Immediately after Moscow was freed from the Poles, it was decided to proceed with the election of the tsar. Everywhere in the cities, letters were sent out inviting them to send elected people to Moscow to accomplish a great deed.

When the elected people gathered, the meetings began. First of all, it was decided to choose "a natural Russian sovereign, and not a foreign and non-faithful prince." In addition, it was considered possible from the boyar families to choose only the one that was not involved in the last troubles. As a result, it turned out that the tsar could be elected only from the family of the Romanov boyars, who were closest in kinship to the former tsarist family.

On February 21, 1613, the week of Orthodoxy, the electors gathered for the last time in a meeting to submit written opinions - and everyone unanimously pointed to the young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as a "natural sovereign." Then the higher clergy and boyars went to the Execution Ground and asked the people who had gathered on Red Square: "Who do you want to be tsar?" In response to this, the entire square resounded with loud shouts: "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov will be the Tsar-Sovereign of the Moscow state and the entire Russian state!"

Immediately after that, a moleben was served in the Assumption Cathedral, and many years were proclaimed to the newly elected tsar, and then he was sworn in by all the elected, boyars and people. Letters were sent to all cities with a notice of the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom. The young tsar was at that time in Kostroma and an embassy was sent to him from all over the Russian land - "to invite him to the kingdom."

Upon arrival in Kostroma on March 13, 1613, the embassy went to the Ipatiev Monastery, where sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich lived with his mother nun Martha. After a prayer service in the cathedral church, the embassy presented the elected tsar with a letter from the entire Russian land and invited him to go to Moscow to access the throne. However, young Mikhail and his mother refused. The nun Martha, on behalf of her son, said that he “had no idea of ​​being a sovereign, that he was not yet perfect years, and the people of the Muscovite state became fatigued - they swore faithful service to the former sovereigns and betrayed them all”. In confirmation of her words, she recalled the betrayal of Godunov and the removal of Shuisky from the throne. “Moreover,” added the nun Martha, “the entire state of Moscow has been ruined by the Polish and Lithuanian people, the tsar's treasures and the treasury have been plundered, so that the tsar has nothing to favor the servants with and fight against enemies.”

To this the ambassadors replied that the former sovereigns - both Boris Godunov and Vasily Shuisky - "ascended the throne at their own will," and the current tsar was chosen by the whole Earth to reign "not at will, but by the will of God." At the same time, the ambassadors added that “all the people of the Muscovite state were now punished and came to unite,” and with tears they prayed to Mikhail Fedorovich and the nun Martha that the young tsar “did not take away the will of God from himself, if he didn’t want God to exact the final death and ruin of the entire state. "

Then Mikhail Fedorovich and his mother said that "they rely in everything on the righteous, incomprehensible fate of God." The mother blessed her son, and Mikhail Fedorovich accepted the royal staff from the archbishop. Soon after this, the young tsar went to Moscow, where he was married to the kingdom on June 11, 1613.

Coronation:
Predecessor:	Time of Troubles (Vladislav IV)
Successor:	Alexey Mikhailovich
Birth:
Dynasty:	Romanovs
	Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov)
	Nun Martha (Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova)
	1st: Maria Dolgorukova 2nd: Evdokia Streshneva
	Alexey, John, Vasily, Irina, Anna, Tatiana, Pelageya, Maria, Sophia
Autograph:

Biography

Election to the kingdom

Board results

Marriage plans

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov(1596-1645) - the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty (ruled from March 24, 1613), was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21 (March 3), 1613, which closed the period of the Time of Troubles. The son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later - Patriarch of Moscow Filaret) and boyar Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova (nee Shestova). He was the cousin of the last Russian tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor I Ioannovich.

Biography

The Romanov family belongs to the ancient families of the Moscow boyars. The first representative of this surname known to us from the chronicles - Andrei Ivanovich, who had the nickname Mare, in 1347 was in the service of the Great Vladimir and Moscow Prince Semyon Ivanovich Gordy.

Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace. In 1600, a search began on the denunciation of the nobleman Bertenev, who served as treasurer for Alexander Romanov, the uncle of the future tsar. Bertenev reported that the Romanovs kept magic roots in their treasury, intending to “spoil” (kill with witchcraft) the royal family. From the diary of the Polish embassy it follows that a detachment of the tsarist archers carried out an armed attack on the Romanovs' compound. On October 26, 1600, the Romanov brothers were arrested. Nikita Romanovich's sons, Fedor, Alexander, Mikhail, Ivan and Vasily were tonsured as monks and exiled to Siberia in 1601, where most of them died. In 1605, False Dmitry I, wishing to prove in practice his kinship with the house of the Romanovs, returned from exile the surviving members of the family. Fyodor Nikitich (as a monk Filaret) with his wife Ksenia Ivanovna (as a monk Martha) and children and Ivan Nikitich were returned. Martha Ivanovna and her son Mikhail first settled in the Kostroma estate of the Romanovs, the village of Domnina, and then hid from the persecution of the Polish-Lithuanian detachments in the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma.

Election to the kingdom

On March 13, 1613, ambassadors from the Zemsky Sobor, which elected 16-year-old Mikhail as tsar, headed by Archbishop Theodoret of Ryazan, the cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Abraham Palitsyn and the boyar Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, arrived in Kostroma; On March 14, they were received at the Ipatiev Monastery with the decision of the Zemsky Sobor to elect Mikhail Fedorovich to the Moscow throne.

Nun Martha was in despair, she tearfully begged her son not to accept such a heavy burden. Mikhail hesitated for a long time. After addressing the mother and Michael of the Ryazan Archbishop Theodorit, Martha gave her consent to the enthronement of her son. A few days later, Mikhail left for Moscow. His mother blessed him to reign with the Feodorovskaya icon of the Mother of God, and from that moment the icon became one of the shrines of the Romanovs' house. In the legend about the icon there are such words ascribed to Martha: "Behold, You, O Bogomati, Most Pure Mother of God, in Your Most Pure hand, Lady, I betray my child, and as you wish, give him something useful to all Orthodox Christianity."

On the way, he stopped in all major cities: Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Trinity Monastery, Rostov, Suzdal. Arriving in Moscow, he went through Red Square to the Kremlin. At the Spassky Gate he was greeted with a procession of the cross with the main state and church relics. Then he prayed at the tombs of the Russian tsars in the Archangel Cathedral and at the shrines of the Cathedral of the Assumption.

On July 11, 1613, Mikhail's wedding to the kingdom took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, marking the founding of a new ruling Romanov dynasty.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was young and inexperienced, and until 1619 the country was ruled by the great eldress Martha and her relatives. Then, after the release of Patriarch Filaret from Polish captivity in 1619, the actual power passed into the hands of the latter, who also bore the title of the Great Sovereign. State letters of that time were written on behalf of the tsar and the patriarch.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the wars with Sweden (Stolbovsky Peace 1617, according to which the Novgorod lands were returned to Russia) and Poland (1634) were ended, relations with foreign powers were resumed. In 1621, especially for the tsar, the clerks of the Ambassadorial Prikaz began to prepare the first Russian newspaper - Vestovye Letters. In the years 1631-1634, the organization of the regiments of the "new system" (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier) was carried out. In 1632, Andrei Vinius, with the permission of Mikhail Fedorovich, founded the first iron-smelting, iron-making and arms factories near Tula.

In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased to 9 years, and in 1641 - for another year. Those taken out by other owners were allowed to search for up to 15 years.

He died on July 13, 1645 from water sickness at the age of 49. Buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Board results

• Conclusion of "eternal peace" with Sweden (Stolbovskiy peace in 1617). The borders established by the Stolbovsky Peace were preserved until the outbreak of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721. Despite the loss of access to the Baltic Sea, large territories previously conquered by Sweden were returned.
• Deulinskoe truce (1618), and then "eternal peace" with Poland (Polyanovsky peace in 1634). The Polish king renounced his claims to the Russian throne.
• Establishment of a strong centralized power throughout the country through the appointment of governors and chiefs at the local level.
• Overcoming the grave consequences of the Time of Troubles, restoration of normal economy and trade.
• Reorganization of the army (1631-1634). Creation of regiments of the "new system": Reitarsky, Dragoon, soldier.
• Founding of the first ironworks near Tula (1632).
• Strengthening the serf oppression of the peasantry.
• The foundation of the German settlement in Moscow is the settlement of foreign engineers and military specialists. In less than 100 years, many of the inhabitants of Kukui will play a key role in the reforms of Peter the Great.

Marriage plans

In 1616, Tsar Michael was twenty years old. The nun queen Martha, in agreement with the boyars, decided to arrange a bridal show - the king was to marry and show the world his legitimate heir, so that there would be no troubles. The girls came to Moscow for the bride, but the mother had previously chosen a girl for her son from a noble boyar family, close to the family of her relatives, the Saltykovs. Mikhail, however, confused her plans: bypassing the ranks of beauties, the young tsar stopped in front of the hawthorn Maria Khlopova. The Tsar's bride was settled in the palace and even given a new name Anastasia (in memory of Ivan the Terrible's first wife). Together with the girl, her numerous relatives arrived at the court. But suddenly the girl fell ill, for several days she had frequent vomiting. The court doctors who examined her (Valentin Bils and the physician Balsyr) issued a conclusion: "There is no bother for fruit and childbearing from that." But Mikhail Saltykov reported to Tsar Mikhail that the doctor Balsyr recognized the bride's illness as incurable. The nun Martha demanded that Mary be removed. The Zemsky Sobor was convened. Gavrilo Khlopov beat his forehead: "The disease came from sweet poisons. The disease is passing, the bride is already healthy. Don't send her from above! But the boyars knew that the Tsar's mother did not want Khlopov, so they admitted:" Maria Khlopova is fragile to the tsar's joy! " Maria, together with her grandmother, aunt and two uncles Zhelyabuzhsky, separated from her parents, were sent into exile in Tobolsk, but Mikhail Fedorovich continued to receive news about the health of the former bride.

In 1619, the tsar's father, Metropolitan Philaret, returned from captivity and was consecrated to the patriarch. With his appearance, the influence of the mother on Mikhail diminished markedly. Filaret disagreed with his wife and condemned his son for his cowardly behavior. The bride and her relatives were transferred to Verkhoturye, and a year later to Nizhny Novgorod. But Filaret did not insist on marriage with his former bride. Taking into account the sad state of the state, the patriarch decided to marry Michael the Lithuanian princess, but he refused. Then the father offered to marry Dorothea-Augusta, the niece of the Danish king Christian. The chronicle reports the king's refusal, motivated by the fact that his brother, Prince John, came to woo Princess Xenia and, according to rumors, was killed by poison. At the beginning of 1623, an embassy was sent to the Swedish king to woo his relative, Princess Catherine. But she did not want to fulfill the indispensable Russian condition - to be baptized into the Orthodox faith.

After failures at foreign courts, Mikhail Fedorovich again remembered Maria. He told his parents: "I have combined according to the law of God, the queen is betrothed to me, besides her I do not want to take another." The nun Martha again accused the girl of illness. By order of Patriarch Filaret, an inquiry was conducted: Maria's parents and the doctors who treated her were interrogated. Doctors Bils and Balsyr were sent to Nizhny Novgorod to examine the bride again. They examined Maria-Anastasia, interrogated relatives, confessor and came to a unanimous opinion: "Marya Khlopova is healthy in everything." The bride herself said: “As I was with my father and my mother and my grandmother, I never had any illnesses, and even being in the sovereign's court, I was healthy for six weeks, and after that an illness appeared, the insides vomited and broke and there was a tumor, and tea, it was caused by an adversary, and there was that illness twice for two weeks. They gave me holy water to drink from the relics, and that's why I was healed, and soon felt better, and now I am healthy. "

After the inquiry, the Saltykovs conspiracy was revealed. Mikhail and Boris were sent to their estates, the eldress Eunikia (Martha's confidante) was exiled to the Suzdal monastery. The king was going to marry the chosen girl again. But the nun Martha threatened her son: "If Khlopova becomes a queen, I will not remain in your kingdom." A week after the disgrace of the Saltykovs, Ivan Khlopov received a royal letter: "We will not deign to take your daughter Marya for ourselves."

Having insisted on her own, the nun Martha found Mikhail Fedorovich a new bride - the noble princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukaya from the ancient family of the descendants of the Chernigov princes - the Rurikovichs. The wedding took place on September 18, 1624 in Moscow. But a few days later the young queen fell ill and died five months later. The chronicle calls the death of Mary of God Kara for insulting the innocent Khlopova.

In 1626, Tsar Mikhail Romanov was in his thirties and he was a childless widower. 60 beauties from noble families were brought for the new show. But he liked one of the servants - the daughter of the Mozhaisk nobleman Evdokia Streshneva, a distant relative of the hawthorn who came to the bride. A modest wedding took place on February 5, 1626 in Moscow. The young people were married by Patriarch Filaret himself, the father of the groom. Moreover, the tsar brought Evdokia into the Kremlin chambers just three days before the announcement of the wedding, fearing that the enemies would spoil the girl. Before that, her father and brothers themselves guarded her home. Evdokia refused to change her name to Anastasia, explaining that neither Anastasia Romanovna nor Maria Khlopova "added happiness to this name." It was far from the struggle of political "parties" at court and intrigues. The family life of Mikhail Fedorovich turned out to be happy.

Children

In the marriage of Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Lukyanovna were born:

1. Irina Mikhailovna (April 22, 1627 - April 8, 1679)
2. Pelageya Mikhailovna (1628-1629) - died in infancy
3. Alexei Mikhailovich (March 19, 1629 - January 29, 1676) - Russian tsar
4. Anna Mikhailovna (July 14, 1630 - October 27, 1692)
5. Marfa Mikhailovna (1631-1632) - died in infancy
6. John Mikhailovich (June 2 (12), 1633 - January 10 (20), 1639) - died at the age of 6
7. Sofya Mikhailovna (1634-1636) - died in infancy
8. Tatyana Mikhailovna (January 5, 1636, Moscow - August 24, 1706, Moscow)
9. Evdokia Mikhailovna (1637) - died in infancy
10. Vasily Mikhailovich (March 25, 1639 - March 25, 1639) - the youngest son; buried in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow.

By January 1613, representatives of fifty cities had gathered in Moscow, who, together with the Moscow people, formed the Zemsky (electoral) council. They immediately began to discuss the question of foreign pretenders to the tsar. Thus, Philip and Vladislav were rejected. Finally, a decision was made “not to elect a tsar from the list of foreigners,” but to elect the ruler of the Russian state from the great Moscow families. As soon as the discussion began, which of their own could be enthroned, opinions were divided. Everyone voted for a candidate he liked, and for a long time the opinions could not agree.

However, at the same time, it turned out that not only at the cathedral, but also in Moscow itself among the Cossacks and zemstvo people, the son of Metropolitan Filaret, the young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, enjoys special authority. His name was already mentioned when Vladislav was elected, and now both oral and written statements of the Cossacks and townspeople began to come in his favor. On February 7, 1613, the cathedral decides to opt for Mikhail Romanov, however, out of caution, they decided to postpone the case for a couple of weeks in order to find out during this time in the nearest cities how they treat Mikhail. So by the twenty-first of February, the boyars came from the estates with good news, after which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was proclaimed tsar and all members of the cathedral, as well as all of Moscow, swore allegiance to him.

However, there was no new tsar in Moscow. In 1612, he sat with his mother (nun Martha Ivanovna) in the siege (Kremlin), and then, freed, he left for Kostroma through Yaroslavl to his villages. There he was in danger from a wandering Cossack or Polish detachment, of which many walked the Russian land after the fall of Tushin. Mikhail Romanov is saved in the village of Domnino by his peasant Ivan Susanin. Having informed Mikhail about the danger, he tricked enemies into the forest, where he accepts death, instead of showing them the boyar's hut.

After that, Mikhail Fedorovich takes refuge in the Ipatiev strong monastery near the Kostroma, where he lived until the moment when the embassy appeared to him with the offer of the throne. At the same time, Mikhail Romanov renounced the throne for quite a long time, and his mother also did not want to bless her son on the throne, fearing that sooner or later people would ruin their son because of their cowardice, as it was before with the previous tsars.

Only after long persuasion did the ambassadors receive his consent, and Mikhail himself on the fourteenth of March 1613 accepts the kingdom and leaves for Moscow.

Russia rarely remembers this tsar. Essentially - once every hundred years, when the anniversaries of the Romanov dynasty are celebrated.

So, on February 21 (according to the new style - March 3), the Zemsky Sobor elects a new tsar - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The chosen one was sixteen years old. He had a chance to reign for a long time, like in a fairy tale - thirty years and three years. Those were the difficult years of the re-consolidation of the Muscovite state. That Holy Russia, which we know from folklore - with towers, temples, with solemn tsarist and boyar vestments - is precisely the era of the first Romanovs, Mikhail and Alexei. Moscow aesthetics has become classic and cherished for our country.

The magnificent vestments of Ivan the Terrible and Theodore Ioannovich were put on a beardless young man, somewhat confused ...

Shyness, indecision, so natural for a young man, turned out to be timely for political reality. In the years of overcoming the turmoil, the sovereign's excessive ambitions would certainly have gone to the detriment. Sometimes you need to be able to grit your teeth, give up positions, restraining pride and ambition. Russia received such a tsar who could not harm the state, which was recovering from the turmoil.

It is believed that in the first years of his reign, Mikhail Fedorovich was under the influence of his mother, the imperious nun Martha.

The king really surprisingly rarely showed willfulness, and compromises were given to him, at first glance, easily. Historian Nikolai Kostomarov lamented that there were no bright personalities around the young tsar - they were completely limited ignoramuses. “Michael himself was by nature a kind, but, it seems, melancholic disposition, not gifted with brilliant abilities, but not devoid of intelligence; but he did not receive any education and, as they say, having ascended the throne, he could hardly read. " Well, Kostomarov's optics are eternally derogatory in relation to Russia. From his writings it is impossible to understand how such a barbaric state survived and strengthened?

But Tsar Michael began to rule in a desperate situation: the treasury was plundered, the cities were ruined. Where to collect taxes? How to feed the army? The Council recognized the need for an urgent (in addition to taxes) collection of the fifth money, and not even from income, but from each property in cities, and from counties - 120 rubles per plow. This maneuver, burdensome for the people, had to be repeated twice more during the years of Mikhail's rule. And, although the people were gradually enriching themselves, each time less money came to the treasury. Apparently, wealthy people have gotten the hang of hiding from this murderous tax.

People's oath to Tsar Mikhail Romanov. Miniature from "The Book of the Election to the Kingdom of the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich"

In 1620, the government sent out letters in which, under pain of severe punishment, it forbade the governors and clerks to take bribes, and to give them to city and district residents. Timely measure!

The tsar tried in every possible way to support Russian business people, boldly introduced protective measures. But the Russian merchants became impoverished during the years of the wars: they had to invite foreigners for large projects. The Dutch merchant Vinius set up factories near Tula for casting cannons, cannonballs and making various other things from iron. The government strictly monitored that foreigners did not hide the secrets of skill from the Russian. At the same time, manners remained strict: for example, noses were cut for the use of tobacco - just like in our time. Under Tsar Mikhail, not only military men, not only masters and breeders were summoned from abroad: scientists were needed, and in 1639 the famous Holstein scientist Adam Olearius, an astronomer, geographer and geometer, was summoned to Moscow.

In his personal life, the young tsar considered it good to obey his mother - and in vain ... This tragically manifested itself in the story of his failed marriage with Maria Khlopova, whom Mikhail loved, but twice upset the wedding, succumbing to the intrigues of relatives. Martha found her son a more suitable, as it seemed to her, bride - Maria Dolgoruky. But she fell mortally ill a week after the wedding - and in this they saw God's punishment for the cruel offense inflicted on the innocent Khlopova ...

In 1619, Filaret (Fedor) Romanov, patriarch and "great sovereign", returned to Russia from Polish captivity. He became a co-ruler of his son - and the revival of Russia after the Troubles was largely the merit of Patriarch Filaret.

No matter how peaceful young Mikhail was, Russia was waging wars incessantly. It was necessary to calm down the Swedes, and calm down the raging Cossacks, and return Smolensk from the Poles.

First, troops were sent against the Poles under the leadership of D.M. Cherkassky, against the Swedes at Novgorod, D.T. The main task could not be solved: Smolensk remained in the power of the Poles.

Mikhail himself did not have a heart for feats of arms. But, like Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, he attended divine services every day, went on a pilgrimage a few times a year, toured monasteries, and participated in public church ceremonies.

The English king assumed the role of mediator in the negotiations between Russia and Sweden, and in February 1617 the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was signed. According to it, Russia lost the entire Baltic coast, for which there was a struggle throughout the 16th century, but received back the primordially Russian lands, including Novgorod, which was vital for the kingdom.

At the same time, when the British turned to Mikhail with a request to allow him to travel through the territory of Russia to Persia for trade, he, after consulting with the traffickers, refused ... The British did not want to pay the duty: the tsar had enough endurance to show adherence. Both the French and the Dutch were interested in trade with Persia. The French ambassadors turned to Mikhail Fedorovich with the following proposal:

“The royal majesty is the leader over the eastern country and over the Greek faith, and Louis, the French king, is the chief in the southern country, and when the king is with the king in friendship and alliance, the royal enemies will lose much strength; the German emperor is at one with the Polish king - so the tsar must be at one with the French king. The king of France and the royal majesty are glorious everywhere, there are no other such great and strong sovereigns, their subjects are obedient in everything, not like the English and Brabant; what they want, "they do, that there are cheap goods, they buy up in Spanish soil and sell them to the Russians at a high price, and the French will sell everything cheap."

Despite these well-formulated promises, the boyars refused to allow the ambassador to trade in Persia, noting that the French could buy Persian goods from Russian merchants.

The Dutch and Danish ambassadors received the same refusal. This was the policy of Tsar Michael.

The development of Siberia continued. In 1618, the Russian people reached the Yenisei and founded the future Krasnoyarsk. In the wealthy Tobolsk, an archdiocese was established in 1622.

In 1637, the Cossacks under the leadership of Ataman Mikhail Tatarinov captured Azov, a strategically important Turkish fortress at the mouth of the Don. The Cossacks were originally only three thousand people with four falconets (a kind of small-caliber cannon), while the Azov garrison numbered four thousand janissaries, had powerful artillery, large supplies of food, gunpowder and other things necessary for a long-term defense. After a two-month siege, the Cossacks, numbering a little more than three thousand, went on an attack and took the fortress by storm, completely destroying the Turkish garrison.

The Cossacks quickly settled in Azov, restored buildings, organized the defense of the fortress, and sent ambassadors to Moscow to beat the Sovereign of All Russia with their foreheads and ask Him to take Azov-grad under his high hand.

But Moscow was in no hurry to rejoice: the capture of Azov inevitably led to a war with Turkey, which at that time was the most powerful state in the world. “You, atamans and Cossacks, did not do it by deed, that you beat the Turkish ambassador with all the people with self-righteousness. Nowhere is it being conducted to beat the ambassadors; although where there is war between sovereigns, then the ambassadors do their job, and no one beats them. You took the Azov without our tsar's command, and you did not send good chieftains and Cossacks to us, who to really ask how this future should be, "was the tsar's answer.

Undoubtedly, it was beneficial for Moscow to take possession of Azov: from here it was possible to keep the Crimean Tatars at bay, but the tsar did not want a war with the Sultan and hastened to send him a letter. Among other things, it said: “You, our brother, should not keep our annoyance and dislike for us because the Cossacks killed your messenger and took Azov: they did this without our command, with self-will, and we are not for such thieves we stand, and we do not want any quarrel for them, although command them to beat all their thieves in one hour; we with your sultan majesty want to be in strong brotherly friendship and love ”.

To the demand of the Turkish ambassadors to return Azov, Mikhail Fedorovich replied that the Cossacks, although they are Russian people, are free, do not obey him, and he has no power over them, and if the Sultan wants to, then he himself will punish them as he can. From June 24, 1641 to September 26, 1642, that is, the Turks besieged Azov for more than a year. Tens of thousands of Turks found their end near Azov. Exhausted from desperate attempts to defeat the Cossacks, they lifted the siege and fled.

At the Zemsky Sobor, the elected people expressed their intention to accept Azov. But the decisive word remained with the political elite and, of course, with the autocrat.

And yet Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, wanting to avoid war with Turkey, was forced to give up the glorious fortress. The Tsar sent an order to the Cossacks on April 30, 1642 to leave Azov. They destroyed it to the ground, left no stone unturned and retreated with their heads held high. When a huge Turkish army came to take Azov away from the Cossacks, it saw only heaps of ruins. The Russian ambassadors sent to Constantinople were ordered to say to the Sultan: “You yourself truly know that the Don Cossacks have long been thieves, runaway slaves, live on the Don, having escaped the death penalty, they do not obey the tsar's command in anything, and they took Azov without the tsar's command , the tsar's majesty did not send them help, the emperor will not stand up for them and help them - he does not want any quarrels because of them. "

The autocrat went to everything in order to maintain balance in the country, so as not to plunge the kingdom into a bloody war. It is a pity that the country could not support the feat of the Cossacks, but, in a strategic sense, the tsar was not mistaken. And in the people's memory, the capture of Azov and the heroic "sitting" under siege remained as the most striking event of the times of Tsar Mikhail. Feat!

A new war with the Poles for Smolensk began in 1632 with success: twenty cities surrendered to the army, led by Mikhail Shein. There were many foreign mercenaries in this army. But the Poles soon came to their senses and, with the help of the Crimean hordes, demoralized the Russian army. The army could not stand the long siege: illness, desertions, bloody squabbles between officers, including foreign ones, began. The Poles managed to strike in the rear, destroy the convoys in Dorogobuzh ...

In the end, Shein and the second voivode Izmailov were beheaded: the unlucky commanders were accused of treason. At the new negotiations, the Poles remembered the long-standing oath of the Russian boyars to King Vladislav ... Under the new treaty, the Poles renounced their claims to the Moscow throne. The war did not lead to anything: Russia conquered only one city - Serpeysk. True, the regiments of the new system showed themselves well in the hostilities - and their formation was continued.

They said about Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich: "Without the boyar council he can do nothing." The events of the Time of Troubles led Russia to the realization of a simple truth: it is impossible to rule the kingdom alone. Here is the first Romanov and tried to impose collective management. First of all, with the help of the boyars. But he did not forget about the nobles and the merchants. And the Zemsky Sobor collected more than once ... In a word, he tried to rely on his subjects, and not to keep them in a clenched fist.

In the third marriage, the tsar found personal happiness and became a father with many children. The main event in his family life was the birth of the heir, the eldest son Alexei. The life of the tsar passed in the atmosphere of the old Russian court - a peculiarly refined one.

In the palace there was an organ with a nightingale and a cuckoo singing in their own voices. Organist Ansu Lunu was ordered to teach Russian people to make such "stirrups". The tsar was entertained by guslars, violinists, storytellers. He loved to visit the menagerie and the kennel yard, took care of the gardens.

In April 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich fell seriously ill. He was treated by foreign doctors. In June the patient felt better. It was June 12, the day of the memory of St. Michael Malein and the royal name day. The devout sovereign wanted to defend matins in the Annunciation Cathedral, but during the service he fainted, and he was carried in his arms to the bedchamber. The next night, “realizing his departure to God,” the tsar called the tsarina, the son of Alexei, the patriarch and fellow boyars. Having said goodbye to the queen, he blessed Tsarevich Alexei for the kingdom and, having received the holy mysteries, died quietly. He was buried, like almost all Moscow sovereigns, in the Kremlin's Archangel Cathedral.

The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Developments. Dates Evgeny Anisimov

Election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar and his first steps

The Zemsky Sobor, convened in January 1613 (it was attended by representatives from 50 cities and the clergy), immediately decided: not to elect a Gentile to the throne. Many worthy people claimed the throne. However, they chose 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was not even in Moscow at that time. On the other hand, the former Tushinites and Cossacks were especially zealous and even aggressively advocating for him. The last participants in the Zemsky Sobor were afraid - everyone knew the irrepressible strength of the Cossack freemen. Another candidate for the Tsar, one of the leaders of the Militia, Prince DT Trubetskoy, tried to please the Cossacks, to win their support. He arranged lavish feasts, but received nothing but ridicule in return from them. The Cossacks, who boldly walked in armed crowds around Moscow, looked at Mikhail as the son of their close "Tushino patriarch" Filaret, believing that he would obey their leaders. However, Mikhail suited many others - Russian society thirsted for peace, certainty and mercy. Everyone remembered that Mikhail came from a family revered for the kindness of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia - "Golubitsa".

The decision on the election of Mikhail was made on February 7, and on February 21, 1613, after a solemn procession through the Kremlin and a prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral, Mikhail was officially elected to the kingdom. For Trubetskoy, the victory of Mikhail's party was a terrible blow. As a contemporary writes, he turned black with grief and fell ill for 3 months. Still - the crown for Trubetskoy was lost forever. The cathedral equipped a deputation to Kostroma, to Michael. Sent on behalf of all the earth called the young man to the kingdom.

By the time the deputation arrived in Kostroma, Mikhail and his mother, nun Martha, were living in the Ipatiev Monastery. This ancient monastery was founded in 1330, when the noble Tatar Chet camped near Kostroma. At night he dreamed of the Mother of God. Chet immediately converted to Orthodoxy, and on the site of the miraculous apparition of the Mother of God he founded a monastery called the Ipatiev Trinity Monastery. This Tatar Chet, who became Zakhar in Orthodoxy, was the ancestor of Boris Godunov. It was here on April 14, 1613 that the Moscow delegation met with Martha and her son Mikhail.

A member of the embassy, ​​Avraamy Palitsyn, said that the mother of the tsar did not agree to let her son go to the kingdom for a long time, and she can be understood: although the country was in a terrible situation, Martha, knowing the fate of Mikhail's predecessors, was very worried about the future of an unintelligent 16-year-old son. But the deputation begged Martha Ivanovna so fervently that she finally gave her consent. And on May 2, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich entered Moscow, and on July 11, he was married to the kingdom.

At first, the young king did not rule independently. For him everything was decided by the Boyar Duma, behind his back were relatives who had received prominent places at the court; the role of the mother, the "Great Eldress" Martha, a strong-willed and stern woman, was also great. She became abbess of the Kremlin Ascension Monastery. Everyone was waiting for the return of the Tsar's father, Patriarch Filaret, who was languishing in Polish captivity. But this did not happen soon.

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