Comprehensive use of nonspecific and specific. Specific therapy in infectious diseases. Nonarcotic antitussive means

1. Nonspecific active immunotherapy, stimulating.

Activates the immune response. The substances of 3 groups are used: biological, chemical, physical.

1. Biological - Adewants - nonspecific amplifiers of immunological reactions. They strengthen the immune response to the appropriate antigen, create an antigen depot, contribute to its slow admission to the blood and the most effective stimulation of the response. This is LPS some bacteria. They stimulate in lymphocytes, phagocytosis and the formation of interleukin 1 and lymphocynes. These include - Adewwant Freund - BCG vaccine for stimulating antibody in animals, bacterial products - Prodigiosan, pyrogenal. The use of them is shown in the lack of immunoglobulins and in-lymphocytes. It is advisable to appoint them together with penicillin and erythromycin with inflammatory processes. It is contraindicated with the joint use of them with a chapel and oxacillin, with which they are antagonists. It is possible to use inhalation. Muramildepeptide - peptidoglycan isolated from mycobacteria. It has pronounced stimulating properties, activates phagocytosis, T-in-lymphocytes. However, it is toxic, causes the pyrogenic lysis of platelets and leukopenia.

Nucleic acids or their salts, polynucleotides - activate various unmune response links. It is better to introduce them together with an antigen in the early stages of immunogenesis. In the low dose-stimulating it, in high - suppressing. Sodium nucleicate - sodium salt of yeast RNA. Stimulates the migration of stem cells, the cooperation of T-, B-lymphocytes, the functional activity of their populations, anti-befenesis. Effective in secondary immunodeficiency.

Vitamins - controllers of biochemical processes in cells and tissues including the immune system. Vitamin "C" - has antioxidant activity, stimulates phagocytosis, migration and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. It has anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effect in large doses (1-3 g per day). Vitamin "E" - enhances the activity of T-helpers and antibody synthesis. Vitamin "A" - has aduvante properties, stimulates the activity of the complement, properin, enhances anti-befenesis and antitumor immunity, reduces the immunosuppressive effect of corticosteroids and antibiotics.

2. Chemical - artificial polyelectrolytes. Activate in lymphocytes and anti-befenesis to an antigen present in the body. This is tafzin, diucifon, pentoxyl, methyluracyl, dibazole.
3. Physical factors - Depending on the dose of energy and its form, immunological reactions may stimulate or suppress immunoreactivity. Ultrasound - stimulates phagocytosis, chemotaxis, increases concentration and affinity of receptors on activated lymphocytes. On this property, its use in medicine is based. The separation of the spleen through the skin leads to a decrease in allergic manifestations with bronchial asthma, increases the number of T-suppressors. Timus voicing in children at low levels of T-lymphocytes (up to 25%) gives a good result. Increases their number, restores the ratio of TX / TC populations.
2. Nonspecific active immunotherapy overwhelming.

Based on the induction of non-specific active suppression of immuno-reactivity. This is the use of histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine according to the scheme with an introduction starting with minimal doses to produce blocking IgG class antibodies. The drug hystaglobulin is more often used - the Histami complex on Gammaglobulin. It stimulates the formation of antihistamine antibodies that associate histamine at the Patochemical phase of anaphylaxia. Contraindications - pregnancy, sharp allergic reactions.

3. Adoptive stimulating immunotherapy.

It is based on the use and perception of immunocompetent cells of non-counseling incentives from Timus hormones and other immunity factors entered from outside. These effects are peculiar to hormones of thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes. Timyosin, Timalin, is used for the treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiency, tumors. They restore impaired immunity links, the amount of T-lymphocytes, stimulate cellular immunity, phagocytosis, tissue and blood regeneration processes, improve metabolism.

4. Nonspecific passive immunotherapy replacement.

It is characterized by the fact that the patient is introduced:

· Ready nonspecific factors of immunity and ICC (immunocompetent cells) in their insufficiency: bone marrow transplant, lymphoid tissue with severe immunodeficiency; Transfusion of blood and its preparations (effective if they do not differ from the donor on histocompatibility antigens, otherwise there will be no effect, since the rapid elimination of cells occurs);
· Introduction of immunoglobulins for passive therapy;
· Introduction of purified gamma globulins of various classes for compensation from insufficiency;
· Introduction of complement, lysozyme to increase anti-infectious protection.

It is used mainly in the acute period of infectious diseases, with respect to the pathogens of which are not developed or for any reason, there are no immune serums (immunoglobulins) - with severe form of abdominal typhoid, dysentery and other diseases of bacterial etiology. The most affordable, relatively easily performed and effective method of non-specific passive immunotherapy are transfusion of fresh one-line donor blood (100--150-200 ml / day). However, at the same time, the presence of a certain probability of infection with viruses of hepatitis C, C, human immunodeficiency and others makes it appropriate to use this treatment method only on life indications with the implementation of all precautions to prevent the transfer of mentioned infections.

The impact on the causative agent of infection is carried out using specific and nonspecific methods. Specific treatment methods include the use of drugs whose action is aimed at the only form of microorganism - therapeutic serums, immunoglobulins and gamma globulins, immune plasma, bacteriophages and therapeutic vaccine.

Healing serum It contains antibodies to microorganisms (antimicrobial serums) or to bacterial toxins (antitoxic serum - anti-canceric, anti-lane, contamination, anti-influenzaous) and produced from the blood of immunized animals. The serum of the blood of such animals serves as a material for the preparations of specific gamma-globulins containing purified high-titers (anti-helpospyrosine, anti-protein, anti-beadable, anticipate).

Specific immunoglobulins It is obtained from the blood of immunized donors or reconvalued infectious diseases (anti-gravity, anti-infectious, anti-infections, anti-inflammable, anti-stilococcal, anti-beadable, anti-mono-peculinary). Homologous immune drugs have advantages - circulate in the body (up to 1 to 2 months) and do not have side effects. In some cases, plasma is used by the blood plasma of immunized donors or reconversion (antinengococcal, antistaphococcus, etc.).

Bacteriophages . Currently, used mainly in intestinal infections as an additional treatment and limited scope.

Vaccinotherapy . As a method of therapy of infectious diseases aimed at a specific stimulation of protective mechanisms. Typically, vaccines are used in the treatment of chronic and protracted forms of infectious diseases in which the production of immune mechanisms in the process of natural flow of infections is insufficient for the liberation of the body from the causative agent (chronic brucellosis, chronic toxaplasmosis, recurrent herpesvirus infection), and occasionally during acute infectious processes (in abdominal TIFE, for the prevention of chronic reconvalue bacteridation). Currently, vaccine therapy is inferior to more perfect and safe methods of immunotherapy.

Etiotropic treatment

As etiotropic treatment, various families and groups of antibacterial drugs are used. Indication to application antibioticsit is the presence of such a pathogen in the body, with whom the body itself will not cope, or under the influence of which serious complications are possible.

The impact on the causative agent is to appoint various drugs: not only antibiotics, but also chemoplasts. This treatment is aimed at destroying or suppressing the growth of pathogenic microbes. The existence of a large number of antibacterial drugs is due to the variety of pathogenic bacteria.

Any antibacterial drug is applied to some extent forced, sometimes according to life indications. The main thing is that we expect from the appointment of the medication - this is his action on the causative agent. However, for the human body, any chemotherapy and an antibiotic is not always safe. Hence the conclusion - antibacterial drug should be prescribed strictly by testimony..

Antibiotics by The mechanism of action is divided into three groups - inhibitors of the synthesis of the cell wall of the microorganism; The synthesis inhibitors of microbial nucleic acids and protein: preparations that disturb the molecular structure and the function of cell membranes. By type of interaction with microbial cells distinguish bactericidal and bacteriostatic Antibiotics.

In the chemical structure, antibiotics are distributed into several groups: aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Canamycin, etc.), ansamakrolida (rifamicine, rifampicin, etc.), betalactama (Penicillins, cephalosporins, etc.). macrolids (oleandomycin, erythromycin, etc.), polyena (amphotericin in, nystatin, etc.), polymixin (Polymixin M, etc.), tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline, etc.), fusidin, Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin) and others.

Along with natural drugs, more and more distribution get synthetic and semi-synthetic preparations of the 3rd and 4th generations having a high antimicrobial effect, resistant to acids and enzymes. Depending on the spectrum of antimicrobial effects of antibiotics, a number of groups of drugs are distinguished:

- antibioticseffective in relation to gram-positive and gram-negative kokks (meningococci, strepto and staphylococci, gonococci) and some gram-positive bacteria (cinornobacteria, clostridium) - benzylpenicillin, bicyllin, oxacillin, methicillin, cephalosporins I generation, macrolides, lincomycin, vancomycin and others;

- wide spectrum antibiotics In terms of gram-positive and gram-negative sticks - semi-synthetic penicillins (ampicillin, etc.), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, generation cephalosporins; antibiotics with predominant activity for gram-negative sticks - polymyxins, cephalosporins III of generation;

- antiberculse antibiotics - streptomycin, rifampicin and others;

- antifungal antibiotics - Lev Room, nastatin, amphotericin in, acoptyl, deflikan, ketoconazole, etc.

Despite the development of new highly efficient antibiotics, their use is not always sufficient to cure patients, so currently retained their relevance of various groups - nitrofuran derivatives, 8-hydroxykhinoline and quinolone, sulfonamides and sulfons, etc.

Nitrofuran drugs (Furazolidon, Furadonin, Furagin, Furacilin et al.) Have a wide antibacterial and anti-podic effect, intracellular penetration ability, they have been used in the treatment of many infectious diseases of the intestines and urinary tract and as a local antiseptic agent.

8-oxychinoline derivatives (Mexazaz, Meksaform, Chlorochinaldon, 5-NOC and Nalidix Acid) are effective for many bacterial, protozoal and fungal pathogens of intestinal and urogenital diseases.

Hinolone derivatives , Namely, fluoroquinolones (LEFLOXACIN, NORFLOXACIN, OFOFLOXACIN, PERFLOXATION, CIPROFLOXATION, etc.) Currently occupy one of the leading places among antibacterial drugs due to their high antimicrobial effect in relation to many gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and some simplest, in including intracellular localization, as well as due to their small toxicity and slow formation of drug sustainability in microorganisms.

Sulfanimide (Sulgin, sulfadimesin, sulfadimetoxin, sulfapyridazine, phthalazole, etc.) and sulfonic drugs (Diaphenylsulfone, or Dapson, etc.) are used to treat a wide range of intestinal diseases, respiratory, urinary and other systems caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria or protozoa. However, the use of this group of drugs is limited due to the frequent occurrence of various complications. High antibacterial effect and less side effects have the preparations of a new generation - combinations of sulfanimamides and trimethopris - Kotrimoxazoles (Bactrim, Biseptol, Grosptol, Septrim, etc.), which can be used independently or in combination with other antibacterial agents.

Antiviral drugs , The arsenal of which is rapidly updated with new and highly efficient means, belong to various chemical groups and have an impact on various stages of viruses life cycle. In clinical practice, chemotherapy preparations for the treatment of influenza (Amantadine, Arbidol, Remantadine, etc.), herpes infections (acyclovir, Va Lazicovir, Ganciclovir, Polrere, etc.) were most widely used.), Viral hepatitis B and C (Lamivudine, Ribavirin, Rebeatol , Pengintron, etc.), HIV infections (azidothimidine, zidovudine, nevirapine, savinavir, epivir, etc.). Modern therapy of viral infections includes the use of interferon (leukocytarian human interferon. Recombant drugs - intron A, Referon, Rooferon, Realdiron, etc.), which have both antiviral and expressed immunomodulatory effect.

The therapeutic effect depends on the rational combination of preparations of various groups with a combined effect on the method and correct mode of administration of the drug, providing its maximum concentration in the field of pathological process, from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drugs used and the functional state of the organism systems involved in the metabolism of the medications used .

The activity of antibacterial drugs can significantly depend on the type of interaction with other medicines (for example, a decrease in the effectiveness of tetracycline under the influence of calcium preparations, fluoroquinolones when using antacid drugs, etc.). In turn, antibiotics can change the pharmacological effect of many drugs (for example, aminoglycosides increase the effect of mines, Levomycetin enhances the effect of anticoagulants, etc.).

Pathogenetic therapy

It is also necessary to conduct pathogenetic therapy aimed at eliminating occurred in the body of pathogenic chain reactions. In this regard, it is important to restore the disturbed functions of organs and systems, which means exposure to individual tracks of pathogenesis. Such treatment includes proper nutrition, supplying a sufficient amount of vitamins, treatment with anti-inflammatory agents, cardiac drugs, medications that soothing the nervous system, etc. Sometimes this strengthening therapy plays a leading role in the restoration of the patient's forces, especially when a person has already got rid of the pathogen microbe.

The testimony for the treatment of impaired metabolic metabolism (pathogenetic pharmacotherapy) is such a change in the functions of organs and systems, when they cannot be straightened by the organism themselves with the help of general genus and dietary appointments. The main direction of pathogenetic treatment is disinfecting therapy, depending on the severity of intoxication syndrome, can be carried out using infusion, enteral, efferent methods and their combinations. To pathogenetic treatment should be attributed rehydration tolerance With strong dehydrations of the body (cholera, salmonellosis, food toxicoinfection, etc.).

Infusion method Disinfection therapy is carried out with the help of intravenous, less frequently intraartherial administration of crystalloid (glucose, polyionic, ringer, physiological, etc.) and colloidal (albumin, amino acids, reamberin, desens - re- and polyglyukin, gelatinoly, mafusol, etc.) solutions. The principle of controlled hemodilution provides along with the introduction of solutions, the use of diuretic drugs, providing enhanced removal of toxins with urine . Rehydrative Terapia provides for administration (intravenous or enteral) saline solutions depending on the degree of dehydration.

Enteral method It is implemented by oral administration (sometimes through a nasogastric probe) of the introduction of crystalloid solutions, enterosorbents (activated carbon, lignosorb, ion exchange resins, polyfepan, polysorb, enterodez, etc.).

Efferent methods Detoxification is usually carried out with the most severe forms of diseases with the help of extracorporeal treatment methods (hemodialysis, hemosorption, plasmapheres, etc.).

Along with disintellation, the revealed disorders of the aqueous-electrolyte, gas and acid-base homeostasis, carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, hemocoagulation, hemodynamic and neuropsychiatric disorders are carried out.

Improving immunobiological resistance is achieved by a set of measures comprising a rational physical and dietary regime, the purpose of adaptogens, vitamins and trace elements, as well as physical treatments (for example, laser or ultraviolet blood irradiation, hyperbaric oxygenation, etc.).

Wide use found bacteridians - eubioticscontributing to the restoration of normal microflora of the person (bifidis, number, lactobacterin, bakyubyl, enterol, Narina, etc.).

With an atypical course of illness according to indications apply immocriming drugs - donor immunoglobulin and polyglobulin, immunomodulators (cytomedine - T-activin, thymaline and thymogen, interleukins; bacterial polysaccharides - pyrogenal and predigiosis; interferons and inductors of interferonogenesis - cycloferon, NeOGO, amiksin, etc.) or immunosuppressors (azatioprine, glucocorticosteroid hormones, D -Pencyllamine, etc.).

Pathogenetic therapy is often combined with symptomatic means - anesthetic and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-face and local anesthetic drugs.

Treating treatment. The use of vitamins in infectious patients is undoubtedly useful, but it does not cause a decisive fracture during infectious disease. In practice, it is limited to the use of three vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine and riboflavin) or patients give multivitamin dragees.

Complications of drug therapy of infectious patients

Treatment of infectious patients may be complicated by the side effects of medicines, as well as development. drug Disease In the form of dysbacteriosis, immunoallergic lesions (anaphylactic shock, serum disease, swelling of quinque, toxico-allergic dermatitis, vasculitis, etc.), toxic (hepatitis, nephritis, agranulocytosis. Encephalopathy, etc.) and mixed genes caused by the individual or perverted patient reaction This preparation or products of its interaction with other medicines.

Drug disease Most often occurs in the process of etiotropic treatment with specific and chemotherapeutic drugs. The most dangerous manifestation of medicinal disease is anaphylactic shock.

Serum disease Developed in cases of repeated administration of allergen (usually therapeutic sera, gammaglobulins, less often immunoglobulins, penicillin and other medicines). It is characterized by inflammatory damage to vessels and connective tissue.

With repeated administration of the antigen in the body, antibodies of various classes and species are produced. They form circulating immune complexes, which are postponed on the sections of the vascular wall, activate the complement. This leads to an increase in the permeability of the vessels, infiltration of the vascular wall, narrowing or blocking the lumen of blood capillaries of renal glomers, myocardium, lungs and other organs, the damage of heart valves and synovial shells. 3-7 days after the appearance of antibodies in the blood, immune complexes and antigen are removed, gradually recovery occurs.

Complications of serum disease in the form of polyneurite, synovitis, skin necrosis and subcutaneous fiber, hepatitis is rarely observed.

Dysbacteriosis as one of the forms of medicinal disease, usually develops due to the use of antibacterial drugs, mainly the wide range of action. Dysbacteriosis is divided by the nature of the biosoma violation: candidoid, protein, staphylococcal, colibacilla, mixed. According to the degree of change in microflora, they allocate compensated, sub- and decompensated variants that can proceed in the form of localized. common and systemic (generalized or septic) processes. The most commonly developing intestinal dysbacteriosis.

The disorder of intestinal microflora leads to disorder of the processes of digestion, contributes to the development of suction impairment syndrome, determines the emergence of endogenous intoxication and sensitization to bacterial antigens. In addition, it is the cause of secondary immunodeficiency, inflammatory processes in various digestive tract departments.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis In most cases, it is manifested by a rapid liquid or semi-mounted chair, pain or discomfort in the abdomen, flatulence, against which there are gradually developing a decrease in body weight, signs of hypovitaminosis in the form of glossite, haylitis, stomatitis, dryness and skin lubrication, as well as asthenia and anemia. In many patients, dysbacteriosis serves as the leading cause of a long subfebristite. When reorganososcopy, you can reveal inflammatory and subatrochetic changes in the mucous membrane of the straight and sigmoid intestine. In the case of the colonization of the intestine anaerobes Cl. Difficile is detected by pseudo-membrane colitis, with candidoid dysbacteriosis on the intestinal mucosa, krroshyroid or merging overlays and polypose formations are found.

Orofarental (rotoglotor) dysbacteriosis It is manifested by the discomfort and a feeling of burning in the cavity of the ointment, violation of swallowing. In case of inspection, hyperemia and dryness of the oral mucosa, glossitis, haylitis, and in the case of candidiasis, the curls are defined.

It is better to prevent a degree to deal with the consequences. The phrase is not suitable for the prevention of diseases, especially infectious nature - influenza, ARVI. This category includes a complex of techniques, measures, programs. All of them is possible to divide into two large categories - specific and nonspecific prophylaxis. In the article we will reveal the content, features of these groups, and also we will analyze the rest of the important questions on the topic.

What is prevention?

Prevention in medicine is called a set of measures that are aimed at preventing the development of the disease and to stop the spread of pathogenic, harmful to the person of microorganisms.

Prevention shall be divided into steps:

Primary. Her goal is to prevent pathology. Measures affecting the emergence, the spread of causative agents.
Secondary. Eliminate the factors that contribute to the recurrence of pathology. It is carried out after diagnosing the symptoms of the disease.

Types of prevention

Medical prevention is divided into two types:

Specific. The means of combating the purpose of which is to create immunity against them.
Nonspecific. General measures that affect the efficiency of the spread of the pathogenic agent.

What applies to specific preventive measures

We begin to explore specific and nonspecific prevention. What does it relate to the first? It involves to protect the child's body and adult introduction of a vaccine. The vaccination helps both completely protect against the infection of one or another ailment and during any disease to protect a person from serious complications.

Specific prophylaxis is one of the most efficient. In most cases, it involves the introduction of proteins of a weakened virus. This contributes to the development of protection by the body, which will be resistant and against a strong strain.

Specific prophylaxis is desirable, and often both obligatory for the following categories of persons:

Children and adolescents from 0.5 to 15 years.
Older people from 65 years old.
Medical staff, employees who have to contact a large stream of people during the work day.

According to statistics, in 80% of cases, vaccination helps to completely protect themselves from the disease. Even if the virus enters the body and strengthens in it, the course of the disease will not be so heavy, there will be no dangerous complications. On average (for the term the specificity of one or another vaccination is influenced) after the introduction of the vaccine, immune defense is formed in 2 weeks.

Specific prophylaxis is additionally divided into three groups:

Active. Introduction to the body of the vaccine. These are alive, killed microorganisms, their parts. The body produces antibodies against them on their own.
Passive. Entering in the form of serum already finished antibodies.
Active passive. The combination of the first two forms.

What belongs to nonspecific protection

What is nonspecific prevention? This includes other drugs that also help the body to resist infection. These are the following groups of funds:

Immunobiological medical staff.
Antiviral agents.
Preparations of chemical nature.

Doctors recommend purchasing similar means in advance and always keep them at hand - in a home first aid kit. However, with the choice of a particular prophylactic drug, its dosage, the periodicity of the application should only be helped by the attending physician!

Other nonspecific prevention measures

Nonspecific prevention is not only medical drugs. This includes wellness, sanitary, hygienic procedures that are available to everyone are easy to remember and incarnation. Surely you know them since childhood:

Wash your hands regularly with soap after the street, toilet procedures, work, games. And necessarily - before meals!
Use only individual hygiene objects - toothbrush, washcloth, towels, napkins, comb, and so on.
For hygienic procedures outside the house (let's say, before taking food on a picnic), you will purchase wet hygienic napkins in advance, antibacterial agents.
Non-specific disease prevention - not touching your mouth and nose without needing, do not nibble, do not keep your fingers and foreign objects in the oral cavity. So you directly deliver viruses into a favorable environment for them.
Regularly ventilate residential premises. In the warm season, it is recommended to keep the vents open all the time - especially in continuation of sleep.
An excellent acquisition will be a homely humidifier of air - it will save the last of the dryness, which is characteristic of the period of the heating season.
Follow the classic principles of the routine of the day, wakefulness, sleep, work and recreation.
There should always be fresh fruits and vegetables in your menu, fresh fruit juices, herbal teas and fruit.
We will also be hardened. However, to this extent the non-specific prevention of infectious diseases, it is still worth resorting in the warm season.
Contact folk methods - vitamin plates from berries, herbal beams, real, etc.

We marked only general nonspecific prevention measures. However, individual events are more good for the formation of the body protection against viruses. They are better to develop with their doctor.

How does an infection get into the body?

Specific measures of non-specific disease prevention depends on the path that such or other infection can get into the body. Based on this doctor, the most appropriate protection method is recommended.

Acute and chronic infections can get into the human body in several ways:

Transmissible. This is so transmitted malaria, encephalitis, raw tit.
Contact (household). This is a path of infection with scabies, tetanus, herpes.
Fecal-oral. This is a way of infection with such dangerous diseases as dysentery, diphteria, enterocolit.
Aerial drip. Corgent, tuberculosis, ORVI, flu, cough, rubella.

Each way we will look in detail.

Prevention of air-drip infection

Non-specific prevention of tuberculosis, as we noted above will refer to this category. Let's consider all confrontation measures to infections that are transmitted by airborne droplets:

Systematic hardening.
Physically active lifestyle.
Regular ventilation, disinfection (for example, periodic wet cleaning) of residential premises.
During epidemics (most of all it concerns the flu) when entering the street, do not forget to protect yourself with a freshly marlevant bandage.
Before a visit somewhere, do not forget to handle the mucous membrane and the nose with a special antiseptic agent - especially for children. You can use the preparations widely represented in pharmacies - "Miramistin", "Aquamaris" and the like.
Do not forget to follow the elementary rules of personal hygiene.
If you are treated from acute or chronic form of respiratory and viral infection, try not to visit the crowded places - take care of others.

Non-specific influenza prevention, ORVI - this is some medical medications:

Spray, ointment. "Oxolin", "Viferon", "Nazawal".
Means for restoring the functions of a weakened immune system. "GENERNON", "ARBIDOL", "AFLUB", etc.

Prevention of fecal-oral infection

Help to resist these diseases will be able to be uncomplicated. Non-specific prevention of infections of this type is as follows:

After toilet procedures, and also before eating, do not forget to wash your hands with soap.
Buying one or another product, always pay attention to its shelf life.
Do not allow raw and already cooked food somehow in contact with each other. Keep these products in a separate container, containers.
Before use, a number of products need complete heat treatment. This is meat, fish, eggs.
Fresh fruits, vegetables, greens be thoroughly rinsed under running water (best - with food soda).
The products you prepared should not be stored in the refrigerator more than 3 days.
It is best to prepare dishes in small quantities, based on the fact that you fully eress them for breakfast, dinner or lunch.
You only need to drink boiled water! A good replacement will be bottled, but only from a reliable supplier.

As for the medical drugs, the prevention of fecal-oral infections, experts recommend to apply "enterosgel", "smacks" and similar means.

Prevention of contact-household infection

Measures of non-specific type of prevention here will also be simple:

We are thoroughly treated with those things, places in the house that several people use at once. These are dishes, cutlery, kitchen towels, bathrooms, showers, etc.
Exclude random sexual connections from your lifestyle.
Try to attend public beaches, water parks. According to statistics, most people are infected with various infections of a contact-household type here.
Observe the simple rules of personal hygiene.

There are no specific prophylactic medical preparations for this category. As a rule, individual therapy is appointed by a specialist only when infected with a specific infection.

Prevention of transmissive infections

And again a number of simple safety rules are offered:

Transmission path is most often the transmission of infection by insects. Therefore, nature walks, in the forest belt and even the parks need to be carefully planned - put on protective clothing, regularly inspect yourself and satellites, use sprays frightening insects, etc.
Exclude trips to Equatorial countries with a small child or a man with a weakened immunity.
Watch a healthy lifestyle, follow the simple rules of hygiene - in order not to weaken the immune defense.
Separate rules - for pregnant women. If an infectious disease is diagnosed about the future woman in labor, then the appearance of a child should be planned to be planned using cesarean sections. This will save the baby from possible infection.

Now you know what is the nonspecific HARI prevention and more serious diseases. But do not forget about specific as more efficient.

Actinolizat should be applied as a specific drug in the treatment of actinomycosis of the maxillofacial area and neck. It has high antigenic properties and gives the best results. All authors who have experience in the development of immunotherapy and treatment with actinolizat, do not give any recommendations on the consistency of the body's resistance and the appointment of immunotherapy. We are focused on accounting for these data in the treatment of immune drugs.

Based on the general and local clinical picture, data of immunological studies with actinolizat and other laboratory indicators (specific and non-specific reactivity of the body, the total immunological reactivity of the body, the study of blood, urine, etc.) is estimated to be the functional state of the organism. Depending on this, the question of time, sequence with other treatment, appointing actinolizat is solved.

Complex treatment of actinomycosis, the choice and sequence of therapeutic measures should be in strict dependence on the state of the organism reactivity. P. N. Veselkin (1963) and A. D. ADO (1978) noted that with light aggression, the body with normal reactivity is able to counteract infection. Heavier aggression require active assistance in order to enhance the body's response to fight and infection. Heavy aggression in the inferiority of the body's protection tools forced the most adequately to maintain adaptation reactions, strengthen the body tolerance.

With the actinomic process, characterized by a normergic type of inflammation, the treatment starts from the appointment of actinolizat. At the same time, depending on the indicators of nonspecific immunity and other data, a comprehensive treatment is carried out with the use of secrets and stimulating agents and in some cases of biologically active substances. The latter depends on the reduction of resistance arising during a long-term actorncase process, in some cases - from the transition of inflammation into a hypo-ergic type, which requires correction of the treatment regimen.

With the actinomic process, which flows through the hyperergic-mu type with a pronounced sensitization to a radiant mushroom, treatment begins with general antibacterial therapy, enzymaterapy and complex infusion therapy aimed at the correction of hemodynamics, the elimination of metabolic disorders, as well as the regulation of inflammation, disintellation. Special attention should be paid to the appointment of drugs with desensitizing, a constructive and tonic effect. In the treatment complex, vitamins of groups B and C, Cocarboxylase, ATP are used. Conduct symptomatic therapy and treatment of concomitant diseases. During this period, surgical intervention (disclosure of purulent foci) should be carried out with minimal tissue injury. After the course of such treatment (from 2-3 weeks to 1-2 months), on the basis of the relevant data of the immunological study, the course of immunotherapy with actinolization is prescribed.

In the event of a reaction to the introduction of actinolyzate (deterioration of the general condition, the increase in temperature, chills, the local dissemination of the process) should continue the general therapy before the appearance of a more adequate response of the body. According to indications for individual patients, hormonal drugs - corticosteroids should be included in infusion solutions. Then conduct a course of immunotherapy, combining it with treatment based on pathogenetic effects on individual organs and systems. Treatment with antigenic load (Prodigiosis, Pyrohenal, etc.) is not shown. Only subsequently when removing sensitization to the radiant mushroom and reduce intoxication, these drugs are prescribed before the second, during the second and in front of the third course of immunotherapy.

With the development of a local hyperchic reaction in the clinical picture of actinomycosis, treatment should be treated with general desensitizing and local immunosuppressant therapy: sheathing by hydrocortisone tissues, local application of immunosuppressants and only after that appoint immunotherapy with actinolization. The purpose of the secrets and stimulating drugs of antigenic stimulants is not shown.

The actinomycous process that flows with a hypo-ergic inflammatory response is advisable to treat, conducting stuffing and stimulating activities. Antigenic stimulants, hemotherapy, vitamins in a symptomatic treatment complex are used in the form of a course or part of the course and only after that appoint actinolizat.

Aergic type of inflammation with the actinomyosis requires general measures directed mainly on the treatment of concomitant diseases, violations of bodies and systems. According to the testimony, we are used by the lining, stimulating agents, adaptogens. From the appointment of Prodigiosan and methyluracyl, it is necessary to refrain, but it is advisable to use it in terms of levomizol. After the course of general, tall and symptomatic therapy, as well as levomizol treatment begins therapy with actinolization. In individual patients, the correction of immunogenesis is improved due to the inclusion in general therapy of glucocorticoids, histoglobin, the preparations of the fork gland (T-activin), diucifone.

Treatment with actinolizat is carried out according to the method of SUTEEV, the method of Lenin or applying the last method in the modification of the formation.

According to the method of suteeva, actinolizat is introduced intramuscularly 3 ml 2 times a week; on the course of treatment 20 injections.

The ASNINA method provides for the introduction of actinolizat intraodelly into the inner surface of the forearm 2 times a week, only 25 injections according to the scheme: 1st injection - 0.5 ml, 2nd - 0.7 ml. 3rd - 0.9 ml, with 4th injections, with each subsequent dose, increased by 0.1 ml; By the 14th injection, it reaches 2 ml and remains such up to the 25th injection. D. I. Lenin The basis of its methodology was based on the provision of A. M. Orthodi, who pointed to more intensive products of immune bodies with intracutaneous administration of antigens. We also got good results.

The use of actinolyzate internally in the modification of the formation is that the drug is injected into the skin of both forearms in the following doses: 1st injection - 6.3 ml, 2nd - 0.5 ml in each forearm, 3rd - 0 , 5 ml in three points of foreigners, 4th - 0.5 ml in four forearm points. The dose of 2 ml remains unchanged until the end of the course (only 25 injections).

As a specific preparation, you can apply APF. It is introduced intraderially in the forearm 2 times a week; For a course of 20-25 injections. With 1st injection, the dose is 0.1 ml, at 2nd - 0.2 ml (in two points of 0.1 ml). Next, with each injection, 0.1 ml is added, increasing the number of administration points. By the 10th injection, the dose of vaccine is increased to 1 ml, and it remains such up to 20-25th injections. After the introduction of the vaccine, a dense papule of dark red color is maintained, which is resolved after 4-7 days.

When recovered during the first course of specific therapy after a break in 1 months, a prophylactic course consists of 15-20 injecting actinolizat or the APF is carried out. In other cases, after a monthly break, the second course is carried out and then the treatment is continued until complete recovery. We do not share the opinions about the feasibility of shortening the course of immunotherapy to 10-15 injections, as provided by D. I. Lenin (1956), D. I. Asin and O. B. Minker (1963), L. A. Makarova (1975).

A long course of actinomycosis, poorly deemed treatment, requires stimulating and secreting medical measures. It is advisable to spend before the second course of immunotherapy.

An important task in the treatment of patients with the actinomyosis of the maxillofacial region is the creation of optimal conditions in the body in the fight against infection. Therapeutic measures should be aimed at increasing the general resistance of the body, including the increase and correction of non-specific protection facilities.

Treatment involving the increase in the general resistance of the body includes the wide use of injections of group vitamins B and C, aloe extract, various adaptogen. For the same purpose, hemotherapy is carried out. The extensive experience of such treatment of the actinomycosis of the maxillofacial region has been accumulated. Gemotherapy under the hospital conditions is carried out as a hemotransphus in rising dosages. They are made 1 time per week, only 4-6 times, in the following quantities: the first time - 50 ml, the second - 75 ml, the third - 100 ml, the fourth - 125 ml, the fifth - 150 ml, the sixth - 175 ml. Autohemotherapy is carried out under the conditions of polyclinic every other day according to the following scheme: the first time - 3 ml, the second - 5 ml, the third - 7 ml, the fourth - 9 ml, the fifth - tenth - 10 ml.

Indication to the use of stimulating, tall treatment, vitaminated therapy and hematherapy is the actinomy process, long (2 months and more) flowing through the normgic and hypoegrichety type of inflammation, as well as on the hypergic in the absence of contraindications associated with the general condition of the body, functional disorders.

A special place to increase the role of nonspecific factors of the body in the fight against infection occupies the use of biological stimulants. In recent years, the literature has noted a good effect of antigenic stimulants in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory processes of the maxillofacial region. These drugs are able to stimulate the nonspecific immunobiological reactivity of the body. We successfully used the preparations of purine and pi-ramidine rows with success: pentoxyl, methyluracil, bacterial polysaccharides, prerigiozan and pyrogenal, levomizol, T-activin.

Methyluracil should be prescribed by cycles no more than 10 days within a month, inward 0.5 mg 3 times a day; Total 3-4 cycles. Pentoxyl is prescribed 0.2 g 3 times a day after eating for 10-14 days Prodigiosis is administered intramuscularly three times in a dose of 25-50-75 mg with an interval of 3-4 days. After 2-4 hours after the injection of Prodigiosan, many patients noted a short-term increase in body temperature to 37.5-38 ° C, sometimes lubrications in the joints, ailments, headache. The state is normalized for 12-24 hours. Pyrogenal is administered according to the circuit in the form of a course.

Complex therapy with the use of biologically active drugs made it possible to note the improvement of the overall state, activation and degradation of the actinomycous process and faster absorption of actinometric foci.

The highest effect was obtained at the appointment of Prodigiosis and leftomizol. After the course of treatment, the prodigiosis is sluggish, the slow flow of actinomycosis was activated, actinomy foci was agreed and concentrated with the subsequent output. After that, there was a further resolution of inflammatory phenomena and stimulation of regenerative processes. It is noted that Prodigiosan has a positive effect on the actinolization conducted by immunotherapy.

The testimony for the use of methyluracil and pentoxyl is the actinosis process with a normergic type of inflammation and duration of the disease more than 2 months. Prodigiosis is shown in the hypo-ergic type of actinomy inflammation. Pyrogenal should also be used for hypo-ergia. Especially good result is obtained with the defeat of the salivary glands and bone tissue.

The hypergic type of actinomy inflammation does not allow the use of biologically active substances, antigenic stimulants. They are shown only after appropriate therapy, sacrament of common and local symptoms and the transition to normal inflammation. Otherwise, the antigenic load may lead to the progression of the actinosis process, metastasis and its generalization. Local hypeergic actinomy reaction also does not allow to recommend antigenic stimulants. In individual patients with damage to the bone, lymph nodes, the correction of immunogenesis can be achieved by the use of lesomeness. In addition, with skin tuberculk, subcutaneous gummamine forms and hyperplastic lymphadenitis, we received a good effect with the local application of immunosuppressants: prostaglandins, spirazidine on Lanoline in the form of bandages, appliques of anti-histamine preparations, immunosuppressants, biosuprixin.

With aergia therapy, antigenic stimulants are undesirable, as it can cause a breakdown of adaptation systems of the body, general functional disorders, as well as activate the actinomycous process. In a number of patients with the anegic state of the body, the hypergic type of actinist inflammation, as well as in individual patients with the presence of a number of allergic diseases, we successfully were treated with hystaglobin. The drug has an antihistamine action, and actinolizat does not act on the histamine system.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases of young farm animals is one of the complex problems facing veterinary science and practice. In diarrhea with faeces, liquid is lost, the composition is close to the blood plasma. It includes sodium electrolytes, potassium, bicarbonate ions. With severe diarrhea, the animals are isolated with feces 20-30 times more liquid, lose 27 times more sodium ions, 17 times more potassium ions, in 37 chlorine ions, in 24 calcium and 40 times magnesium. The patients decrease the amount of urine outlooked, or its selection stops, the urea content of up to 1200 mg / l increases, the deficit of water, electrolytes and energy occurs. In feces, the glucose content of 4 times increases, the protein is 2 times. The digestibility of feed decreases, the body does not receive the necessary nutrients, vitamins, macro- and microelements.

Gastrointestinal infections of young people are massive and bring significant damage to animal husbandry. Their complex etiological structure, the variety of pathogenetic links involve all organism systems in the pathological process and require only complex medical and preventive intervention. The implementation of this situation is based on all methods of therapy: etiotropic - the fight against the causative agent of the disease; pathogenetic - aimed at eliminating the tracks of the pathogenetic chain, restoration of the organism self-regulation, mobilization and stimulation of protective forces; substituent - aimed at the introduction and replacement of missing substances in the body lost due to the development of the pathological process; Regulating nervous trophic functions and symptomatic aimed at eliminating symptoms of the disease. Comprehensive medical and preventive intervention is also based on the implementation of all principles of therapy (see "General principles of integrated treatment of respiratory infectious pathologies of young"). Active, physiological and comprehensive principles of therapy underlie the effectiveness of veterinary measures and in gastrointestinal infections.

Treatment of young, patient with intestinal infections, it is necessary to begin with the simultaneous use of etiotropic (inactivation of the pathogen and its toxins, the elimination of related factors of the disease) and the pathogenetic (combating the dehydration of the patient of the body, toxicosis, normalization of digestion processes) therapy methods.

The fight against causative agents of diseases in therapeutic measures is carried out with the help of specific and nonspecific funds, which are described in detail when describing the disease. However, in relation to intestinal infections, accompanied by diarrhea syndrome, it should be noted a smaller efficiency of specific hyperimmune serums and globulins. This is due to the fact that the infectious agent is predominantly localized in the lumen or on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, i.e. it is difficult for most antibodies and immunoglobulins.

Of the means of specific treatment of bacterial gastrointestinal diseases at any stage of the development of the pathological process, highly effective specific bacteriophages are most effective. Their use is harmless, does not lead to complications, does not affect the biocenosis of the normal intestinal microflora, environmentally favorably (does not pollute the environment, does not entail restrictions on the bottom). Moreover, to date, only the use of phage preparations can be eliminated by bacteridation and effectively sanitize the body from the causative agent.

Mono- and polyvalent bacteriophages against echeryhiosis, salmonellosis, klebseylosis, pseudomo-noza, protein and other bacterial infections are developed and used. Their use is most effectively after determining the sensitivity of the pathogen to the phage, conducted by the simple method of sowing bacteriophage on the newly sown lawn of the rabral culture of the pathogen. The presence of after 18-20-hour cultivation at 35-36 "from the negative growth zones of the tested phage of the bacteria indicates a positive result and allows for the use of this drug with the appropriate intestinal bacteriosis. The use of phages with a weak lithium action (moderate) or not possess a lithic effect contributes to Activation of life and toxinization of a bacterial agent, as well as mutagenesis and accumulation of phago-resistant strains of the causative agent.

With an unexplained definitively etiology, a complex drug was proposed - polyfag against acute intestinal diseases of young, including the echerychoid, protein, staphylococcal, klebseyellese and pseudomonous bacteriophages. Its use is particularly justified in cases of development of dysbiosis in the intestine due to viral diseases.

Since bacteriophages lose their activity in an acidic medium, an animal 3-5% sodium hydrocarbonate solution in boiled water at the rate of 1-2 ml / kg of their mass is dropped in front of the preparation. At the beginning of treatment, bacteriophages are used from 3 to 6 times every 3 hours for 3 days; Postnatal young at the next gathering of bacteriophage fell a colostrum in half volume.

Among the means of etiotropic treatment, it should be noted the drug based on the products of the intestinal stick of antibiotic-like chickenins - Kolipotectan VEV.

The use of antibiotics, sulfonamides, nitrofuran and other chemotherapeutic means contributes to the rapid inactivation of the causative agent and the improvement of the body. In case of intestinal infections, the oral use of antibacterial agents with a predominant action in the gastrointestinal tract. Select the drug should be selected after preliminary determination of the sensitivity of the pathogenic isolate of microorganisms from the rectum and pathological material from the fallen animals to antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. For this purpose, methods of standard discs and dilutions are used (see "General Principles of Complex Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases").

A new remedy is a pronounced antibacterial effect - a glucofour-complex drug. Anolyte-acid water obtained during the electrolysis of natural water at the anode has bactericidal and fungicidal actions. It is used at a dose of 10 ml / kg of the mass of the animal instead of colostrum (milk) with a half-starved diet.

It should be remembered that the use of antibiotics does not eliminate bacterianesses and leads to general dysbacteriosis, since the active component of the drug is destroyed for both pathogenic, and for saprofite (so-called conditionally pathogenic) microflora, and for useful lacto, bifidobacteria, propionic acid and other bacteria. The liberated biological niche (the intestinal cavity) is quickly populated by yeast, enterobacteria and other saprophytes, which have often weak antibiotic sensitivity and multiple antibiotic coaxability.

Therefore, from 2-3 days after the start of the use of antibiotics, parallel oral administration of probiotic drugs is necessary. Probiotics are biological preparations that are stabilized cultures of symbiotic microorganisms or their fermentation products that contribute to the growth of the latter. The positive effect of their application is due to participation in the processes of digestion and metabolism of the host organism, the biosynthesis and the assimilation of the protein and many other biologically active substances, the provision of colonization resistance of the intestine. Probiotics are advantageously different from antibiotics in that they do not have side effects, do not accumulate in organs and tissues, do not cause trees from pathogenic microflora.

The use of probiotic preparations and from the early stages of viral enterocolites is shown. Viral agents can break the intestinal microbiocenosis, as viral proteins, embedded in the outer membrane of enterocyte, contribute to the formation of atypical receptors or receptor fields to which bacteria are intensively attached to the adhesion unusual for them: staphylococci, protea, yeast-like bacteria and others, .

Announced the regenerating effect of probiotics on various structures of the intestinal mucosa. After their use, together with immunomodulators, glass-like cells were restored in the duodenum, responsible for the production of mucus and bactericidal enzyme lysozyme, in the athtrican - morphology and functions of the mucous membrane, blood supply, enzymatic and secretory activity, in the ileum - the morphology of Village and Crypt. Probiotics contribute to the normalization of biochemical indicators of animal blood serum, the restoration of calcium-phosphoric ratio, decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. In weakened animals, an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

Gastrointestinal diseases of young people are polyethological character. For this reason, probiotics cannot act as an independent means of treatment, but should be considered as an important part in the general complex of therapeutic measures, as well as a natural alternative to antibiotics, which makes it possible to reduce the incidence of young gastrointestinal diseases and the risk of contamination of livestock products by causative agents of food toxicoin intake. The use of probiotic drugs is possible with milk, colostrum, water and feed. It is recommended to apply them for 10-15 minutes before each feeding.

Registered and with a positive effect is used for the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases of young farm animals, many probiotics. The main component compositions are indicated in brackets):

ABK (Lactobacillus Acidophilus);

alik (L. Acidophilus, Saccaromyces Cerevisiae yeast extract);

baktonotim (L. Acidophilus, Str. Faecium, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, BIF. Globosum);

bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Licheniformis);

biozan (L. Delbrueckii, L. Buchneri);

bosporin (you. SUBTILIS, you. Licheniformis);

bifazvdobacterin (Lakobifadol) (L. acidophilus, BIF. adolescentis);

bifidumbacterin (BIF. Adolescentis, BIF. BIFIDUM, BIF. LONGUM);

bifinorm (BIF. adolescentis);

biftitrilac (L. Acidophilus, BIF. Bifidum, L. Bulgaricus, L. Fermentum);

veter-1,1; veter-2; veter-4 (you. subtilis);

homoprobiotic bacterium preparation (L. acidophilus);

zavskaya Saratovskaya-3 (Saccaromyces Cerevisiae, L. Buchneri);

immunobac (L. Acidophilus, Str. Faecium, BIF. Adolescentis, BIF. Globosum);

inteste (Bacillus SSP., BIF. Globosum, Str. Faecium);

combined probiotic drug (E. coli M-17 P74, you. Firmus - CK);

varnish (L. Acidophilus, P. Shermanii, Str. Faecium, Str. diacetylactis);

lacticide (L. Acidophilus, L. Fermentum, Str. Faecium);

laktoamilovorin (L. amylovorus);

PP (probiotic product) (Str. Bovis, L. Gallinarum);

probiotic preparation from you. SUBTILIS, BIF. Bifidum, E. coli;

prodigest (rubber scar extract);

realy (L. Acidophilus, L. Fermentum, BIF. Globosum, autolysate yeast Saccaromyces Cerevisiae);

romacol (E. coli M-17);

savit (Saccaromyces Cerevisiae, Str. Faecium);

SBA (BIF. Adolescentis, BIF. BIFIDUM, L. Acidophilus, Str. Faecium);

sGOL (L. Acidophilus);

aTTOPACTERIN (you. SUBTILIS 534);

i will defuse (you. subtilis, you. Licheniformis);

streptobifide (BIF. Globosum, Str. Faecium);

streptis -olact (str. lactis);

subalin (you. SUBTILIS);

fagosan (L. Acidophilus, Str. Faecium);

phytobacterin (ruminococcus abus);

corobobacterin (Ruminococcus ABUS).

Probiotic preparations were also widely distributed: biodiversity; bifitrilac; lactobifadol; Dacticin; BIFI-DUM SCHEG; acipol; colibacterin; ICD; bifidine; UDS; Entero Bacterin-2; streptobifide forte; lactoferon; Okarin; Lactobacus-therin STX-1; bosporin B, alift-p; STF-32; Propyocide; Esid-Lac-Way (USA); Prodiguest (Slovenia); biopulus C (Germany); Colby Milch (Germany); Omnifiora (France), etc.

In parallel with etiotropic therapy in gastrointestinal diseases, accompanied by diarrhea, the creation of resting conditions, improved zoogigine content, reducing the load on the digestive tract,which is achieved by a half-starved diet. At the same time, one feed (milk or colostrum dug) is passed into second - the electrolyte solution is supplied (possibly with antiseptic solutions, for example, with a 1% dioxidine solution at the rate of 1-2Cm 3 / kg), in the third - 25% milk and 75 % of the electrolyte solution, to the following exhaustion - equal volume of milk and electrolyte solution, then with a predominance of milk (75%) and go to the next extinguishing.

To prevent the casein-plating disease, along with the elimination of violations of the regime and feeding technology, starting with 3-4 feeding and for 3-4 days, the calves sing with a colostrum diluted in a ratio of 1: 1 with a warm 2% sodium solution of chloride. Such an enrichment of the colostrum by ions sodium and chlorine prevents the formation of dense, rubber-like Casein bunches.

Effectively use for the same goals of combiters - preparations that prevent the formation of casein bunches in Schuch and contributing to their destruction. The active action of starting, Kamitizel, Pootzel, Combira Ka-32/60, as well as calcium peroxide (coke), an active drug from the ferrous stomach of chickens for calves, dietary means of lactolization and splat, which, in addition, normalize mineral exchange, reduce dehydration and replenish the body easily in the articles and carbohydrates.

The introduction of electrolyte solutions is simultaneously protected by dehydration, inextricably accompanied pathology with a drastically effect. The use of them together with diuretics provides both the liberation of the patient of the organism from toxins.

In the islanded signs of dehydration and toxicosis, intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous in-fusion of these solutions are shown. Among the official electrolyte solutions are the most common dyspepsia, regionalhings (according to V. V. Mityushin), Glosol, Lers (by K). Ya Dolnikov), Ringer's solutions, Ringer - Locke, Dzer, Windlukosalan, Colinat, Re-hydropectan, glucofuracide, vesptol.

The use of a glucose-salt solution prepared according to the register is effective: on 1 liter of water 4 g sodium chloride, 1 g of potassium chloride, 20 g of glucose. After sterilization in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, 2.5 g of soda, 1 g of novocaine and antibacterial drug (500,000 units of streptomycin or neomycine) are added to the solution. Assign 100-200 ml per calf 1 time in 1-2 days.

The glucose-citrate solution is prepared according to the register: 1 liter of water 8.5 g sodium chloride, 4.5 g of sodium citrate and 20 g of glucose. Doses - up to 400 ml of young cattle or horses, up to 150 ml - on lamb, goat.

It is possible to use a mixture of 50 g of sodium carbonate, 420 g of sodium bicarbonate, 20 g of chloride potassium and 100 g of sodium chloride on the water system, as well as an isotonic sodium solution of chloride (saline), 2-3% sodium acetate, or mixture 6.5 G salts and 4.5 g of soda in 1 liter of water.

The antitoxic effect is ensured by the introduction of electrolyte and glucose solutions together with urotropin (0.5 cm 3 40% solution per 1 kg of animal mass), furosemide, pine hairdresses of forest pine, mother-and-stepmother, piping heads, pollips, daisies pharmacy , parsley in fees and other diuretics, as well as parenteral administration of ascorbic acid at a dose of 1000 mg; complex drugs with sodium nucleicate; vitamin-ami-nokslotte-microelement component - Hamavit, Ami-Novit (0.2-0.7 cm 3 / kg 1 time per day); oral administration of the GOLE -0.5-1 g / kg cattle, 4 g / kg pigs; Enterosorbents.

Enterosorbents are binding to the bowel cavity toxic decay products, short-sized products, accumulated gases, bacteria, reducing the load on the gastrointestinal tract, as well as toxygenic processes. This is, as a rule, hygroscopic powders or tablets with an average dose of oral use of 0.5-1.5 g / kg of animal weight: activated carbon, zoo, lignin, hydroxal, sorbex, polyphapan, polysorb, zoo-carb, patterns, Florecol b , EST-1, Lipamid, Pectosorbit, Hepatocel, Hepatomit, Saponin, Microsorb-P, Cidinneg, Enterosim, Mexidol, Biogel 5, Polysorb VP, Anolyte, Cathologe, Biogel 5, Cesadejdin, Florezol B.

Reproduction of the intestinal mucosa and the elimination of diarrhea as a pathogenetic link is achieved by the use of enveloping and binding. 10-12 ml / kg of animal mass of 1-5% Clayster of rice beam, brachmal beam, decoction 1:30 of the flax of the flax, are falling into 2-3 times a day. 5-8 ml / kg of broth 1:10 Ninexille high, cowboy colors, spotted jaryshnik, moss of Icelandic, colors and Malva leaves.

The group of binders includes champs and infusions of medicinal plants: 1:10 oak bark, coil rhizoma, rozing of the laptop, root and root of heming, sage leaf; Infusions 1:10 Daisy colors, Vintasy 1:20 Olhi Sulfur, Horsel Horsel Herb, Hyperic Mountain, Personal Highlander; 1% solution of the extract of birch mushroom chaga (befungin) and others are used in a dose of 5-10 ml / kg of animal mass. In charges, ingredients can be combined, providing both astringent and anti-inflammatory, diuretic and generalifications.

Examples of anti-stage fees:

1) for 1 l water: daisy flowers pharmaceutical - 10 g, hunter hoody herbs - 20, clover flowers meadow - 10, dandelion roots - 20 g;

2) 1 l Water: Duba-South Core, horsetail grass - 20, olhovy bumps (crowded) - 10, strawberry sheet - 10, sorrel Konsky-South.

The boiled fee is paid at the rate of 4-8 ml / kg 3-4 times a day for 20-30 minutes before feeding.

The simplest astringent in production conditions - hay decoction (1 kg per bucket of water) 500 ml per calf 3-4 times a day.

With enterocolites, young people loses not only a lot of water and electrolytes. The absence of appetite, the low digestibility of the feed leads to a tangible lack of vitamins and digestive enzymes, and in the pathogenetic process of the intestinal disease, the reactions of hypovitaminosis, secretory deficiency of the digestive glands and the liver begins. In this regard, in the integrated therapy of infectious gastrointestinal diseases, young people must be resorted to substitution enzyme and vitamin therapy.

As an enzyme agent, it is used orally 15 minutes before the powder of pepsin (1% solution with a 0.5% acid hydrochloric acid solution) in a dose of 5-ymg / kg of animal mass, natural gastric juice 30-50 cm 3, artificial Gastric juice - 80-100 cm 3 on calf's head. They are prescribed inside pancreatin in capsules containing trypsin and abomin, at a dose of 2-5mg / kg of animal mass, as well as individuals, use drugs enterofarm, hemolyzate 15 minutes to feeding, especially in the first days of life, as well as gastrovietin, pancreatin.

The vitamin preparations primarily use groups A, D, E, for monogastric even in b 2, in 6, pp. It should be remembered that BT and BB vitamins with simultaneously administration enter into antagonistic relations with phosphorylary in the body, which reduces the possibility of transforming them into biological forms. Vitamins C, RR, K and B 12 enhance the ability of blood to coat, which, with increased blood viscosity (dehydration syndrome), is dangerous to developing heart failure and thromboembolic processes. The probability of the latter increases with simultaneous antibiotic therapy with penicillin and its derivatives. Due to the low digestibility of vitamin preparations in the inflamed intestine, it is advisable to parenteral use of them.

Apply:

intramuscularly concentrate of vitamin A or oil solution of retinol acetate (thousand me per day per head): calves early-cells 15-40, late-brakes and foals from 3 months 40-70, lambs of 2.5-10, piglets 2.5-4 ;

intramuscularly Caroline piglets on the cream, calves-milking 5-10 cm 3 on the head 3 times with an interval of 5 days;

0.2% solution of beta-carotene in oils in doses of 0.2 cm 3 / kg mass of calves and 1.3 cm 3 / kg feed of pigleams in the composition of feed mixtures;

intramuscularly concentrate of vitamin D 2 - 20 000-30 000 on the head;

intramuscularly e-selenium - 0.5 cm 3/10 kg;

intramuscularly or subcutaneously 1 time per day trivit (a, d 3, e) and ate (a, d 3, e and f): young animals are 5-7 cm 3; piglets, lambs, goats - 1.5; rabbits - 0.3 cm 3;

subcutaneously oil solution Ursita (A, D 3, E, C): foals and calves - 2.5 cm 3; piglets, lambs, goats - 1-2 cm 3;

intramuscularly 1 time in 2-3 days aminovitis (a, d 3, e, c, bi, 2, in 6, pp, k 3, n, etc.) animal weighing up to 5 kg - 1.0-1.5 cm 3; up to 20 kg - 3, up to 40 kg - 6, over 9-10 cm 3;

intramuscularly or subcutaneously eleovit (a, d 3, e, k 3, bt, in?, in 5, in 6, in C, B] 2, n) (1 animal): foals, calves - 2-3 cm 3 ; lambs - 1, piglets - 1-1.5 cm 3;

subcutaneously or intramuscularly multivitamin (A, D 3, E, B 2, in 5, WB, in 12, etc.) at a dose of 2 cm 3/50 kg of mass for large animals, 1 cm 3 / y kg Mass for small and etc.

As already noted, often intestinal infections are caused by saprophyte and weaklyulent bacteria, cored crown and rotavirus, adenoviruses and other pathogens against the background of the immunodeficiency state of the body caused by industrial stresses, radiation failure or imbalance, violations of the technology of the colosure of the colosure of the posenatal animals. This circumstance is indicated by studies of various authors, which note that diseases in calves with symptom complex diarrhea arise against the background of a low level of immunologically active proteins - immunoglobulins in serum, low number of T- and B-Lim-Focytes, phagocytic neutrophil activity. This substantiates the popularity of application as a means of therapy of intestinal infections of young immunomodulators. Their spectrum and potential are very wide: Ligfol, Timogen, Timalin, Tim-Regivith, Timogar and Temimin AT, T-activin, in-activin, Quanti Lin, Isokvaterine, Histosuroglobin, Ganglyin, Ceophract, Argekhin, Sodehishchi Wiretin and its modifications, Levamizol, Immunofan, Laenterad, Staumb, Xmedon, Milon, Vitulin C, Ribav, Razst, ASD Fraction 2, reaches, mastim, polyoxidonium, fospmenil, propolis, enteropham with allogeneous serum and ferro-glucine, ozonized sodium chloride, comprehensive Immuno-probiotic drugs with Interferon - Bactoferon, Luck Toferon, Immunobak, Bactonotim, as well as Neoferon, Leukinfe Ron and many others. In some viral infections in which macrophages may be a place of virus replication (viral diarrhea, adenoviral infection), immunomodulators should be used with caution - monocitive stimulants.

In pronounced cases of toxicosis and increased blood viscosity, it is necessary to assign funds supporting cardiac activity: intramuscularly sulfocamphocaine, cordamine, or subcutaneously 20% cellular solution of camphor in a dose of 0.05 cm 3 / kg; intramuscularly Cocarboxylase at the rate of 1 mg / kg per day.

To maintain the biotonus of the body, the intramuscular use of ticitric blood mothers at a dose of 0.5 cm 3 / kg in a day; hydrolyzine L-103 or amylopep-tide-2 - 1.5-2 cm 3 / kg 2 times a day; Polyglobulins or gam-ma-globulins on the first day of the disease and again after 4-5 days, thioglobulin in 0.7 cm 3 / kg every 24 hours before recovery. Equally important is the appointment of hepatoprotectors: dipromonia - 10 mg / kg; lipamide - 0.25-1 mg / kg; sirepara - 0.1 cm 3 / kg; as well as cidineaga, hepatocel, hepatosana, metolar, toxovit, essential, pumpkin.

To maintain the biotonus of the body, a ligo virgin is also used, a tissue fetal preparation "Suifet", selenopyrin, TM lenton, eracond, reamberin, limontar, hemat-plus, horse farmer, vitacid, ribav, diarin, gamavit, gastrowetin, tricapotol, 2, 5% mumion solution, oxigumat, road stimulator, transcranial electrostimulation (TKES), xymedon, biostimulator from cows placenta, Milon, 5% water-alcohol propolis emulsion (EPP), as well as homeopathic remedies: Rulsatilla, Nux-Vomica , Argentum Nitricum.

The pronounced efficacy on the humoral and cellular factors of the natural resistance and the viability of newborn ozone surgery, the immunomodulatory effect and the anti-infectious activity of the ozone in parenteral administration, which stimulates the effect of reflexology (pharmac and laser support) is established.

The range of applications of ozone therapy due to the properties of the ozone to influence the transportation and the release of oxygen in the tissue is quite wide. Currently, there are experimental and clinical materials indicating immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and other properties of ozone. The immunomodulatory effect is associated with the activation of synthesis of lymphocytes and monocytes of cytokines - interferon, interleukins, which activate both cellular and humoral immunity. The antibacterial effect of ozone is associated with an increase in the action of free radicals and an increase in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, and antiviral - with damage to the polypeptide chains of the shell, which prevents viruses to attach to cells. In addition, there is a splitting of one RNA thread into two parts, thereby breaking the process of virus replication. Protection against virus penetration is provided by the synthesis of interferon.

The ozonation of the colostrum increases the adsorption capacity of immunoglobulin in the intestine of a newborn young. Parenteral administration by calves of ozonized sodium solutions chloride stimulates the functional activity of various unmune system links and ensures high animal safety.

Among the unconventional methods of therapy in recent years, reflexology is also used, which is based on the principle of reflex - the most universal mechanism of nervous activity. Reflexotherapy is able to supplement or replace pharmacological methods of therapy. At the same time, a 0.5% novocaine solution is introduced into biologically active points or a laser affects them. Pharmacism and laser support are helping to increase humoral and cellular factors of natural resistance in animals. It has been established that the calves obtained from cows undergoing the influence of these methods have less observed gastrointestinal diseases, preservation was 100%. The contact scanning method is treated with a laser beam in the area of \u200b\u200bthe hungry pits, the ventral part of the abdominal wall on the left and right in the area of \u200b\u200bthe projection on the skin of the small intestine, as well as in biologically active points on the dorsal line of the lower back and the sacrum of paravertebrally on both sides.

In the gastrointestinal infections, the kis-burderer and local heating are also shown. As therapy, which regulates neuro-trophic functions, proposed over-pleural blockade of mosine or visceral blockade of hero.

Use the drug lenton. It contains ampicillin, analgin, acetylsalicylic acid, sodium chloride, sugar, honey, extractor from leaf and machem and tea leaf, distilled water. On the example of this drug, you can see the tendency of a systematic approach in therapy. Its integrated effect is characterized by the normalization of secretory and motor-evacuator functions of the stomach; suppression of pathogenic microflora; amplification of the protective reaction of the gastrointestinal tract to aggressive agents; Anti-inflammatory and moderately pronounced immunostimulating effects. The use of the belt is achieved fast and high therapeutic effect: recovery from acute intestinal infections occurs depending on the severity of the disease for 3-6 days.

The modified natural adaptogen of the new generation of Ligphol (Olyazifat) has in its composition humic substances obtained in the hydrolysis of natural (woody) lignin, sodium pyrophosphate with a decimal, sodium chloride and API-rod water. Ligfol warns the negative impact of stress syndrome, the occurrence of deadaption reactions, accelerates proliferative processes on the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, parenchymal organs. It is an effective hepatoprotector, a powerful antioxidant, an immunomodulator, especially the cellular immunity in a pathological focus, a hematopoix stimulator, a common nonspecific stimulator of the body and has antitumor activity.

The use of ligphol with premium cows intramuscularly at a dose of 5 cm 3 7-10 days before the hotel and the hotel day made it possible to reduce the number of generic and postpartum diseases, and also contributed to the birth of a more viable rating, a decrease in the incidence of newborns of calves gastrointestinal diseases. To stimulate life, stress correction, the best adaptation of Ligfol is administered to calves in a dose of 1 - 1.5 cm 3 a day before the translation from one age group to another. Single application of ligphol in a dose of 5 cm 3 sows on the 97th day of pregnantity helps to increase the output of "business" piglets (up to 4.5-5 per 10 sows) and a decrease in MERT-keen.