Auxiliary verbs in English language not translated, but fulfilled important function. It is the auxiliary verbs that tell us how to correctly translate a sentence. For example, the presence of the auxiliary verb do is a sure sign of an interrogative or negative sentence. And the verb will tells us that the sentence is in the future tense.

To have general idea about English auxiliary verbs, take a look at the table. This table shows with examples how to use auxiliary verbs in English (the verbs to DO, WILL, to BE, to HAVE and WOULD).

Help telny verb	When is it used?	Example
to DO	In interrogative sentences	Do do you like cats? You love cats?
	In negative sentences	I do n"t like cats. I do not like cats.
	To form the future tense	I will read book.
to BE	As a formal predicate (when in the Russian version of the sentence the predicate is omitted)	I am a doctor. I am doctor.
	To form tenses of the Continuous group (long action)	We are watching a good film now.
	For the formation of tenses of the Perfect group (completed action)	I haven't played this computer game before. I haven't played this computer game before.
	To form the tenses of the group Perfect Continuous	I have been playing this musical composition for two hours. I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now.
	To form the tense Future in past (when the first part of the sentence is in the past tense, and the second in the future).	I knew that she would come here. I knew she would come here.
SHALL/SHOULD	Not used in modern English. Previously, in certain cases, it was used as a replacement for the verbs WILL/WOULD.

For each auxiliary verb from this table there will be detailed analysis and many examples.

How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?

Let's look at what auxiliary verbs there are in English and what each of them means. There are five such verbs:

1. to be
2. to have
3. to do
4. will (would)
5. shall (should)

Particular attention should be paid to the first three (to be, to have, to do) of auxiliary verbs. There are several reasons for this:

• These verbs are used more often.
• They change according to their faces.
• They have abbreviated forms
• They are “two-faced” - they can be either an auxiliary verb or a semantic one.

How do auxiliary verbs change by person?

The auxiliary verbs to be, to be and to have change according to persons. All present tense forms for these three verbs are collected in the table:

Pronoun	to be	to do	to have
I	im	do	have
He, She, It	is	does	has
They, we, you	you	do	have

In the past tense, only the verb to be changes:

I, he, she, it - was
They, we, you - were

The auxiliary verbs to do and to have in the past tense will be did and had in all persons, respectively.
The verbs will, would, shall, should do not change by person.

Auxiliary verb to do.

To do is the most important of all auxiliary verbs in the English language. It is used to construct negative and interrogative sentences. For example, many people love cats and say about themselves:

I like cats.
I love cats.

But what if you don’t share this love? Everything must be denied:

I do not like cats.
I do not like cats.

That is, we put the auxiliary verb do with the negative particle not immediately after the subject and get a negation instead of an affirmative sentence. Instead of don't for brevity they often write don't.

You can also easily construct a question that will allow you to identify avid cat lovers in a crowd of people:

Do do you like cats?
You love cats?

Simply put the auxiliary verb do before the subject and you get an interrogative sentence.

More examples of interrogative and negative sentences:

I don't know it.
I do not know that.

She didn't watch this cartoon.
She didn't watch this cartoon.

Do do you speak English?
Do you speak English?

But we must always remember that general rule There is an exception to the construction of negative and interrogative English sentences. The verb do is not substituted in sentences containing modal verbs. Read more about the correct handling of modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to have

As a rule, the verb have is translated directly - as a semantic verb. Its meaning is to have, to possess. If we talk about to have As an auxiliary verb, it is used to form complex temporary constructions, the names of which contain words such as Perfect/Perfect Continuous. These temporary structures, it must be said, are not the most common. And beginners can easily do without them. However, these are almost half of the English "times" and it is advisable to have an idea of ​​how they are formed.

For clarity, I will briefly explain what Perfect/Perfect Continuous is.

If the action you describe is typical:

• completion of the action (optional);
• the importance of the message for the interlocutor;
• the opportunity for the interlocutor to use a message about the action performed;

then it's Perfect.

If a sentence reports an action that occurs over a period of time, which is stated explicitly or implied, then it is a Perfect Continuous.

The predicate in such sentences is constructed according to one of the 3 formulas given in the table:

Each of these formulas contains the auxiliary verb to have. And instead of asterisks you need to substitute the infinitive of the main verb. But what is important is that if we want to put a sentence in the past or future tense, then we need to apply these tenses to the verb to have, and not to the main verb. That is, in the past tense we put had instead of have, and in the future – will have.

I haven't played this computer game before.
I haven't played this computer game before ( Present Perfect)

I have been playing this musical composition for two hours.
I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now (Present Perfect Continuous)

I have finished reading this book by 3 o’clock today.
Today by 3 o'clock I finished reading this book (Past Perfect)

I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called.
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called (Past Perfect Continuous).

The verb have can also be used as a modal verb. Read about this in the article “Modal verb have to”.
Also, do not forget that the verb have changes according to persons - see the table at the beginning of the article.

Auxiliary verb to be

As a semantic verb, to be means “to be”, “to appear”. The point is that in English sentence There must always be both a subject and a predicate. In Russian we can say:

I am doctor.

As you can see, there is no predicate here, and when translating into English, we will have to cram some kind of verb into this sentence. In such situations, the verb to be is used. The correct translation of this sentence would be:

I am a doctor.

Literally this means “ I am a doctor.”

And so always, when a predicate is missing in a Russian sentence, when translating into English, we add the required form of the verb to be after the subject.

I am doctor.
I am a doctor.

She is a student.
She is a student.

They are idiots.
They are idiots.

To be is used as an auxiliary verb when constructing sentences that describe an action that requires a certain amount of time. These are the so-called Present/Past Continuous.

The following sentences are constructed according to a simple scheme:

Subject + Required form of to be + Main verb to which the particle –ing is added

We are watching a good film now.
We are looking interesting film Now.

They are loudly discussing the results of competitions.
They loudly discuss the results of the competition.

Tom was reading a magazine when the telephone rank.
Tom was reading a magazine when the phone rang.

By the way, if you’re not very good at navigating English times, read the answer to the main question English grammar“What is the difference between present indefinite and present continuous?” continuous

Auxiliary verb will

With this verb everything is simple. It is never used by itself, but as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form the future tense. Just use an auxiliary verb will after the subject and you get the future tense. For example:

I read a book. I am reading a book.

I will read book. I will be reading a book.

Auxiliary verb would

Verb would used to construct sentences called future in the past. This is when the main clause is in the past tense, and the subordinate clause is in the future. In this case, in subordinate clause To form the future tense, the auxiliary verb would is used rather than will. For example:

I knew that she would come here.
I knew she would come here.

You can read more about this verb in the article “Will and shall.” The rule for forming the future tense in English." .

Auxiliary verb shall/should

The main thing you need to know about these verbs is that they are not used in modern English. In case you have to read texts from the 19th century, remember that when translating shall is similar to will, and should is similar to would.

Auxiliary verbs in English are verbs that do not have their own lexical meaning, with the help of which various complex forms of the verb are formed. Auxiliary verbs include: to be, to have, to do, will (would), shall (should).

Auxiliary verbs themselves do not have lexical meaning, they only participate in the construction of complex forms, but note that the verbs to be, to have, to do can be used as semantic ones (in the meanings of “to be”, “to have”, “to do” ), in which case they will have lexical meaning. The verb to be can also be used as a linking verb, and the verbs will (would), shall (should) can be used as modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to be

The verb to be is the only verb that has special forms V different faces and numbers. It can be used as a linking verb, an auxiliary verb and a semantic verb. Read more about the forms of the verb to be (all forms are given in the form of tables and cards).

As a semantic verb, to be is used in the meaning of “to be”, “to be”:

Do you want to be our friend? - You want be our friend?

I have to be at home now. - I have to now be Houses.

Like a linking verb– in a compound predicate (consisting of to be + noun, adjective or pronoun) in the place where the verb “to be” or “to appear” can be used in Russian (in Russian it is usually omitted).

I am your friend. - I am your friend.

He is a doctor. - He is a doctor.

We are not rich. - We are not rich.

As an auxiliary the verb to be is used:

1. For the formation of all tenses Continuous and Perfect Continuous in the active (active) voice.

I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.

We were expecting a better result. – We expected a better result.

I have been waiting for you for two hours. - I've been waiting for you for two hours.

2. For the formation of all forms.

The newspapers have been delivered. - The newspapers have been delivered.

The building is being constructed now. - The building is currently under construction.

Auxiliary verb to have

The verb to have can be used as semantic in his direct meaning“have”, “possess”:

I have a big family. - I have a big family.

I don't have time. - I have no time.

As an auxiliary, the verb to have is used to form all Perfect tenses:

You have done a lot of work. – You did a lot of work.

We had finished the task by two o’clock. – We completed the task before two o’clock.

I will have read the article by nine. – I will have read the article by nine o’clock.

Auxiliary verb to do

The verb to do is used as a semantic in the meaning of “to do”, “to engage in”:

Read more about the forms of the verb to do in the article.

He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.

Just do it! - Just Do It This!

As an auxiliary, the verb to do is used:

1. For the formation of interrogative and negative forms and all verbs, except auxiliary and.

Do do you understand me? - Do you understand me?

My sister doesn't trust her husband. – My sister doesn’t trust her husband.

Did did you see that? -Did you see this?

We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.

2. To form a negative form of the imperative mood.

Don't touch the button! - Don't touch the button!

Don't be late. - Do not be late.

3. To enhance the meaning of a verb in the form or in the affirmative form.

Why did you say I don’t know your sister? I do know her. - Why did you say that I don’t know your sister? I know her.

You don’t believe that I helped them, but I did help them. “You don’t believe that I helped them, but I really helped them.”

Auxiliary verb will (would)

The verb will (would) can be used both modal and auxiliary.

As an auxiliary it is used:

1. The verb will – to construct all forms of the future tense.

The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.

I will be walking with my dog ​​this evening. – I will walk the dog this evening.

2. The verb would – to construct forms of the future tense in the past (Future in the Past).

He said that the winter would be cold. - He said that the winter would be cold.

She said that she would be walking with her dog. She said she would be walking her dog.

Auxiliary verb shall (should)

1. The auxiliary verb shall is used to construct forms of the future tense (that is, instead of will) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I shall meet you at the gate. - I'll meet you at the gate.

We shall discuss it later. - We'll discuss this later.

2. The auxiliary verb should is used to construct forms of the future in the past (that is, instead of would) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I told him that I should meet him at the gate. “I told him I would meet him at the gate.”

They said that we should discuss it later. “They said we would discuss it later.”

In modern English, will and would are used in all these cases. Auxiliary (not modal, namely auxiliary) verbs shall, should can be found in books about good old England, films about Sherlock Holmes and Soviet English textbooks.

The function of which is to convey additional grammatical and semantic information in combination with a semantic verb. In this case, the auxiliary verb completely or partially loses its main lexical meaning. Auxiliary verbs participate in the formation of various aspectual and tense forms. Typically, auxiliary verbs do not form a separate class, but are ordinary verbs that are not used in their main meaning. In Indo-European languages ​​these are most often the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’.

• Ich habe das Buch gelesen - I read this book (Perfekt).
• Ich hatte davon nicht gewusst! - I didn’t know about it (Plusquamperfekt).
• Ich bin nicht hingegangen - I didn’t go there (Perfekt).
• Ich war dort noch nie gewesen. - I’ve never been there before (Plusquamperfekt).

Auxiliary werden(become, become) is used to form the simple future tense (Futurum I or simply Futurum) and the passive voice (Passiv), as well as to form the subjunctive mood (Konjunktiv) of other verbs:

• Ich werde das Buch lesen - I will read this book (Futurum).
• Ich würde das Buch lesen - I would read this book (Konjunktiv).
• Das Buch wurde noch nicht gelesen - The book has not yet been read (Passiv).

In more complex cases, several auxiliary verbs can be used simultaneously. For example, in the past future tense (Futurum II) or when using the passive voice (Passiv) with the past or simple future tense (Futurum):

• Morgen werde ich das Buch gelesen haben! - Tomorrow I will read this book (Futurum II).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen werden - This book will be read soon (Futurum Passiv).
• Das Buch ist immer noch nicht gelesen worden! - The book has not been read yet! (Perfect Passiv).
• Das Buch war immer noch nicht gelesen worden - The book has not yet been read (Plusquamperfekt Passiv).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen worden sein - This book will be read soon (Futurum II Passiv).

In colloquial speech, the verb is sometimes used as an auxiliary verb to describe a continuous action in the present tense tun(to do), and the verb sein used in a form different from the standard rules to form the past or future tense:

• Tust du noch rauchen? - Do you still smoke? (instead of: Rauchst du noch?)
• Schlafen tu’ ich nicht mehr - I’m no longer sleeping (instead of: Ich schlafe nicht mehr).
• Ich war telefonieren - I talked on the phone (instead of: Ich habe telefoniert).
• Ich bin mal essen - I will (go) to eat now (instead of: Ich werde essen).

see also

Literature

• Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966. - p.89

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See what “Auxiliary verb” is in other dictionaries:

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AUXILIARY, oh, oh. Auxiliary, additional. V. squad. Auxiliary sections of science. V. verb (in grammar: semi-nominal or copular). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A verb is a part of speech that displays the action, described in the proposal. This structure of this rule is relevant for, but not for English. IN international language a verb can be either semantic or auxiliary. Thanks to this technique, grammar becomes simpler, and sentences are built much faster. What are auxiliary verbs in English, how to place and modify them correctly?

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Introduction

The whole complexity of the English language lies in large quantities temporary forms on the basis of which it is built.

Times, in turn, formed by auxiliary verbs, which have an indefinite form, and are modified depending on the pronoun that precedes them.

In other words, it is a signpost that shows us who is doing something and when. For accurate understanding, below is a table of auxiliary aids in English, and after it a clear explanation of all the nuances is given.

The table highlights three groups, each of which has a present, past and future (present, past, future). For each individual group, you need to use a specific auxiliary verb, which changes depending on the tense in which we use it.

Present, Past, Future Indefinite

A group of tenses that allows us to describe daily events that occur regularly or periodically. An example is the following: I work in a factory, we walk in the park in the evenings, etc. During the time of the Indefinite group, the most simple and short sayings English language that is accessible and understandable to a Russian-speaking person. Well, now let’s look at what an auxiliary verb is in this category and how it should be used.

To Do literally translates as “to do”, but in the group of tenses Indefinite acts as the very indicator of time and pronoun in question. It is not used in sentences of the affirmative form of the present tense, but if you need to ask a question or refute something, then its participation is mandatory. For the present time the word forms Do and Does are used, depending on the pronoun:

• Do is used for I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they);
• Does – for He, She, It (he, she, it or this).

You can consider both options using examples in interrogative sentences with Do: “Do you play piano?” “Do you play the piano?”, or “Does he live in Chicago?” “Does he live in Chicago?”

Similar examples can be seen in negatives: “We don’t play football. – We don’t play football”, “She does not like potatoes. “She doesn’t like potatoes.”

This is the basic rule for Do and Does, which allows you to correctly and clearly construct the most commonly used sentences in English. These forms of the auxiliary verb tell us the pronoun in question, as well as the time in which the main action takes place.

The verb form of Do in the Past Indefinite form is Did. IN in this case He same for all pronouns, but is used only in interrogative and negative sentences. It sounds something like this: “Did you go to school yesterday? “Did you go to school yesterday?”, to which a negative answer may follow: “I did not go to school yesterday - I did not go to school yesterday.” It turns out that in cases where the verb Did is used in a sentence, we can automatically attribute it to the past tense. Moreover, it immediately becomes clear that we are talking about a question or a negative answer to it.

As for the future tense, here for all pronouns and for all forms, be it affirmative, interrogative or negative, we use the word Will. It does not change depending on the pronoun, so learning this rule will be quite simple. Let's look at the usage with a clear example:

• She will go to the park tomorrow - She will go to the park tomorrow.
• Will she go to the park tomorrow? – Will she go to the park tomorrow?
• She will not go to the park tomorrow - She will not go to the park tomorrow.

Attention! The auxiliary verb Shall also takes place in the future definite tense. It is used only in combination with the pronoun "I" in all sentence forms. However, recently it has become rarely used, thereby simplifying the scheme for this time. You can only hear the phrase “I shall” from a resident of the UK, but all other English-speaking countries say “I will”.

Present, Past, Future Continuous

Continuous tenses, which translates as “long” indicate an unfinished action.

It can happen in this moment, may be unfinished in the past or in the future. In the Russian version, such statements sound like: “I read yesterday,” “She is swimming in the pool,” “We will play checkers tomorrow,” etc.

As in the case of Do, for the previous group of tenses, there is an auxiliary verb form, indicating the duration and incompleteness of the action.

To be- verb, literal translation which sounds like “to be.” Based on its semantic load, it follows that it belongs to times with incomplete meaning. To understand how this works, it is enough to literally translate the simplest sentence with his participation: “To be reading - to be reading.” Like the forms of the verb Do, varieties of To Be vary based on pronouns and tense.

• Am (I) – am.
• You, We, They (you, we, they) – are.
• He, She, It (he, she it) – is.

This scheme is used for the present indefinite time. For example, we can consider short statements using it: “I am dancing”, “They are drawing”, “She is watching TV”. The verb to be in the above forms is used in positive, interrogative and negative sentences and is “ business card» unfinished action.

For the past tense of this category, the rule is slightly simplified. Sentences with to be can be divided into two groups, the first of which is singular, the second is plural:

• I, He, She, It (I, he, she, it) – was.
• We, You, They (we, you, they) – were.

Now examples with the following words: “She was cooking - she cooked”, “We were swimming - we swam”.

When it comes to the future unfinished tense, the scheme becomes even simpler. For all pronouns we use be with the prefix will, and the result is: “I (He) will be running - I (he) will run.”

Advice! In Continuous tenses, all semantic verb forms have the ending –ing. It is attributed to them regardless of the pronoun, as well as in the past tense, present and future.

Present, Past, Future Perfect

This grammatical category is used to describe a clearly completed task. In present time In a similar way characterized by a past action that has a result at the moment.

As for the past and future, such forms are used extremely rarely. They indicate a fully completed action that was preceded by another, unfinished one, in the past or in the future. We propose to consider how such a grammatical structure is formed.

The auxiliary verb Have is an integral part of the entire Perfect section. It also has its own forms, depending on tense and pronoun, and it is thanks to them that we identify what is happening. Let's start, as always, with the present and a brief diagram for using To Have:

• I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they) – have.
• He, She, It (he, she, it) – has.

Let us give examples in which this grammatical phrase occurs: “He has gone - he left”, “We have done that - we did it”. Present Perfect- a very common occurrence in everyday life English speech, since it is this grammatical structure that perfectly reflects everyday events.

People speak and write extremely rarely in the past tense of this category. The structure of the sentence itself is simple and clear; it is based on the verb form Had, which is the same for all pronouns: “Train had left - the train left.” Similar simplicity is typical for future form, where the auxiliary verb looks like Will Have, for example: “She will have receive a letter - she will receive a letter.”

Important! In the Perfect tenses, all semantic verbs, even in the future, are put in the past form. In the table irregular verbs This is the third column, and for all others the ending –ed is used. Even in cases where the form Had or Will Have is used, as if indicating time, the semantic verb must invariably remain in the past tense.

Types of auxiliary verbs in English

Learning English - auxiliary verbs

Conclusion

We briefly examined the basic grammatical forms of the English language, on the basis of which speech is built. For many, it was previously a mystery why there were two verbs with different meanings in the sentence, and how to translate and comprehend this. Having learned when to use Do and Does, Have and Has, as well as a number of other auxiliary words, it becomes much easier to understand any English-speaking citizen.

Auxiliary verbs ( Auxiliary Verbs) in English– these are verbs, (to) be, (to) do, (to) have And will. They do not carry any meaning to the sentence and are not translated (if they are used as auxiliary verbs), but simply help to create a temporary sentence.

Verb "To be"

This verb can be used as an auxiliary verb, or as an independent verb (that is, carry a separate semantic load in a sentence).
If this verb acts as an auxiliary verb, then it is used to compose tense. For example:

I won’t describe every time here, just follow the necessary links (above), everything is described in detail there. I’ll just give examples where the verb “to be” is independent verb:

They are sixteen years old
They are sixteen years old / literally - They are sixteen years old

She is not sixteen years old
She is not sixteen years old / literally - She is not sixteen years old

Are they sixteen years old?
Are they sixteen years old?

Verb "To do"

It can also be either an auxiliary or an independent verb. When denying or questioning, " do" is used as an auxiliary verb in Present Simple and Past Simple:

The statement simply says “He plays football.”

Negation:

He does not play football
He doesn't play football
He did not play football
He didn't play football

Question:

Does he play football?
He plays football?
Did he play football?
He played football?

If they want to use " do" as an independent verb, then use another version of "do"

He does his homework every day (affirmative form)
He daily does(do) ​​homework

He does n’t do his homework every day (negative form)
It's not every day does hometasks

Does he do his homework every day? (interrogative form)
He does homework every day?

Verb "to have"

As well as " to be", can act as an auxiliary or independent verb. If it is auxiliary, then it is also used to form tense:

Don't forget that there is a big difference between these 4 times. If you have forgotten or do not know the differences, follow the necessary links. They are all presented in this article.

Verb "Will"

A single verb that can only be used as an auxiliary verb. It serves to form future () tenses:

He will not play football (Simple Future)
He won't play football

He will have played football (Future Perfect)
He will play football