Lenin Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924), revolutionary, politician in Soviet Russia, leader of the Bolshevik revolution, head of the Soviet government (1917-1924). The real name is Ulyanov. Born April 10 (22), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). Father, Ilya Nikolaevich, made his way from a high school teacher to the director of public schools in the Samara province, received the title of nobility (he died in 1886). Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Blank, the daughter of a doctor, received only a home education, but she could speak several foreign languages, played the piano, read a lot. Vladimir was the third of six children. A friendly atmosphere reigned in the family; parents encouraged their children to be curious and treated them with respect.
Probably, already in his school years, Vladimir Ulyanov began to form the first, still vague ideas about the injustice of the social order. In any case, already in one of his school essays, he mentioned the "oppressed classes." His older brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May 1887 he was executed for plotting to assassinate the tsar. The death of his brother shocked Vladimir, and since then he has become an enemy of the regime. At Kazan University, where he entered the Faculty of Law in 1887, he joined the student revolutionary circle, took part in student gatherings and was detained by the police. In December of the same year, the authorities expelled him from the university and sent him under police supervision to his mother's estate, where he continued his self-education. In the fall of 1888 he got the opportunity to return to Kazan, got acquainted with the works of Karl Marx and joined the Marxist circle. The enthusiasm for Narodism and admiration for the "Narodnaya Volya" was finished, henceforth Ulyanov became a staunch adherent of Marxism.
The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope on which we will hang them.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
In subsequent years, he lived in Samara under police supervision, earned private lessons and in 1891 managed to pass the state exams as an external student for the full course of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1892-1893 he worked as an assistant attorney at law in Samara, where he simultaneously created a Marxist circle, translated the Manifesto of the Communist Party of Karl Marx and began to write himself, arguing with the populists.
Having moved to St. Petersburg in August 1893, he worked as a lawyer and gradually became one of the leaders of St. Petersburg Marxists. Sent abroad, he met the recognized leader of the Russian Marxists, Georgy Plekhanov. After returning to Russia, Ulyanov in 1895 united the St. Petersburg Marxist circles into a single "Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In December of the same year, he was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison and was exiled to Eastern Siberia for three years under the public supervision of the police. There, in the village of Shushenskoye, in July 1898 he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground.
While in exile, he continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activity. In 1897 he published the work Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German Social Democracy Karl Kautsky, and they made a great impression on him. From Kautsky, he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized party of a "new type", bringing consciousness into the "dark" and "immature" working masses. Polemics with those Social Democrats who, from his point of view, underestimated the role of the party, became a constant topic in Ulyanov's articles. He also waged fierce polemics with the "economists" - a movement that argued that social democrats should focus on economic rather than political struggle.
After the expiration of his term of exile, he went abroad in January 1900 (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). There, together with Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began to publish social the democratic newspaper Iskra. From 1901 he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and since then has been known in the party under this name. In 1902, he outlined his organizational views in the pamphlet What Is to Be Done? He proposed to rebuild the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), formed in 1898, according to the type of a besieged fortress, turning it into a rigid and centralized organization headed by professional revolutionaries - leaders whose decisions would be binding on ordinary members. This approach met with objections from a significant number of party activists, including Yulia Martov. At the second congress of the RSDLP in Brussels and London in 1903, the party split into two streams: "Bolsheviks" (supporters of Lenin's organizational principles) and "Mensheviks" (their opponents). Lenin became the recognized leader of the Bolshevik faction of the party.
During the Russian revolution of 1905-1907, Lenin managed to return to Russia for a while. He directed his supporters to actively participate in the bourgeois-democratic revolution in order to try to win hegemony in it and achieve the establishment of a "revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry." On this issue, which was elucidated in detail in Lenin's Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, he sharply disagreed with the majority of the Mensheviks, who were guided by an alliance under the leadership of bourgeois liberal circles.
The defeat of the revolution forced Lenin to emigrate again. From abroad, he continued to lead the activities of the Bolshevik movement, insisting on combining illegal activities with legal ones, participating in elections to the State Duma and in the work of this body. On this basis, Lenin broke with a group of Bolsheviks led by Alexander Bogdanov, which called for a boycott of the Duma. Against his new opponents, Lenin published a polemical work Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909), accusing them of revising Marxist philosophy. In the early 1910s, differences within the RSDLP became extremely aggravated. In contrast to the otzovists (supporters of a boycott of the Duma), the Mensheviks - liquidators (adherents of legal work) and the group of Leon Trotsky, which advocated the preservation of the unity of the party ranks, Lenin forced the transformation of his current in 1912 into an independent political party, the RSDLP (b), with its own print organ - the newspaper "Pravda".
Ideas become power when they take over the masses.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
Who is Lenin?
There have been several political figures in the history of our state, whose contribution cannot be overestimated. One of them, no doubt, is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. In this article we will look at who Lenin is and who this man was.
Lenin: the early years
First of all, it should be noted that "Lenin" is the fake surname of Vladimir Ilyich. His real name is Ulyanov. But we will not dwell on this fact of the biography. If you are interested, then in the article on our site: there are various versions of why the Soviet leader changed his last name.
Let's go back to the biography. Vladimir was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk in the family of an official. He studied at the gymnasium, graduated with a gold medal. He attended the Simbirsk Religious Society.
A significant imprint on Vladimir's worldview was left by the execution of his brother in 1887. At the same time, the future leader entered Kazan University, from where he would later be expelled for appearing in student riots. In 1889, the whole family moved to Samara, where Vladimir began to actively study Marxist philosophy.
In 1891, Lenin graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg State University, and in 1893 - moved to St. Petersburg and got a job there. By 1894, Lenin formulated for himself the idea that the proletariat should become an instrument of the communist revolution. And in 1895 the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class was created with the participation of Vladimir Lenin. For this, the future leader is sent into exile in Siberia. In Siberia, Lenin marries N.K. Krupskaya.
Lenin: mature years
In 1900, Lenin went abroad. There, together with GV Plekhanov, he began to publish the first illegal Marxist newspaper Iskra. In 1903, Vladimir Ilyich leads the Bolshevik Party. And in the period from 1905 to 1907. lives in St. Petersburg under an assumed name and leads the Central and St. Petersburg committees of the Bolsheviks.
During the First World War, Lenin lives in Switzerland. Returns to Petrograd in April 1917. Immediately offers the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" But in just a few weeks, Vladimir Ilyich succeeds in convincing his party of the correctness of the April Theses. In July, Lenin had to go underground. But already in October of the same year, Lenin became the main organizer of the October armed uprising. During the October uprising, the Provisional Government was arrested and a new government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. In November, Lenin promoted the establishment of Soviet power in Moscow, where the country's capital was later transferred.
The meaning of Lenin's personality
The attitude of descendants to the personality of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin varies from sharply critical to infinitely admired. One way or another, no one will argue with the fact that Lenin became one of the key persons in the history of Russia. First of all, this Soviet politician is the creator of the Russian Social Democratic Party. He is also one of the organizers of the 1917 October Revolution. Well, and no less important: he is the creator of the first socialist state in world history.
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian politician and statesman, "successor to the cause of K. Marx and F. Engels", organizer of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (according to the old style - April 10), 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. The grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf peasant in the Nizhny Novgorod province, later - a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; after graduating from Kazan University, he taught at secondary educational institutions in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, and later was appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received home education, passed exams for the title of a teacher as an external student; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkov cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; executed in 1887 for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. The younger brother is Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family linked their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but in December 1887 for active participation in a revolutionary gathering of students he was arrested, expelled from the university as a relative of his executed Narodnaya Volya brother and sent to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888 Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he first visited Moscow. In 1891 at St. Petersburg University he passed exams under the program of the Faculty of Law and on January 14, 1892 Vladimir Ulyanov received a 1st degree diploma. In 1889 the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov began to work as an assistant attorney at law and organized a circle of Marxists. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students of the Technological Institute. In 1895 he was published under the pseudonym K. Tulin. In April 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland he met G.V. Plekhanov, in Germany - with V. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue. In September 1895, returning from abroad, he visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuev. In the fall of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of V.I. Ulyanov, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. For participation in the organization of the Social Democratic Party in December 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested, and in February 1897 he was exiled for three years to Siberia - to the village of Shushenskoye in the Minusinsky district of the Yenisei province. Together with him, as a bride, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was sent, also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. In 1898, while in Shushenskoye, N.K. Krupskaya, with whom V.I. Ulyanov met in 1894, became his wife. In exile, Ulyanov wrote over 30 works. In 1898, the 1st Congress of the RSDLP took place in Minsk, which proclaimed the formation of the Social Democratic Party in Russia and published the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899 Ulyanov was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin". Among his pseudonyms were V. Frey, Iv. Petrov, Karpov and others. February 10 (old style January 29) 1900, after the end of exile, Ulyanov left Shushenskoye. In July 1900 he went abroad, where he organized the publication of the newspaper Iskra, becoming its editor. In 1900-1905 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the Zarya magazine was first signed with the pseudonym Lenin (according to other sources, the pseudonym Lenin first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, at which the Bolshevik party was practically created and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the RSDLP Charter and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left ("Bolshevik") wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov was the first to use the term "Leninism" ("The fight against a" state of siege "in the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party"). On November 21 (according to the old style, November 8), 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he took over the leadership of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers Vperyod, Proletary, and Novaya Zhizn. For two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the Vaza dacha in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907 he acted without success as a candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, from where he periodically traveled to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, Stuttgart. In December 1907 he emigrated again to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris). In December 1910, the newspaper Zvezda began to be published in St. Petersburg, and on May 5 (according to the old style, April 22), 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik workers' newspaper Pravda was published. To train cadres of party workers in 1911, Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP was held in Prague under his leadership. In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he directed the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia. From October 1905 to 1912, Lenin was the representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, leading the delegation of the Bolsheviks, took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. August 8 (old style July 26) 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (territory of Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of espionage for Russia and imprisoned in the city of Novy Targ, but on August 19 (old style 6 August), thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (according to the old style on August 23), he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (according to the old style until March) 1917. Lenin learned about the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (old style March 2) 1917. April 16 (old style 3) April 1917 Lenin returned from emigration to Petrograd. A solemn meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky railway station and he was presented with a party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, brochures, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. On July 20 (old style July 7), the Provisional Government issued an order for the arrest of Lenin. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe apartments, after which, until August 21 (according to the old style, August 8), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut behind Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Yalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). In early October 1917, Lenin returned illegally from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (according to the old style, October 10), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at his proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (according to the old style, October 24), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded that they immediately go over to the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. To direct the armed uprising in the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny. On November 7 (old style, October 25), 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted, and a workers 'and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. For 124 days of the "Smolninsky period" he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in the editing of more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, chaired 26 meetings and conferences of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 different All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, from March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and study were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918, he directed the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left SRs. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the meeting at the Michelson plant, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Socialist Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the Third, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP (b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Lenin's last public appearance was on November 20, 1922, at a plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin's health condition sharply deteriorated again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. In Moscow, the last time was October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his state of health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 minutes evenings Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with Lenin's body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in a specially built Mausoleum on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after Lenin's death, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the Petrograd Soviet's request to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. A city delegation (about 1,000 people) took part in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) created the Institute of V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Institute, a single Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute was formed under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archives of this institute contains more than 30 thousand documents, the author of which is V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: "Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane, nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such fame as he did. An irreconcilable avenger who grows out of the peace of cold compassion, sanity, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of the soul - opportunism His sympathies are as cold and wide as the Arctic Ocean, his hatred is as tight as an executioner's noose His mission is to save the world, his method is to blow up the world Absolute adherence to principles, at the same time willingness to change principles ... He subverted everything. He subverted God, tsar, country, morality, judgment, debts, rent, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he subverted an entire historical structure such as human society. In the end he subverted himself ... Lenin's intellect was defeated at that moment when his destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his search began to appear. He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire ... The Russian people were left floundering hang out in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death. "(Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the "Red Terror", which took the most cruel and massive forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repressions against "socially alien elements" - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagreed with the policy of the new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism" and "new economic policy." Author of the State Plan for the Electrification of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On Lenin's initiative, a plan of monumental propaganda was developed: in accordance with the decree "On the Monuments of the Republic" (April 12, 1918), with Lenin's personal participation, the demolition of "old" monuments in the Kremlin and other parts of Moscow, as well as the destruction of churches, began; at the same time, monuments to revolutionary leaders were erected.
“In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at universities, and in 1921 the People's Commissariat of Education (People's Commissariat for Education) abolished the historical and philological sciences as obsolete and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. about this in the newspaper "Izvestia", Lenin demanded that the Chekists collect systematic information about all professors and writers. "All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, the organization of its servants and spies and molesters of the student youth; almost all are legitimate candidates for expulsion abroad. They must be constantly and systematically expelled."... [...] On May 19 (1922), the leader sent to Moscow an instruction "On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors helping the counter-revolution", inscribing on the envelope: "Comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up." Ten days later, he was struck by a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was given the first list of those arrested, who announced an expulsion order and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then said to the attending physician: "Today, perhaps, the first day, that my head did not hurt at all." [...] The first group of the expelled in history received the name "philosophical steamer". [...] It was allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even pectoral crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then, many hours of loading on the German steamer "Oberburgomister Haken": they call out a name from the gangway, enter one at a time into the control booth, interrogation and search, by touch, through a dress ... " ... "There were several steamers and more than one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kiev, Odessa, and Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky's later admission, about 60 people expelled from Georgia. "
"According to official data, over five million people died from the famine of 1920-1922. Unbelievable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. An American aid organization led by Hoover, the future president of the United States, saved an unknown number of millions of people in the country from starvation. In any case, the same Trotsky almost did not hide this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it will be for the country. " (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in the Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power")"Having created a famine in the country by the massive confiscation of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: "It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must) carry out the confiscation of church valuables with the most furious and merciless energy, without stopping before suppressing any resistance It is necessary now to teach this audience a lesson so that for several decades they would not dare to think about any resistance. " (E. Olshanskaya, program "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty) “We must not forget that by that time Lenin was already just a delusional patient. In fact, in 1922 he should have been considered as an insane patient. delirious and, as even idle people said, the Mother of God persecutes him for all the troubles he caused the country.In the same 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was sick with, and came to the conclusion that the doctors who treated him, and those doctors who spoke about the neurasthenic syndrome in the leader, in fact, hid that behind this neurasthenic syndrome lurks only one disease - progressive paralysis. [...] Progressive paralysis has one feature, this is exactly the contingent of patients who the psychiatric departments of various clinics overwhelmed. kept outward signs of sanity and legal capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw him with a rash, from which he suffered very much, there is a lot of evidence that this rash, most likely, was of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash already means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he already developed tertiary syphilis with a gradual vascular lesion. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including by psychiatrists. Psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki since 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to arrive was the famous Foerster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Foerster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all medical diaries at the time. A long time ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing that progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and performance. Such excessive energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But since 1920, more and more often headache, some kind of dizziness, fits of weakness and loss of consciousness incomprehensible to doctors. That is, in any case, 1922 is the time of Lenin's already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, impaired consciousness, with repeated episodes of hallucinations and just delirium described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called "insanity together." If there was a madman in some family, then the spouse or spouse sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this madman, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could keep these ideas intact. I cannot rule out that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large masses of people. I do not exclude that Lenin simply induced with his delirium first his closest associates, and then with the help of Soviet propaganda, which worked, I must say, excellently, these ideas were successfully introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, the Soviet civilization took place. " (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in the Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power"; program "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) - letters, articles, brochures, books: "What are" friends of the people "and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?" (1894), "The economic content of populism and its criticism in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)" (1894-1895), "Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia" (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym "Tulin" ), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Economic Studies and Articles" (1899; a collection of articles was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Protest of Russian social Democrats "(1899)," What Is to Be Done? The Painful Questions of Our Movement "(1902; pamphlet)," The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy "(1902)," The National Question in Our Program "(1903)," One Step Forward, Two Steps back "(1904)," Two tactics of social democracy in the democratic revolution "(August 1905)," Party organization and party literature "(1905)," Materialism and empirio-criticism "(1909)," Critical notes on the national question "(1913 ), "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (1914), "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916 ), "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the National Pride of the Great Russians", "The Collapse of the Second International", "Socialism and War", "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe", "Military program of the proletarian revolution "," Results of the discussion on self-determination "," On a caricature of Marxism and on "imperialist economism", "Letters from afar" (1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), "The Political Situation" (1917; theses), "On Slogans" (1917), "State and Revolution" (1917), "The Threatening Catastrophe and How to Fight It" (1917), "Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power? " (1917), "The Bolsheviks Must Take Power" (1917), "Marxism and the Uprising" (1917), "The Crisis is Rough" (1917), "Outsider's Advice" (1917), "How to Organize Competition?" (December 1917), "The Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People" (January 1918; taken as the basis of the first Soviet Constitution of 1918), "The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Power" (1918), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (Autumn 1918), "Theses The Central Committee of the RCP (b) in connection with the situation on the Eastern Front "(April 1919)," Great Initiative "(June 1919)," Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat "(autumn 1919)," From the destruction of the age-old way of life to the creation of a new one "( spring 1920), Childhood Illness of Leftism in Communism (1920), On Proletarian Culture (1920), On the Food Tax (The Significance of the New Policy and Its Conditions) (1921), On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution (1921), "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), "On the Formation of the USSR" (1922), "Pages from a Diary" (December 1922), "On Cooperation" (December 1922), "On Our Revolution" (December 1922) ), "How can we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)" (December 1922), "Better less, but better" (December 1922)
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Sources of information:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic Reference "St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Biographical Dictionary "Politicians of Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations, Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, Encyclopedic Dictionary "History of the Fatherland" )
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, "Krugozor" magazine Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in the law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power ", M. 1996" Russian Biographical Dictionary "
Radio Liberty
The project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru
Brief biography of Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (pseudonym Lenin) is a world-class Soviet politician, revolutionary, founder of the Social Democratic Party and Bolshevism, one of the organizers of the October Revolution and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin is also considered the creator of the first socialist state in history. In addition, he laid the foundation for Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), in the family of an inspector of public schools.
The childhood of the future revolutionary was spent in Simbirsk. There he studied at the gymnasium, the director of which was F.M. Kerensky. After graduating from high school with a gold medal, Lenin entered Kazan University at the Faculty of Law, where he studied for a short time and was expelled because of his regular assistance to the illegal student movement “Narodnaya Volya”. In May 1887, his elder brother Alexander was executed because of his participation in the People's Will conspiracy to attempt on the life of the emperor. This became a great tragedy in the Ulyanov family. In 1888, Lenin returned to Kazan and joined the Marxist circle. He is seriously interested in social democratic and political economic issues. As a result, in 1897 he was sent into exile in the Yenisei region for 3 years. It was during this exile that he wrote most of his works. In 1898, he registered his marriage with his common-law wife N.K.Krupskaya so that she could follow him into exile.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Lenin began to work hard to create a new society through the socialist revolution. During the period of the revolution, the organizer himself is in Switzerland, and many of the participants were arrested. As a result, the leadership of the party passes to Lenin. Despite the fact that attempts at uprising were suppressed more than once, Lenin continued to write new works and organize an anti-government revolution. He soon became the head of the Council of People's Commissars, founded the Red Army and the Third Communist International. Lenin's goal was to create a new economic policy aimed at the growth of the national economy and the formation of a socialist state.
Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the Gorki estate as a result of a sharp deterioration in health. Two days later, the body of the leader was transported to Moscow and installed in the Column Hall. On January 27, the coffin with Lenin's embalmed body was placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square, where it is still kept. After his death, the personality cult of this extraordinary ruler intensified even more. Many objects in cities were renamed in his honor, museums and libraries named after Lenin were opened, and monuments were erected.
Lenin -
lived
Lenin -
alive.
Lenin -
will live.
/ V. Mayakovsky /
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich(1870-1924) - theorist of Marxism, creatively developing it in new historical conditions, the organizer and leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the international communist movement, the founder of the Soviet state.
The formation and development of Lenin's aesthetic views were facilitated by his rich erudition, deep knowledge and study of the phenomena of domestic and world culture, revolutionary democratic aesthetics, as well as his constant interest in various types of art, especially in the artist. literature and music, and a thorough acquaintance with them, direct communication with prominent figures of culture and art (for example, close contacts were maintained by Lenin with Gorky for many years).
Designed by Lenin dialectical materialist theory of reflection became the methodological basis of modern Marxist aesthetics and art history. Considering the process of cognition as a reflection of the external world in human consciousness, Lenin substantiated the dialectically contradictory nature of reflection, showed that it is not a simple, mirror-dead act, but a complex process characterized by an active, creative attitude of the subject of cognition to the displayed reality.
Lenin revealed the historical nature of the phenomena of the spiritual culture of society, proved the need to identify their epistemological and social-class roots. Lenin's theory of reflection made it possible to reveal the inconsistency of the idealistic conceptions of art, breaking its ties with reality. A true reflection of the laws of the latter in its leading tendencies (Artistic Reflection, Realism), a reflection of the essential, the typical, appears, in the light of Lenin's theory, as the most important criterion for the value of art.
A series of Lenin's articles on Tolstoy is an example of the concrete application of the principles of dialectics, the theory of reflection to the analysis of artistic creativity, to the identification of its ideological and aesthetic originality. Calling Tolstoy “the mirror of the Russian revolution”, Lenin emphasized the social-class conditionality of the process of reflecting reality in art: “ Tolstoy's ideas are a mirror of the weakness and shortcomings of our peasant uprising, a reflection of the softness of the patriarchal village ...» ( vol. 17, p. 212). Speaking out both against dispassionate objectivism and against vulgar sociologism in understanding artistic creativity, Lenin showed that the reflection of reality in works of art (“ Tolstoy embodied in striking relief ... the features of the historical originality of the entire first Russian revolution ...» - v. 20, p. twenty) is inseparable from the subjective attitude of the artist towards her, giving an aesthetic assessment of what is depicted from the standpoint of certain social ideals. According to the logic of Lenin's thought, Tolstoy's "hot, passionate, often mercilessly harsh protest" against the police-state government and the church, "exposure of capitalism" ( v. 20, p. 20-21) - a necessary condition for the artistic value and social significance of his works. Artistic generalization of the essential, the lawful in reality is carried out, according to Lenin, through the individual, singular: “. ..the whole nail in an individual setting, in the analysis of the characters and psyche of these types» ( vol. 49, p. 57). Thus, the process of artistic creation was considered by Lenin as a dialectical unity of the objective and the subjective, cognition and evaluation, the individual and the general, the social and the individual.
The provision on the connection between art and social reality received an in-depth interpretation in the doctrine developed by Lenin on the partisanship of art. In work " Party organization and party literature"(1905), to false ideas about the" disinterest "of art," lordly anarchism ", the disguised dependence of the bourgeois artist on the money bag, Lenin opposed the slogan of the proletarian, communist party spirit of art, its open connection with the ideas of socialism, the life and struggle of the revolutionary proletariat. Considering socialist art "part of the general proletarian cause" ( vol. 12, p. 100-101), Lenin was far from ignoring the specifics of artistic activity, dialectically connecting the principle of partisanship with the issue of freedom of creativity. Pointing to the social prerequisites for the formation of artistic talent, Lenin criticized the subjective idealistic slogan of absolute freedom of creativity. He just as sharply opposed the belittling of the specificity of the artist's creative individuality (Individuality in art), constantly reminded of the need for a careful attitude to talent. In art, Lenin wrote, "it is undoubtedly necessary to ensure greater scope for personal initiative, individual inclinations, scope for thought and fantasy, form and content" ( vol. 12, p. 101). But the real freedom of creativity, Lenin emphasized, the artist finds only in the conscious service of the people, the revolution, socialism: “ It will be free literature, because not self-interest and not a career, but the idea of socialism and sympathy for the working people will recruit new and new forces into its ranks.» ( vol. 12, p. 104).
Theoretical questions of the artist creativity was considered by Lenin in organic connection with the tasks of the revolutionary transformation of society. Lenin defined the main. the ideological orientation of socialist culture, in t. Lenin of artistic culture, specific ways of its formation and development. The essence of the cultural revolution is revealed by Lenin in the works "Pages from the diary", "About our revolution", "Better less, but better" and others. The cultural revolution presupposes, according to Lenin, the broadest public education and upbringing, which opens up access to cultural values for the masses, the upbringing of a new, truly popular intelligentsia, and the reorganization of everyday life on a socialist basis. Lenin foresaw that as a result of the cultural revolution a new, multinational art would be born, capable of absorbing and creatively reworking the best achievements of world artistic culture.
It will be "a truly new, great communist art that will create forms in accordance with its content." Pointing to the need to master the cultural wealth accumulated in the process of the historical development of society, Lenin at the same time opposed an uncritical attitude towards the culture of bourgeois society, within which it is necessary to distinguish between the reactionary culture of the ruling classes and "elements of democratic and socialist culture" ( vol. 24, p. 120). The process of mastering, processing and development of art. culture of the past should take place "from the point of view of the world outlook of Marxism and the conditions of life and struggle of the proletariat in the era of its dictatorship" ( vol. 41, p. 462).
Lenin sharply criticized the nihilistic denial of all past culture by the theorists of Proletkult. Proletarian culture is not “out of nowhere,” said Lenin at the III Congress of the RKSM. " Proletarian culture should be the natural development of those reserves of knowledge that humanity has developed under the yoke of capitalist society ...» ( vol. 41, p. 304). Attempts to create a new art in the laboratory, to substantiate a “pure” proletarian culture, Lenin considered theoretically incorrect and practically harmful, containing the threat of a separation of the cultural avant-garde from the masses ( vol. 44, p. 348- 349). Genuine socialist artist culture should be not only the result of the cultural development of mankind, but also “ to have their deepest roots in the very thick of the broad working masses».
Nationality is, according to Lenin, not only an integral feature of the new, socialist art, but also one of the principles of the development of cultural wealth. Evaluation of the artistic heritage through the prism of the artistic and aesthetic ideals of the masses does not mean, however, a simplified rejection of everything complex in the history of artistic culture. The assimilation of the artistic heritage should contribute to the formation of an aesthetic taste among the workers, the awakening of "artists" in them. The principles of partisanship and nationality of art formulated by Lenin, respect for artistic talent and cultural heritage, etc., formed the basis of the Communist Party's policy in the field of the development of Soviet literature and art.
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