The difference is that in the first case you can put a question to the adverb, but in the second case this cannot be done.
“Due to an emergency situation, I need to deposit a certain amount of money into my bank account.” In this sentence, “on account” is written separately, since these two words can be defined as a preposition and a noun.
“I would like to ask you about a job in a bank for my younger sister, who graduated from university this year.” In this case, “about” is written together, since we have a derivative denominative preposition.
“Not looking around, I ran across the road.” Before us is a gerund (verbal form). If you can substitute the word “with your eyes” for the expression “despite”, then it should be written separately.
“I was able to go to work despite my illness.” In this case, we have a preposition that is written together. It can be replaced by the expression “in spite of everything.”
It should also be said that the combined and separate writing of prepositions depends on the cases.
Features
In order to correctly write a preposition, you must be able to distinguish it from the nouns, adverbs, and gerunds from which it was formed. Let's look at examples of combined and separate writing.
Before we start studying distinctive features of this element, let us pay attention to the fact that the element we are studying cannot be a member of the sentence.
Example: “I needed to check with Nikolai Vladimirovich about an urgent order.” Need clarification (about what?) about the order. Also, we should not forget that the preposition is included in the question that needs to be asked.
So, what is the difference between the element being studied and the noun? Let's look at the spelling of the preposition “during” and the noun with the preposition “during”.
“Mila worked hard on the book throughout the winter.” Worked (for how long?) during the winter. Used in the meaning of time.
“Many underwater eddies have been discovered throughout the river.” You can insert an adjective between the preposition and the noun: “in the strong current of the river.”
“The guys went on a picnic, despite the bad weather.” “Despite” acts as a preposition, answers the question: despite what? You can also replace “in spite of something.”
And at the end of the section I would like to note what differences there are between the element we are studying and the adverb.
"Be in front of the column." In this sentence, the word "in front" is a preposition because it refers to the noun "column" and forms the genitive case with it.
"Be ahead of everyone." And in this sentence the word “ahead” is already an adverb and answers the question “where?”, and is also an independent member of the sentence.
Reinforcing the material: exercise
To consolidate the topic “Combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions”, it is necessary to complete the exercise that is presented below. In the numbered sentences, determine where the element we are studying is (let’s denote the answer “a”), and where is another independent part of speech (the answer is “b”).
1. “It turned out that it was difficult to stand near the entrance to the cave and peer into the impenetrable darkness.” ("b")
2. “I had to act according to the instructions of my boss.” ("A")
3. “We had to drive for about an hour along the gently sloping coast.” ("A")
4. “Locate yourself as close to the shore as possible: that was my task.” ("A")
5. “Go Forward!” - he tirelessly repeats.” ("b")
Conclusion: results
Examples and rules for combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions were given in comparative order. Be literate, attentive, love studying, get pleasure and inspiration from this process.
A preposition is an auxiliary, that is, an auxiliary part of speech, which is intended to link nouns (less often numerals and pronouns) with other words in a text structure. Prepositions have the following properties:
- They help create phrases and meaningfully related structures in sentences;
- A preposition does not apply to parts of a sentence;
- This part of speech is not subject to any changes;
- Prepositions are not used with verbs;
- Between a given part of speech and the word it connects, you can always insert an additional construction;
- After using a preposition, you can pose a question to a noun, pronoun or numeral.
Since prepositions are a separate part of speech, they are written separately with words. Problems arise when differentiating this part of speech with prefixes in a word. The latter is the part of the word that is written before the root and changes its meaning.
When writing prepositions there are some things to keep in mind distinctive features official part of speech:
- Two simple prepositions can form one complex construction, which will be formalized using a hyphen;
- A preposition can be formed from another part of speech, that is, become its derivative (thanks to, according to);
- A preposition can be formed from a combination of two parts of speech.
Spelling prepositions is difficult due to the fact that people often confuse it with other parts of speech. In the process of writing a text, you should always remember the distinctive features of a preposition and the basic rules for writing it.
Some people have a hard time remembering the many rules of the Russian language, so they should improve this skill first. BrainApps, thanks to professionally designed games and individual training, will allow you to short time achieve visible results in improving memory and other brain functions.
Rules for writing prepositions
The use of prepositions in sentences does not present any special problems. There are few rules for writing them, but errors in this part of speech remain one of the most common. It is difficult for people to distinguish this auxiliary part of speech from gerunds and adverbs, which are pronounced identically but written differently.
Writing this part of speech with a hyphen
In order to correctly write a preposition using a hyphen, it is enough to remember specific words, most of which are obsolete variants and are not used in modern speech. The main prepositions to remember are: because of, from under. All others are considered colloquial.
If you have doubts when writing a word that is a preposition, but is not included in this list, you definitely do not need to use a hyphen. However, you should think again about whether this construction is a pretext.
Separate writing of prepositions
Some prepositions, despite the fact that they are derived from nouns, are written separately. These include constructions with particles “po”, “for” and “in”. In addition, you should remember the spelling of the prepositions “during” and “in continuation”, which only have the letter “e” at the end. However, if the word form is a mixture of a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case, then the ending changes to “and”. An additional verification criterion in the latter version can be the possibility of inserting another word inside the construction.
The combination “in conclusion” is not a preposition and the way it is written depends entirely on the sentence. If the word form represents a circumstance, that is, it has a dependent construction, then the letter “and” is written. In other situations, the noun is placed in the accusative case and, accordingly, the letter “e” is used.
Spelling prepositions together
When writing prepositions together, you need to be able to clearly identify the part of speech, since combinations of words that are identical in sound are written completely differently. Common controversial designs:
- “In spite of” and “in spite of.” The first option is used in cases where it is impossible to remove “not”, the construction cannot be replaced with a verb, and the meaning of the word form is “despite the fact that”.
- “In view of” and “in mind.” The first part of speech is used together in situations where there is a cause-and-effect relationship. Separate writing of a word form is required if there is a spatial relationship.
- “Following” and “following.” The preposition is written together if it can be supplemented with the phrase “for the beast.”
- “As a consequence” and “as a consequence.” The preposition is written only with the letter “e” and expresses a consistent transition from cause to effect. When combining a noun with a preposition, the endings may change.
- “Towards” and “to meet”. The first option indicates the direction, and the second implies a specific goal (to meet a friend).
- “About” and “on account”. The preposition is used in the sense of “about something” and is written together. The second option is used in cases where another word can be inserted between words.
- "In the middle" and "in the middle". In the first case, a spatial relationship is implied, in the second, there is a specific object and it is possible to separate words by another.
- “Like” and “like.” The first option is written together, as it implies the synonym “something like.” In the second case, you can insert a third between the words.
- “Like” and “kinda.” The first option is used in cases where the construction can be replaced with a synonym.
In order to never make mistakes when writing prepositions, you should be well aware of the spelling of all other parts of speech and their distinctive properties. Making decisions quickly, without remembering the rules, becomes possible only with sufficient experience.
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