Vitamins and other antioxidant means. Self-toxic effect of vitamin preparations, correction. Antivitamins. Side Effects caused by vitamins Anti-Vitamin Mechanism Examples

History of opening vitamins

To the second half of the 19th century it was found that the nutritional value of food was determined by the content in them, mainly the following substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and water.

It was considered generally recognized that if all these nutrients include in certain quantities, it fully meets the biological needs of the body. This opinion is firmly rooted in science and maintained by such authoritative physiologists of the time as Pettenkofer, Foit and the Rubner.

However, the practice did not always confirm the correctness of the rooted ideas about biological usefulness of food.

The practical experience of doctors and clinical observations has long been unspecified to the existence of a number of specific diseases directly related to power defects, although the latter fully responded to the above requirements. This was also testified by the centuries-old practical experience of long-term travel participants. The real score for navigators for a long time was a qing; Seafarers died more than, for example, in battles or shipwrecks. So, out of 160 participants of the famous expedition of Vasco de Gama, which lasted the sea route to India, 100 people died from Qingi.

The history of marine and land travels also gave a number of instructive examples that indicated that the occurrence of cings can be prevented, and the sicotypes of patients can be cured if they are in eating a known number of lemon juice or decoction.

Thus, practical experience clearly indicated that the qing and some other diseases are associated with power defects, which even the most abundant food itself is still far from always guarantees the absence of such diseases and that to prevent and treat such diseases it is necessary to introduce into the body. - It is additional substances that are not in any food.

Experimental substantiation and scientific and theoretical generalization of this centuries-old practical experience were made for the first time due to the new chapter in science of studying the Russian scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin, who studied in the laboratory G.A. Bung is the role of mineral substances in nutrition.

N.I. Lunin conducted his experiments on mice contained on artificially prepared food. This food consisted of a mixture of purified casein (milk protein), fat fat, milk sugar, salts that are part of milk and water. It seemed that there were all the necessary components of milk; Meanwhile, the mice, which was on such a diet, did not grow, were lost in the weight, stopped eating food letting them and, finally, died. At the same time, the test batch of mice, receiving natural milk, developed perfectly normal. Based on these works by N.I. Lunin in 1880 came to the following conclusion: "... if the above-mentioned experiments teach, it is impossible to ensure life with proteins, fats, sugar, salts and water, then it follows that in milk, in addition to casein, fat, milk sugar and salts, there are still other substances, indispensable for nutrition. It is of great interest to explore these substances and study their meaning to power. "

It was an important scientific discovery that refuted the established situation in nutrition science. The results of the works of NI Lunina began to dispute; They were trying to explain, for example, by the fact that artificially cooked food, which he in his experiments fed animals was supposedly tasteless.

In 1890 K.A. Sosin repeated the experiments of N. I. Lunina with another embodiment of an artificial diet and fully confirmed the conclusions of N.I. Lunina. Nevertheless, after this, the impeccable conclusion did not immediately receive universal recognition.

Brilliant confirmation of the correctness of the output of N.I. Lunina was the establishment of the cause of the illness of Bury Take, which was particularly widespread in Japan and Indonesia among the population that was nuts, mainly polished rice.

The Eykman doctor, who worked in a prison hospital on the island of Java, in 1896 hedmed that the chickens contained in the courtyard of the hospital and fed by the usual polished rice suffered from a disease resembling Bury Take. After the translating of the chickens into nutrition, the disease passed the disease.

The observations of Eykman, conducted on a large number of prisoners in Java prisons, also showed that among people who eaten purified rice, Beri Beri had an average of one person out of 40, whereas in the group of people who fed to crude rice, only one person became ill 10,000.

Thus, it became clear that in the rice shell (rice bran) contains some kind of unknown substance that is protected from the disease Beri-Take. In 1911, the Polish scientist Casimir Far highlighted this substance in crystalline (it turned out, as it turned out, a mixture of vitamins); It was rather resistant to acids and kept, for example, boiling with a 20% solution of sulfuric acid. In alkaline solutions, the actual beginning, on the contrary, was very quickly destroyed. According to its chemical properties, this substance belonged to organic compounds and contained an amino group. The function came to the conclusion that take-take is only one of the diseases caused by the absence of some special substances in food.

Despite the fact that these special substances are present in food, as N.I. has stressed. Lunin, in small quantities, they are vital. Since the first substance of this group of vital compounds contained an amino group and possessed some of the properties of amines, the function (1912) proposed to call the entire class of substances with vitamins (Lat. Vita - Life, Vitamin - Amin Life). Subsequently, however, it turned out that many substances of this class do not contain amino groups. Nevertheless, the term "vitamins" was so firmly in use that it did not make sense to change it.

After the selection of a substance that prevents the disease that protects against the disease from the disease, a number of other vitamins was opened. Of great importance in the development of the teachings on vitamins had the work of Gopkins, Steppe, Mac-Collum, Meltenbi and many other scientists.

Currently, about 20 different vitamins are known. Their chemical structure is established; This made it possible to organize industrial production of vitamins not only by processing products in which they are contained in the finished form, but also artificially, by their chemical synthesis.

General notion about avitaminosis; hypo and hypervitaminosis

Diseases that arise due to the lack of in the food of certain vitamins began to be called by avitaminosis. If the disease occurs due to the absence of several vitamins, it is called polyvitaminosis. However, the typical aviminosis on their clinical picture is currently quite rare. More often have to deal with the relative disadvantage of any vitamin; Such a disease is called hypovitaminosis. If the diagnosis is correctly and in a timely manifold, then avitaminosis and especially hypovitaminosis can be easily cured by introducing corresponding vitamins into the body.

Excessive introduction to the organism of some vitamins may cause a disease called hypervitaminosis.

Currently, many changes in the exchange of substances in avitaminosis are considered as a consequence of the violation of enzyme systems. It is known that many vitamins are part of the enzymes as the components of their prosthetic or coenplays.

Many avitaminosis can be viewed as pathological conditions arising on the soil of the functions of the functions of those or other coenzymes. However, at present, the mechanism of the emergence of many avitaminosis is still unclear, so it is still not possible to interpret all avitaminosis as conditions arising on the soil of violation of the functions of certain coefficient systems.

With the discovery of vitamins and clarifying their nature, new perspectives have opened not only in the prevention and treatment of avitaminosis, but also in the field of treatment of infectious diseases. It turned out that some pharmaceutical preparations (for example, from a group of sulfonamide) are partially reminded by their structure and for some chemical features of the vitamins necessary for bacteria, but at the same time do not possess the properties of these vitamins. Such "disguised vitamins" substances are captured by bacteria, while the active centers of the bacterial cell are blocked, its exchange is disturbed, and the death of bacteria occurs.

Antivitamins - These are compounds, partially or fully including vitamins from organism exchange reactions by their destruction, inactivation or obstacles to their assimilation.

Most antivitamins are derivatives of synthetically obtained vitamins with substituted functional groups. The same properties have a number of synthetically injected drugs. It has been established that in the oral use of sulfanillaimdic drugs, the synthesis of intestinal bacteria of such vitamins, like thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, biotin and vitamin K.

The main mechanisms of action of antivitamins:

Blockade of intracellular metabolism of vitamin;

Destruction of vitamins;

Modification of vitamin molecule;

Blocade of cell receptors for vitamins.

List of antivitamins (Smirnov V.I., 1974):

For vitamin B 1 (thiamine) - thiaminase I and II, pyrityamine (neurological syndrome in 1 failure), neopyrityamine;

For vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) - Isorebooflavin, Galactoflavin, Toxoflavin, Akrichin, Levomycetin, Terramcine, Tetracycline, MegaFen;

For vitamin B 6 (pyridoxin) - isoniazide, cycloserine, toxopyrimidine, 4-deoxypyridoxine;

For vitamin B 12 (cyankobalamin) - 2-amino methylpropanol in 12;

For vitamin RR (nicotinic acid) - isoniazide, 3-acetylpyrin;

For folic acid - aminopterin, AMETOSTERIN;

For vitamin C (ascorbing acid) - ascorbine, glucoascorbic acid;

For vitamin H (biotin) - OVIDIN (protein from bird eggs), dustobiotin;

For vitamin K (Philloxinone) - Kumarin, Dicumarine (reduces the synthesis of prothrombin liver);

For vitamin E (tocopherol) - 3-phenyl phosphate, 3-orthozolphosphate.

Antivitamins, penetrating into the cage, enter with vitamins or their derivatives in competitive relations in the respective biochemical reactions. It is known that a number of vitamins are included in the form of prostatic groups in relation to proteins-apopenis and forms enzymes. Antivitamins having structural analogues with vitamins for their connection place with proteins and displace vitamins. This leads both to the formation of inactive complexes and to enhanced release of vitamins from the body and the development of endogenous vitamin failure.

Hypervitaminosis

With excessive arrival, some vitamins can cause intoxicating the body with the development of a clinical picture, more or less characteristic of this hypervitaminosis.

Distinguish: acute hypervitaminosis - develop after one-time intake of a massive dose of vitamin; chronic hypervitaminosis- arise as a result of long-term reception of large doses of vitamin.

Hypervitamin A. - It develops in humans as a result of the use of products containing a large amount of vitamin A (liver: whale, a polar bear, polar birds), or with the use of large quantities of fish oil and vitamin A drugs (minimum preventive dose for children and adults - 3300 meters).

Toxic dose of vitamin A, causing acute poisoning, are doses from 10,000,000 to 60,000,000 meters. Chronic intoxication occurs with long-term reception (3-4 months) vitamin A in doses of more than 20,000 meters.

Hypervitaminosis in adults:

Acute - expressed in severe headache, drowsiness, dyspeptic phenomena (nausea, vomiting), peeling of the skin;

Chronic - causes skin symptoms, hair loss, pain in the bones and joints when walking, headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, anorexia and hepatoslenomegaly. Sometimes a symptom of exophthalmia is observed, an increase in the pressure of the spindy fluid.

Hypervitaminosis and children:

Acute - is usually observed in infants and occurs within 12 hours after taking vitamin, manifestations disappear after 24-48 hours. Characteristic poisoning symptoms: increasing the pressure of the spinal fluid, hydrocephalus, springs, short-term body temperature, loss of appetite, vomiting, minor disorders of the function of the cranial nerve, examine and petechia on the skin, rhinitis, oliguria.

Chronic - the main symptoms are: irritability, loss of appetite, dryness and hair loss, cracked skin on the palms and feet feet, seborrheic rash, hepato and splenomegaly, headaches, insomnia, subfebrile temperature, enhancement of arterial pressure, gait frustration, hijackers . In addition, hypochromic anemia is observed, an increase in the level of serum lipids, an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity.

Hypervitaminosis D. - This is an excessive flow of vitamins D 2 and D 3, the toxic effect and severity of intoxication dependes not only on the amount of vitamin adopted, but also from individual sensitivity to it (daily dose of vitamin D 2 50,000 IU).

The main manifestations of hypervitaminosisD.: Anomalous demineralization of preceded bone tissue, hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, pathological calcification: kidneys, blood vessels, heart muscle (heart failure, aortic stenosis), lungs and intestinal walls, leading to a severe and resistant violation of the functions of these organs. Violations by the central nervous system: lethargy, drowsiness, adamina, clonic-tonic convulsions, and in the most severe cases ending with death.

Externally hypervitaminD. manifest: General weakness, cutting loss of appetite, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, thirst, pain in the abdomen and bones when pressing conjunctivitis, in severe cases, sharp depletion.

Pathogenesis: The mechanism of the damaging effect of vitamin D is based on the ability of it to rapid oxidation with the formation of free radicals, as well as product of peroxidant nature and carbonyl compounds. These vitamin D products in an aqueous medium are strong oxidizing agents, easily damaging the structure of lipoprotein membranes and active protein centers, which is confirmed by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in red blood cells and tissue homogenates. In this case, the excess of vitamin D contributes to the calcium outlet from the cell and the transition to it into blood, lymph and other biological fluids. Antioxidants (vitamin E), suppressing the effect of vitamin D and the processes induced by the processes of the peroxidation splitting of tissue lipids, protect the erythrocytes from the hemolytic action of this vitamin and remove its inhibitory effect on ATP-AZU.

Excess vitamin B. 1 (thiamine) - can have acute toxic effect. According to V.M. Smirnova (1974), thiamine ranks first among vitamins in the frequency of acute toxic reactions, in addition, sensitization is possible to this vitamin. Injecting even very small doses of vitamin, allergic reactions occur right up to anaphylactic shock.

What is vitamins know everything, but about the existence of antivitamins - substances similar to them by structure, but with absolutely opposite properties, have heard few. Moreover, these compounds may occupy a place in the structure of the vitamin coenzyme (to be intermediate transporters of certain chemical groups), but not to perform the functions of vitamins. This leads to a violation of biochemical processes in the body and can cause metabolic pathologies.

Refuse Freasha in restaurants - before filing to the table, it will at best lose 50% ascorbic acid.

The most vivid example of the confrontation of vitamins and antivitamins is ascorbic acid and ascorbamine. A familiar situation: A huge apple was cut, half ate, and the second was left for later? Know that then there will be no trace from vitamin C in fruit. Under the influence of light in the apple, an ascorbamine is synthesized - a substance causing oxidation and a destructive vitamin C. and this applies not only to apples! Freshly squeezed orange juice, for example, you need to use immediately after cooking. So refuse Freasha in restaurants - until it feeds to the table, it will at best lose 50% ascorbic acid.

Vitamin B1 supports the work of cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems. They are rich in forest nuts, tomatoes, beef and bird. The vitamin B1 effect fully suppresses a thiaminase, which is a lot in potatoes, spinach, rice, cherry, tea sheet. That is why potatoes are not the best side dish to chicken fillet (and it is not only high in the high content of starch).

Antivitamin niacin (vitamin B3) is amino acid leucine. The latter is found in both, beans, rice brown, mushrooms, walnuts, bird and milk. Niacin is rich in broccoli, dates, eggs, liver. So dinner of boiled turkey and broccoli, as it turned out, is not the most healthy option.

On different sides of the barricad

To digest each type of food, a different enzyme composition of gastric juice is needed. For example, proteins require an acidic medium (hydrochloric acid), carbohydrates - alkaline. In the interaction of acid with alkali, salts are formed, at the expense of which the load on the kidneys, the liver and the pancreas are increased. So sushi (fish - protein, rice - carbohydrate), pasta with cheese and sandwiches with buoyhenine (albeit even with whole grain bread) should not be present in the diet of healthy nutrition.

Unfortunately, put the stamp on the combination of products with a high content of protein and fats. The latter block the separation of hydrochloric acid. It follows from this that the fish, eggs, meat and legumes cannot be prepared with the addition of oil (even olive).

Fruit desserts after meals (regardless of the menu composition) is not the best option. Fruits are digested in the intestine, and if they meet an obstacle in the stomach, fermentation along with other components of dinner. Therefore, peaches, bananas, apples, pears and others like them can only be 30 minutes before the main meal.

In the tea sheet contains tubyl substances that block the absorption of magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and iron, as well as negatively affecting the absorption of protein

Favorite millions of cucumbers and tomatoes salad is also time to exclude from the diet. First, alkaline cucumbers, and sour tomatoes. Secondly, the cucumbers contain antivitamin ascorbanis, which destroys Vitamin C.

Tea, combined with yeast test products, use protein desserts extremely undesirable. The tea sheet contains tubyl substances that block the absorption of magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and iron, as well as negatively affecting the absorption of protein. Moreover, the stronger the welding, the smaller the micro and macroelements of the chance to benefit the body.

The product compatibility table can be found.

Text: Natalia Kapitsa

Similar materials from the heading

A drug	Side effects
Ascorbic acid (C)	Hypovitaminosis of the group B, allergic reactions.
Nicotinic Acid (PP)	Skin reactions in the form of redness of the top of the body.
Retinol acetate (a)	Drowsiness, lethargy, headache, hyperacial, peeling of the skin.
Riboflavin (in 2)	Burning renal tubules.
Tiamine (in 1)	Allergic reactions.
Tocopherol (e)	Symptoms of renal failure, hemorrhage into the mesh shell, or brain, ascites.
Folic acid (in C)	Dyspecical phenomena, high doses - insomnia, impaired kidney function (hypertrophy, hyperplasia of the epithelium of the kidney tubules).
Cholecalciferol (D)	Enhances intracranial pressure.
Cianocobalamin (in 12)	Increases blood clotting.

The physicochemical incompatibility of vitamins should be taken into account.

You can not mix vitamins in 6 and at 12, C and B 12, in 1 and PP in one syringe, as they are destroyed or oxidized.

Assistance Assistance Methods .

Under the overdose of vitamin A, vitamins D, C, E, mannitol, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones are prescribed;

Under the overdose of vitamin D-vitamines A, E, calcium antagonists, magnesium sulfate

Under the overdose of vitamin E - Vitamins A, C.

Since the participation of various vitamins in the exchange of substances is interconnected and the appointment of any one of them can lead to violations of the vitamin balance as a whole, preference is given in most cases to multivitamin drugs. In practice, polyvitamins are used for combined applications in order to provide stronger and versatile effects: Aevit, Pentavit, Decamivit, Airport, complivit, Vitatress, Oligavit, Unicap, Center, Supradin, etc.

Antivitaminsthey can have a blocking effect on the biological effect of vitamins or prevent the synthesis and assimilation of vitamins in the body. (Table 6)

Table 6.

Classification of antivitamins

Preparations of water-soluble vitamins

The name of the drug, its synonyms, storage conditions and the order of vacation from pharmacies.	Release form (composition), the amount of drug in the package	Destination method, medium therapeutic doses
Thiamine chloride (in 1) Thiaminibromidum	Tablets at 0.002 and 0.01 Ampoules 5% rr 1 ml	Muscle 1 ml 1 time per day
Riboflavin (in 2)	Tablets at 0.005 and 0.01	12-1 tablet 1-3 times a day In the cavity of the conjunctiva 0.01% rr 1-2 drops 2 times a day
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (in 6) Pyridoxinihydrochloridum	Tablets at 0.002. Tablets 0,01 Ampoules 5% rr 1 ml	1 table. 1 time per day (from the profile. Goals) 2-5 tablets 1-2 times a day In the muscle (under the skin) 2 ml 1 time per day
Calcium Pantothenate (in 3) Calciipantothenas.	Tablets at 0.1.	1-2 tablets 2-4 times a day
Nicotinic acid (PP) Acidumnicotinicum	Tablets 0.05 Ampoules 1% rr 1 ml	1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day In Vienna (slow), less often in the muscle of 1 ml
Folic acid (in C)	Tablets at 0.001.	12-1 tablet 1-2 times a day
Cianocobalamin (in 12) Cyanocobalaminum	Ampoules 0.01% and 0.05% R-P 1 ml	In the muscle, under the skin, in Vienna 1 ml
Acorbinic acid (C) Acidumascorbinicum	Dragee (Tablets) of 0.05 and 0.1 Ampoules 5% rr 1 and 2 ml; 10% rr 1 ml	1-2 DRAGE (pills) 3-5 times a day In the muscle (in Vienna) 1-3 ml
	Tablets of 0.02.	1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day

V. M. Abakumov, Candidate of Medical Sciences

The history of antivitamins began fifty years ago with one, at first, it would seem, failures. Chemists decided to synthesize vitamin V C (folic acid) and at the same time he was somewhat strengthening its biological properties.

This vitamin is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of protein and activates the processes of blood formation. Consequently, in the processes of life, he is given a far from a minor role.

And the chemical analogue completely lost vitamin activity. But it turned out that a new connection inhibits the development of cells, first of all cancer. It entered the register of effective antitumor agents for the treatment of patients with some malignant neoplasms.

In an effort to understand the mechanism of therapeutic effect of the drug, the biochemists have established that it is ... vitamin antagonist with. His healing action is due to the fact that he, invading a complex chain of chemical reactions, disrupts the transformation of folic acid into a coenzyme.

Compounds opposing some vitamins have also found in a number of food products. Experts drew attention to the fact that the inclusion in the diet of the foxes of the raw carp caused the development of a typical state in 1 - Avitaminosis in animals. It was later established that in the tissues of the raw carp, a thyminase enzyme is contained, cleaving the vitamin molecule in 1 (thiamine) to inactive compounds.

This enzyme was then discovered in other fish, and not only freshwater. So, examining the inhabitants of Thailand, the doctors revealed for many thiamine deficiency. But why? After all, with food vitamin, it was quite enough. Subsequent studies have shown that the culprit in 1 - insufficiency is all the same Tiaminaz. It is contained in the fish that the population in large quantities uses in the diet in the raw form.

Wider studies made it possible to detect others in 1 - antivitamin factors in vegetable products. For example, a so-called 3,4-dihydrooxicaric acid is isolated from blueberry berries. The 1.8 milligrama is enough to neutralize 1 milligram thiamine. It turned out that antifamine factors are also contained in other food products: rice, spinach, cherry, Brussels cabbage, etc.

However, the intensity of their antivitamin action is so insignificant that they practically do not have significant importance in development in 1-hypovitaminosis. Undoubted interest is the opening of the antivitamin factor in coffee. Moreover, in contrast, let's say, it does not destroy from thiaminase fish when heated.

In vegetables and fruits, most of all in cucumbers, zucchini, cauliflower and pumpkin, contains ascorbatoxidase. This enzyme accelerates the oxidation of vitamin C to almost inactive disconnectic acid. And since, it turned out, it happens outside the body, the vitamin C is destroyed in plant products during their long-term storage and during culinary processing. For example, only due to the action of ascorbattases, a mixture of raw grinding vegetables in 6 hours of storage loses more than half of the vitamin C, and the loss of it is higher, the more vegetables are crushed.

Soy protein, especially in combination with corn oil, is able to neutralize the effect of vitamin E (tocopherol). This happens due to the fact that it contains not yet allocated in the pure form of the antivitamine of tocopherol. A similar effect is observed and with the use of raw beans. The thermal treatment of these products leads to the destruction of the rival Vitamin E.

Obviously, this kind of facts should be taken into account those who promotes and enjoys "crowning"!

In particular, in animal experiments, it was established that in the composition of soybeans there is a protein compound, which contributes to the development of rickets, even under normal admission to food vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. It turned out that the heating of soy flour destroys the antivitamins, while naturally its negative properties can not be afraid.

Negative? And you can not use these properties in medical practice in the treatment of D-hypervitamin states? It still has to prove.

But Antivitamin K has already entered the arsenal of medicines. Interesting the story of its creation. Experts found out the reason for the so-called sweet clover disease in agricultural animals, one of the symptoms of which is bad blood clotting. It turned out that the clover hae contains antivitamin to - dicumarine.

Vitamin K promotes blood coagulation, and dicumarine violates this process. So an idea arose embodied into life, to use dicumarine to treat various diseases due to increased blood coagulation.

In a slightly changing the structure of vitamin B 3 (pantothenic acid), the chemists received a substance with opposite vitamin properties. In the process of a long experimental study of the new compound, non-pantotential psychotropic activity was revealed. It turned out that antivitamin in 3 - Pantogam has a moderate soothing effect and is able to have an anticonvulsant effect.

By connecting two vitamin molecules in 6, the specialists synthesized the substance that could be considered as its antagonist. It was then it turned out that the newly obtained compound (it is called pyriditol, encephol, etc.) favorably affects some key exchange processes in brain tissues.

Under the influence of pyriditol, the utilization of glucose cells of the brain cells is improved, the transport of phosphates through the blood-brain barrier is normalized, their content in the brain increases. As a result, this antivitamin found an application in clinical practice.

During the study of antivitamins and using them as medicinal products, a question arose: What is the mechanism of action of this kind of chemical compounds? The vitamins are known that in the body of a person are converted into more active in biological relations, which, in turn, entering into cooperation with specific proteins, form enzymes - catalysts of various biochemical processes. And antivitamins?

Having a structural similarity close with vitamins, these rivators of vitamins may be transformed into a person's body according to the same laws as their "genericants", turning into a false coenzyment. In the future, he, entering into interaction with a specific protein, replaces the true coenzyme of the corresponding vitamin. Having taken his place, Antivitamin at the same time does not fulfill the biological role of vitamin.

The enzyme "deceived". He does not notice the chemical differences between the true coenbert and his opponent and still seeks to perform its catalyst function. But it can no longer succeed. The corresponding metabolic processes are stopped - they cannot flow without the participation of the catalyst. It is not excluded that the pseudo-enzyme arising begins to play an inherent biochemical role inherent in him, and this causes the spectrum of the pharmacotherapeutic effect of antivitamin.

It is possible that such changes in the structure underlie the therapeutic effect of "universal" antivitamins, which are the effective anti-tuberculosis means of isoniazide and fivazide. They are broken in tuberculosis in mycobacterium exchange processes not only vitamin B 6, but also thiamine, vitamins in 3, RR and 2, thereby delaying the growth and reproduction of causative agents of the disease. A similar mechanism obviously determines the effect of some antimalarial preparations - acrycine and quinine, which are antagonists of riboflavin (vitamin B 2).

Do you mean examples that each of synthetic antivitamins can find application in medical practice? Not.

To date, the chemists of various countries were synthesized hundreds, and maybe thousands of various vitamin derivatives, among which many have antivitamin properties. But not all of them were in the arsenal of medicines: small pharmacobiological activity. However, the feasibility of further research of the properties of vitamins and their derivatives is no doubt. And, as to know, it may be among vitamins antagonists, new means of dealing with diseases will be discovered.

Finally, one necessary reservation. In food, the ratio of vitamins and antivitamins is preserved, as a rule, in favor of the first. Receiving antivitamins as medicinal products This ratio may violate. Therefore, if necessary, doctors, along with antivitamins, prescribe additionally and appropriate vitamin or coenzyme preparations.

By the way, this is another argument against self-treatment: because the patterns of action of antivitamins, their confrontation of the vitamins are known only to the doctor.

One of the natural antivitamins - ascorbatoxidase (AO) with long-term storage of cucumber destroys Vitamin C.

After 6 hours of storage of raw shredded vegetables and fruits, more than half of the vitamin C are destroyed in them: the loss of it is much more. The greater the degree of grinding.

Some synthetic antivitamins enriched the arsenal of medicines.

Studying chemical derivatives of vitamins, biochemists, pharmacologists and clinicians discovered compounds both with vitamin and antivitamin properties. Some of the antivitamins have already entered clinical practice as medicines; Others are under study.

Figure S. Lukhina

V. B. Spirichev, Professor,
T. V. Rymarenko, Candidate of Medical Sciences

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is definitely the most popular of vitamins. At the time when nothing was known about him, the doctors noticed that the patients with Qing (Avitamin NIM) open old wounds, and new badly scarce.

Now we know that it is explained by this violation of the formation of an important protein - collagen for healing. This protein binds individual cells into a single whole, and ascorbic acid is necessary for its synthesis in the body.

It is just as necessary for the production of another connective tissue protein - elastin, creating the basis of the walls of blood vessels. That is why with the lack of vitamin from the walls of the vessels, especially small, becomes fragile. Their fragility leads to bleeding, numerous hemorrhages appear on the skin, "the usual" bruises.

Indispensable Food factors and performance

Note: A number of authors successfully used large doses of vitamin C (0.3-1 g) during fatigue, intense training (Yakovlev, 1962). Megadoses of vitamin C (2-3 g per day) recommended Nobel Laureate L. Poling (1974) in order to increase resistance to infection and reduce the permeability of capillaries. However, the toxic effect on the pancreas, kidneys, etc. was revealed.