Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodical student manual

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RECIPE

General recipe as a branch of drug science combines medical and pharmaceutical recipes. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing drugs (more precisely, dosage forms). Pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and at the present time it has isolated itself into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

THE CONCEPT OF A DRUG SUBSTANCE, A DRUG FORM AND A DRUG

Medicinal substance (or remedy) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

Medicinal product - This is a medicinal raw material that has undergone special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be mineral, plant, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

Dosage form is called the form of release given to a medicinal substance, which in the best way meets the purposes of use and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a specific dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - this is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Fulfilling the doctor's prescriptions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly adhere to the indicated method of using the drug.

Prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, while instructions on how to use the medicine to the patient in Russian (native) language.

Recipe structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Medical institution stamp;

Name and age of the patient;

Full name of the doctor;

Prescribed medicine;

Instructing the pharmacist to make a specific dosage form (optional for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructing the pharmacist on the specifics of dispensing the medicine to the patient

Instructing the patient how to take the medicine correctly

Doctor's signature, personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the recipe for the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the list of medicinal substances follows in a certain sequence. An obligatory part of the recipe is only the main active ingredient or basis, which is placed on the first line. It is on its application that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In the second place in the recipe are adjuvans: they are used to enhance the action of the basis or weaken its unwanted effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of the drug in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, odor, etc.) properties. In the last place are substances that give a certain form to the drug - these are constituens: water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There may be several auxiliary, corrective and form-forming substances in the receptor prescription.

MAIN SYMBOLS TAKEN IN THE RECIPE

The number of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. Measure weights in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its share: 0.1 - decigram; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centimilligram; 0.000001 - micrograms. The volume in the recipe is measured in milliliters (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. To indicate that the indicated amount refers to all the listed substances, the word "ala" (equally) or abbreviated "aa" is used.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he must write its amount in words and put an exclamation mark (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write "verte" at the bottom and end the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE RECIPE

Reduction	Full name
		no, equally
		distilled floor
		Give out such doses
		extract
		let it be formed
		drop, drop
		liquid ointment, liniment
		liquid
		oil (liquid)
		how much is required (necessary)
	Repete, Repetalur	Repeat, let it be repeated
		rhizome
		Designate
		tablet
		tincture

TYPES OF RECIPE PRESCRIPTIONS

There are three main types of drug prescriptions: official, manual, and bulk.

The prescription, which is legalized by the introduction into the Pharmacopoeia, and is not subject to change, is called official (from the Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medico-pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it indicates only the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. The following dosage forms are only officially prescribed; tablets, pills, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: for a patient with chronic hepatitis, prescribe espa-lipon tablets v dose 0.6.

Rp .: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d. N30 in tab.

S .: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

An example of an official prescription 2: for a hypertensive patient, prescribe indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 (at such a low dose of a medicinal substance, fillers are present in the tablet, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp .: Indopamidi 0.0025

S .: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

Prescribing complex drugs, carried out according to standard recipes, placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual, is called manual (from the Latin manus - manual). The manual is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

An example of a manual prescription: for the treatment of neurosis, write out a mixture of Charcot:

Rp .: Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Natrii bromidi 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S .: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

The prescriptions compiled by the doctor at his discretion and based on the patient's condition are called mainline (from the Latin magister - teacher). The main recipe is always expanded.

An example of drawing up a master recipe: prescribe a drug for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances affect the regulation of various links of vascular tone: ednite, blocking the activity of an angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; Corvitol, blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; normodipine inhibits calcium intake v vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp .: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescriptions can also be detailed and abbreviated, simple or complex, subsidized or underdosed.

If one medicinal substance is prescribed in the prescription, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity nebilet for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i times a day

When prescribing medicines, which include several components, the prescription is called complicated .

Example: prescribe to a patient with arterial hypotension a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide-0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin").

Rp .: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S .: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, as well as a prescription will be given to the pharmacist about the preparation of the dosage form, is called deployed .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp .: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S .: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which only the name of the dosage form and the main medicinal substance is indicated with appropriate instructions about the concentration em and the total amount of the drug dispensed, without the list of ingredients included in it, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe 0.5% seduxen solution in ampoules of 2 ml for the relief of convulsive syndrome.

Rp .: Sol. Seduxeni 0,5% -2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S .: enter intravenously

Prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, the dose of medicinal substances for 1 dose is written and the phrase "Give such doses with a number ..." - D.t.d is mandatory. N.

Example: for a patient with pain in the spine, prescribe donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

A prescription where medicinal substances are prescribed in total for all receptions is called underdosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is dispensed not divided into separate receptions, but the patient himself doses it based on the explanations written in the signature.

Example: for a patient with muscle pain, prescribe 50 g of rheumogel.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S .: rub in a thin layer into the affected area

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to their physical and chemical properties: they are distinguished between solid, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called dusts, they are not dosed. Powders for internal use are usually dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing metered powders, there is a rule of 1 decigram, which states: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then a filler is added. Exceptions to the one-decigram rule: if the powder weighs less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum powder weight should not exceed 1.0; otherwise, it will be awkward to receive.

A filler for powders must comply with the following requirements: do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, do not have its own pharmacological activity and irritating effect. The most commonly used fillers are sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: for the treatment of ascariasis in a child of three years, prescribe decaris powder, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Decarisi 0.05

S .: but 1 powder at night.

Simple metered powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with chronic gastritis to relieve heartburn, prescribe gelusil powder, single vine 0.5:

Rp,: HeJusili 0.5

S .: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Under-metered powder for internal use

In the form of non-metered powders, safe medicinal substances are prescribed inside, the dosage accuracy for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in total mass, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis, to dissolve stones, prescribe blemaren powder

Rp .: Blemareni 200.0

S .: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a container (shell) into which dosed powdery, granular pasty or liquid medicinal substances are placed. The usual capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and / or an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

Distinguish between capsules that are soluble in the stomach or only in the intestine. In enteric capsules are placed those substances that are destroyed by contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Capsules, soluble in the stomach: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatinous (capsula gelatinosa). Capsules soluble in the intestine: glutol (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing powder in capsules, you do not need to add filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: for the treatment of flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp .: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 in caps. gel.

S .: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: for a patient with pneumonia, prescribe a capsule powder of chemomycin at a dose of 0.25.

Rp .: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. N 6 in caps. amylaceis

S .: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: for a patient with epilepsy, prescribe a capsule powder of carbapine in a single dose of 0.2 (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp .: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 in caps. keratinosis

S .: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one deci-gram rule.

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared at the factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually attached to the ampoule powder), an injection solution is obtained that is suitable for use. In the form of ampoule powders, those medicinal substances are produced that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe ampoule powder of kvamatel in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp .: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S .: the contents of the ampoule are diluted with a solvent and administered intramuscularly.

SPRAYS

Powders for external use are called dusts. For the preparation of powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of the smallest powder (in This can be omitted from the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and detailed. They are discharged in the amount of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, you need to know the concentration of the drug and the total amount of the drug.

An example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 powders of norsulfazole.

Rр .: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: prescribe 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp .: Streptocidi 5.0

S .: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral administration, however, tablets are produced both for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Pills are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary ones, only the basis, its dose and the number of tablets are indicated in the prescription.

Tablets are subdivided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp .: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S .: no i tablet 1 time per day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp .: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 in tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child should be prescribed macmirora tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp .: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S .: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified ways

For better assimilation of the material on the modified method of prescribing pills, the prescription of the basis in the first recipe is given without abbreviations, and in the second recipe, an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, write ednit tablets, a single dose of 0.0025:

Rp .: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S .: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe altiazem PP tablets, a single dose of 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rp .: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet once a day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina pectoris, prescribe Corvitol tablets, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S .: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: for the treatment of a fungal infection, prescribe mycosyst tablets, a single dose of 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablet" has been shortened):

Rp .: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S .: no 1 tablet once a day.

Complicated pills

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe Regulon tablets:

Rp .: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S .: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe pills of an antibiotic (inhibitor-protected penicillin) panklav (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "pills" is abbreviated):

Rp .: Tab. "Panclavum" N15

D. S .: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are written out according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis, to dissolve stones, prescribe complex blemaren tablets:

Rp .: Tab. "Blemarenum" N20

S .: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Dissolve the tablets in a glass of water before use.

DRAGETE

Dragee is a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by multiple layering of medicinal and auxiliary substances on sugar granules. Dragee weight ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

Dragees are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, also includes auxiliary ones, in In the prescription, only the basis, its dose and the amount of pills are indicated. Dragee prescription begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: for the treatment of sore throat, prescribe falimint pills, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp .: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S .: dissolve 1 tablet in the oral cavity 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of insomnia, prescribe radedorm pills, single dose 0.005

Rp .: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S .: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules - solid non-dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and auxiliary substances.

Granules are prescribed only officially. Their recipe begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example: for the treatment of tuberculosis, prescribe granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate.

Rp .: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S .: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day one hour after meals.

PECULIARITIES OF SPECIFICATION OF SOLID MEDICINAL FORMS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS

The anatomical parts of plants can be directly used on the day of manufacture of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word "pulvis" is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word "pulvis" indicates only that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making the medicine.

Powders from the anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the rule of one decigram, because the filler is added to them only when the weight of the powder is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from foxglove leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp .: Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S .: No. 1 powder for the night.

Example 2: in case of abdominal pain, prescribe a powder from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

S .: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for abdominal pain, prescribe tablets from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp .: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.:no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, plasters, suppositories. In the classroom and in the control work, soft dosage forms should be prescribed only in full. With the exception of candles, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that fats and fat-like substances, which are called "ointment base", are included in their composition as a form-forming substance. The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high spreading ability;
2. indifference (do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances and do not cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting temperature close to body temperature.

Classifications the main characteristic of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. The bases of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic origin are distinguished.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, therefore it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Refined pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is pig gut fat. The structure is closest to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, melts at body temperature. Burns quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanolinum). Extracted rinse water obtained during the processing of sheep wool. It has a very viscous consistency, as a result of which it is not used independently, but is added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in weeping processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). Obtained by melting honeycomb. It melts at a temperature of 63-65 ° C, therefore it is added to ordinary ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in hot climates). When stored in the sun, it becomes white and fragile.

Spermaceti (Spermacetum). Obtained from the cavities of the sperm whale located above the skull and along the spine. Melts at a temperature of 45-54 ° C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to make them hygroscopic and elastic. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniment. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of vegetable origin

Ointment bases of vegetable origin are liquid oils (the exception is cocoa butter, which has a hard consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniment or added to ointments to make them softer. They penetrate the skin relatively poorly.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals are: sun oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are products of non-phthis processing and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for superficial action.

The most important mineral bases are Vaseline (Vaselimim), Vaseline oil (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and hard para-fin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and hard paraffin are used for the preparation of ointments, and vaseline oil for liniment.

In recent years, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymer materials, have become increasingly important.

MAZI

Ointment is a dosage form that is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and is intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the base with form-building substances, which are called ointment bases. If, in addition to the ointment base, one active principle is included in the ointment, then this is a simple ointment; if there are two or more, it is a complex ointment. The amount of the prescribed ointment usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: to treat muscle pain, prescribe 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2.5

Vaselini ad 50.0

M., f.unq. D .

S .: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (vaginal inflammation caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), write out 30 grams of ointment containing 100 mg of makmiror and 40,000 IU of nystatin in 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Makmiror complex 500 "):

Rp .: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselini ad 30.0

S .: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced by the factory and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for ointment N1a: for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the joints, prescribe Fastum ointment (contain 1 gmazi 25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp .: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S .: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "ointment" is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruxol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp .: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S .: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N2: for the treatment of skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe Psoriaten ointment (contains several herbal ingredients):

Rp .: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S .: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N3: for the treatment of pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, excrete the Apizartron ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp .: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between ophthalmic ointment and ordinary ointment (that is, applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is not more than 10.0; 2) for its manufacture, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: for the treatment of herpes of the eyes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.:Acicloviri 0.15

M., f.imq. Sterilis!

D. S .: apply under the eyelids of the affected eye

PASTE

Paste is a soft dosage form with a bulk substance content of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If the powdered substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdery substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they stay on the skin longer than ointments and last longer.

Example 1: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocidal paste:

Rp .: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D. S .: apply to affected areas.

Example 2: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocidal paste:

Rp .: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D. S .: apply to affected areas.

LINIMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocide liniment:

Rp .: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaselini ad 50.0

M., f. linimentum.

D. S .: apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are dosage forms that are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature. By shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of the suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a mass of 3.0, vaginal suppositories - 4.0. The writing of candles in the classroom and in control work is mainline, detailed and dosed.

For the preparation of candles, the best ointment base is considered to be cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao), which at a temperature of 15-20 "C is hard and brittle, and at a temperature of 30-34 ° C turns into a transparent liquid.

An example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, a single dose of 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S .: enter 3 times a day.

An example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of Trichomonas colpitis (vaginal inflammation caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with clion, single dose 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M., f.supp.vaginale

S .: enter once a day.

Anatomical plant parts can be used directly to make candles. In this case (see "Solid dosage forms"), the word "pulvis" is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: for the treatment of hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna sheet, one-time date 0.01:

Rp .: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale

S .: enter 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the dissolved substances are in a molecularly dispersed state and are distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

The solvent is of great importance in the preparation of solutions, which ideally should be neutral and not alien to the body. The main properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve a medicinal substance, without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injection - Aqua bidestillata) most fully meets the requirements, but not all substances in it are soluble, therefore oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents. (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for the preparation of solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are discharged in under-dosage and in abbreviated form, for their prescription it is necessary to know the concentration and volume of the solution; concentration is expressed only in% or as a ratio.

Example: prescribe 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) furacilin solution to wash the wound:

Rp .: Sol. Furacilim 0.02% -500ml (1: 5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are classified as solutions for external use. There are three main differences from conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small dosage volume;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of a 0.5% solution of allergodil:

Rp .: Sol. Allergodili 0,5% -10ml

D. S .: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription of solutions for internal use, not dosed, expanded or reduced (optional ). To prescribe them, you need to know the single dose, the amount of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken with spoons and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the doctor's instructions recorded in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, a dessert spoon is 10 ml and a teaspoon is 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: for the treatment of allergies, prescribe a solution of Zyrtek for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dose with tablespoons, dessert, teaspoons and 10 drops. at the reception (we prescribe for 10 receptions with spoons and 20 - drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp .: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp .: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07% -150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M. S .: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S .: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp .: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp .: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1% -100 ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M. S .: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S .: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp .: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp .: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2% -50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M. S .: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S .: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp .: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp .: Sol. Zyrteci 2% -10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M. S .: no 10 drops, 3 times a day

D. S .: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and internal use), there is an official prescription (in this case, the solution is produced by the factory method and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and a solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: prescribe a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops of a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp .: Cordiamini 20ml

S .: 20 drops 3 ral per day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: for a patient with bronchitis, prescribe a solution of "eucabal" 20 drops per dose:

Rp .: Eucabali 20m!

D. S: 20 drops, 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe a solution "Tantum rose":

Rp .: Tantirosae 120ml

D. S .: do douching 1-2 times a day

2. for the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe a solution "Naphazol":

Rp .: Nafesoli 10ml

S .: instill 2 drops into each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injectable solutions are a ready-made dosage form for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be observed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

Distinguish between ampoule solutions (prepared at the factory) and in pharmacy packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are dosage forms. Oli are discharged in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in%.

Example 1: for the treatment of allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose of 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp .: Sol. Prednisoloni 3% -l ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S .: inject intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose of 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp .: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5% -I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S .: inject deeply intramuscularly 1 time in 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmacy packaging

Solutions in a pharmacy package are a non-dosed dosage form, they are prescribed in full. A detailed recipe allows us to show that for the preparation of this solution, not distilled, but bidistilled (pyrogen-free) water is used. To prescribe, you need to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: prescribe a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmacy package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp .: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS.

For the preparation of dosage forms from plant materials, that part of the plant is usually taken where the highest content of active principles is taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

Russian name	Latin name
rhizome

WORKING ORIGINS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of drugs from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tanning substances.

Along with them, plant raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars and others) and are called "ballast substances".

Alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most of the plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In their pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, as a rule, poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts are used (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.).

Glycosides - These are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugar part (glycon) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), interconnected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have a wide variety of chemical structures, being arbitrary phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be presented as sugar habitual for the body (glucose, manose, lactose, etc.), and foreign (digitoxosis of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and genins determine pharmacodynamics. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, readily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo - soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; form foaming soap solutions with water. The saponin genins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and are irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting, in small doses they have an expectorant effect. If they enter the bloodstream, they can cause hemolysis of erythrocytes.

Essential oils are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, pungent taste and high volatility. They are not soluble in water, but when shaken give it their taste and smell, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as a means of improving the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the drug. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritating, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of a complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin of plants (oak bark, alder infructescence, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with heavy metal salts and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

The active principles of plants can also include mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and herbal antibiotics.

NATURAL AND BREWS

Infusions and decoctions are water extraction of active principles from medicinal plant materials. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizome) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. So, due to the volatility or easy degradability of the active principles, infusions (valerian, Ipecacuanha) are prepared from the roots and rhizomes, and infusions are prepared from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

The infusions are heated in a water bath (infundirny apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time has elapsed, they are filtered: the decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and the infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a citric acid solution, which sharply increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is short storage times: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are underdosed medicinal forms and are always prescribed in abbreviated form. Prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then indicate the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form. They are dosed in spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an extract of foxglove leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp .: Inf. fol. Digitales 0,5-150 ml

D.S.:no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

An example of a decoction: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp .: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150 mI

D.S .: 2 tablespoon at night.

GALENIC PREPARATIONS

Herbal preparations include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and slime. They are extracts obtained by complex mechanical and physicochemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This allows you to increase the content of active principles in the preparation, and reduce the amount of ballast substances. Water, ethyl alcohol and ether are most often used as extractors.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially, the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the recipe.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by the methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most of the tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed underdosed. When prescribing them, the name of the dosage form is first indicated, why the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of the tincture. There is a rule: the total volume of the tincture is equal to the number of drops per dose.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, I prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp .: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S .: no 25 drops per appointment.

Extracts

Extracts are condensed (in comparison with tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their manufacture is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since her total number of decrees repents in volume units (ml), then the word "liquid (fluidum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S .: 25 drops per appointment.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, pills, suppositories. They are dosed in weight units; the word "dry (siccum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp .: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.:no 1 Zraza powder per day.

Rp .: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S .: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp .: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale.

S .: to enter Z once a day.

In the event that firms - manufacturers of pharmaceutical products assign trade names to herbal preparations, then their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: in case of impaired cerebral blood flow, prescribe a memoplant (a reference preparation of a dry extract from ginkgo leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp .; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S .: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSION

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed when water is mixed with liquids insoluble in it. Emulsions consist of three components: medium, suspended matter and emulsifying substance. They resemble milk in appearance.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, to mitigate the irritating effect of medicinal substances on the gastrointestinal mucous membranes, as well as to evenly distribute drugs in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by the method of ultraemulsification by means of ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). For the preparation of oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic "Ointment bases"). In the case when the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is written out as 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents their fusion. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier is usually taken in half the amount of the oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil, take apricot gum - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and not dosed. An emulsion where there are only three required components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple, if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then this is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (basis) is put in the first place.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed in spoons and are prescribed for 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of simple dyspepsia in a child, prescribe an emulsion of castor oil, one dessert spoon per dose:

Rp .: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S .: nol dessert spoon at the reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp .: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S .: apply to the affected surface

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of increased anxiety, prescribe an emulsion of the ore hotel in a single dose of 0.01, dose with teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S .: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

Mucus

Mucus is a thick viscous liquid and is obtained by treating plant materials with water that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchis tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves are pure mucus (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot ca-copper - GummiArmeniacae). Slime is also obtained by steeping starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects unpleasant taste and odor. They are discharged formally and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: for the treatment of gastric ulcer, prescribe mucus from flax seeds:

Rp .: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S .: one tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINAL EYES

Prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The recipe for medicinal enemas is detailed.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp .: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S .: to be inserted into the rectum.

NEW HALEN PREPARATIONS

Novogalene drugs are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether and / or water. Due to the high degree of purification, they contain a minimum amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (as opposed to galenic preparations).

Novogalene drugs are an official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total amount are indicated.

An example of a novogalene drug for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S .: no 10 drops, 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalene drug for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe korglikon in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp .: Sol. Corglyconi 0,06% -l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S .: inject intravenously 1 time per day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are aerodispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dosing device.

Prescribe aerosols officially, the prescription is not metered. Example: to relieve attacks of bronchial asthma, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp .: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D. S .: no l inhalation 3 times a day

HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS

Recently, homeopathic preparations have become widespread, which are produced in various dosage forms, the main ones of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. Prescription of homeopathic medicines is official.

Example 1: for the prevention of ARVI, prescribe flucide 10 drops per appointment:

Rp .: influcidi 30,0

D. S .: but 10 drops, once a day

Example 2: for the treatment of pathologically proceeding menopause, write climactoplan tablets:

Rp .: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S .: no 10 drops 1 pat per day

Example 3: prescribe Irikar ointment to treat eczema:

Rp .: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S .: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

CONCEPT OF DURANT DRUGS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a delayed release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to an increase in the duration of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), plasters, and some injectable forms.

The mechanisms of slowing down the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the basis is associated with an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets can consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the drug passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp .: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S .: 1 tablet a day.

Althaeae sirupus

Active substance

ATX:

Pharmacological group

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

Composition and form of release

in dark glass bottles of 125 g; in a cardboard box 1 bottle.

Description of the dosage form

Syrup 2%- thick, transparent, yellowish-brown (reddish-brown in a thick layer), with a peculiar smell and sweet taste.

Characteristic

Phytopreparation with expectorant action.

pharmachologic effect

pharmachologic effect- expectorant.

Pharmacodynamics

Marshmallow root contains plant mucus (up to 35%), asparagine, betaine, pectin, starch. It has an enveloping, emollient, expectorant, anti-inflammatory effect.

Plant mucus covers the mucous membranes with a thin layer, which remains on the surface for a long time and protects them from irritation. As a result, the inflammatory process decreases and tissue regeneration is facilitated.

Indications of the drug Altay syrup

Diseases of the respiratory tract, accompanied by a cough with difficult sputum (tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchitis).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Carefully the drug should be prescribed to patients with diabetes mellitus and people on a diet low in carbohydrates.

Application during pregnancy and lactation

Data on the use of the drug during pregnancy and lactation are not provided.

Side effects

Allergic reactions are possible.

Interaction

The drug interaction of the drug Alteyny syrup with other drugs has not been described.

Method of administration and dosage

Inside, after meal

Adults and children over 12 years old the drug is prescribed for 1 tablespoon of syrup, previously diluted in 1/2 glass of water, children under 12 years old- 1 teaspoon of syrup, previously diluted in 1/4 cup of warm water.

The frequency of admission is 4-5 times / day. The duration of treatment is 10-15 days. Perhaps the appointment of repeated and longer courses of treatment.

Overdose

No cases of drug overdose Alteyny syrup were reported.

Storage conditions of the drug Altay syrup

Store in a cool dry place.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of the drug Altay syrup

1.5 years.

Do not use after the expiration date printed on the package.

Syrups

Syrup (Sirupus, Sir.)- a liquid dosage form for internal use, which is a concentrated solution of various sugars, as well as their mixtures with medicinal substances.

A simple syrup is prepared by dissolving refined sugar in water while boiling. The sugar concentration should be 64%, since microorganisms develop in solutions of a lower concentration, and at a higher concentration, sugar precipitates.

There are flavors in syrups (sugar syrup - sirupus simplex, cherry syrup - sirupus Cerasi, raspberry syrup - sirupus Rubi idaei, tangerine syrup - sirupus Citri unshiu) and medicinal. Flavoring syrups are added to mixtures in the amount of 5–20% of the total.

Medicinal syrups are official. When writing them out, only the name and weight are indicated. Commonly used herbal syrups: rosehip syrup ( sirupus fructuum Rozae), rhubarb syrup ( sirupus Rhei), marshmallow syrup ( sirupus Althaeae).

Recipe example 52. Write out the syrup "Doctor Mom" ​​100 ml. Assign inside 1-2 teaspoons (5.0-10.0 ml) 3 times a day.

Lotions

Lotions – these are liquid preparations for application to the skin. They usually contain cooling or antiseptic agents. Lotions can be compared to creams, but contain more liquid and can be applied to a larger area of ​​the body. Some lotions are formulated specifically for rinsing the eyes, ears, nose, and throat.

Comparative characteristics of dosage forms for external use are presented in table. 1.2.

Table 1.2

Comparative characteristics of external dosage forms

application

Medicinal	Action	Indications	Countertop
Hydroalcoholic lotions	Drying, cooling	Dermatosis of the scalp	Dry skin
Greasy ointment	Emollient, warming	Cracks, dry skin	Acute skin inflammation
	Cooling, anti-inflammatory, protective, absorbs exudations	Chronic dermatoses	Acute and erosive dermatoses
	Cooling, protective, drying	Erythematous exanthema (large areas of red skin)	Dry skin, crusts, weeping, erosive dermatoses
Hydrogels	Cooling, superficial anti-inflammatory, antipruritic	Erythematous exanthema, solar dermatitis	Dry skin
Oil-in-water creams		Acute dermatosis	Dry skin
Water-in-oil creams	Emollient, mild cooling, anti-inflammatory	Chronic inflammation, soft scales and crusts	Acute skin inflammation, dyshidrosis
Liquid creams	Drying, anti-inflammatory	Acute exudative dermatitis	Dermatoses with scaling and crusts
	Lubricant, softening scales and crusts	Superficial inflammation, large areas of dermatosis on the skin, removal of ointments and pastes	Seborrheic dermatoses

Drops

Drops – liquid dosage form containing one or more active active substances dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an appropriate solvent, and dosed in drops. Distinguish between drops for internal or external use.

Drops for external use (Guttae ad usum externum) include eye drops (see below), ear drops, dental drops, nasal drops, emulsion drops in the nose, drops for inhalation, etc.

Recipe example 53. Write out a 2% solution of protargol (nasal drops).

Eye drops - these are solutions intended to be injected into the conjunctival sac. The solvent for eye drops is most often water for injection ( Aqua pro injectionibus). Official eye drops are prescribed in a reduced volume of 5–20 ml.

Recipe example 54. Write out 15 ml of solution containing 1% tropicamide solution (eye drops). Assign 1 drop 3 times a day in both eyes.

Dosage forms drops for internal use: drops for oral administration, drops for sublingual administration, homeopathic drops for oral administration.

Drops weighing 5-50 ml are prescribed. A single dose of the drug is prescribed in 10–20 drops. Prescribe drops for 30 receptions.

Latin syrup recipe it is prescribed most often in pediatric practice, since syrups have a good taste and smell. Syrup (in Latin - Sirupus, abbreviated Sir.) Is a liquid dosage form.

Pictured is a bottle of syrup

If the sugar content of the syrup is too low, fermentation or mold may develop during storage. And if it is high, then crystallization can occur during cooling. Syrups are concentrated aqueous individual sugars, ranging from 40 to 89%. For preparation, add the required amount of sugar to the appropriate amount of water in a suitable vessel and heat to a boil. The syrup is boiled for about 2 minutes.

The cooking process not only completely dissolves the crystalline sugar, but also destroys the residual substances from it, which is manifested by the formation of foam, which soon disappears.

In some cases, preservatives are added. These can be esters or additives.

Syrups are most often used as a solvent for any medicinal substance in order to improve its taste. The prepared syrup should be stored at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius.

Latin syrup recipe

If it is necessary to write down the commercial name of the syrup, which is produced in only one concentration, then it can be omitted.

Below are examples of a syrup extract in Latin. Look for even more examples in our large table -.

Example # 1

Let's write a recipe for syrup in Latin "Erespal" with a concentration of 0.2% and a volume of 150 ml. We will assign to take one teaspoon three times a day.
Rp .: Sir. Erespali 0.2% -150 ml
D.S. Inside, 1 teaspoon 3 times a day with meals.

Example No. 2

Let's write a recipe for Lazolvan syrup 100 ml. Prescribe 2 teaspoons 2 times a day.
Rp .: Sirupi Lazolvani 100ml
D.S. take 2 tsp. 2 times a day.

Example No. 3

We will write a syrup recipe in Latin "Ambroxol", volume 100 ml
Rp .: Sir. Ambroxoli 5% -100 ml
D.S. Take orally 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.