Dermatosis: all about an unpleasant disease and its complex treatment. Effective treatment of allergic dermatitis Allergodermatosis main methods of treatment

Allergodermatosis is a heterogeneous group of skin diseases, the leading role in the development of which is given to an allergic reaction of an immediate or delayed type.

This group includesallergic dermatitis, toxidermia, eczema, atopic dermatitis, urticaria .

Dermatitis

Dermatitis is a contact acute inflammatory skin lesion that occurs as a result of direct exposure to obligate or facultative irritating factors of a chemical, physical or biological nature. There are simple and allergic dermatitis.

Dermatitis simple arise in response to the impact of an obligate stimulus (mandatory for all people) - chemical (concentrated acids, alkalis), physical (high and low temperatures, radiation, mechanical effects, current, etc.) and biological nature. An inflammatory reaction occurs at the site of exposure, strictly corresponding to the boundaries of the stimulus. The degree of severity of inflammatory phenomena in this case depends on the strength of the stimulus, the time of exposure and, to some extent, on the properties of the skin of one or another localization. There are 3 stages of simple dermatitis: erythematous, whiziculo-bullous and necrotic. More often, simple dermatitis is manifested in everyday life by burns, frostbite, skin abrasions when wearing ill-fitting shoes. With prolonged exposure to a low-strength irritant, congestive erythema, infiltration, and skin desquamation may occur.

Simple dermatitis develops without an incubation period and usually proceeds without disturbing the general condition of the body. The exception is burns and frostbite of a large area and depth.

In the treatment of simple dermatitis, local remedies are most often used. It is important to eliminate the irritant. In case of chemical burns from concentrated acids and alkalis, the emergency remedy is to flush them with plenty of water. With severe erythema with edema, lotions (2% solution of boric acid, lead water, etc.) and corticosteroid ointments (sinalar, fluorocort, flucinar, etc.) are indicated; liquids (methylene blue, gentian violet, etc.) and the application of epithelializing and disinfecting ointments (2–5% dermatol, celestoderm with garamycin, etc.). Treatment of patients with necrotic skin changes is carried out in a hospital.

Allergic dermatitis occurs in response to the contact effect on the skin of an optional irritant to which the body is sensitized and in relation to which the irritant is an allergen (monovalent sensitization).

Etiology and pathogenesis. At the heart of allergic dermatitis is an allergic reaction of a delayed type. Most often, chemicals (washing powders, insecticides, chromium, nickel), drugs and cosmetics (synthomycin emulsion and other antibiotic ointments, hair dyes, etc.) act as an allergen. Allergens are often haptens, forming a complete antigen when combined with skin proteins. Epidermal macrophages play an important role in the formation of contact hypersensitivity. Already in the first hours after the application of the allergen, their number in the skin increases. In this case, the allergen is associated with macrophages. Macrophages present the allergen to T-lymphocytes, in response to this, T-lymphocytes proliferate with the formation of a population of cells specific for this antigen. Upon repeated contact with the allergen, circulating sensitized lymphocytes rush to the site of exposure to the allergen. Lymphokines secreted by lymphocytes attract macrophages, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the focus. These cells also secrete mediators, causing an inflammatory response in the skin. Thus, skin changes in allergic dermatitis appear when the allergen is repeatedly applied under conditions of sensitization of the body.

The clinical picture of allergic dermatitis is similar to the acute stage of eczema: against the background of erythema with indistinct boundaries and edema, many microvesicles are formed, leaving weeping microerosions, scales, and crusts upon opening. At the same time, although the main changes in the skin are concentrated at the sites of exposure to the allergen, the pathological process will go beyond its impact, and due to the general allergic reaction of the body, allergic rashes such as seropapules, vesicles, and erythema areas can also be observed at a considerable distance from the site of exposure. For example, in allergic dermatitis that has developed on mascara, bright erythema with edema and vesiculation can capture the skin of the face, neck and upper chest. The process is usually accompanied by severe itching.

The diagnosis of allergic dermatitis is based on the history and clinical picture. Often, to confirm the diagnosis, allergic skin tests with a suspected allergen (compress, drip, scarification) are resorted to, which are mandatory for identifying an industrial allergen in the development of occupational allergic dermatitis. Samples are placed after the elimination of clinical changes in the skin. The differential diagnosis is carried out with eczema, which is characterized by polyvalent (rather than monovalent) sensitization and a chronic relapsing course, with toxidermia, in which the allergen is reduced inside the body.

Treatment of allergic dermatitis includes, in addition to eliminating the irritant, hyposensitizing and external therapy, as in eczema. Assign 10% calcium chloride 5.0–10.0 ml intravenously, 30% sodium thiosulfate 10 ml intravenously, 25% magnesium sulfate 5.0–10.0 ml intramuscularly, antihistamines (suprastin, fenkarol, tavegil, etc.), local lotions of 2% solution of boric acid, etc., corticosteroid ointments (lorinden C, advantan, celestoderm, etc.).

Allergodermatosis is a group of diseases of an allergic nature, which are manifested by a variety of skin lesions. In the last decade, the share of this pathology in the structure of general morbidity has been growing. According to world medical statistics, about 20% of the world's population is diagnosed with various forms of allergic dermatosis.

The absence of age restrictions, the tendency to a recurrent course and the possibility of the appearance of additional and often severe allergy symptoms - all this makes the problem of diagnosing and treating this pathology very urgent.

What is referred to as allergic dermatoses?

According to ICD-10, allergic dermatosis is not a definitive diagnosis. With the development of any skin lesions, it is required to clarify the form of the disease, which corresponds to a certain code. Allergodermatosis is a generic name for all dermatological disorders with a similar pathogenesis. This includes a number of acutely emerging and prone to chronic conditions, regardless of the form of a person's previous contact with an individually significant allergen.

Classification of allergic dermatoses:

• atopic dermatitis (according to the old nomenclature - neurodermatitis) and its infantile form, called diathesis;
• different types of eczema;
• allergic urticaria (acute and chronic forms);
• strophulus, also called pruritus, papular urticaria, or simple subacute prurigo;
• contact dermatitis (if the patient has sensitization);
• toxidermia;
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome (malignant exudative epidermal necrolysis) and Lyell's syndrome are the most severe forms of allergic dermatoses.

Why allergic dermatosis develops

The reason for the development of allergic dermatosis is the contact of a person with an allergen. It can be one-time or regularly repeated. The development of an abnormal reaction with skin lesions is possible only if a person has a previous sensitization to this allergen. That is, contact with this substance must be repeated, and the prescription of its initial intake in most cases does not matter. Antigens of plants, animals and fungi, microbial agents, drugs and various chemical compounds can act as a sensitizer.

Predisposing factors for the formation of allergic dermatosis are hereditary predisposition, the presence of other diseases of an allergic nature (which may indicate atopy), chronic pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal dysbiosis. A certain role is assigned to regular contact with animals whose tissues have sufficiently strong antigenic properties. There is evidence that employees of zoo farms, poultry farms, fish breeding and fish processing enterprises have an increased risk of developing allergic skin reactions.

The high level of environmental pollution at the place of permanent work or residence of a person is also important. This explains the prevalence of allergic dermatoses in urban residents, workers in the heavy and oil refining industries. Approximately 1/3 of persons employed in chemical industries, various forms of skin lesions of an allergic nature are detected.

Allergodermatosis in children often occurs against the background of early unsystematic introduction of complementary foods, irrational artificial feeding. Their development is also facilitated by maternal allergization during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and earlier use of antibacterial agents.

Eating foods saturated with artificial additives, the widespread use of various drugs during the cultivation of poultry and livestock, the use of pesticides in agriculture - all this also increases the general background of allergization of the population and increases the risk of developing allergic dermatosis.

1. Toxidermia
2. Papular urticaria

Sensitization is the stage before the onset of symptoms.

The basis of dermatological diseases of an allergic nature is considered to be an altered reactivity of the immune and nervous systems. Moreover, it is not structural disorders of the brain or spinal cord that matter, but functional disorders involving the autonomic nervous system. They contribute to an increase in the severity of allergic reactions and are often a provoking factor for the recurrence of the disease.

Sensitization of the body can occur through several mechanisms:

1. absorption of incoming antigens by macrophages with subsequent activation and antigen-dependent proliferation of T-lymphocytes, it is these cells that serve as carriers of immune "memory";
2. the production of specific antibodies, of particular importance in this case is circulating Ig E, the increased production of which is often genetically determined and indicates atopy.

After the initial contact with the allergen, the abnormally functioning immune system will retain information about it for an indefinitely long period. This condition is called sensitization. It puts the body on high alert to quickly respond to a second supply of the same antigen. This is not accompanied by any symptoms, the person still feels healthy. But a new contact with the allergen leads to a hyperergic reaction from the immune system and its subordinate cells, and in allergic dermatosis, the dermis acts as a target.

Disease pathogenesis

The repeated intake of a certain allergen triggers a pathological immune process leading to damage to the dermis. Sensitized T-lymphocytes migrate to the site of introduction or deposition of the antigen. They secrete lymphokines - special active substances that serve to attract other classes of lymphocytes, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes. As a result, a focus of inflammation is formed in the dermis, which causes the appearance of the main symptoms of allergic dermatosis. Such a mechanism for the development of hypersensitivity is called a delayed-type reaction. Inflammatory mediators entering the blood at the same time can lead to a reaction from other organs and a systemic allergic response.

In atopy, the pathogenetic mechanisms are somewhat different. The circulation of an excess amount of Ig E is combined with a decrease in the number and activity of T-suppressors - lymphocytes that perform a regulatory function. Such disorders are supported by the existing vegetative imbalance, which activates the synthesis of new class E immunoglobulins. These antibodies bind to macrophages, basophils, mast cells and monocytes in the deep layers of the skin and in other tissues, and an inflammatory reaction is triggered with a tendency to a protracted course.

In the case of severe toxidermia, immunologically mediated damage to the deep layers of the dermis occurs with the formation of extensive exfoliating blisters (bulls). The same violations are noted in the walls of hollow organs.

Clinical picture

The main symptoms of allergic dermatosis consist of a variety of dynamically changing rashes and pruritus. With a long course of the disease with damage to the same parts of the body, various skin changes may appear, which will persist in the interictal period. In the case of a severe allergic reaction, dermatological symptoms may be accompanied by general manifestations resembling intoxication. And with systemic disorders, signs of laryngo- and bronchospasm, gastrointestinal disorders, and rhinoconjunctivitis often appear. It is even possible to develop Quincke's edema, the most dangerous manifestation of which is interstitial pulmonary edema.

Skin lesions in allergic dermatitis can be different. Along with itching, papules, vesicles, bullae, blisters, foci of bright redness and swelling may appear. Secondary elements are traces of scratching, scales and serous crusts at the site of burst bubble formations, layers of exfoliating skin in bullous lesions. With a prolonged allergic-inflammatory process, the skin becomes rough, thickened, dry, with an enhanced pattern and uneven hyperpigmentation. This is called lichenification. In such pathologically altered areas, there is a violation of hair growth, a change in surface sensitivity.

Severe itching is often the cause of sleep disturbance and neurosis-like symptoms. And long-term skin changes in school-age children and adults can lead to subdepressive, phobic and behavioral disorders, social isolation.

Symptoms of allergic skin lesions appear quickly enough and are associated with contact with the allergen. If the sensitizer enters through the digestive tract, a delayed reaction is possible, which can make it difficult to determine the cause of the disease.

Features of some allergic dermatoses

The nature and localization of skin rashes depends on the form of allergic dermatosis. For example:

1. When the skin is affected near the zone of contact with the allergen. This condition is characterized by redness, swelling and itchy papular rash, and the zone of changes has no clear boundaries and exceeds the size of the allergenic object in area. It is also possible the appearance of vesicles (vesicles).
   Classical examples of allergic contact dermatitis are rashes on the abdomen with intolerance to the metal of the belt buckle, on the sides of the neck with a reaction to chains made of jewelry or bijouterie alloys, on the proximal phalanx of the finger with an allergy to the material of the ring.
2. When skin changes are also quite local. In this case, the rash is predominantly vesicular in nature. And when these small multiple vesicles open, a weeping surface is formed with the so-called serous wells, covered with scales of various sizes. Often, a secondary bacterial infection joins, while the contents of the vesicles become purulent, infiltration and redness of the skin increase.
3. It is characterized by extensive skin lesions on the flexion surfaces of large joints, hands and feet. In children, changes are usually also noted on the cheeks and buttocks. The most painful manifestations of this disease are itching and burning of the skin. They can disturb patients even in the absence of fresh rashes, often being their precursor.
   Itching increases significantly when the skin is scratched, which may be accompanied by an expansion of the boundaries of the lesion. During the period of exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, bursting vesicles appear, the skin in this area becomes wet and quickly becomes covered with serous crusts. Epithelialization comes from the center of the focus, the healing process is often disrupted by the appearance of fresh rashes. Characterized by lichenification and white dermographism.
4. With strophulus, itchy, dense nodular formations of a pink-red color appear on the skin of the trunk and extremities. In some cases, a bubble appears on their top, in this case they talk about the vesicular form of the disease. With the reverse development, the nodules become covered with a brown crust and gradually decrease in size.

1. Atopic dermatitis
2. Allergic dermatitis

Diagnostics

Allergic dermatoses are diagnosed clinically and laboratory. Many diseases from this group have such characteristic external manifestations that the diagnosis is often established at the first visit to the doctor. An immunological (serological) study is necessary to clarify the type of allergen, the presence of cross-allergic reactions and the severity of immunopathological disorders. This determines the titer of specific antibodies of various classes, the number of leukocytes (relative and absolute), the level of T- and B-lymphocytes and their ratio.

Sometimes skin allergy provocative tests are also used. As part of the differential diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe swabs and scrapings from the affected areas.

Treatment of allergic dermatosis

How and how to treat allergic dermatosis, only a doctor should determine. In this case, the therapy should be comprehensive, and measures must be taken to eliminate repeated contact of the patient with the allergen. A hypoallergenic diet is prescribed, recommendations are given to eliminate occupational hazards and avoid household contact with sensitizers. To reduce the load on the immune system, chronic diseases are treated, dysbiosis and foci of infection are eliminated.

The treatment regimen for allergic dermatoses includes the local and systemic use of various drugs. In the acute stage with a predominance of weeping of the skin, wet-drying dressings are recommended. After them, agents are applied to the affected areas (liniments, pastes, ointments in accordance with the doctor's recommendations) with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and regenerating effects. With secondary bacterial infection, local antibacterial drugs are indicated.

With severe, widespread and progressive rashes, glucocorticoid ointments can be prescribed for the treatment of allergic dermatosis. In this case, it is necessary to strictly follow the treatment regimen recommended by the doctor in order to avoid the development of skin atrophy and the addition of a fungal infection. Topical (local) glucocorticosteroids have a powerful anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and anti-edematous effect, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators and suppressing the migration of immune cells to the lesion.

If necessary, systemic therapy is added to local therapy. Hyposensitization is carried out with the help of antihistamines, infusions of crystalloid solutions, hemodez and polyglucin. Severe forms of allergic dermatoses are an indication for systemic corticosteroid therapy.

With secondary neurosis-like and insomnia disorders, sedatives are prescribed. Tranquilizers are most commonly used, but antidepressants may also be recommended by a doctor. Their use also makes it possible to influence the neurovegetative component of pathogenesis.

Forecast

All the therapeutic measures taken can reduce the activity of the allergic-inflammatory process, but do not eliminate sensitization. Therefore, all allergic dermatoses are diseases prone to recurrence. An exacerbation can be triggered by repeated contact with the allergen or even the appearance of functional neuropsychiatric disorders. Stress, overwork, reactive neurotic disorders often lead to the appearance of acute symptoms in atopic dermatitis.

Nevertheless, rational therapy in most cases allows you to quickly cope with the manifestations of allergic dermatosis. And avoiding contact with the allergen is the main preventive measure, keeping the patient in good health for a long time.

An allergic reaction is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of a malfunction of the immune system. It is not yet completely clear why the body can perceive proteins that are harmless to human health as a danger and produce antibodies aimed at destroying them.

The consequence of this process is an inflammatory response: mast cells, or mast cells, sensitive to IgE immunoglobulins, release histamine and heparin into body tissues, which leads to redness, itching and other characteristic symptoms.

Moreover, some of them, such as spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchi and a sharp swelling of the mucous membranes, pose a threat to life.

The skin and mucous membranes are especially rich in mast cells. So Allergic dermatitis is one of the most common forms of allergies..

The mechanism of the development of the disease

Allergic dermatitis in its clinical picture differs little from dermatitis caused by other causes. Not in all cases, it manifests itself immediately after contact with the substance that caused the immune reaction.

Often it takes 7-10 days for allergic dermatitis to develop, therefore, the exact causes of skin itching, redness, the appearance of bubbles are not always possible to find out quickly enough.

The fact that allergic dermatitis does not occur immediately after the body's response to an irritant is due to the peculiarities of the late immune response. Inflammation is caused not by the reaction of mast cells to antigens, but by the work of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils - cells that destroy damaged tissues and foreign proteins that migrate to the focus of a mild early immune response. This takes at least a few hours, and more often - a few days.

The first contact with the allergen usually goes unnoticed by the patient., but upon subsequent contact, sensitized (acquired sensitivity) leukocytes recognize it, which leads to the manifestation of painful symptoms. It is interesting that some substances are not allergenic in themselves, but, when combined with blood proteins, they provoke an immune reaction.

Varieties of allergic dermatitis

Specialists distinguish the following types of allergic dermatitis:

• Phytodermatitis. This is a reaction to irritants of plant origin. The sap and pollen of plants, the smallest particles of aromatic substances that give the flowers a smell, often become the reason why allergies develop. The most dangerous plants in this regard are birch, alder, hazel, poplar, many cereals, starting with foxtail and ending with timothy, weeds, which include wormwood, quinoa, ragweed.
• contact dermatitis. It leads to contact with the skin of a variety of chemical compounds. Allergens can be found in cosmetics, clothing materials, and even urban smog. Often, allergic contact dermatitis is called "housewife dermatitis", because in many cases it is caused by household chemicals - washing powder, soap, dishwashing detergent.
  
  

  Another common cause of contact dermatitis is nickel., a metal widely used in jewelry, zippers, rivets and other clothing items. Its most exotic species is the caterpillar - a reaction to touching the caterpillars of certain species of butterflies, such as the oak silkworm.

• Toxidermia- a reaction that occurs when allergens enter the body through the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract. Very often it is caused by medicines and food. Diathesis, which so often occurs in children with the beginning of the transfer from breast milk to good nutrition, and usually disappears with age, is one of the varieties of toxidermia. In some cases, food allergy symptoms also appear in adults.
• Lyell's syndrome, also known as acute skin necrolysis - one of the most formidable varieties of allergies, along with and bronchial asthma endangering the health and life of the patient. In most cases, it develops after taking medications and differs significantly in its clinical picture and course from the usual allergic dermatitis. In Lyell's syndrome, from 20 to 90% of the body of an allergic person is covered with a papular (blistering) rash, the vesicles merge and break through, forming extensive weeping ulcers, the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genitals exfoliate, and conjunctivitis develops. This process is accompanied by fever and fever, nausea and vomiting, general deterioration .
  

  Often a bacterial infection joins the process, which can lead to septic shock. Up to 60% of patients die

  To relieve severe inflammation, corticosteroid-based ointments may be required: Advantan, Elidel and their analogues. Long-term use of such drugs is dangerous, therefore it is not recommended to use them for more than 5 days in a row. They have a large list of contraindications and side effects, so if possible, it is better to do without hormonal drugs.
  

  Of course, like any other type of allergy, dermatitis requires the use of antihistamines. New generation drugs, such as Erius, Zirtek, are devoid of unpleasant side effects in the form of drowsiness and concentration problems, which were often caused by medications that were common in the recent past.

  However, they should not be taken without the appointment of a specialist. Only a doctor can choose the most suitable drug for each specific case..

  A patient diagnosed with allergic dermatitis it is important to rid yourself of contact with the allergen: change cosmetics, start using a softer washing powder, choose new clothes made from natural materials. If microscopic dust mites acted as an irritant, you should give preference to pillows and blankets stuffed with sintepuh, and regularly wash them, and, if possible, remove furniture and interior items that collect dust from the house.

  Allergic reactions caused by food require a diet. It is necessary to find out what kind of food causes a rash on the skin, and eliminate it from the diet.

  The list of most often provoking dermatitis products includes:

  • Citrus fruits such as oranges, tangerines, grapefruits;
  • Nuts - hazelnuts, walnuts, cashews, peanuts;
  • Coffee;
  • Chocolate, especially bitter;
  • Strawberry;
  • Eggs (and often a person with intolerance to chicken eggs can easily eat duck and quail eggs);
  • Sea fish and seafood;
  • red meat;
  • Legumes - beans, peas, lentils, fava beans.

  List of food allergens - photo

  It is also recommended to avoid fried, smoked, salty foods., food, which contains a large amount of food colors, flavors, flavors and preservatives. Before cooking, it is advisable to soak the cereals for 10-12 hours, pour fresh vegetables and fruits with boiling water, and boil the meat thoroughly.

  Dieting also requires allergic dermatitis, which causes nickel. This metal is rich in many products from the list above, as well as seeds, buckwheat, oatmeal, tomatoes, millet.

  In Lyell's syndrome, patients are hospitalized in the burn unit and injected with large doses of methylprednisolone and antihistamines. Symptomatic treatment is also necessary in the form of intravenous infusions of saline to prevent dehydration, irrigation of ulcerated skin and mucous membranes with astringents and disinfectants. Accession of a secondary bacterial infection requires antibiotic therapy.

  Allergic dermatitis in children

  
  Like adults, children can suffer from allergic skin reactions to medications, household items such as latex nipples, rubber toys, and food.

  The two most common forms of allergic dermatitis are:

  • Exudative diathesis- swelling, redness and peeling of the skin on the forehead, cheeks, chin. The affected areas are very itchy, because of which the child’s sleep is disturbed, he becomes capricious, eats poorly and develops.
  • baby eczema- red inflamed papules on the face and skin of the hands, easily bursting and merging into weeping islets. They are also accompanied by the development of edema and itching.

  Food allergies are most common in young children due to the immaturity of the immune system and digestive tract, so they are not advised to give potentially dangerous foods until they are at least 3-4 years old. Often this condition provokes dysbacteriosis.

  The use of many drugs such as all drugs based on corticosteroids, undesirable in childhood. Therefore, it is very important to protect him from exposure to allergens so that the symptoms of the disease pass as quickly as possible and stop annoying the little patient. If nipples or toys are the cause, they will need to be replaced.

  Careful hygiene and keeping the house clean is very important, because often skin manifestations are caused by an allergy to dust mites. Pillows and blankets stuffed with synthetic down, frequent thorough washing of clothes at a temperature of at least 50 degrees, replacing carpets with linoleum will help to reduce their number to a minimum.

  
  

  If infant formula is allergenic, then it should be replaced as soon as possible with a special hypoallergenic food: Pregestemil, Frisopep, Nutramigen. The proteins in cow's milk are already broken down into amino acids. Breast milk can also be replaced with this food if its components cause allergic dermatitis. For children who cannot consume any dairy products, there are soy-based mixtures: Alsoy, Izomil, Nutri-soy and others.

  Like adults, children are prescribed antihistamines: Suprastin, Zirtek. Ointment Bepanten accelerates the regeneration of the skin and is allowed even for the smallest patients as a symptomatic treatment.

  To relieve the skin itching that accompanies allergic dermatitis, and to dry weeping inflamed rashes, you can turn to traditional medicine. A decoction of oak bark, string, bay leaf, strong tea leaves will help improve skin condition.

  Allergic dermatitis and methods of its treatment - video

  Preventive measures

  Having dealt with what allergy dermatitis is, having considered the symptoms and treatment, it is worth saying a few words about prevention.

  • Mothers should not eat foods during pregnancy can potentially cause allergies. Otherwise, the child may be prone to painful reactions to food from birth.
  • If one of the parents had a reaction to a certain allergenic product or drug, you should not use it to feed or treat a child: very often heredity plays a role in the development of the disease.
  • You should not unnecessarily protect the child and keep him in sterile conditions, otherwise, his immune system will react to all unfamiliar stimuli with a painful reaction. But infection with helminths in the first years of life, dust in the house, contact with potentially allergenic substances will lead to the same result. Therefore, neglecting cleanliness and personal hygiene is also in no case impossible.

  Like any other chronic disease, allergic dermatitis requires long-term, often lifelong treatment. However, properly selected medications, adherence to the lifestyle prescribed by the doctor, and, if necessary, diets, will allow you to forget forever what constant skin itching and irritation is.

Allergic dermatosis occurs when there is an abnormal immune reaction in response to an irritant. The mechanism of development of the disease causes the symptoms of any group of skin lesions. However, in this case it plays a major role. Allergic dermatoses are the most common pathology of the epidermis, they can appear in both men and women and children at any age.

Causes

All causes that can provoke skin lesions can be divided into two large groups. Factors related to the first cause allergic dermatosis in everyone. First of all, it is direct contact with toxic substances (acids or alkalis), touching hot objects, a reaction to temperature (both high - burns, and low - frostbite). The second group of factors leads to allergic dermatosis only in people with hypersensitivity to any substances.

In the medical literature they are called allergens. Clinical manifestations on the skin appear not only upon contact with an irritant, but also when eating certain foods, drugs, and drinks. Allergic dermatoses in children and adults arise as a result of many causes. This:

• abrasions caused by tight and uncomfortable clothing (more often located on the neck, hands);
• weeping diaper rash in the folds of the skin from diapers, diapers, etc .;
• prolonged exposure to the open sun;
• contact with some plants (nettle, hogweed, ash-tree, etc.) or contact with pollen from flowers on the skin;
• chemical dyes, metal salts (more often such allergic dermatoses occur in workers in production workshops);
• jewelry containing substances such as nickel, chromium, bronze;
• chemical components of decorative and medical cosmetics, hygiene and detergents;
• ingestion or external use of drugs (mainly a similar reaction is caused by treatment with antibiotics and sulfonamides).

The most common food allergens are eggs, chocolate, fish and seafood, red vegetables, fruits and berries (strawberries, tomatoes, currants, raspberries), citrus fruits, and nuts. In children, allergic dermatoses often occur due to a reaction to the protein in cow's milk. In addition, hereditary predisposition plays a role. It has been proven that the likelihood of the appearance of various types of similar skin pathology is higher if the next of kin had cases of this disease.

Types of allergic dermatoses and their clinical signs

Depending on the cause of the appearance of a systemic or local reaction of the body and clinical manifestations, several types of allergic dermatoses are distinguished. First of all, it is contact dermatitis. It occurs in response to direct contact with the stimulus and manifests itself at the site of its impact. There is slight swelling on the skin, itching is possible, but the areas of redness do not spread further. Symptoms go away on their own without treatment after 1 to 2 weeks. One form of contact allergic dermatitis that occurs in almost every child is diaper rash. In addition to redness and itching, such a lesion is accompanied by soreness when touched.

Another type of this group of dermatoses is allergic contact. Unlike simple contact dermatitis, this form occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant again. Initial symptoms appear on the hands, shins, feet, shoulders, neck, and face; further spread of the rash is rare. The clinical picture is the appearance of reddened, raised spots above the skin, and severe itching, the symptoms may subside, but reappear when the stimulus is resumed.

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Eczema is a complex chronic form of allergic contact dermatosis. Often the disease develops, in the presence of similar cases in close relatives. For example, if the mother suffered from this pathology, the probability of its development in the child is almost 50%. Predisposing factors are malnutrition, pregnancy complications, artificial feeding and early introduction of complementary foods. Also, eczema is associated with a strong nervous shock. The symptoms of this form of allergic dermatosis are the appearance of a red, swollen and itchy rash, then the bubbles with exudate burst and become covered with a dry crust (these characteristic manifestations are visible in the photo).

Other types of allergic dermatoses

According to clinical manifestations, toxidermia is similar to allergic contact dermatosis. This pathology occurs when the allergen enters the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract or during injection treatment. The rash usually covers the face (well-known diathesis in a child), stomach, chest. These may be areas of redness or small papules.

The first symptoms of atopic dermatitis usually appear at an early age. The pathology is "launched" by the child's allergic reaction to food, cosmetics, fabric, etc. Characteristic signs are a rash that looks like pimples, with pronounced redness (this is noticeable in the photo of children with a similar form of the disease). When the bubbles begin to dry out, there is a strong unbearable itching, which irritates the person. It is also characterized by an undulating course, when attacks of exacerbations are replaced by periods of remission.

Urticaria - the immediate development of allergic dermatosis. Symptoms occur abruptly, immediately after exposure to a food or contact stimulus. Red itchy blisters of various sizes appear on the face, neck, hands, growing and covering the entire body. Sometimes urticaria is accompanied by a low temperature, malaise.

Pruritus occurs at an early age or in women after 50 years. The disease is manifested by such severe itching that neurotic twitches of the body occur. The rash can take a variety of forms. These are just small swellings or papules of a dark red color.

Therapy of allergic dermatosis

Treatment of allergic dermatosis consists in prescribing a special group of drugs that act on cells, blocking biologically active substances that cause redness, itching, swelling and other symptoms. There are three generations of antihistamines that prevent the manifestations of this group of dermatitis. Medicines of the first generation have a pronounced sedative effect, the second - are devoid of this effect, but long-term use adversely affects the heart.

In the treatment of allergic dermatosis, modern third-generation drugs are prescribed. They are also distinguished by the duration of the effect (“work” for almost 24 hours). Thanks to this, one tablet per day is enough. For adults appoint:

• Hismanal;
• Telfast;
• Trexil.

For the treatment of allergic dermatoses in a child, medicines of the same group are used, but in the form of syrups or drops. These are Claritin, Erius, Fenistil. For the prevention of secondary bacterial infections of the skin, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial creams or solutions (fucorcin, ointments with gentamicin, tetracycline or erythromycin) are indicated. The leading drugs for the treatment of eczema and atopic dermatosis are steroids used for long courses, with individual dosage adjustment and control of adrenal function.

Physiotherapy (UV irradiation, electrophoresis with drugs) has a good effect. Patients with a chronic form of allergic dermatoses are shown sedative medications. With severe itching, lotions are made, applications with solutions of local anesthetics. Doctors emphasize that the right treatment allows you to keep the symptoms of the disease under control, and the pathology ceases to affect a person's lifestyle.

Today, more than two thousand different skin diseases are known to official medicine. They are united in a group of diseases under the general name dermatosis. In order to correctly classify the manifestations of each ailment, doctors divide them into subgroups according to certain symptoms, manifestations and causes.

What is this disease

Skin diseases, which are characterized by special causes of occurrence and clinical picture, are called dermatosis. In fact, these are groups of diseases of skin lesions that are associated with an allergic reaction of the body, poor nutrition, the reproduction of microbes and bacteria, inflammation, or, in some cases, genetics.

Science explains why there are so many skin diseases:

1. Human skin itself has a very complex structure. It includes the sebaceous glands, and various vessels, and hair, and nails, and connective tissues, etc. All these components in the chain of the structure of the epithelium have a different origin, and therefore its damage always occurs in different ways.
2. Epithelium is the protection of the body from external factors. He is the first to be exposed to the external environment, chemicals, radiation, dust, and each of these factors can provoke a separate disease.

The most common types of dermatitis are the consequences of stress, disruption of the endocrine system or a decrease in human immunity, damage to internal organs.

Skin diseases such as dermatosis can affect a variety of areas of the human body. Everything will depend on the factors provoking the development of the disease.

External factors include various kinds of injuries, bites. Among other things, dermatosis can develop as a result of other diseases that reduce immunity.

Classification

To date, physicians will divide dermatosis into several groups. Among them:

• bubbly;
• allergic;
• itchy;
• skin pathologies associated with mental disorders.

There is a classification of dermatosis according to the nature of the clinical picture:

• skin diseases, the symptoms of which are expressed by intoxication of the body and hyperthermia, and the manifestations on the epithelium are very insignificant;
• in the foreground, on the contrary, rashes and other local symptoms predominate.

Dermatosis is also classified according to occupational diseases:

• constant contact of the skin with an aggressive environment;
• frequent contact with the source of infection;
• reaction to the effects of current, high air temperature, radiation;
• skin reaction to sand, cement, crushed stone, glass wool.

What does the disease look like?

For dermatoses, rashes in the form of bubbles are characteristic. Depending on the degree of the disease, they can cover the entire body or appear in one part of the body, they can reach different sizes from small ones - vesicles, and very large ones - bullae (pictured).

If the rashes were caused by allergies, then swelling of the skin and chaotic bubble rashes may appear.

Recognize itching dermatosis simply by the crust, thickening of the skin, moisturizing it, and enhancing the pattern of the rash. In addition, severe itching, accompanied by scratching of the skin, is very characteristic.

Symptoms in adults and children

Depending on the age of the person, the symptoms of dermatoses can vary significantly.

In childhood, dermatosis usually manifests itself as a hereditary factor. Therefore, if the parents had eczema or psoriasis, then there is a risk that the child will begin to develop symptoms on the skin in infancy.

It is important for parents to especially closely monitor the baby's skin. Most often, if these are not hereditary skin ailments, then diseases such as diaper or.

diaper type

Diaper provokes prolonged contact of the child's skin with feces or urine. All due to prolonged wear or untimely diaper changes.

Seborrheic occurs due to a fungal infection that covers the scalp with a yellowish crust. The child usually does not feel this, but it is not easy to cure this dermatitis.

Adolescence is characterized by the appearance of seborrhea, acne or scabies, which can occur on the feet, and in children even on the face, which cannot be said about adults who do not have this.

Elderly people may suffer from senile dermatoses.

Therefore, with various skin diseases, it is necessary to take into account the person's age, characteristic manifestations. The main symptoms include:

• the appearance of red rashes on the skin, which can change in size, color, may turn yellow, crust and itch;
• rashes can be of a different nature - blisters, sores, erosion, plaques;
• erythema;
• burning, itching;
• peeling;
• acne, warts, seborrhea;
• neuroses and insomnia.

Diagnosis of diseases

In order to make a correct diagnosis, the doctor must initially examine the patient's skin, ask him about what worries him. At this stage, if the disease matches all the symptoms, then at this stage the diagnosis can be completed. Then the dermatologist can immediately prescribe therapy.

However, in most cases, a superficial examination is usually not enough. Usually, a biochemical analysis of blood and urine is performed, as well as a full medical examination.

To determine the microflora, a scraping is made from the affected area of ​​​​the skin and sent for laboratory research.

In order to diagnose some cases of dermatosis, it is necessary to involve related specialists. For example, if there is a suspicion of such a diagnosis as dermatosis delirium, then a consultation with a psychiatrist is prescribed.

Modern methods of treatment

As a correct therapy for dermatosis, a comprehensive examination of the patient, both drug and non-drug, should be carried out. This means that the patient must eat right, sleep, avoid stress and spend more time in the fresh air, and not in a stuffy room.

Another important point of therapy is the mental health of the patient. For the treatment of skin diseases caused by psychosomatics, auto-training, relaxation, rest, and possibly vacation from work are used.

In more serious cases, systemic therapy is used. Chronic skin diseases require a more detailed study and more serious medicines - antibiotics, anti-allergic drugs.

In order to get rid of a chronic skin disease in a complex, the patient is shown sanatoriums, rest at medical resorts, a special regimen of the day and nutrition, and medical physiotherapy.

Almost every drug for the treatment of skin disease acts on the body as a means of regenerating and cleansing the epithelium. Therefore, only an experienced dermatologist can prescribe the right remedy, taking into account the development of the disease, all the symptoms, contraindications, additional lesions.

Only in this way, with proper selection of treatment, it is possible to get rid of a skin disease, which usually brings both physical and aesthetic discomfort.

Medicines

If the skin disease was provoked against the background of a general disease of the body, then therapy must begin with the elimination of the cause of the disease, and only then its consequences.

To eliminate such an unpleasant symptom as itching, severe irritation, inflammation, swelling of the skin, a drug such as Dermazol, Diazolin, Claritin is used.

If the manifestations on the skin are caused by an allergen - grass pollen, a food irritant - the rash must immediately be treated with an antiseptic. This will prevent further infection of the sores.

To strengthen the immune system and normalize the functioning of the body, certain vitamins and microelements are prescribed - A, C, B1, B2, B3, E, iron and phosphorus.

Folk remedies for treatment

Before you start treatment with folk remedies, you need to get permission from your doctor.

A good remedy for the treatment of dermatosis are decoctions of medicinal herbs. With their help, you can make effective lotions:

1. succession. It is necessary to take a tablespoon of the contents of the package, pour it with boiled water, leave it so that the herb gives up all its medicinal properties and, using a moistened knitted piece of cloth or gauze, apply it to the affected area several times a day.
2. Aloe. This tincture must be prepared for 12 days. Twist thick leaves in a meat grinder. Make lotions on the affected areas for 20 minutes. The course of treatment is 3 weeks.
3. . It has long been known to treat warts and other dermatitis well. The juice of this plant is diluted with water and lotions are made for 15 minutes.
4. Juice potatoes and parsley. These components are mixed, mint decoction is added to it and lotions are made 4 times a day.
5. Tea tree. It has a good effect in infectious skin manifestations.
6. Therapeutic mud. Perfectly regenerates the skin and heals all sores. It is better to conduct a course in specialized sanatoriums.
7. milk thistle. It cleanses the body well and has a positive effect on the condition of the liver. Neutralizes the effects of certain medications in the body.

Forecast

Usually, the terms of complete recovery vary. It all depends on the severity of the rash, the course of the disease. Therefore, if the treatment was started without delay and on time, then doctors give a favorable prognosis for recovery. If all is well, then the dermatosis may completely disappear within a week or several.

All sores will heal, and there will be no trace of rashes, of course, provided that all favorable conditions for therapy and regular treatment are created.

However, the treatment can drag on for months or even years of difficult treatments, while the patient will experience many inconveniences of a different nature. In this case, it is very important to completely get rid of the disease and regularly carry out prevention.

Complications

Almost every ailment can cause certain complications. Dermatosis is no exception. In this case, it is necessary to carefully monitor the patient's condition and not start the course of skin rashes.

So dangerous are such complications as:

• acquisition of a chronic form. It will be difficult to get rid of the disease with ordinary ointments. Constantly have to carry out treatment and special drug therapy;
• progression. The disease can quickly go from an easy stage to a much more complex one;
• Quincke's edema;
• Sepsis;
• additional infection of the body.

Prevention

First of all, you must follow the usual rules of personal hygiene, which are known to every person since kindergarten - wash your hands after the street.

It is worth carefully choosing the foods that leave your diet. The main thing here is to get rid of allergens and junk food.

You will have to give up all known bad habits - smoking, alcohol.

In the prevention of dermatitis of a different nature, it is important to avoid regular stressful situations. Therefore, if at work you are often in a state of stress, then you will have to change jobs or at least regularly take vacations to relax.

Avoid frequent contact with aggressive environments - household chemicals, alkalis, salts.

Respond to the disease immediately and do not delay going to the doctor. This will reduce the cost of treatment, and rather the time of the therapy itself.