Functions of lungs. Building, Functions and Lightweight Man Light Building Light Fabric

The chest is a part of the body that contains vital organs. For their protection against external influence, ribs, spine, muscles and cheese are used. Breath provide special.

Light is the main body that participates in the process of human respiration. They fill in a 90% chest cavity, precisely how well the activity of this body is carried out, the quality of saturation of the remaining parts of the body is also carried out.

The location of the lungs in humans

The body's lungs in humans are distinguished by this location that allows you to most organically combine all important vessels in the authority, air-and-point paths, blood, nerve cells, and related to the lymphatic system.

If we consider the lungs from an anatomical point of view, then the appearance of this organ has a lot of features. The shape of each light resembles a cone that dispel vertically, so clearly you can see two surfaces of a concave type and one convex fabric.

The convex site was called the root, since as close as possible adjacent to the ribs. One concave surface is a diaphragmal, it is in close proximity to the diaphragm. The second concave surface is medial, that is, it is located in the median part of the body. Each of the mentioned planes is divided into interdole surfaces.

The diaphragm is a plot that allows you to separate the right-hand side of the lung structure from the liver. The left side is separated by a diaphragm from such organs as spleen, stomach and part of the intestine. The middle part of the pulmonary space is anatomically borders with cardiac and large vessels.

Anatomically seen the fact that the locations of the lungs affects their shape. If a person has a long chest, then the lungs will have an extended shape. Short and wide lungs are observed in people with a chest in the form of a rectangle.

The lung structure includes, the so-called base, which is located on the diaphragmic dome, that is, on the surface of the diaphragm itself. Another base is located in the cervical area, it rises above the clavicle level of 4-5 centimeters.

The composition of the lungs

The pulmonary structure, anatomically includes the following elements:

alveoli of the pulmonary type;
bronchioles.

Bronchas have an extensive structure that performs the function of the pulmonary frame. A large number of small fractions, which are structural units, make up a lung. If we consider each slices separately, then its form resembles a small pyramid, the average size is 15x25 mm.

The peak of each structural unit of lung encompasses the bronchus, which was called small bronchiola. One bronchus includes up to 20 small bronchioles. Each bronchiol has a small formation, which is called acinus. Each acynus, in turn, consists of several tens of alveolar branches, at the ends of which is located a numerous amount of alveoli.

Pulmonary alveoli is a small size that has thin tissue walls with a numerous amount of blood vessels (capillaries). Despite the fact that the alveoli is the most minimal part of the pulmonary structure, they are one of the important parts of the lung.

The oxygen exchange of the body depends on their activity, and the withdrawal of carbon dioxide from the blood. It is the alveoli for uninterrupted supply of blood vessels of the body and the proportion of the gas exchange process.

Gas exchange is a process, during which the oxygen and carbon dioxide penetration occurs, where, in the blood vessels they are "found" with red blood cells. Due to the large content of the alveol, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich does not exceed 0,3kvatradh mm, the total area for the process of gas exchange is increasing almost 80 square meters.

What is a bronchial system?

Before the air penetrates the alveoli, it needs to undergo a damn to the Bronchi System. Fuchery is a kind of "funnel" for air. The trachea is a respiratory type tube, the beginning of which is located below the region of the larynx.

The main trachea is cartilage rings. They provide a proper level of stability of the tube, which should preserve a certain lumen for the air mass inwards. The cartilage rings are not allowed to sill, even with mechanical exposure from the outside.

Composite elements of trachea and bronchi:

mountain ledge, or the usual name Kadyk;
thyroid cartilage;
thyroid bunch;
tracheal;
chrying arcuate type, which are the base of the trachea;
ring-type bundles that belong to the trachea;
esophagus;
main bronchi (with the right and left sides);
aorta

The surface inside the tracheal area is the mucous membrane, on which there is a huge number of patches of microscopic sizes. These are vile belong to the fiscal epithelium. The main task of this tissue is to carry out high-quality filtering of air masses coming from the outside, since no garbage, dust and foreign bodies should fall into bronchi.

The eyelash epithelium is an anatomical filter that should protect the lungs from the huge elements. People who smoke for a long time, this tissue ceases to perform their basic functions, and the cilia after a while they simply die. All this leads to getting and settling harmful substances inside the lungs, which in the future may cause serious pulmonary, including oncological tumors.

The trachea is divided into two bronchus in the back of the back of the sternum. Each of the bronchi enters the left and right light. Anatomically exists, the "gate" through which the armor occurs in the lungs, they are located in the inner part of each organ. Each large bronchus branches into small segments.

According to its anatomical structure, the bronchial system resembles a tree with wide branches. It permeates through the pulmonary area, due to which the continuous process of gas exchange and saturation of blood oxygen is ensured. Crying rings are needed only to strengthen large bronchi and trachea.

Small bronchi segmental bronets can only be further reinforced only by cartilaginous plates. Bronchi ring type and do not contain cartilaginous cells.

The anatomical structure of the lungs is the key to a single structure, which 24 hours a day supplies the remaining organs and systems of the body by the necessary amount of oxygen, and also releases carbon dioxide from the body.

Segmental Light Man

The structure of the right lung assumes the formation of three pieces, only 2 shares are formed to the left lung. Each share includes a certain number of segments. Segments of each other separates a special connecting tissue, in which a variety of integmentation vessels are located.

The upper share, which is located in the right light, includes such elements as:

apical,
rear,
front elements.

Middle Share:

interior,
outdoor element.

Rear share:

basal,
medial top;
lateral;
front and rear basal elements.

The left lung is distinguished by a basal element that is inconsistent. The rear and the top elements have shared bronchus. Each element of the bronchial system is not only a structural, but also an anatomical and clinical unit, which determines the development of any pathological processes in the pulmonary system.

Circulation

The small circle of blood circulation is formed by veins and arteries, which are composite elements of the circulatory system of the whole human body.

A small circle originates near a pulmonary trunk, which begins on the right heart ventricle, and in the lungs in it comes in venous blood saturated with carbon dioxide. Alveolas provide the gas exchange process, as a result of which, through the right atria, the blood is pure and oxygen-saturated blood falls into large, which are located in the lungs.

The blood supply to the entire system of lungs and bronchi is ensured due to the fact that the system of a large circle of blood circulation includes veins of arteries passing through the bronchial area. The outflow of lymphs from the pulmonary region occurs through lymphatic vessels, which have several nodes, in particular, most of them are concentrated in the field of trachea and.

Due to the fact that in the field of lungs there is a nervous system of sympathetic and parasympathetic nature, the innervation process of the bronchophell apparatus is carried out.

Functions of the respiratory system

The main function of the lungs, which is due to their anatomical structure, is to provide external respiration. The process itself provides for air masses in the lung area, air filtration and gases diffusion. Due to each compound element. A single pulmonary system with blood vessels is formed, all the activities of which are aimed at supporting the process of metabolism and saturation by the necessary amount of oxygen of each individual organ.

In addition to the respiratory function, the lung activity also performs a number of other functions:

If a person has healthy lungs, then the shell data must be in constant interaction with each other. With breath, they must create a slight friction. Between the shells there is a small space in which a small amount accumulates to soften the friction of the shells.

With different pulmonary diseases, this space increases and is filled with plenty of liquid. Plevra is a shell, which is distinguished by the presence of nervous endings. Therefore, the first signs of such a disease, as pleurisy, are precisely pain.

When watching a video you can learn pneumonia.

Anatomically lungs have a complex structure and a large number of elements that are generally a single pulmonary system. This is an important body, whose work depends on the activities of other bodies. Lung health is a pledge of health.

Lightweight are organs providing human breathing. These paired organs are located in the chest cavity, fit on the left and right to the heart. The lungs have the form of semi-bones, the base of the adjacent to the diaphragm, the top of the protruding clavicle on 2-3 cm. The right lung has three shares, left - two. The skeleton of the lungs consists of tree-shaped branching bronchi. Each light outside covers a serous shell - pulmonary pleura. The lungs lie in a pleural bag formed by the pulmonary pleutra (visceral) and antennuticed fruit cavity of the grinding pleutral (parietal). Each pleura outside contains ferrous cells that produce liquid into the cavity between the sheets of pleura (pleural cavity). On the inner (cardiac) surface of each lung there is a deepening - the gates of the lungs. The gate of the lungs includes pulmonary artery and bronchi, and two pulmonary veins come out. Long arteries are branched in parallel bronchoms.

Pulmonary fabric consists of pyramid-shaped bakes, the base of the surface facing. At the top of each slices include bronchus, consistently dividing with the formation of end bronchiole (18-20). Each bronchiolate ends with an acinus - a structural and functional element of the lungs. The acinuses consist of alveolar bronchioles that are divided into alveolar moves. Each alveolar move ends with two alveolar bags.

Alveolas are semi-shaped protrusion consisting of connecting fibers. They are laid out with a layer of epithelial cells and are abundantly collapsed with blood capillaries. It is in alveoli that the main function of the lungs is carried out - gas exchange processes between atmospheric air and blood. At the same time, as a result of diffusion, oxygen and carbon dioxide, overcoming the diffusion barrier (the epithelium alveoli, the basal membrane, the wall of the blood capillary), penetrate the erythrocyte to the alveoli and vice versa.

Light functions

The most important function of the lungs is gas exchange - the supply of hemoglobin by oxygen, the withdrawal of carbon dioxide. The flow of oxygen-enriched air and the withdrawal of carbon dioxide is carried out due to the active movements of the chest and the diaphragm, as well as the contractile ability of the lungs themselves. But there are other functions of the lungs. Easy takes an active part in maintaining the necessary concentration of ions in the body (acid-alkaline equilibrium), are able to derive many substances (aromatic substances, ethers and others). Also, the lungs regulate the water balance of the body: about 0.5 l of water evaporates through the lungs per day. With extreme situations (for example, hyperthermia), this indicator can reach up to 10 liters per day.

Ventilation of the lungs is carried out due to the pressure difference. In the breath, the pulmonary pressure is much lower than atmospheric, so that the air penetrates the lungs. On exhale pressure in the lungs above atmospheric.

There are two types of breathing: edge (breast) and a diaphragmal (abdominal).

River breathing

In places of attachment of the ribs to the vertebral post, there are mascule pairs, which are attached to one end to the vertefing, and the other to the edge. There are external and internal intercostal muscles. External intercostal muscles provide the process of inhalation. Exhalation is normally passive, and in the pathology, the internal intercostal muscles help the act of exhalation.

Diaphragm breathing

The diaphragmal breathing is carried out with the participation of the diaphragm. In the relaxed state of the diaphragm has the form of the dome. With the reduction of its muscles, the dome is compact, the amount of the chest cavity increases, the pressure in the lungs is reduced compared to atmospheric, and inhale is carried out. With relaxation of the diaphragm muscles, as a result of the pressure difference, the diaphragm again occupies the initial position.

Regulation of the process of breathing

Breathing is regulated by the centers of inhale and exhalation. The respiratory center is located in the oblong brain. Receptors providing the regulation of breathing are located in the walls of blood vessels (chemoreceptors sensitive to the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen) and on the walls of the bronchi (receptors that are sensitive to pressure change in bronchi - baroreceptors). There are also prescription fields in a carotid sine (the location of the domestic and external carotid arteries).

Light smoking man

In the process of smoking, the lungs are subjected to a strongest impact. Tobacco smoke penetrating into light smoking person, contains tobacco tar (resin), hydrogen cyanide, nicotine. All these substances settled in the pulmonary fabric, as a result of the lung epithelium begins to simply die. Light smoking person is dirty-gray or even just a black mass of dying cells. Naturally, the functionality of such lungs is significantly reduced. In the light smoking person, dyskinesia of cilia develops, bronchial spasmodes occur, as a result of which the bronchial secret is accumulated, chronic inflammation of the lungs is developing, bronchiectases are formed. All this leads to the development of a COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Pneumonia

One of the common heavy pulmonary diseases is inflammation of the lungs - pneumonia. The term "lung inflammation" includes a group of diseases with different etiology, pathogenesis, clinic. Classical bacterial pneumonia is characterized by a hyperthermia, a cough with a purulent sputum separation, in some cases (when involving the visceral pleura) - pleural pain. When the lung inflammation is developed, the alveoli is expanded, the accumulation of exudative fluid in them, the penetration of erythrocytes in them, filling alveoli fibrin, leukocytes. For the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, X-ray methods are used, microbiological research of sputum, laboratory tests, the study of the gas composition of blood. The basis of treatment is antibacterial therapy.

It is important to know what is the lungs, where people are in which functions are performed. The respiratory body is located in people in the chest. The chest is one of the most interesting anatomical systems. There are also bronons, hearts, some other organs and large vessels. This system is formed by ribs, spine, sternum and muscles. It reliably protects all important internal organs and at the expense of the pectoral muscles ensures uninterrupted operation of the respiratory body, which almost completely occupy a breast cavity. The respiratory body expands and shrinks several thousand times a day.

Where is a person in the lungs?

Lightweight - pair body. Right and left light play a major role in the respiratory system. It is they who spread oxygen throughout the circulatory system, where its absorption by red blood cells occurs. The operation of the respiratory body leads to a discharge of carbon dioxide, decaying water and carbon dioxide.

Where are the lungs? The human lungs in the chest and have a very complex coupling structure with air, blood systems and lymphatic vessels and nerves. All these systems are woven in the area that wears the name "Gate". Here is the pulmonary artery, the main armor, the branches of the nerves, bronchial artery. In the so-called "root" concentrated lymphatic vessels and pulmonary veins.

Looks like a vertically dissected cone. They have:

one convex surface (rib, adjacent to the ribs);
two convex surfaces (diaphragmal, medial or median, separated the breathing organ from the heart);
interdole surface.

The lungs are separated from the liver, spleen, colon, stomach and kidneys. The separation is carried out using a diaphragm. These internal organs bordered with large vessels and heart. Rear them limits the back.

The form of the respiratory body in humans depends on the anatomical features of the body. They can be narrow and elongated or short and wide. The form and sizes of the organ also depend on the respiratory phase.

To better understand where the lungs in the chest and how they border with other organs and blood vessels, it is necessary to pay attention to the photos that are located in the medical literature.

Covered by a respiratory organ with a serous shell: smooth, shiny, wet. In medicine, she is called pleura. Pleverra in the region of the pulmonary root goes to the surface of the chest cavity and forms the so-called pleural bag.

Anatomy of the lungs

It is important to remember that the right and left lungs have their anatomical features and differ from each other. First of all, they have a different number of shares (separation occurs due to the presence of so-called cracks on the surface of the organ).

In the right - there are three lobes: lower; average; The top (in the upper share is oblique gap, horizontal gap, equity right bronchi: upper, lower, medium).

In the left - two stakes: the top (here is the tongue bronchus, the keel trachea, the intermediate bronchus, the main armor, the left lone bronchi - the bottom and top, oblique gap, heart clipping, the left-hand tongue) and the bottom. The left is different from the right larger size and presence of the tongue. Although according to such an indicator as the volume of the right lung more left.
The lungs rest in the diaphragm. The upper part of the respiratory body is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe clavicle.

Lightweight and bronchi must be in close relationship. The work of some is impossible without the work of others. Each light is the so-called bronchial segments. In the right of them 10, and in the left 8. In each segment there are several bronchial lobes. It is believed that in the lungs of a person of only 1600 bronchial lobes (800 in the right and left).

Bronchi branched (bronchiols form alveolar moves and small alveoli, which form a breathable tissue) and form a complicated woven network or a bronchial tree, which ensures the power of blood systems with oxygen. Alveolas contribute to the fact that with the exhalation, the human body highlights carbon dioxide, and when inhaling, oxygen falls into the blood.

It is interesting that when inhaling oxygen is filled not all alveoli, but only a small part of them. Another part is a kind of reserve that comes into operation during physical exertion or stressful situations. The maximum amount of air that can inhale the person characterizes the vital capacity of the respiratory organ. It can be from 3.5 l to 5 liters. In the same inhalation, a person absorbs approximately 500 ml of air. This is called respiratory volume. The life capacity of the lungs and respiratory volume of a woman and men are different.

The blood supply to this organ occurs according to the pulmonary and bronchial vessels. Some perform the function of the gas supply and gas exchange, others are powered by the organ, these are the vessels of a small and large circle. Physiology of respiration will definitely break if the ventilation of the respiratory organ or will decrease or increase the blood flow rate.

Light functions

normalization pH blood;
heart protection, for example, from mechanical exposure (when hitting the chest, the lungs suffer in the chest);
protection of the body from various respiratory infections (parts of the lungs are isolated by immunoglobulins and antimicrobial compounds);
blood storage (this is a kind of blood tank of the human body, here is approximately 9% of the total blood);
creation of voice sounds;
thermoregulation.

Lightweight is a very vulnerable authority. The disease is very common worldwide and there are a lot of them:

Colel;
asthma;
bronchitis of different types and types;
emphysema;
fiberboard;
tuberculosis;
pneumonia;
sarcoidosis;
pulmonary hypertension;
pulmonary embolism, etc.

They can provoke various pathologies, gene diseases, improper lifestyle. Easy are very closely related to other organs in the human body. It often happens that they suffer even if the main problem is associated with a disease of another organ.

Light (Pulmo) is a large organ located in the chest. A protective and supporting function for it performs a bone frame created from 12 ribs on each side. Burst of muscle tissue is located between the ribs, and the bones themselves are fixed with cartilage to the sternum. All this provides the possibility of respiratory movements (excursions) of the chest. The muscular-bone frame is removed from the inside of the pleura - connective tissue. Pleverra leaves, converted, descend from the walls of the cell, covering the lung, penetrating the gap between shares. Priestly pleura was named parietal, covering organ - visceral. Between them, a small amount of serous fluid is necessarily present so that the leaves can freely slide relative to each other.

Topographically - light borders with a diaphragm on the bottom, the liver is located on the left, on the left partially adjoins the stomach. The heart is adjacent to the inside of each lung, but the location is usually more left, where there is a special niche for him. The tops of the lungs are palpable and percubated by 2 cm above the clavicle.

External structure

Light is one of the largest human organs. A normal light person has a red pink color. The structure of the organ soft, spongy, due to its air and cellular structure.

The right lung is somewhat larger, shorter and wider the left. It is due to the location of the liver on the right, as well as the presence in the left heartless heart clipping for the relevant organ. The heart is covered with a left lung tongue. The right light of two large slots (horizontal and oblique) is divided into the upper, middle and lower lobes. Kosy gap divides the left lung on the upper and lower lobe. Shares are divided into smaller segments - segments, each of which supplies a large blood and respiratory vessel.

Each lightest has an entrance gate and root. The root consists of large bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins. This bundle is sent to the lung through the entrance gate, and then each component it is divided into smaller branches.

What is the lungs

Light fabric airiness cause bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Penetrating into the lung, the main armor begins to share for smaller - bronchiols. They, in turn, are completed by alveolar strokes, moves - alveoli. Alveola is a bunch of grape bag filled with air. The wall of this organ is very thin, it is widened from the inside with a surfactant - a special substance that impede their sticking. In the wall there is an alveolar capillary plexusion, in which blood is saturated with oxygen.

Entering the gate of the lung, the main armor is divisible. In the right lung - on the upper, middle and lower, in the left - the upper and lower. This division is due to the presence of a share. Exactly the same division occurs with blood vessels. Broncho-pulmonary segments are separated from each other in layers of connective tissue. They have a pyramidal form. In each segment, large armor of 3rd order, artery and vein passes. In every way there are 10 segments in every light.

Functional purpose

The function of each lung lies in gas exchange. In the light of the pulmonary arteries from the right ventricle of the heart, the venous oxygen-unsaturated blood is falling. Running on all the smaller vessels, they envelop the pulmonary alvea as a miniature tank. On the breath, the lung is spliced \u200b\u200bby air, the pressure inside the alveoli rises, oxygen migrates through the thin wall of the alveoli and the capillary, saturating blood. The outflow of oxygen-saturated blood is carried out according to pulmonary venulaubles.

While the person is alive, he breathes. What is breathing? These are processes that continuously supply all organs and tissues with oxygen and is removed from the body carbon dioxide formed as a result of the operation of the exchange system. Performs these vital processes respiratory system, which directly interacts with cardiovascular. To figure out how gas exchange in the human body, the structure and functions of the lungs should be examined.

Why does a man breathe?

The only way to produce oxygen is breathing. It does not work for a long time, since the body requires another portion. Why do I need oxygen? Without it, the metabolism will not occur, work the brain and all other human bodies. With the participation of oxygen, nutrients are split, energy is distinguished, and each cell is enriched with them. Breathing is customary to be called gas exchange. And this is true. After all, the peculiarities of the respiratory system are to pick oxygen from air from the air, and carry carbon dioxide.

What is a lighter person

Their anatomy is quite complex and variable. This organ is pair. The place of its location is the chest cavity. The lungs are adjacent to the heart on both sides - on the right and left. Nature has taken care that both of these most important organs are protected from squeezing, blows, etc. Front obstacle for damage is the chest, behind the vertebral pole, and on the sides of the ribs.

The lungs are literally permeated with hundreds of broths of bronchi, with alveoli-sized alvetoles with a pinch. They are in the body of a healthy person there are up to 300 million pieces. Alveolas perform an important role: they supply blood vessels with blood oxygen and, having an extensive system, are able to provide a large area for gas exchange. Imagine only: they can cover the entire surface of the tennis court!

In appearance, the lungs resemble semi-comers, the bases of which are adjacent to the diaphragm, and the tops with rounded ends perform 2-3 cm above the clavicle. A rather peculiar body is light man. Anatomy of the right and left lobe is different. So, the first is slightly more in volume than the second, while it is somewhat shorter and wider. Each half of the organ is covered with pleure, consisting of two sheets: one is combed with a chest, the other - with the surface of the lung. In the outer pleura contains ferrous cells, thanks to which liquid is produced into the pleural cavity.

The inner surface of each lung has an in-depth, which is called the gate. They include bronchi, the foundation of which has the form of a branching tree, and pulmonary artery, and leaves a pair of pulmonary veins.

Light man. Their functions

Of course, there are no secondary organs in the human body. Important in ensuring human activity are lungs. What work do they perform?

The main functions of the lungs are a respiratory process. A man lives while breathing. If the oxygen supply is stopped into the body, death will come. The work of the lungs of a person is to eliminate carbon dioxide, which is maintained in the body the acid-alkaline balance. Through these bodies, a person gets rid of volatile substances: alcohol, ammonia, acetone, chloroform, ether.

The functions of light people are not exhausted. The pair body is still involved in the purification of blood, which comes in contact with the air. As a result, the most interesting chemical reaction occurs. Oxygen molecules in the air and carbon dioxide molecules in dirty blood are changing in places, i.e. oxygen replaces carbon dioxide. There is a matter of the lungs, they allow them to participate in the water exchange occurring in the body. Through them are excreted to 20% of the fluid. Seasonmen are active participants in the process of heat regulation. They are given to the atmosphere of 10% of heat when air exhalation. Rising blood clotting does not work out without participation in this lung process.

How do lungs work?

The functions of the lungs of a person are to ship the oxygen contained in the air to the blood, use it, and derive carbon dioxide from the body. Lightweight - rather large soft organs with spongy cloth. Inhaled air falls into air bags. They are divided with each other with thin walls with capillaries.

Between blood and air only small cells. Therefore, for inhaled gases, thin walls do not constitute obstacles, which contributes to good patency through them. In this case, the functions of the lungs of a person are to use the necessary and output of unnecessary gases. Lung fabrics are very elastic. When inhaling, the chest and an increase in the lungs in the amount occurs.

The respiratory throat, represented by the nose, throat, larynx, the trachea, has a view of a pipe 10-15 cm long divided into two parts, which are called bronchi. The air, passing through them, enters the air bags. And when exhaling, the volume of lungs is reduced, the reduction of the chest in size, partial closure of the pulp, which allows air to leave again. So work light person.

The structure and functions of them are such that the capacity of this organ is measured by the amount of inhaled and exhaled air. So, in men, she is equal to seven pints, in women - five. Easy are never empty ever. The air remaining after the exhalation is called residual. When inhaling it is mixed with fresh air. Therefore, breathing is a conscious and at the same time an unconscious process that happens constantly. Man breathes when he sleeps, but he doesn't think about it. At the same time, at will, you can briefly interrupt your breath. For example, being under water.

Interesting facts about the functioning of the lungs

They are able to pump 10 thousand liters of inhaled air per day. But it is not always crystal clear. Together with oxygen into our organism, dust comes, many microbes and foreign particles. Therefore, the lungs perform function protection from all unwanted impurities in the air.

The walls of the bronchi have a lot of tiny villi. They are needed in order to delay the microbes and dust. And the mucus, which produces cells of the walls of the respiratory tract, lubricates these vile, and then output from the coupling.

The structure of the respiratory system

It consists of organs and tissues that fully provide ventilation and breathing. In the implementation of gas exchange - the main link in the metabolism - the functions of the respiratory system are concluded. The latter is only responsible for the pulmonary (external) breathing. It includes:

1. Air waterways consisting of the nose and its cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi.

The nose and its cavity is heated, moisturized and filtered inhaled air. Its cleansing is achieved at the expense of numerous hard hairs and glazing cells with cilia.

Lane is between the root of the tongue and the trachea. Its cavity is separated by the mucous membrane in the form of two folds. In the middle, they are not fully fascinated. The gap between them is called voice.

The trachea originates from the larynx. In the chest, it is divided into bronchi: right and left.

2. Light with thick branched vessels, bronchioles and alveolar bags. They begin the gradual division of the main bronchi on the tube of small sizes, which are called bronchioles. Of these, the smallest structural elements of the lung - slices.

In the pulmonary artery, blood is the right ventricle of the heart. She is divided into left and right. The branching of the arteries should follow the bronchi, the fatal alveoli and forming small capillaries.

3. A bone muscular system, thanks to which a person is not limited in respiratory movements.

These are ribs, muscles, diaphragm. They monitor the integrity of the respiratory tract and retain them during various poses and body movements. Muscles, reducing and relaxing, contribute to changing the volume of the chest. The diaphragm is designed to separate the chest cavity from the abdominal. It is the main muscle involved in the normal breath.

Man breathes his nose. Further, the air passes through the aerial paths and enters the lungs of a person, the structure and functions of which provide further operation of the respiratory system. This is a purely physiological factor. Such breathing is called nose. In the cavity of this organ, heating, humidification and purification of air occurs. If the mucous membrane of the nose is irritated, the person sneezes, and the protective mucus begins to stand out. Nasal breathing may be difficult. Then the air through the mouth falls into the throat. About such breathing they say that it is a mouth and, in fact, is pathological. In this case, the functions of the nasal cavity are disturbed, which causes various respiratory diseases.

From the pharynx, the air is sent to the larynx, which performs other functions, in addition to conducting oxygen on the respiratory tract, in particular, reflexogenic. If irritation of this body occurs, cough or spasm appears. In addition, the larynx participates in sound formation. This is important for any person, since his communication with other people is happening through speech. The tracheas and bronchi continue to heat and moisturize the air, but it is not the main function. Performing a certain work, they regulate the volume of inhaled air.

Respiratory system. Functions

The air surrounding us in its composition contains oxygen, which can penetrate our body and through the skin. But its quantities are not enough to maintain life. For this there is a respiratory system. Transportation of the necessary substances and gases is carried out by a circulatory system. The structure of the respiratory system is such that it is capable of supplying an organism with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from it. It performs the following functions:

Adjusts, conducts, moisturizes and degreases the air, removes dust particles. Protects the respiratory tract from entering pieces of food. The air is in the trachea from the larynx. Improves gas exchanges between light and blood. It provides the transportation of venous blood into the lungs. It gives blood oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Performs a protective function. Proteces and dissipates the clomes, particles of foreign origin, embossing. Evalums the exchange of necessary substances.

Interesting the fact that with age, the functionality of the respiratory system is restricted. The level of lung ventilation and respiratory operation is reduced. The causes of such violations can be various changes in the bones and muscles of a person. As a result, the shape of the chest is changed, its mobility decreases. This leads to a decrease in the possibilities of the respiratory system.

Phase breathing

When inhaling oxygen from the alveoli lungs enters the blood, namely in red blood cells. Hence, on the contrary, carbon dioxide goes into the air, which contained oxygen. From the moment of receipt and before the release of air from the lungs, its pressure in the body increases, which stimulates the diffusion of gases.

When exhaling in the lung alveoli, a pressure is created exceeding atmospheric. It begins to more actively pass the diffusion of gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Whenever after the exhalation, a pause is created. This is because there is no diffusion of gases, since the pressure remaining in the light air is minor, much lower atmospheric.

While I breathe - I live. Respiratory process

To the child in the womb, oxygen enters through its blood, so light kids do not take part in the process, they are filled with liquid. When a child is born and makes his first breath, the lungs begin to work. The structure and functions of the respiratory organs are such that they are able to provide human organism with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Signals about the amount of oxygen required as a particular period of time serves a respiratory center that is in the brain. Thus, during sleep oxygen, it takes much less than in opening hours. The volume of entering the light air is regulated by messages that the brain sends.

During the receipt of this signal, a diaphragm is painted, which leads to the stretching of the chest. This maximizes the volume that occupies the lungs when expansion during the inhalation. The time of exhalation occurs relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, the amount of the chest decreases. This leads to the pushing of air from the lungs.

Types of breathing

Cranky. When a person is hung, his shoulders are raised, and the belly is compressed. This indicates the insufficient flow of oxygen into the body. Herry breathing. It is characterized by the expansion of the chest due to intercostal muscles. Such functions of the respiratory system contribute to the saturation of the body with oxygen. This method is purely in physiology more fits pregnant women. Chicken breath fills the lower bodies. Most often, the athletes and men breathe. This method is convenient during exercise of physical exertion.

No wonder they say that breathing is a soul health mirror. So, the Psychiatrist Lowen was notified by the amazing relationship of the character and type of human emotional disorder. In people who are prone to schizophrenia, the top of the chest is involved in breathing. A man with a neurotic character type breathes more belly. Usually people enjoy mixed breathing, in which the chest, and the diaphragm participate.

Light smoking people

Smoking inflicts a strong blow to the organs. In tobacco smoke, resins, nicotine and cyanide hydrogen are contained. These harmful substances have the ability to settle on the pulmonary fabric, resulting in the elimination of the epithelium of the organ. Light healthy person is not subject to such processes.

Smoking people have light dirty gray or black due to the accumulation of a huge number of dead cells. But this is not all negative moments. The functions of the lungs are significantly reduced. Negative processes leading to inflammation begin. As a result, a person suffers from chronic obstructive lung diseases that contribute to the development of respiratory failure. It, in turn, causes numerous violations that occur due to lack of oxygen in the tissues of the body.

Social advertising constantly demonstrates clips, pictures with a difference between light healthy and smoking man. And many people who have never taken cigarettes, sighs relieve. But it is not worth it to encourage himself, believing that a terrible sight, which is lungs smoking, has nothing to do with you. Interestingly, there is no special external difference in first glance. Neither the X-ray snapshot nor the usual fluorography will show, smoke the person is smoke or not. Moreover, no pathologist will be able to determine with one hundred percent confidence, whether a person had addiction to smoking during life, until it detects typical signs: the condition of the bronchi, the yellowing of the fingers and so on. Why? It turns out that harmful substances that hovering in the centered air of cities falling into our body, just like the tobacco smoke, fall into the lungs ...

The structure and functions of this organ are designed to protect the body. It is known that toxins destroy the pulmonary tissue, which later, due to the accumulation of dead cells, becomes dark color.

Interesting about breathing and respiratory system

Lungs have the size of the human palm. The volume of the pair of the organ is 5 liters. But it is not completely used. To ensure normal respiration is 0.5 liters. The volume of residual air is one and a half liters. If you calculate, exactly three liters of air volume are always in reserve. Than one is older, the less often his breathing. For one minute, the newborn inhales, exhales thirty five times, a teenager - twenty, adult - fifteen times. For one hour, a person makes a thousand breaths, per day - twenty-six thousand, for a year - nine million. Moreover, men and women breathe not equally. For one year, the first makes 670 million breaths, and the second - 746.Fort one minute to man is vital to get eight and a half liters of air volume.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude: you need to follow the lungs. If you doubt the state of your respiratory system, consult a doctor.

Light building

Light functions

There are two types of breathing: edge (breast) and a diaphragmal (abdominal).

River breathing

Diaphragm breathing

Regulation of the process of breathing

Light smoking man

Pneumonia

Lightweight person perform many functions. The main functions that are performed by the lungs can be attributed to gas exchange, the withdrawal of carbon dioxide, as well as the supply of hemoglobin oxygen. Initiation of the gas exchange process in the lungs occurs through such a process as diffusion. This means that the thin walls of the alveolo, as well as the capillaries, are passed through themselves the oxygen contained in the inhaled air. At the same time, carbon dioxide, as the end product of metabolism, on the contrary, comes from the blood into the air.

The result of the difference in the concentrations of these gases in the air, as well as in the blood, is a consequence of the diffusion occurring. The penetration of oxygen into erythrocytes causes the saturation of hemoglobin. In this case, the blood turns into arterial, and is directed straight to the appropriate tissues, feeding them. In turn, the fabrics are isolated carbon dioxide, which turns into blood through diffusion and is delivered to the easy.

This process is carried out until the oxygen equilibrium between blood and air, which is contained in alveoli will not be achieved. Given the small time of finding blood in Alveol's capillaries, it seems quite difficult to ensure the body tissues with oxygen dissolved in the blood, the amount of which cannot exceed 0.003 cubic centimeters in the same volume of blood plasma.

Nature has implemented blood saturation mechanism by oxygen by pulmonary diffusion by introducing a substance into the process, with ease of reaction with oxygen. This property of hemoglobin allows you to hold oxygen in sufficiently large quantities, and it is also easy to part with it if necessary. It is these properties of hemoglobin that allows it to be in contact with oxygen in the lungs and carry it with it in an amount that is equivalent to the fifth part of the blood volume, after which it is transferred to its body tissues.

Performing the basic function in getting rid of carbon dioxide, the lungs use the services of the erythrocytes staying in lungs that carry out the replacement of HCO3 anions on such anion as CL. The membrane has a special channel that serves to implement such a process. The gas exchange lock can be made when interacting with a specific inhibitor, which binds to a protein that is the basis for the formation of this channel.

In addition to its main, respiratory functions, the lungs also perform various minor functions, such as metabolic and pharmacological. Metabolic, or filtration function, is represented by the activities of the lungs in the matter of delaying and destruction of cell conglomerates, as well as fatty microembols and fibrin bunches that are coming along with blood. The main role in the production of such activities is played by enzyme systems.

Alvetol's sintezed by fat cells The element called chymotrypsin, as well as other different proteases, is actively involved in these processes on a par with proteases and lipolytic enzymes, synthesized by alveolar macrophages. This function of the lungs does not allow higher fatty acids, as well as the fats of an emulsified type, entering the venous blood flow directly in the venous blood flow using a breast lymphatic channel, further pulmonary capillaries. Destruction of these elements occurs during hydrolysis, which is activated in the lungs. At the same time, some of the captured proteins, as well as various lipids, is used to ensure the synthesis of the surfactant.

Performing its pharmacological function, the lungs carry out the synthesis of substances valuable for the body from the point of view of biological activity. Since the lungs are a body that leads the content of histamine in itself, they play an important role in the process of regulating microcirculation due to stressful state. The side effect of such a process is bronchospasms and vasoconstriction caused by allergic reactions. This increases the degree of permeability of alveolokapillary membranes. Pulmonary fabric also carries out the synthesis and destruction of serotonin.

A huge amount of pulmonary cells produce nitrogen oxide, which plays a major role in preventing the ability of pulmonary vessels to vasodilation, or relaxing the smooth muscles of the walls of the vessels, during chronic hypoxia. As a rule, this problem is observed under the condition of endothelium-dependent substances. Among other things, the lungs are a source of blood coagulation cofactors. These include thromboplastin and other elements containing an activator capable of converting plasminogen to plasmin. Albold, the alveoli is also synthesized by heparin, which has a counter-grained effect.

But on this, the positive effects of heparin do not end, since it has a powerful antihistamine effect and is able to activate lipoprotein lipase. Also, heparin is able to remove the effect of the effects of hyaluronidase. The lungs are synthesized as substances that can withstand the formation of platelet bunches and substances that can provide the opposite effect. This is the most important organ of the human body, which ensures the implementation of many vital functions of the body.

Lights are present farm organs of breathing. The characteristic structure of the pulmonary fabric is laid in the second month of the intrauterine development of the fetus. After the birth of the child, the respiratory system continues its development, finally forming approximately 22-25 years. After 40 years of age, the pulmonary fabric begins to grow gradually.

This body has received its name in Russian due to the property is not sinking in water (due to the content of air inside). The Greek word Pneumon and Latin - Pulmunes are also translated as "light." Hence the inflammatory defeat of this organ is called "pneumonia." A pulmonologist is engaged in the treatment of this and other diseases of the pulmonary fabric.

Location

Human lungs are in thoracic cavity And at the same time it is most of them. Breast cavity is limited in front and rear edges, the diaphragm is below. It also contains a mediastinum containing trachea, the main blood circulation body is a heart, large (main) vessels, esophagus and some other important structures of the human body. The chest cavity is not reported to the external environment.

Each of these organs is completely covered with pleural - a smooth serous shell having two sheets. One of them grows with a pulmonary cloth, the second - with infant cavity and mediastinum. A pleural cavity is formed between them, filled with a small amount of fluid. Due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity and the surface tension of the fluid in it, the pulmonary fabric is held in the straightened state. In addition, the pleura reduces its friction on the root surface at the act of breathing.

External structure

Pulmonary fabric resembles a small pink-colored sponge. With age, as well as with pathological processes of the respiratory system, long smoking, the color of the pulmonary parenchyma changes and becomes darker.

Lung has the kind of improper coneThe top of which is drawn up and is in the neck area, speaking several centimeters above the clavicle. Below, on the border with a diaphragm, the pulmonary surface has a concave appearance. The front and rear surface is convex (at the same time, it sometimes observes prints from ribs). The inner side (medial) surface borders with the mediastum and also has a concave appearance.

On the medial surface of each lung there are so-called gates, through which the main armor and vessels are penetrated into the pulmonary fabric - artery and two veins.

The dimensions of both lungs are not the same: right about 10% more left. This is due to the arrangement of the heart in the chest cavity: left from the middle line of the body. Such a "Neighborhood" causes their characteristic form: the right shorter and wider, and the left is long and narrow. The form of this organ depends on the physique of a person. So, thin people both lungs are narrower and long and long than that of obese, which is due to the structure of the chest.

In the pulmonary tissue of man there are no painful receptors, and the occurrence of pain in certain diseases (for example, pneumonia) is usually associated with the involvement in the pathological process of the pleura.

What is the lungs

The human lungs in anatomy are divided into three main components: bronchi, bronchioles and acins.

Bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchi is hollow tubular trachea branches and connect it directly with the pulmonary cloth. The main function of the bronchi is aircraft.

Approximately at the level of the fifth breast vertebra, trachea is divided into two main bronchus: the right and left, which are then sent to the corresponding lungs. In the anatomy of the lungs bronchi branching system is importantThe appearance of which resembles a wooded crown, so it is called it - "bronchial tree".

When entering the main bronchum into the pulmonary tissue, it is first divided into equity, and then - into smaller segmental (respectively, each pulmonary segment). The subsequent dichotomous (pair) division of segmental bronchi ultimately leads to the formation of end and respiratory bronchiol - the smallest branches of the bronchial tree.

Each bronchus consists of three shells:

outdoor (connecting); fibrous muscle (contains cartilaginous cloth); The inner mucous membrane, which is covered with eyelet epithelium.

As the diameter decreases the bronchi (in the process of branching), the cartilage tissue and the mucous membrane gradually disappear. The smallest bronchi (bronchioles) do not contain cartilage in their structure, the mucous membrane is also absent. Instead, it appears a thin layer of cubic epithelium.

Acinuses

The division of the terminal bronchiol leads to the formation of several orders of respiratory. From each respiratory bronchioles in all directions, alveolar moves are branched, which blindly ends with alveolar bags (alveoli). The alveoli shell is thick covered with a capillary network. It is here that gas exchanges are produced between inhaled oxygen and exhaled carbon dioxide.

The diameter of the alveoli is very smalland he fluctuates from 150 μm in a newborn baby up to 280-300 μm in an adult.

The inner surface of each alveoli is covered with a special substance - surfactant. It prevents its decline, as well as the penetration of the fluid in the structure of the respiratory system. In addition, the surfactant has bactericidal properties and participates in some immune defense reactions.

The structure, which includes respiratory bronchiol and outgoing alveolar moves and bags, are called the primary loss of the lung. It has been established that from one finite bronchiole occurs approximately 14-16 respiratory. Consequently, such a number of primary lobes forms the main structural unit of Parenhima of the pulmonary fabric is an acinus.

This anatomical-functional structure received its name due to the characteristic appearance, resembling a bunch of grapes (Lat. Acinus - "Bunch"). In the human body there are approximately 30 thousand acinuses.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe respiratory surface of the pulmonary fabric due to the alveoli ranges from 30 square meters. meters when exhaling and up to about 100 square meters. Meters when inhaling.

Lobes and lung segments

The acinuses form lobesfrom which are formed segmentsand from segments - solo.Mowing the whole light.

In the right easier there are three shares, in the left - two (due to the smaller size of it). In both lungs, the upper and lower lobes are highlighted, and the right is also average. Between themselves are separated by furrodes (fissuras).

Solo. divided into segmentswhich do not have visible distinction in the form of connective tissue mess. Usually in the right lung there are ten segments, in the left - eight. Each segment contains segmental bronchi and the corresponding branch of the pulmonary artery. The appearance of the pulmonary segment is similar to the pyramid of the wrong shape, the top of which is facing the pulmonary gate, and the base is to a pleural sheet.

The upper share of each lung has the front segment. The right easier also has the top and rear segments, and in the left - the top-rear and two bodies (upper and lower).

In the lower share of each lung, the upper, front, lateral and posterior-domed segments distinguish. In addition, the medobased segment is determined in the left lung.

In the middle share of the right lung, two segments are distinguished: medial and lateral.

The separation of human lung segments is necessary to determine the clear localization of pathological changes in pulmonary fabric, which is especially important for practitioners, for example, in the process of treatment and observation over pneumonia.

FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE

The main function of the lungs is gas exchange, in which carbon dioxide is removed from the blood with a simultaneous saturation of its oxygen, necessary for the normal metabolism of almost all organs and tissues of the human body.

When inhaling saturated with oxygen the air through the bronchial wood penetrates the alveoli. There is also a "spent" blood from a small circle of circulation, containing a large amount of carbon dioxide. After gas exchange carbon dioxide, again, the bronchial tree is displayed outside when exhaling. And oxygen-saturated blood enters a large circle of blood circulation and is directed further to the organs and systems of the human body.

Act of breathing in humans is involuntary, reflex. For this, the special structure of the brain is responsible - the oblongable brain (respiratory center). According to the degree of blood saturation, the pace and the depth of breathing is adjusted, which is becoming deeper and more often with an increase in the concentration of this gas.

In the lungs there is no muscle tissue. Therefore, their participation in the act of breathing is extremely passive: expansion and compression with the movements of the chest.

In carrying out breathing, muscle tissue of the diaphragm and chest is involved. Accordingly, two types of respiration are distinguished: abdominal and chest.

In the breath, the amount of the chest increases, in it created negative pressure (below atmospheric), which allows air to easily flow into the lungs. This is carried out by reducing the diaphragm and muscle skeleton of the chest (intercostal muscles), which leads to raising and discrepancies of the ribs.

On the exhalation, on the contrary, the pressure becomes above atmospheric, and the removal of saturated carbon dioxide is carried out with a practically passive way. In this case, the amount of the chest cavity is reduced by relaxing the respiratory muscles and lowering the ribs.

With some pathological conditions, the so-called auxiliary respiratory muscles are included in the respiratory act: neck, abdominal press, etc.

The amount of air that man inhales and exhales at once (respiratory volume) is about half a liter. Per minute accounted for an average of 16-18 respiratory movements. Per day through the pulmonary tissue passes more 13 thousand liters of air!

The average lung tank is approximately 3-6 liters. It is redundant to humans: during the inhalation, we use only about one eighth part of this container.

In addition to gas exchange, there are other functions in a lung person:

Participation in maintaining acid-alkaline balance. The removal of toxins, essential oils, alcohol vapor, etc. maintaining the body's water balance. Normally via the lungs evaporate near the half-liter of water per day. With extreme situations, the daily removal of water can reach 8-10 liters. The ability to delay and dissolve cell conglomerates, fatty microembols and fibrin bunches. Participation in blood coagulation processes (coagulation). Phagocytic activity - participation in the work of the immune system.

Consequently, the structure and functions of the lungs of a person are in close relationship, which makes it possible to ensure the smooth operation of the entire human body.

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