If you cannot understand why antonyms and synonyms are needed, then first of all seek help from explanatory dictionaries and clearly understand the meaning of these terms.
Let's just say briefly that antonyms are words of opposite meaning, and synonyms are words of similar meaning.
What role do synonyms play?
The beauty of conversation and writing It is customary to determine by the presence of skillfully selected synonyms and antonyms. Synonyms are words that have the same meaning, but different pronunciation and spelling. A striking example synonym: “warrior”, “soldier”.
Synonyms allow you to convey as accurately and gracefully as possible complex concepts and also translate foreign speech.
What are antonyms?
Antonyms are words that have different meaning, most often polar, classic example Antonym: “tall”, “short”. It is these parts of speech, like any other words, that can enrich and decorate a person’s speech. These include words that have different spellings as well as different sounds, and which have directly opposite meanings.
To make speech sufficiently understandable and figurative, people with a rich vocabulary often resort to using antonyms in their speech. For example, we must tell a person about what is good and what is bad, so we will definitely use such words in our vocabulary. Exactly the same similar example can be given with the words: truth and lies, good and evil, love and hate, and many, many others.
It is thanks to them that we can enthusiastically read classical literature with such passion and passion, since writers are quite skilled at using these words in their works.
When a person feels bad or good, or he wants to express his feelings and emotions very clearly, he also resorts to the help of antonyms, which in some life situations They are simply a kind of lifesaver.
Without synonyms and antonyms lexicon man would be reduced to such an extent that it would make impossible not only poetry, but even . Thanks to these words, a person in ancient times made a genuine revolution in colloquial speech, which led to the development of thousands different languages and contributed to the emergence of writing. So the significance of these parts of Russian speech is truly enormous.
So why do we need synonyms and antonyms?
- Firstly, to enrich speech. Our native Russian language is different from all others. The richness of speech, if we interpret this concept in a simplified way, is expressed in the ability to say the same thing in a hundred different ways.
- Secondly, antonyms and synonyms are simply necessary to convey in speech various shades of meaning of a particular concept. And also for a more subtle transfer of the speaker’s attitude to the subject being discussed.
Synonyms are words that have close or the same lexical meaning, but are different in spelling and sound. Examples will help you understand the synonym: cavalry - cavalry - big - huge, enormous - afraid - afraid, timid - heat - heat.
Differences between synonymous words
Each of the synonyms usually has a special shade of meaning that distinguishes it from the others. For example, synonyms for the word “red” are the words “scarlet”, “crimson”, “crimson”. The word "red" means "having the color of blood." The word "scarlet" means "bright red." "Crimson" - "dense red". "Crimson" also means a deep red color, but with a faint purple or bluish tint.
Some synonyms differ in their expressive coloring; it is advisable to use them only within a certain style. For example, the synonym for the word “eyes” is “zenki”, as well as “eyes”. The word “eyes” is widely used both in colloquial and literary speech, and has no additional expressive connotation. The word "eyes" is used only in highly artistic texts and poetic works. It has a certain connotation of solemnity and obsolescence. The word "zenki", denoting eyes, on the contrary, has a connotation of coarseness, harshness, and is used in an irregular manner.
Many synonyms simultaneously differ in shade lexical meaning, and consolidation in a certain style, and expressive coloring. For example, synonyms for “complain” (to express grief, resentment - common literary) are “whining”. (intrusively, annoyingly complain - conversational style) - “study” (study, general literary) - “study” (study carefully, book style).
A small group of similar words have the same meaning; they do not differ from each other either in stylistic consistency or expressive coloring. These are the so-called complete synonyms, for example, “thermometer” - “thermometer”, “linguistics” - “linguistics”, “octopus” - “octopus”. You can find a synonym for a specific word using a special dictionary.
What is a synonym, its meaning in speech
These words help to avoid monotony of speech and unnecessary repetition of the same words. Synonyms also help to more accurately formulate a thought and make speech expressive, for example: “I could hear dogs barking. Usually they bark like that at postmen... Indeed, looking out the window, I saw a letter carrier.” In this example, it is clear that such a synonym-word has been chosen, which helps to avoid repetition and gives expressiveness to the sentence.
A group of words that consists of a number of synonyms is called a synonymous row. One of them, which is placed first in dictionaries, is considered the main, main one.
The synonymous series can include not only words, but also phraseological units (stable phrases). In a sentence they perform one syntactic function. You can understand what a synonym is, what a synonymous series can look like, from examples: too many - without counting, the chickens don’t peck, over the edge.
The ability to use the synonymous richness of the Russian language is important indicator oratory skill of the speaker.
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The Russian language is difficult for foreigners trying to learn it due to the abundance of words that can describe one subject with different connotations. In most languages, the number of words that describe an object is small. In the Russian language, dozens of word forms can be selected to characterize each object. These are synonymous words; examples of them can often be found in colloquial speech.
What are synonyms in Russian? These are words that in most cases relate to one part of speech, describe one object or action, and have different spellings. For example: trousers - trousers. These are words that characterize a wardrobe item with a certain cut, worn on a specific part of the body.
What do synonyms mean? They give the same object a subtle characteristic, highlighting specific features. In a certain context, synonymous words can replace each other if the overall meaning of what is said does not change.
In the sentence there are trousers hanging in the closet, the word “pants” can be replaced with “pants”. The meaning of what has been said will not change - THIS TYPE OF CLOTHING hangs in the closet.
In the sentence “The dress code obliges men to wear trousers indoors,” the words cannot be replaced, since trousers are a model of a specific cut made from a certain type of fabric and belong to the classic type of clothing.
Pants is a term that defines a simple cut model, in the context it implies concepts such as sports or pajama models. In the first case, the meaning of the sentence itself involves wearing the classical form, so the terms cannot replace each other.
What are synonymous words for? They expand vocabulary and allow you to describe objects with different sides, enrich your vocabulary and allow you to express yourself more clearly. Indispensable in literary texts: they provide ample opportunities for description and allow you to endow objects and states with individual, unique properties.
Note! Synonyms do not always act as one word. Phraseological units are typical representatives.
The peculiarity of Russian speech is such that for a whole sentence you can choose one single synonym word, giving a brief and complete description.
For example: Out of the blue - unexpectedly. Goal like a falcon - poverty, misery.
Kinds
Synonymy in Russian speech arose due to the arrival of foreign words in the vocabulary, the emergence of new terms and general development lexicon. As Wikipedia says, these factors became the reason for the formation of 4 groups.
Absolute and semantic
Absolute terms have different sounds and spellings, but their semantic load is absolutely identical.
They arose due to the arrival of foreign words into speech. Today, there are few absolute synonyms. Example - alphabet - alphabet.
Semantic ones give an object a characteristic on several points. In the semantic group, there is a match only on one of the points: ball-sphere.
A ball is a round, three-dimensional object, hollow inside, with only a shell. A sphere is a round, three-dimensional object, without cavities. Outwardly, both objects look the same, but from a technical point of view, these are two completely different figures.
Stylistic
Speech has styles - artistic, business, journalistic and others. This means that certain words carry a specific meaning.
The same object can be described by words of different spelling and sound, which will give it a specific meaning. Representatives of the stylistic group are interchangeable depending on the context.
For example: a toddler is a child. Karapuz is a common definition. Applies to very young children. Causes affection, a gentle, caressing word.
Not acceptable for use in scientific or journalistic texts. Child - general term, applied to a person under the age of majority. Used in scientific, medical and journalistic texts. The term “toddler” no longer applies to a 10-year-old boy, unlike the concept “child”.
Contextual
Words that are different in meaning, sound and spelling, but describe the same object in a specific sentence. Separately, they are in no way connected with each other in meaning.
Eg: Thief was elusive. This rat eluded the guards through back streets and narrow courtyards. Silhouette literally dissolved in the darkness of the streets, seeped through fences and fences.
Thief, rat and silhouette are contextual synonyms. All three words characterize the same object and belong to the same part of speech (in the proposed example it is a noun). Separately, each term has its own character and cannot be replaced.
A thief is a person who has stolen something. A rat is an animal. Silhouette is a description of a human figure.
Neutral
Words that are similar in meaning, describe the same object or action, but are different in spelling and give the object unique characteristics, form rows.
Run, rush, walk, accelerate - a number of synonyms that characterize the type of movement. The differences are in speed and movement.
The series contains neutral synonyms - words that do not give the object a pronounced characteristic, but simply describe its state without conveying additional meaning.
For example: laughter-laugh-giggle. A synonymous series of words that define human emotions and ways of their manifestation:
- Laughter is a neutral synonym for expressing emotions. Does not provide any additional semantic load;
- laughter - loud laughter caused by violent emotions, manifested by additional gestures. Can act as a reaction to a person's failure and be offensive in nature;
- giggle is a quiet laugh that a person tries (not always) to hide. It can act as a manifestation of ridicule of a person or occurs in situations where a person cannot laugh openly due to circumstances.
Search
How to determine synonymous words in Russian. As a rule, they refer to one part of speech in most cases: What to do? Walk, walk, march. Who? Woman, mother, brunette. Synonyms describe a certain property to varying degrees: color - color, coloring, palette; speed - quickly, instantly, urgently.
Examples of synonyms in Russian:
- Properties – features, individual qualities, signs, traits. “Slowly” – slowed down, like a turtle, like a snail.
- Designation – concept, definition, sign, mark, symbol. “Loud” - at the top of his voice, not restrained.
- Definition - wording, exact description, finding, identification, assignment, measurement. “Beautiful” - sweet, charming, pretty. “Small” - tiny, small, microscopic, about the size of a fingernail.
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Conclusion
Not only in literary texts, but also in everyday life, the use of synonymous words allows you to decorate your speech, make your vocabulary rich, and give a clear description of what is happening in one capacious word. It's convenient, understandable and beautiful. Synonymy enriches Russian speech, making it multifaceted, beautiful, and rich.
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They say that Russian is one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn. Not surprising, because even native speakers of a language do not always thoroughly know all its aspects. But it seems difficult only the first time, let’s try to understand the rules of native speech little by little.
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Synonyms: definition
Synonym (from Greek - identical) - words are the same or close in meaning, but different in spelling. For example: child, baby, child. One of the criteria for determining the richness of a language is the presence in it of such general values. Synonyms have properties such as helping us avoid repeating the same phrase in sentences and making our language more diverse.
Don't confuse them with homonyms and antonyms. – these are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, for example:
- Key – opens doors.
- The key is birds.
- The key is the spring.
And antonyms mean opposites, that is:
- Day Night.
- Black White.
- Boy - girl.
- Synonym - antonym.
But synonyms are not just words interchangeable, they are divided into types and have many definitions in lexicology. Let's try to figure out how words that are similar in meaning are “sorted”.
Types of synonyms
In the Russian language, words with similar meanings have long been sorted into shelves; all we have to do is try to understand at least a little the principle of these layouts, which we will try to do now. So, these types of synonyms are defined:
With one root and different roots. Everything is simple here, cognates are not only close in meaning, but also have the same root. Such examples of synonyms in Russian are:
- Water is water.
- Forest - forest.
- Bass - bassy.
- Sour – sourish.
But words with different roots are those that are not even similar in sound:
- Joy happiness.
- Storm - bad weather.
- Friend - comrade.
- Calm - unperturbed.
Partial and full.
Complete words are words that are identical to each other in meaning, for example, linguistics and linguistics. But, based on other sources, we can say that the belonging of this group of words to synonyms is quite controversial.
Partial synonyms have a common designation, but they differ from each other in three ways. Let's take a closer look at them:
- Semantic - synonyms that differ in emotional coloring. For example, beautiful (a word that is not emotionally charged) and beautiful (tinged with a touch of admiration). The same with the examples of big and huge, small and tiny, liking and liking.
- Stylistic – their difference in style. This can be a synonymous series of colloquial, literary and archaic words. For example - finger (colloquial) and finger (archaism), speak and rant, and so on.
- And stylistic-semantic, that is, synonyms with a pronounced difference in emotional coloring and a difference in style. An example is secret and hidden. The first is a neutrally colored colloquial word, the second is a rich literary one.
Variation of synonyms
In order to determine the properties of a synonym and how one differs from the other you need to check it in several steps. It happens this way:
- Let's take a synonymous series.
- We match each link with the most neutral, emotionally uncolored word.
- We select words with opposite meanings - antonyms.
- Replace one word in a sentence with another.
- Find two figurative meanings every link in the chain.
- Consider the grammatical structure of each link.
This is how you can define for yourself an expression with a neutral coloring and the properties and designations of all the words that follow it.
Why are synonyms needed in Russian?
It would seem, why complicate everything so much and come up with some tricks with words that have the same meaning and different spellings, and so on. But everything is not as simple as it seems, in fact, they play an important role in our speech. This is not only the criterion by which the richness, beauty and diversity of the language is determined, but also important functional unit in language.
They play a semantic role, helping to construct sentences in such a way as to avoid repetitions of even the most necessary words, and at the same time not lose the thread of the conversation. This makes the text or dialogue more interesting and pleasing to the ear.
And also a stylistic role. The same meaning can be embodied in several styles, and the color of the sentence will change. Here's an example:
The cold outside the window has been bothering me for days now. (Literary style)
I got tired of the cold outside after a few days. ( Conversational style)
conclusions
So, it's time to draw conclusions from all of the above. Synonyms are words that are close or identical in meaning but differ in spelling. They are used in speech to avoid tautologies (repetitions) and use the same meaning in different styles. They are divided into several types according to emotional coloring, style and proximity of meaning.
Now you probably won’t have any questions about what phrases with the same meaning are and what they are eaten with.
Synonyms (gr. synonymos- eponymous) are words that differ in sound, but are identical or similar in meaning, often differing in stylistic coloring: here - here, wife - spouse, look - look; homeland - fatherland, fatherland; brave - courageous, courageous, fearless, fearless, undaunted, daring, dashing.
A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called a synonymous row (or nest). Synonymous series can consist of both multi-root and single-root synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - fisherman, fisherman. The first place in the synonymous row is usually given to a word that is decisive in meaning and stylistically neutral - dominant (lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called the core, main, supporting word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, and complement it estimated values. So, in the last example the dominant of the series is the word brave, it most succinctly conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms - “not experiencing fear” and is free from expressive and stylistic shades. The remaining synonyms are distinguished in semantic-stylistic terms and by the peculiarities of their use in speech. For example, intrepid- a book word, interpreted as “very brave”; daring- folk poetic, means “complete prowess”; dashing- colloquial - “brave, taking risks.” Synonyms brave, courageous, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in the possibilities of lexical compatibility (they are combined only with nouns that name people; it is impossible to say "brave project", "fearless decision" etc.).
Members of the synonymous series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseologisms), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, the chickens don’t peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.
Synonyms always belong to the same part of speech. However, in the word formation system, each of them has related words that relate to other parts of speech and enter into the same synonymous relationships with each other; Wed handsome - charming, enchanting, irresistible --> beauty - charm, enchantment, irresistibility; think - think, reflect, reflect, ponder --> thoughts - thoughts, reflections, reflections, thoughts: Such synonymy is consistently preserved between derived words: harmony - euphony; harmonious - euphonious; harmony - euphony; harmonious - euphonious 1 . This pattern clearly demonstrates the systemic connections of lexical units.
The Russian language is rich in synonyms; rare synonymous series have two or three members, more often there are many more. However, compilers of synonym dictionaries use different criteria for their selection. This leads to the fact that the synonymous series of different lexicographers often do not coincide. The reason for such discrepancies lies in the different understanding of the essence of lexical synonymy.
Some scientists consider it an obligatory sign of synonymous relations between words that they designate the same concept. Others take their interchangeability as a basis for identifying synonyms. The third point of view comes down to the fact that the decisive condition for synonymy is the proximity of the lexical meanings of words. In this case, the following criteria are put forward: 1) proximity or identity of lexical meanings; 2) only the identity of lexical meanings; 3) proximity, but not identity of lexical meanings.
In our opinion, the most important condition synonymous words - their semantic proximity, and in special cases - identity. Depending on the degree of semantic proximity, synonymy can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. For example, synonymy of verbs hurry - hurry up is expressed more clearly than, say, laugh - laugh, burst into laughter, roll up, roll, giggle, snort, splash, having significant semantic and stylistic differences. Synonymy is most fully expressed when the words are semantically identical: here - here, linguistics - linguistics. However, there are few words in the language that are absolutely identical; As a rule, they develop semantic nuances and stylistic features that determine their uniqueness in vocabulary. For example, in the last pair of synonyms there are already differences in lexical compatibility; compare: domestic linguistics, But structural linguistics.
Parallel scientific terms are most often complete (absolute) synonyms: spelling - spelling, nominative - nominative, fricative - fricative, as well as single-root words formed using synonymous affixes: wretchedness - wretchedness, guard - guard.
As language develops, one of a pair of absolute synonyms may disappear. Thus, for example, the original full-voice variants have fallen out of use, giving way to those of Old Church Slavic origin: licorice - sweet, good - brave, shelom - helmet. Others change the meanings, and, as a result, there is a complete break in synonymous relations: lover, lover; vulgar, popular.
Synonyms, as a rule, denote the same phenomenon of objective reality. The nominative function allows us to combine them into open series, which are replenished with the development of language, with the emergence of new meanings for words. On the other hand, synonymous relationships can disintegrate, and then individual words are excluded from the synonymous series and acquire other semantic connections. Yes, word scrupulous, formerly synonymous with the word haberdashery[cf.: London trades scrupulous(P.)], is now synonymous with the words thin, delicate; word vulgar ceased to be synonymous with words widespread, popular(cf. the hope expressed by the writer Trediakovsky that the book he wrote will be even a bitvulgar ) and moved closer to the row: vulgar - rude, low, immoral, cynical; at the word dream the semantic correlation with the word is currently broken thought[cf.: How scarydream! (P.)], but preserved with the words dreaming, daydream. The systemic connections of related words change accordingly. The semantic structures of the given lexical units influenced the formation of such, for example, synonymous series: scrupulousness - sophistication, delicacy; vulgarity - rudeness, baseness; dream - dream.
Since synonyms, like most words, are characterized by polysemy, they are included in complex synonymic relationships with other polysemantic words, forming a branched hierarchy of synonymous series. With other words, synonyms are connected by relations of opposition, forming antonymic pairs with them.
Synonymous connections between words confirm the systematic nature of Russian vocabulary.
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