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Russian scientists-biologists. Their contribution to science.
Karl Ernst von Baer 1792-1876
In 1828, the first volume of the famous "History of the Development of Animals" appeared in print. Baer, studying the embryology of a chicken, observed that early stage of development, when two parallel ridges are formed on the germ plate, which subsequently join and form a cerebral tube. Baer believed that in the process of development, each new formation arises from a simpler pre-existing basis. Thus, in the embryo first general foundations appear, and from them more and more special parts are detached. This process of gradual movement from the general to the specific is known as differentiation. In 1826, Baer discovered the mammalian ovum. This discovery was made public by him in the form of a message addressed to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which elected him as its corresponding member. Another very important find by Baer was the discovery of the dorsal cord (chord), the base of the internal skeleton of vertebrates.
Nikolay Alekseevich Severtsov 1827-1885
Researcher who described a number of zoological taxa. For attribution, the names of these taxa are accompanied by the designation "Severtzov". Over the last 6 years of his life, Severtsov published several works: "On the flyways of birds through Turkestan", on hybrids in a group of ducks, a monograph of eagles (for which he collected materials since 1857), and, finally, "Distribution of birds of the Palaearctic region" ( prepared for printing, but remained in the manuscript). In his scientific activities, Severtsov is, firstly, as a traveler-researcher, who independently studied a huge area of Central Asia and discovered here a lot of new things that were unknown before him, and secondly, as a scientist: Severtsov, with great talent and breadth of view, processed a very large, he personally obtained the material and made very general and thoroughly verified conclusions on the basis of these observations.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky 1863-1945
The main work of his life was the doctrine of the biosphere of the Earth (1926), which caused intense controversy, but since then has entered the scientific vocabulary of the entire planet. Vernadsky called the biosphere the shell of the Earth, where biochemical processes take place. According to Vernadsky, as a result of human activity, the biosphere will pass into a new state - the noosphere, that is, the sphere of reason, when people will not only draw resources from it, but also transform it to multiply what is taken. Vernadsky's works fundamentally changed the scientific worldview of the 20th century.
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin 1855-1935
Russian biologist and breeder, author of many varieties of fruit and berry crops, Doctor of Biology, Honored Worker of Science and Technology, Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935), Academician of VASKhNIL (1935). He was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree (1913), Lenin (1931) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. Three lifetime editions of collected works.
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov 1829-1905
Outstanding Russian physiologist and materialist thinker, founder of the physiological school; honored ordinary professor, corresponding member in biological category (1869-1904), honorary member (1904) of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He discovered the phenomena of central inhibition, summation in the nervous system, established the presence of rhythmic bioelectric processes in the central nervous system, substantiated the importance of metabolic processes in the implementation of excitation. Investigated the respiratory function of the blood. The creator of the objective theory of behavior, laid the foundations of the physiology of labor, age, comparative and evolutionary physiology. Sechenov's works had a great influence on the development of natural science and the theory of knowledge. In addition, he established the law of solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of electrolytes
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1845-1916
Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, the discoverer of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, the creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation, the phagocytic theory of immunity, the founder of scientific gerontology. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).
Timiryazev Kliment Arkadevich 1843-1920
Russian botanist-physiologist. After graduating from St. Petersburg University, he continued his scientific activities under the direction of. A. N. Beketova. His main scientific merit consisted in the experimental and theoretical development of the problem of plant photosynthesis. He expressed a number of theoretical propositions on various branches of plant physiology: on the water regime, mineral nutrition, etc. Timiryazev was named after the former Petrovsk Agricultural Academy and the Institute of Plant Physiology in Moscow.
Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov 1887-1943
Russian and Soviet geneticist, botanist, breeder, geographer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences and VASKhNIL. President (1929-1935), Vice-President (1935-1940) VASKHNIL, President of the All-Union Geographical Society (1931-1940), founder (1920) and permanent director of the All-Union Institute of Plant Cultivation (1930-1940), Director of the Institute of Genetics of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1930-1940), member of the Expeditionary Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, member of the board of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, member of the Presidium of the All-Union Association of Oriental Studies. In 1926-1935, a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, in 1927-1929 - a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1849-1936
One of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; laureate of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "for his work on the physiology of digestion."
AVICENNA(Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - Persian scientist of the Middle Ages, philosopher and physician, was a representative of Eastern Aristotelianism. Avicenna wrote more than 450 works in 29 fields of science (including biological sciences), only 274 have seen the modern world.
ADANSON Michelle(1727-1806) - was a naturalist and traveler from France. Since 1759 he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
ALFRED Kinsey(1894-1956) - was an American biologist and sexologist, professor of zoology and entomology, founder of the Institute for the Study of Sex, Sex and Reproduction. He was one of the founders of the "sexual revolution" - he investigated human sexuality.
ARISTOTLE(384-322 BC) - Ancient Greek philosopher and encyclopedic scientist. In his writings, he gave a lot of various information about the animal world of Greece and the regions of Asia Minor close to it. He developed a theory according to which plants and animals, gradually changing, climbed up the "ladder of nature", prompted by an inner desire for a more complex and more perfect organization.
BAUGIN Kaspar(1560-1624) - was an anatomist and botanist from Switzerland, systematized wildlife.
BARTMAN William(1739-1823) - was an explorer of North America, a naturalist, compiled a complete description of the birds of the New World.
Bernard Claude(1813-1878) - French physiologist and pathologist, one of the founders of experimental medicine and endocrinology. Discovered the formation of glycogen in the liver. Introduced the concept of the internal environment of the body.
BREM Alfred Edmund(1829-1884) - German zoologist, educator. Author of Animal Lives, which has become the best popular guide to zoology for many generations.
BROWN Robert(1773-1858) - English botanist. Described the nucleus of a plant cell and the structure of the ovule. He established the main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms, discovered the Brownian movement.
BER Karl(1792-1876) - naturalist, founder of embryology (born in Estonia, worked in Austria, Germany and Russia). Opened an egg cell in mammals, described the stage of blastula; studied chicken embryogenesis. He established the similarity of the embryos of higher and lower animals, the consistent appearance in embryogenesis of signs of type, class, order, etc .; described the development of all the main organs of vertebrates.
BATSON William(1861-1926) - English biologist, one of the founders of genetics. He defended the non-inheritance of acquired characters, the intermittent nature of variability, the doctrine of the purity of gametes. He explained the emergence of new signs in organisms by the loss of inhibitory factors. The author of many genetic terms, suggested calling the science of the variability and heredity of organisms genetics (1906).
BUFFON Georges Louis Leclerc(1707-1788) - French naturalist. He expressed ideas about the unity of the plan for the structure of the organic world. In contrast to Linnaeus, he defended the idea of the changeability of species under the influence of environmental conditions.
VAVILOV Nikolay Ivanovich(1887-1943) - Soviet biologist, geneticist, founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of selection and the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He established ancient foci of the formation of cultivated plants on the territory of the Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America, collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants. He substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, discovered the law of homologous series and hereditary variability of organisms. He courageously defended genetics in the fight against the teachings of T. D. Lysenko.
VEZALIUS Andreas(1514-1564) - was a doctor and anatomist, the founder of scientific anatomy.
VIRKHOV Rudolph(1821-1902) - German pathologist. He put forward the theory of cellular pathology, according to which the pathological process is the sum of disturbances in the vital functions of individual cells. "
THE WOLF Caspar Friedrich(1734-1794) - one of the founders of embryology. He laid the foundations of the doctrine of the individual development of organisms - ontogeny.
GALEN(c. 130 - c. 200) - an ancient Roman doctor. In the classic work "On the Parts of the Human Body" he gave the first anatomical and physiological description of the whole organism. Introduced vivisection experiments on animals into medicine. He generalized the concepts of ancient medicine in the form of a separate doctrine that had a great influence on the development of natural science up to the 15th-16th centuries.
GALLER Albrecht von(1708-1777) - was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, naturalist and poet. From 1776 he was a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
HARVEY William(1578-1657) - English physician, founder of modern physiology and embryology. Described large and small circles of blood circulation. He expounded the doctrine of blood circulation, which refuted the ideas that prevailed since the time of Galen, for which he was persecuted by the scientists and the church of his day. For the first time he expressed the idea that "all living things come from an egg."
HECKEL Ernst(1834-1919) - German evolutionary biologist. He proposed the first "family tree" of the animal world, the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms; formulated a biogenetic law.
HUXLEY Thomas Henry(1825-1895) - English biologist. Comparative anatomical studies proved the morphological closeness of humans and higher monkeys, birds and reptiles, jellyfish and polyps. Developed and substantiated the position of the unity of the structure of the skull in vertebrates.
GESNER (Gessner) Konrad(1516-1565) - was an encyclopedic scientist from Switzerland, who was one of the first to classify known animals and plants.
GUMBOLDT Alexander von(1769-1859) - German naturalist, geographer and traveler. One of the founders of plant geography and the doctrine of life forms.
DARWIN Charles Robert(1809-1882) - English naturalist, creator of Darwinism. "Having summarized the results of his own observations and the achievements of contemporary biology and breeding practice, he revealed the main factors of the evolution of the organic world. He substantiated the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor.
DECART Rene(1596-1650) - French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist. Introduced the concept of a reflex.
DIOSCORID Pedania(about 40 - about 90) - was a physician, pharmacologist, naturalist of ancient Greece. Dioscorides is considered one of the fathers of pharmacognosy and botany.
DORN Felix Anton(1840-1909) - zoologist from Munich. Associated the origin of vertebrates with annelids.
DRISH Hans(1867-1941) - was a German biologist, embryologist, developed a new direction of vitalism, worked on spiritual problems.
JUSSIEU- a dynasty of famous botanists from France.
KOVALEVSKY Alexander Onufrievich(1840-1901) - Russian biologist, one of the founders of comparative embryology and physiology, experimental and evolutionary histology. He established the general laws of development of vertebrates and invertebrates, extending to the latter the doctrine of germ layers, thereby proving the mutual evolutionary relationship of these groups of animals. Discovered phagocytic organs in invertebrates and showed their role in insect metamorphosis.
KOVALEVSKY Vladimir Onufrnevich(1842-1883) - Russian zoologist, founder of evolutionary paleontology. He was the first paleontologist to apply evolutionary doctrine to the problems of vertebrate phylogenesis. He established the relationship of morphology and functional changes with the conditions of existence.
Nikolay KOLTSOV(1872-1940) - Soviet biologist, founder of Russian experimental biology. He was the first (1928) to develop the hypothesis of the molecular structure and matrix reproduction of chromosomes, anticipating the fundamental principles of modern molecular biology and genetics.
KOCH Robert(1843-1910) - German microbiologist, in 1905 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on tuberculosis.
Cuvier Georges(1769-1832) - French zoologist, one of the reformers of comparative anatomy, paleontology and taxonomy of animals. He introduced the concept of type in zoology. He established the principle of "organ correlation", on the basis of which he reconstructed the structure of many extinct animals. He did not recognize the variability of species, explaining the replacement of fossil faunas by the so-called theory of catastrophes.
LATREILE Pierre André(1762-1833) - was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, founded the Entomological Society of France. He wrote several papers on zoology and entomology.
LAMARK Jean Baptiste(1744-1829) - French naturalist. Created the doctrine of the evolution of living nature (Lamarckism). The founder of zoopsychology.
LEVENGUK Anthony van(1632-1723) - Dutch naturalist, one of the founders of scientific microscopy. Having made lenses with 150-300x magnification, for the first time he observed and sketched a number of protozoa, spermatozoa, bacteria, erythrocytes and their movement in capillaries.
LINNEY Karl(1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, creator of the system of flora and fauna. For the first time he consistently applied the binary nomenclature and built the most successful artificial classification of plants and animals, described apprx. 1500 plant species. Advocated for constancy of species and creationism.
Lorentz Conrad(1903-1989) - Austrian zoologist, one of the founders of ethology. Developed the doctrine of the instinctive behavior of animals and its development in onto- and phylogenesis (together with Tinbergen); in some works he extended the biological laws of animal behavior to human society.
MAJANDI Francois(1783-1855) - French physiologist. He established the basic regularities of the distribution of motor and sensory fibers in the nerve roots of the spinal cord.
BABIES Marcello(1628-1694) - Italian biologist and physician, one of the founders of microscopic anatomy. Opened capillary circulation. Described the microscopic structure of a number of tissues and organs of plants, animals and humans.
MÖLLER Hermann Joseph(1890-1967) - American geneticist, one of the founders of radiation genetics. Experimentally proved the possibility of the occurrence of artificial mutations under the influence of X-rays, participated in the development of the chromosomal theory of heredity.
MENDEL Gregor Johann(1822-1884) - Austrian naturalist, monk, founder of the doctrine of heredity (Mendelism). Applying statistical methods to analyze the results of hybridization of pea varieties, he formulated the laws of heredity.
MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich(1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.
MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY Nikolay Nikolaevich(1846-1888) - was a Russian ethnographer, anthropologist, biologist and traveler. He worked actively in the field of zoology and botany, anthropology and ethnography and other fields of science.
MORGAN Thomas Hunt(1866-1945) - American biologist, one of the founders of genetics. The works of T. X. Morgan and his school substantiated the chromosomal theory of heredity; the established patterns of the location of genes in chromosomes contributed to the elucidation of the cytological mechanisms of Mendel's laws and the development of the genetic foundations of the theory of natural selection.
OWEN Richard(1804-1892) - English zoologist. He was the first to describe Archeopteryx.
PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich(1849-1936) - Russian physiologist, creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Introduced into practice a chronic experiment that allows to study the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he established that physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex lie at the basis of mental activity.
PASTER Louis(1822-1895) - French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. Discovered the nature of fermentation. He refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms. Studied the etiology of many infectious diseases.
PITTON DE TOURNEFOR, Joseph(1656-1708) - was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, professor of botany. Made a systematic distribution of plants.
PLINIUS the Elder(23 or 24-79) - Roman writer and scientist. He is the author of a multivolume (37 books) encyclopedic work "Natural History", in which books 8-11 are devoted to animals, books 12-19 - plants.
PURKINE Yan Evangelista(1787-1869) - Czech naturalist. Opened the nucleus of the egg, suggested the term "protoplasm".
Ray John(1627-1705) - English biologist. Proposed the first natural plant system. Introduced the concept of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. For the first time I used the categories of genus and species in a sense close to the modern one. Author of the first report on the flora of England.
SAINT-HILAIR Etienne Geoffroy(1772-1844) - French zoologist, continental predecessor of the British evolutionist Charles Darwin and the forerunner of the modern doctrine of involution.
THEOFRAST(372-287 BC) - ancient Greek naturalist, one of the first botanists of antiquity. He created a classification of plants, systematized the accumulated observations on the morphology, geography and medical use of plants.
TIMIRYAZEV Kliment Arkadievich(1843-1920) - Russian naturalist. He revealed the laws of photosynthesis as a process of using light for the formation of organic substances in a plant.
TINBERGEN Nicholas(1907-1988) - Dutch ethologist and zoopsychologist. Developed (together with Lorenz) the doctrine of the instinctive behavior of animals and its development in ontogeny and phylogeny.
ULYSSE Aldrovandi(1522-1605) - a scientist from Italy, was a humanist, physician, naturalist, botanist, entomologist, zoologist. He founded a botanical garden in Bologna - one of the first botanical gardens in Europe.
FLEMING Alexander(1881-1955) - a biologist from Scotland, discovered the enzyme lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) and was the first to isolate the antibiotic penicillin from mushrooms.
FOGT Oscar(1870-1959) - German neurologist, author of fundamental works on the morphology, physiology and hereditary pathology of the brain.
FRISH Karl von(1886-1982) - German physiologist, ethologist. Deciphered the mechanism of transmission of information by bees ("dancing bees").
CESALPINO Andrea(1519-1603) - a physician from Italy, was also a naturalist and philosopher. He was the first to discover blood circulation. Systematized wildlife.
CHETVERIKOV Sergey Sergeevich(1880-1959) - Soviet geneticist, one of the founders of evolutionary and population genetics. He was one of the first to connect the laws of selection in populations with the dynamics of the evolutionary process.
Schwann Theodore(1810-1882) - German biologist, founder of the cell theory. For the first time he formulated the basic provisions on the formation of cells and the cellular structure of all organisms. Discovered pepsin in gastric juice.
SCHLEIDEN Matthias Jakob(1804-1881) - German botanist, founder of the ontogenetic method in botany. Schleiden's works played an important role in the substantiation of Schwann's cell theory.
SPRINGEL Christian Konrad(1750-1816) - was a botanist, discovered the adaptability of flowers to the peculiarities of behavior and structure of insects.
The most famous Russian and foreign biologists in history
BEKETOV ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH(1825-1902), botanist, founder of the national school of botanists and geographers. He studied the patterns of the structure of vegetative organs of plants. He substantiated the proposition that in the surrounding nature there is a very close connection between the internal properties of a plant and the environment, the changeable conditions of which affect the metabolism and cause a change in the characteristics of the plant. Acquired changes can be inherited. Thus, even before Charles Darwin, the Russian scientist called the external environment the main factor in the evolution of the organic world.
BOLOTOV ANDREY TIMOFEEVICH(1738-1833), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, writer. Of all the branches of agriculture, Bolotov was especially fond of gardening. In his notes, he described more than 600 varieties of apple and pear trees, for the first time created a pomological system, that is, laid the foundations for varieties of fruit and berry plants (zoning, varietal classifications, etc.). Bolotov's work "On the division of fields" was the first guide to the introduction of crop rotations and the organization of agricultural areas. Bolotov developed agricultural techniques depending on the zonal soil and climatic conditions, a number of scientific methods of fertilization. He was the first in the world to use mineral fertilizing of plants in the fields of the Tula province. He bred many valuable varieties of fruit crops. In Bolotov, we find attempts to use hybridization in the selection of fruit crops. Bolotov developed the scientific principles of afforestation and forest use, compiled the first Russian botanical manual on the morphology and taxonomy of plants.
VAVILOV NIKOLAY IVANOVICH(1887-1943), geneticist, plant breeder, geographer. He organized botanical and agronomic expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North Africa, America, established in these territories ancient centers of the formation of cultivated plants. Vavilov collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants, was the founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of plant and animal breeding, and substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity.
DARWIN CHARLES ROBERT(1809-1882), English naturalist and traveler. His first laboratory for five years was a cabin on the sailing expedition ship "Beagle". Collecting zoological, botanical, geological collections, analyzing his observations, Darwin suggested that the emergence of various species of plants and animals should be sought in nature itself, which selects individuals better adapted to certain living conditions. In 1859, the Linnean Society in London was presented with the work "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection", which revealed the main provisions of his theory of evolution - the irreversible process of change in the living (organic) world.
ERMOLIEVA ZINAIDA VISSARIONOVNA(1898-1974), Russian microbiologist. Research interests - biochemistry of microbes. Among the most interesting results of research carried out by Yermolyeva in the 30s is the production of a preparation of the enzyme lysocin and the development of methods for its practical use. Creation of a complex preparation of a cholera bacteriophage: she managed to combine 19 types of "eaters" of microbes. She was the first to receive penicillin from domestic raw materials in 1942. This drug saved the lives of thousands of wounded during the war.
KOCH ROBERT(1843-1910), German microbiologist. He was engaged in identifying pathogens of infectious diseases and ways to combat them. In 1882 he discovered a special kind of microbacteria called "Koch's bacillus". This type of bacteria is widespread in nature, is resistant to many environmental factors, and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. He was the first to single out a pure culture of anthrax. The methods of disinfection proposed by the scientists laid the foundation for sanitary microbiology.
LINNEY CARL(1707-1778), Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus considered the systematization of plants to be the main business of his life. This work took 25 years and resulted in the book "Plant System" in 1753. He proposed a binary (double) system of generic and specific names of all nature, gave names to plants and animals known in his time, set out the improved biological terminology he used. Linnaeus described all medicinal plants, studied the effect of medicines made from them, and even invented a thermometer.
VYACHESLAV AVKSENTIEVICH MANASSEIN(1841-1901) Russian doctor. One of the first Russian scientists who began to study the properties of green mold. Described the medicinal antibacterial properties of young cultures of the fungus Penicillumglaucum.
Ilya Mechnikov(1845-1916), biologist-immunologist. While still a student, he became acquainted with the works of Charles Darwin and became a staunch supporter of the Darwinian theory of evolution. He studied the embryology of invertebrates. In 1882, the scientist made the main discovery in his scientific life - he discovered cells - phagocytes (from the Greek phagos- devouring and kytos- cell) and formulated the main provisions of the phagocytic theory of immunity (from Latin immunitas- liberation, deliverance). Studied infectious diseases. He discovered the technology of making kefir. For his work on immunity in 1908, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize.
MOROZOV GEORGY FYODOROVICH(1867-1920), Russian botanist, geographer, forester. For the first time he collected together a huge amount of factual material accumulated by foresters, botanists, geographers, generalized it, showed its general biological significance, thus laying the foundation for a new branch of knowledge - biogeocenology. This idea became the scientific basis of the forestry, the basis of forestry.
PASTER LOUIS(1822-1895), French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He proved that fermentation is a biological phenomenon, the result of the vital activity of special microscopic organisms. He discovered anaerobiosis and proposed a way to preserve food products using heat treatment - pasteurization. Discovered the nature of many infectious diseases. Found a reliable way to fight infectious diseases - vaccination. Developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies.
POLOTEBNOV ALEXEY GERASIMOVICH(1838-1907), Russian doctor. Investigating the causes of skin diseases, he first drew attention to the antibacterial properties of green mold. He studied and described the healing properties of fungal cultures in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.
SOCRATES(470-399 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates owns the idea of the existence of animal instincts. He called this "the lowest form of the soul" or "urge." This is what determines the nature of the behavior of animals in certain conditions. Socrates contrasted these forms of innate behavior with reason, the "mental power" of a person.
THEOFRAST(372-287 BC), ancient Greek naturalist, philosopher, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants. He systematized numerous observations on the morphology of plants, the geography of their distribution. He owns valuable works on the use of plants in medicine.
FLEMING ALEXANDER(1881-1955), English microbiologist. In 1922 he discovered an enzyme that destroys the membranes of bacterial cells and creates an antibacterial barrier - lysozyme. He found this substance in the tissues of the heart, liver, lungs, as well as in human saliva and tears. But he did not attach any practical significance to it. He worked on problems of general bacteriology, discovered penicillin - the first effective antibiotic for clinical use, isolating it from one of the types of mold fungus (1929).
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin- a great biologist and breeder, lived and worked in the 19-20 centuries. He bred many new varieties of fruits and berries, created a whole school of scientists - "Michurinists". Michurin came from the family of a petty ruined nobleman. It is interesting that the future famous scientist did not graduate from the gymnasium: he was expelled because his relatives refused to bribe the director of the gymnasium. He lived all his life in the Russian city of Kozlov, in the provinces, and wherever he did not work. Michurin's outlet all his life was fiddling with varieties of trees and bushes on his site, breeding plant hybrids. Michurin selected non-breeding varieties and achieved their crossing, and thus, the birth of a new species, better for agriculture.
And only at the age of fifty Michurin began to publish his observations in scientific journals. He soon became a celebrity.
“Tens of thousands of experiments have passed through my hands. I have grown a lot of new varieties of fruit plants, from which several hundred new varieties suitable for cultivation in our gardens have turned out ... ”- he wrote about himself.
Despite the fact that by the time of the revolution Michurin had several state awards, and the Americans offered him to move to the United States and there his laboratory with a salary, the Orthodox Church demanded that Michurin give up his experiments, calling the crossing of plants "a godly deed." In provincial Kozlov, people were scared that the varieties were fruitful, with very tasty fruits, more resistant to frost and disease than ordinary ones. Shortly before Michurin's death, Kozlov was renamed Michurinsk.
"If there were Michurin in America, they would have made him rich" - wrote the Americans about him. The Michurin cherry turned out to be the only cherry that did not freeze out in the extreme cold in Canada. The Americans did not have time to lure Michurin to the United States, as well as buy his collection of plants from him, as planned, - the revolution began.
We still eat apricots, cherries, apples, pears and plums bred by Michurin. His developments were actively used in very distant countries, such as the USA and Canada. Many villages, streets, educational institutions, towns in Russia are named in his honor. In the 30s of the last century, the “Michurin movement” and “schools of young Michurinists” were popular in the country.
Nikolai Vavilov put a lot of work and effort into the Center for Agronomic Research, headed the All-Union Geographical Society. Traveled, studying plants, many countries: Iran, USA, India, Afghanistan, England, France, Germany, Holland and others, Arab countries and African countries ...
During the Stalinist repressions, Vavilov was arrested. What crimes the envious did not ascribe to him: both statements against the Soviet power, and a sabotage organization ... Three years later, the exhausted Vavilov died in prison in the Saratov camp. The fact that the state did this to the luminary of its science is a shameful spot in history until now.
Ivan Pavlov, great Russian biologist and physiologist, was born in Ryazan in the middle of the 19th century. Developed, conducting experiments on animals, the doctrine of reflexes. He carefully studied digestion, nervous system, heart and blood vessels. His work is of great importance to medicine throughout the world.
Pavlov came from a priest's family, but went on a completely opposite path. He worked in St. Petersburg (later in Leningrad), and became widely famous in the world famous during his lifetime, had many honorary titles from various academies around the world. He was officially called "the oldest physiologist in the world", before that no biologist (and after that too) was awarded such a title.
Ilya Mechnikov - Nobel laureate, microbiologist, physiologist, immunologist of the 19th century and early 20th century... He devoted his life to the study of cells of living organisms, worked a lot with microscopes. He founded embryology as the science of the embryos of living organisms, gerontology as the science of aging. He made many important discoveries for the treatment of people in the field of immunity. Metchnikov devoted a lot of time to the fight against serious diseases and epidemics. For example, plague and tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever, syphilis.
Perhaps, the life of Ilya Mechnikov itself played a big role in this. His first wife Lyudmila died of tuberculosis 4 years after the wedding.
Mechnikov, already in adulthood, moved to live in Paris, where he was provided with a laboratory for work. He lived there for about thirty years, but did not break ties with his homeland. During the plague epidemic in Russia, he led a medical aid expedition.
Outstanding Biological Scientists... Many biologists have written their own in the world history of science. Below are their names and brief biographical information.
Attenborough, David Frederick(p. 1926). British naturalist and television personality. Has directed many wildlife films including Zoo (1954-1964), On Earth (1979), Planet (1984) and Life (1994).
Bailey, Liberty Guide(1858-1954). American gardener and botanist. Compiled the Standard Horticultural Encyclopedia (1914-1917).
Bellamy, David James(p. 1933). British naturalist, writer and television personality. Through his television programs, he contributed to the spread of interest in natural history. Co-founder of UK software (1982).
Burbank, Luther(1849-1926). American gardener. He developed a variety of potatoes named after him, and new varieties of fruits and flowers.
Beebe, Charles William(1877-1962). American naturalist and explorer. Curator of Ornithology at the New York Zoological Society. Explored sea depths up to 1000 m.
Banks, Joseph(1743-1820). British botanist. Accompanying James Cook on his voyage around the world to Endeavor (1764-1771) and collecting many previously unknown plants. President of the Royal Society (1778-1819).
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclair(1707-1788). French naturalist. He suggested that the age of the Earth is more than it is stated in the book of Genesis, and anticipated the theory.
Vavilov, Nikolay Ivanovich(1887-1943). Russian biologist, geneticist, founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of selection and the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants.
Hardy, Alistair Clavering(1896-1985). British explorer of the sea. He invented a method for plankton, which made it possible to study in detail the life in the ocean.
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philip August(1834-1919). German naturalist. One of the first to compile a family tree.
Huxley, Thomas Henry(1825-1895). British biologist. One of the first to support Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Goodall, Jane(p. 1934). British zoologist. She became famous for her research chimpanzees in (1960).
Darwin, Charles Robert(1809-1882). British naturalist (see photo). Founder (with Alfred Wallace) of the theory of evolution and natural selection. He made a round-the-world trip on the English warship Beagle around the world (1831-1836), during which he made a number that formed the basis of the work The origin of species through natural selection (1859).
Darrell, Gerald Malcolm(1925-1995). British writer, television personality and naturalist, born in Corfu. Founded Jersey Zoological Park (1958).
Dawkins, Richard(p. 1941). British ethologist. He wrote the books Gene (1976) and The Watchmaker (1988).
Carson, Rachel Louise(1907-1964). American naturalist and popularizer of science. She wrote the books The Sea Around Us (1951), in which she warned about the danger of the seas, and The Quiet Spring (1962), in which she drew the public's attention to artificial and their influence on food chains.
Kettlewell, Henry Bernard David(1907-1979). British geneticist and entomologist. His research on moths demonstrated the persuasiveness of the theory of natural selection.
Cott, Hugh Banford(1900-1987). British zoologist, artist and researcher. Specialist in: Wrote many books, including The Color Among Animals (1940).
Cousteau, Jacques Yves(1910-1997). French oceanographer. He was engaged in the popularization of the idea of protecting marine resources, made a series of films, The World of Jacques Cousteau.
Cuvier, Georges(Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert) (1769-1832). French anatomist. He introduced a classification system for animals and drew parallels between comparative anatomy and paleontology.
Lamarck, Jean(Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet) (1744-1829). French naturalist who anticipated the theory of evolution. In Zoological Philosophy (1809) put forward the thesis that acquired characters can be inherited.
Leeuwenhoek, Lipshi van(1632-1723). Dutch scientist. He made many discoveries proving blood circulation and the similarity of blood cells and spermatozoa.
Linnaeus, Karl(1707-1778). Swedish naturalist and physiologist. Introduced a modern (binary) system of names of genera and species for animals and plants. In his honor, the Linnean Society was founded in London (1788).
Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias(1903-1989). Austrian zoologist and ethologist. In the 1930s. founded the ethological behavior of animals (studying their behavior in the natural environment) together with Nikolaas Tinbergsn; known for his observations of imprinting in young people.
McClintock, Barbara(1902-1992). American geneticist, engaged in plants. Discovered genes that can control other genes and move around.
Mellanby, Kenneth(1908-1994). British entomologist and environmental researcher. Conducted research on the effects of pesticides on the environment.
Mendel, Gregor Johann(1822-1884). Austrian biologist, botanist and priest. He is known as the father of genetics: he established the patterns of distribution of hereditary traits in offspring.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt(1866-1945). American geneticist. His experiments with the fruit fly proved that genes are carriers of heredity.
Morris, Desmond John(p. 1928). English zoologist and ethologist. He wrote the book The Discovered Monkey (1967), in which he analyzes the behavior of people as representatives of the animal kingdom.
Audubon, John James(1785-1851). American ornithologist, was born on the island. Haiti. Published the work Birds of America (1827-1838), which contained 1,065 life-size illustrations of birds. In 1866, the Audubon National Society was founded to protect birds.
Porrit, Jonathan Epsy(p. 1950). British environmental researcher, writer and television personality. Director of Friends of the Earth Society (1984-1990).
Ray, John(1628-1705). British naturalist. He put forward the basic principles of dividing plants into spore, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Rothschild, Lionel Walter(Baron Rothschild of Tringa) (1868-1937). British zoologist. Compiled the greatest collection of dissected animals.
Rothschild, Miriam Louise(p. 1908). British naturalist and conservationist, niece of L.W. Rothschild. Has proven that fleas carry myxomatosis, an infectious disease in rabbits.
Severno Alexey Nikolaevich(1866-1936). Russian biologist, founder of the evolutionary morphology of animals.
Scott, Peter Markham(1909-1989). British artist and bird watcher. In 1946 he helped found the Wildbird Society of Slimridge, which had the largest collection of aquatic birds in the world.
Thorpe, William Howman(1902-1986). British zoologist and ethologist. Analyzed the songs of birds by means of sound spectrography. Classical Labor - and Instincts in Animals (1956).
Tansley, Arthur George(1871 - 1955). British botanist. Pioneer of ecology, published Practical Plant Ecology (1923) and The British Isles and Their Vegetation.
Wallace, Alfred Russell(1823-1913). British naturalist. Contributed to the advancement of the theory of natural selection and the publication of Darwin's work On the Origin of Species. He traveled a lot around the river basin and the Malay, making a great contribution to zoogeography.
Frisch, Karl(1886-1982). Austrian ethologist and zoologist. He proved that bees transmit information to each other through the so-called dances.
Hooker, William Jackson(1785-1865). British botanist. First director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1841).
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