The main factors that make it possible to distinguish an urban from a rural settlement is the size of its population, moreover, employed mainly outside of agriculture. In addition, in the city, in comparison with the countryside, the nature of residential buildings and a higher population density.
"The city is the unity of the dissimilar"
Aristotle
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italy spain portugal belorussia england georgia russia australia Germany greece albania macedonia china israel mongolia india nepal japan Name the countries where the Christian religion was spread
orthodoxy
Catholicism
protestantism
Islam
Shintoism
The main factors that make it possible to distinguish an urban from a rural settlement is the size of its population, moreover, employed mainly outside of agriculture. In addition, in the city, in comparison with the countryside, the nature of residential buildings and a higher population density. "A city is a unity of dissimilar" Aristotle There are no uniform criteria for distinguishing cities in the world. In the United States, cities include settlements that have reached 2.5 thousand inhabitants, in the Netherlands - 20 thousand, in Iceland - 200 people. In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of their population. In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with at least 12 thousand people. In general, cities can be classified as follows: cities Megalopolises (supercities formed by the merger of agglomerations) From 500 thousand to 1 million people From 100 to 500 thousand people From 1 to 10 million people Agglomerations (large cities surrounded by satellite cities)
CITY 1 million by population Entertainment center Administrative and scientific centers Financial center Transport center Industrial center Mining center Resort center CITY CITY FUNCTIONS is a settlement, most of whose inhabitants are employed in industry and services small medium large large major millionaires ISTRA REIKJAVIK CITY FUNCTIONS NOVGOROD TIRANA DUBLIN MOSCOW
Ancient Indian city - Machu Picchu Capital of Australia - Canberra City - resort - Anapa City of entertainment - Las Vegas
City - state - San Marino City - port - Arkhangelsk Industrial center - Norilsk (the largest center of the copper and nickel industry) Adelaide - port and administrative center
The functions of a city can change due to a change in the geopolitical position, its role and significance in the country's economy. The "functional" history of a city can be studied by getting acquainted with its original and modern emblems. Coat of arms of the city Zvenigorod Initially, the city was built as a fortress, which is reflected in its ancient coat of arms. Now it is one of the historical centers of Russia, which are part of the Moscow region. As a result, the symbol of Moscow appeared in the upper left corner of the coat of arms.
T AND P Y G O R O D O V Cities are characterized by regional differences. It is customary to distinguish the types of cities: Western European, Arab, African, Latin American, North American They were formed under the influence of various factors: historical, economic, geographic, religious, etc.
Western European city Western European city: The roots go back to the days of the Roman Empire. In the center - market square, town hall, cathedral. The narrow streets of the old town radiate out from the center.
Arab city Arab city: divided into new and old parts. The core of the old part is usually a fortification (citadel). The quarters of the old city surround it in a tight ring. The main decoration is colorful bazaars
African city African city: formed under the influence of European colonization, brought by her religion - Christianity, and also later - Islam. Buildings of the European type are combined with oriental bazaars, mosques and impoverished neighborhoods
Latin American city Latin American city: was created as a colonial city according to a single plan, which Spain and Portugal developed for their possessions. The central part is similar to the center of a European city. On the outskirts, belts of poverty have formed, in which 30-50% of the city's population lives.
North American city North American city: it is distinguished by specific features, first of all, by its youth. A clear rectangular layout with a business center (downtown) is characteristic, in other parts of the city there are low-rise individual buildings.
2 50 80 81 Land area Population GDP Air emissions 90 80 70 60 50 40 30% 0 Conclusion: Indicators of cities Diagram: "The role of cities in the modern world"
The problems of cities in the XXI century have acquired a global character, they are dealt with by representatives of different scientific disciplines - economists, sociologists, ecologists. Geographers are primarily interested in the spatial aspects of urbanization - the patterns of the placement of cities and the functioning of urban space, the settlement system, as well as the environmental problems of cities.
II. Urbanization is the process of the growth of cities and urban population, the spread of urban lifestyles, and an increase in the economic role of the city. Diagram: "Dynamics of the global urbanization process". Conclusion: in the 20th century, there is a "urban boom" - a sharp jump in the urban population.
URBANIZATION CITY GROWTH URBAN POPULATION GROWTH FORMATION OF COMPLEX URBAN SYSTEMS
Urbanization is accompanied by an increase in the role of cities in the life of society, the spread of urban lifestyles and the formation of settlement systems
FEATURES OF MODERN URBANIZATION Rapid growth rates of urban population Concentration of industry and population in large cities "Sprawl" of cities, expansion of their territory As a result of the "sprawl" of cities, urban agglomerations appear At present, there are about 20 agglomerations LARGEST URBAN Agglomerations in the world (million people) Mexico (28) Tokyo (27) Sao Paulo (26) Shanghai (23) Bombay (20) Beijing (19) Jakarta (18) Seoul (16) Kolkata (15) New York (17)
Moscow agglomeration AGLOMERATION is a group of closely located cities united by ties: cultural, everyday, labor, industrial New York City - agglomeration (16.6 million people) Mexico City City - agglomeration (17.9 million people)
MEGAPOLIS OF THE WORLD Megalopolis is an urbanized zone formed by intergrown agglomerations. There are six megalopolises in the world: Europe - 2: English, Rhine; USA - 3: San San, Chipits, Boswash; Japan - 2: Tokaido English and Rhine megalopolises USA megalopolises
L OZHNAYA URBANIZATION - the rapid growth of the urban population, not accompanied by an increase in the number of jobs => the emergence of uncomfortable slums R URBANIZATION - the spread of urban forms of life in rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents there S UBURBANIZATION - the process of growth and development of the suburban area large cities, while the pace of development of satellite cities is higher than the pace of development of the core of the agglomeration
Depending on the number of urban population (urbanization level), countries differ into highly urbanized (urbanization rate> 50%), medium-urbanized (from 20 to 50%) and low-urbanized (
Countries with a high level of urbanization (share of urban population over 50%) Medium-urbanized countries (share of urban population from 20% to 50%) Low-urbanized countries (share of urban population below 20%) Depending on the number of urban population (urbanization level) countries vary
Countries with a high level of urbanization (urban population over 50%) UNITED KINGDOM - 89 ARGENTINA - 88 AUSTRALIA - 85 SWEDEN - 83 VENEZUELA - 93 BELGIUM -95 Mid-urbanized countries (urban population from 20% to 50%) MALAYSIA SENEGAL CONGO INDONESIA VIETNAM INDIA Low-urbanized countries (urban population below 20%) ETHIOPIA - 13 NEPAL - 14 MALAWI - 13 NIGER - 17 UGANDA - 12 RWANDA - 8 BURUNDI - 8 KUWAIT - 97 Countries differ depending on the urban population (urbanization level)
According to the level of urbanization, all countries are divided into three groups The share of urban population in different countries (in%) HIGHLY URBANIZED> 51% MEDIUM URBANIZED 20-50% LOW-URBANIZED
Urbanization rate more than 50% 20 to 50% less than 20%
In addition to the urban forms of settlement, there are two more: SETTLEMENT FORMS URBAN NOMADIC RURAL GROUP (VILLAGE) SCATTERED (FARM, KHUTOR) Despite the rapid growth of cities, about 1/2 of the world's population still lives in rural areas, and the total number of rural settlements is 20 million The group form of settlement prevails in Russia, in foreign Europe, China, and Japan. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, Australia. In areas of nomadic cattle breeding, there are no permanent settlements at all, this is typical for Mongolia, as well as for the indigenous peoples of the north of Russia, Canada, and the United States.
New York Moscow Singapore Mexico City Jakarta Bombay Paris Tokyo Bonn Sao Paulo Baku Los Angeles Minsk Kolkata Seoul Rome Shanghai Vancouver Beijing Oslo Name the largest metropolitan areas in the world with a population of more than 14 million people
CORRECT ANSWER!
Formulate a conclusion on the topic of the lesson Topic 3 §4 (in the textbook of V.P. Maksakovsky) Complete the task for the lesson. Draw on a contour map: The largest cities in the world Megalopolises Highly urbanized, medium-urbanized, low-urbanized countries (5 examples each)
Diagram: "The role of cities in the modern world" Conclusion:
2 50 80 81 Land area Population GDP Air emissions 90 80 70 60 50 40 30% Diagram: "The role of cities in the modern world" 0 Conclusion: Indicators of cities
Lesson Objectives
- Find out what determined the distribution of the world's population?
- To which countries and regions are the largest populations confined
- How do cities and villages compare in size?
- How does the urbanization process take place?
The fields end their lives
Under a terrible chariot
Which the spirit of the century has turned against them,
And the tentacles pull the capital after the capital,
To suck the remnants of their strength out of them.
E. Verharn
- The earth is populated unevenly: about 70% of the world's population lives on 7% of the land area.
- More than half of all the inhabitants of the Earth are concentrated in the 200-kilometer coastal strip.
Big cities are spiritual workshops where the best works of the universe are created
Le Corbusier
- Resettlement of the population- process
population distribution by
a certain territory
Settlement forms
rural
urban
... in the deltas of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, in ancient Judea, India, China. Karnak (Egypt)
Rural settlement
- Africa and Asia
- Forms: farms, villages, townships, hamlets, etc.
There are tens of thousands of cities on Earth now!
The growth of cities, their increasing role in the life of society and the spread of urban lifestyles are called
urbanization ( urbs - city .latin. )
Urbanization is an important indicator of the level of socio-economic development
It is interesting!
- There is no single concept of "city":
Netherlands- population of 2 thousand people;
In Iceland, Denmark, Finland, Sweden- a settlement with a population of more than 200 people.
In Canada, Australia- over 1 thousand people
In Switzerland, Malaysia- over 10 thousand people
In South Korea- over 40 thousand people;
In Russia a city is a settlement with at least 12 thous. residents , at the same time, 75% of city dwellers should not be engaged in agriculture.
Features of urbanization
- The highest level of urbanization is characteristic of developed countries (there are more cities than villages and villages)
The largest cities in the world, 2010
City
Number, people
Shanghai
16 348 947
Mumbai
Karachi
13 830 884
13 205 339
Buenos Aires
13 080 026
New Delhi
Istanbul
12 565 901
12 175 592
Manila
11 248 470
Dhaka
Moscow
10 861 172
10 509 592
Sao Paulo
Lagos
10 381 400
Seoul
9 968 455
9 567 665
Kinshasa
8 900 721
Tokyo
8 762 073
Mexico City
8 560 994
- A large cluster of cities - agglomeration.
- 1970- there are 3 agglomerations in the world:
Tokyo, New York, Mexico City
Now there are more than 20 largest agglomerations in the world (p. 61 fig. 27)
Agglomeration - it is a compact territorial grouping of urban and rural settlements, united into a complex local system by diverse connections - labor, production, utilities, cultural and household, as well as the joint use of various resources of this area.
The largest metropolitan areas in the world
Moscow
New York - Philadelphia
Seoul
Tokyo
New Delhi
Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
Shanghai
Manila
Kolkata
Mumbai
Manila
Jakarta
Sao Paulo
The largest metropolitan areas in the world
Agglomeration
Tokyo
Number, people
2010 r.
37 730 064
Mexico City
New York
23 610 441
23 313 036
Seoul
Mumbai
22 692 652
Sao Paulo
21 900 967
Manila
20 831 058
20 654 307
Jakarta
19 231 919
New Delhi
Shanghai
18 916 890
18 572 816
18 013 728
Osaka - Kobe - Kyoto
Cairo
17 409 585
16 429 199
Kolkata
15 644 040
Moscow
14 926 656
Megalopolises of the world
Rhine
English
Pektyan
Chipits
Boswash
San San
Shanan
Tokaido
Wizagmahanagar 2
Nile
Xiangguang
Vizagmahanagar 1
Lagib
Jaban
San Rio
La Platsky
Megalopolis - this is a group form of settlement,
formed by the fusion of closely spaced large urban agglomerations.
Megalopolis
Area,
thousand km2
Tokaido (Japan)
North-East "Bosvash"
Population,
million people
Chicago-Pittsburgh Chipits (USA)
Southern California Sansan (USA)
English (UK)
Rhine (Netherlands - FRG)
The fastest growing urban population is observed in developing countries (people are driven to cities by landlessness, lack of work in villages)
Features of urbanization
Features of urbanization (pace)
In developing countries, the level of urbanization is low, but the rate is high - countries of Overseas Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania
The whole world, regions
The whole world
Rates of growth, %
Overseas Europe
Overseas asia
Africa
North America
Latin America
Australia and Oceania
General features of the urbanization process
- Rapid urban population growth
- Concentration of population and economy in big cities
- "Sprawl" of cities, expansion of their territory
Functions of cities
- Industrial centers
- Cities - ports
- Administrative centers and cities - capitals
- Scientific centers
- Cities - resorts
- Tourist centers
Urbanization levels
- According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world are divided into:
- Highly urbanized (p. 77 fig. 18)
- Mid-urbanized
- Weakly urbanized
- Environmental pollution
- air pollution,
- high noise level,
- electromagnetic radiation,
- concentration of enterprises in a limited area,
- high population density,
- migration processes, etc., are a consequence of urbanization as a form of settlement.
Air pollution
Pollution of the water eco-system
Amplification of noise
- In economically developed countries, efforts are being made to regulate the process of urbanization.
As a way to solve the problem, ultra-tall buildings are being built and designed
Knowledge control
- 1. Name the largest megalopolises in the world. In which countries are they located?
- 2. The share of the urban population on the planet is:
A) 1-5%, b) 5-15%, c) 40-55%, d) 75-85%
3. Urbanization is ...
- 4. Indicate the areas with the highest and lowest population density:
A) Australia, b) Central America,
C) Europe, central Asia, d) Atlantic coast of South America, e) northeast of Eurasia
5. Indicate what problems arise in the process of urban growth
Urban and rural population. Urbanization as a worldwide process
Lesson plan :
1. City. City functions.
2. Urbanization. Characteristic features of modern urbanization.
3. Levels and rates of urbanization.
4. Forms of rural settlements.
- "The city is the unity of the dissimilar"
Aristotle
- There are no uniform criteria for the selection of cities in the world. In the United States, cities include settlements that have reached 2.5 thousand inhabitants, in the Netherlands - 20 thousand, in Iceland - 200 people. In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of their population. In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with at least 12 thousand people.
- In general, cities can be classified as follows:
1 million Istra Reykjavik Novgorod Tirana Dublin Moscow CITY FUNCTIONS: science center, administrative center entertainment center financial transport industrial mining resort center center center center "width =" 640 " I ... City. City functions.
is a settlement, most of the inhabitants
which is employed in industry and services.
by population:
CITY
small average big large the largest millionaires
thous . 50 - 100 thous. 100 - 250 thous . 250 - 500 thous . 500 - 1 million . 1 mln.
Istra Reykjavik Novgorod Tirana Dublin Moscow
FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY:
administrative
entertainment center
financial transport industrial mining resort
center center center center center
Ancient Indian city - Machu Picchu
City - resort - Anapa
Capital of Australia - Canberra
Entertainment City - Las Vegas
City - state - San Marino
City - port - Arkhangelsk
Adelaide - Port and Civic Center
Industrial center - Norilsk (the largest center of the copper-nickel industry)
The functions of the city may change due to changes in the geopolitical position, its role and importance in the country's economy. The "functional" history of the city can be explored by familiarizing yourself with its original and modern coats of arms.
Coat of arms of the city of Zvenigorod
Initially, the city was built as a fortress, which is reflected in its ancient coat of arms. Now it is one of the historical centers of Russia, which are part of the Moscow region. As a result, the symbol of Moscow appeared in the upper left corner of the coat of arms.
T I P Y G O R O D O V
The cities are characterized by regional differences. It is customary to highlight Western European, Arabic, African, Latin American and North American city types . They were formed under the influence of various factors: historical, economic, geographical, religious, etc.
Western European city
Western European city: The roots go back to the days of the Roman Empire. In the center - market square, town hall, cathedral. The narrow streets of the old town radiate out from the center.
Arab city
- Arab city: divided into new and old parts. The core of the old part is usually a fortification (citadel). The quarters of the old city surround it in a tight ring. The main decoration is colorful bazaars.
African city
African city: formed under the influence of European colonization, brought by her religion - Christianity, and also later - Islam. European-style buildings are combined with oriental bazaars, mosques and poverty-stricken quarters
Latin american city
- Latin American city: was created as a colonial city according to a single plan, which Spain and Portugal developed for their possessions. The central part is similar to the center of a European city. On the outskirts, belts of poverty have formed, in which 30-50% of the city's population lives.
North American city
- North American city: it is distinguished by specific features, first of all, by its youth. A clear rectangular layout with a business center (downtown) is characteristic, in other parts of the city there are low-rise individual buildings.
Diagram: "The role of cities in the modern world."
Output:
II ... Urbanization - the process of the growth of cities and urban population, the spread of the urban way of life, the increasing economic role of the city.
Diagram: "Dynamics of the global urbanization process".
Conclusion: in the 20th century there is a "urban boom" - a sharp jump in numbers
urban population.
Features of modern urbanization
1. Rapid growth of urban population. What do you think
Are there higher urban growth rates in the EDS or RS?
2. Concentration of industry and population in big cities.
3. Sprawl of cities, expansion of their territory, growth up and down.
As a result of the sprawl of cities, there are urban agglomerations .
Mountains. agglomeration -
territorial grouping of urban and
rural settlements.
Currently, there are about 20 agglomerations.
THE LARGEST URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE WORLD (million people):
1. Mexico City (28) 5. Bombay (20) 9. Seoul (16)
2. Tokyo (27) 6. Beijing (19) 10. Calcutta (15)
3. Sao Paulo (26) 7. Jakarta (18)
4. Shanghai (23) 8. New York (17)
Agglomeration is a group of nearby cities, united by ties: labor, cultural, household, industrial
Moscow agglomeration
Mexico City. City - agglomeration
(17.9 million people)
New York. City - agglomeration
(16.6 million people)
English and Rhine megalopolises
Megalopolises of the world
Megalopolis is an urbanized area formed by intergrown agglomerations.
There are six megalopolises in the world:
USA - 3 (San San, Chipits, Boswash), Japan (Tokaido), Europe (English, Rhine)
Megalopolises of the USA
the emergence of uncomfortable slums. R URBANIZATION - the spread of urban forms of life in rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents there. S UBURBANIZATION - the process of growth and development of the suburban area of large cities, while the rate of development of satellite cities is higher than the rate of development of the core of the agglomeration. "width =" 640 " L GREAT URBANIZATION - rapid growth in
these urban population, not accompanied by an increase in the number of
jobs = the emergence of precarious slums.
R URBANIZATION - the spread of urban life in
rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents
lei.
FROM UBURBANIZATION - the process of growth and development of suburban
zones of large cities, while the pace of development cities -
satellites higher than the pace of development agglomerate cores
tions .
50%), moderately urbanized (20 to 50%) and slightly urbanized ("width =" 640 " Depending on the number of urban population (urbanization level), countries differ into highly urbanized (urbanization level 50%), medium-urbanized (from 20 to 50%) and low-urbanized ( 
51% LOW-URBANIZED card "width =" 640 "
Share of urban population in different countries (in%)
According to the level of urbanization, all countries are divided by three group
MEDIUM URBANIZED
20 - 50%
HIGHLY URBANIZED
LOW-HURBANIZED
map
Urbanization level
more than 50%
from 20 to 50%
less than 20%
In addition to the urban form of settlement, there are two more:
SETTLEMENT FORMS
RURAL
CITY
NOMADIC
Despite the rapid growth of cities, about 1/2 of the world's population still lives in rural areas, and the total number of rural settlements is 20 million.
The group form of settlement prevails in Russia, in foreign Europe, China, and Japan. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, Australia.
In areas of nomadic cattle breeding, there are no permanent settlements at all, this is typical for Mongolia, as well as for the indigenous peoples of the north of Russia, Canada, and the United States.
GROUP
(VILLAGE)
Scattered
(FARM, KHUTOR)
Formulate a conclusion on the topic
lesson.
Topic 3 §4 (in V.P. Maksakovsky's textbook).
Complete the assignment for the lesson.
On the cont. map to:
1. The largest cities in the world
2. Megalopolises
3. Highly urbanized, medium-urbanized, low-urbanized countries
(5 examples each) \
Urbanization. Urbanization is
socio-economic
process expressed in
growth of urban
settlements, concentration
population in them, especially
in big cities, in
dissemination
urban lifestyle
to the entire network of settlements.
The urbanization process and its features.
The urbanization process and its features.The city did not immediately become the dominant form of settlement.
For centuries, urban life forms were more
exception than the rule due to the dominance of such
forms of production, which were based on
subsistence farming and individual labor.
Megapolis.
Megalopolis - hierarchical in complexity and scalelarge settlement system
conurbations and agglomerations. Megalopolis appeared in
the middle of the XX century. In UN terminology, a megalopolis
call education with a population of at least 5 million
residents.
Levels of rates of urbanization.
General features of urbanization.
The common features of urbanization in the world are:preservation of interclass social structures and population groups,
division of labor, securing the population at the place of residence;
intensification of social and spatial ties that determine
the formation of complex settlement systems and their structures;
integration of the countryside (as the settlement sphere of the village) with
urban and narrowing of the functions of the village as a socio-economic
subsystems;
high concentration of such activities as science, culture,
information, management, and increasing their role in the country's economy;
increased regional polarization of economic urban planning
and, as a consequence, social development within countries.
The pace of urbanization.
Features of urbanization in developed countries.
Features of urbanization in developed countries are manifested in the following:slowdown in growth rates and stabilization of the share of the urban population in the total
population of the country. The slowdown is observed when the proportion of the urban population
exceeds 75%, and stabilization - 80%. This level of urbanization is noted in
Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany;
stabilization and population inflow to certain regions of rural areas;
cessation of the demographic growth of metropolitan agglomerations, concentrating
population, capital, socio-cultural and administrative functions. Moreover, in
recent years in the metropolitan areas of the USA, Great Britain, Australia,
France, Germany and Japan, there is a process of deconcentration of production and
population, manifested in the outflow of population from the cores of agglomerations to their external
zones and even outside the agglomerations;
the change in the ethnic composition of cities due to the incessant mi facies
from developing countries. High fertility in migrant families is significantly
affects the decrease in the share of the "titular" population of cities;
placement of new jobs in the outer zones of the agglomeration and even behind them
outside.
Suburbanization.
Suburbanization (stormysuburban growth
around big cities),
the first signs of which
appeared even before
World War II,
touched first
wealthy strata and
was a form of their escape
from social illnesses
big city.
Economic development of countries.
Urbanization in Russia.
... In rural settlements completelythere was no socio-cultural
service, well-maintained roads. IN
eventually between big cities,
concentrated almost all the potential
culture, and the countryside was
huge social and spatial
distance. In 1920, the number of literate
accounted for 44% of the country's population, including
among women 32%, among rural
population - respectively 37 and 25%.
Settlement base of the country by early 1926
were 1925 urban settlements, in
of which 26 million people lived, or 18%
population of the country, and about 860 thousand.
rural settlements. Frame of centers
resettlement and cultural development was
represented by only 30 cities, out of
of which Moscow was millionaires and
Leningrad.
The urbanization process in the USSR was associated with
rapid concentration of production in
large cities, the creation of new
numerous cities in areas of the new.
Urbanized region.
An urbanized region thatformed by a network of megalopolises,
considered more difficult
large-scale and territorially
an extensive settlement system. Among
emerging urban
regions include London-Paris-Ruhr,
North Atlantic coast
America, etc.
The basis for identifying similar
systems are cities with populations
over 100 thousand people and more. Special
the place among them is occupied by the cities "millionaires". In 1900 there were only
10, and now more than 400 ..
Agglomeration.
Agglomeration - Clustersettlements united in
one intense
economic, labor and
social and cultural ties.
Forms around large
cities, as well as in densely populated
industrial areas. In Russia in
the beginning of the XXI century. there were about 140
large urban agglomerations. In them
2/3 of the country's population lives,
concentrated 2/3 of industrial and
90% of the scientific potential of Russia.
Preferential urbanization.
Benefits of urbanizationUrbanization process
promotes increased
labor productivity,
allows solving many
social problems
society.
1950 1970 1990
Urban population
Land%
29
37
42
Share of urban population
in Russia% 48
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