in plastic tubes 10 or 20 pcs .; in a pack of cardboard 1 or 2 tubes.

Characteristic

Round tablets from white to white with a yellowish sheen.

pharmachologic effect

pharmachologic effect- antipyretic, analgesic.

Inhibits the synthesis of PG, affects the center of thermoregulation in the hypothalamus. Blocks cyclooxygenase I and II, mainly in the central nervous system. In inflamed tissues, cellular peroxidases neutralize the effect of paracetamol on cyclooxygenase, which explains the almost complete absence of the anti-inflammatory effect. Does not block the synthesis of PG in peripheral tissues, which leads to the absence of a negative effect on water-salt metabolism (sodium and water retention) and the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption is high, binding to plasma proteins is 15%. C max in plasma is reached after 0.5-2 hours. It passes through the BBB, enters breast milk (less than 1% of the dose taken). An effective therapeutic plasma concentration is achieved when administered at a dose of 10-15 mg / kg.

Metabolized in the liver: 80% conjugates with glucuronic acid and sulfates to form inactive metabolites, 17% is hydroxylated to form active metabolites, which conjugate with glutathione and form inactive metabolites. With a lack of glutathione, these metabolites can block the enzyme systems of hepatocytes and cause their necrosis. T 1/2 - 2-3 hours, in elderly patients, the clearance of the drug decreases and the half-life increases. Excreted by the kidneys - 3% unchanged.

Indications for Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Pain syndrome of mild or moderate intensity (headache, neuralgia, myalgia, arthralgia, algomenorrhea, toothache), lowering of elevated body temperature in infectious and inflammatory diseases (including colds).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, renal and hepatic failure, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pregnancy, breastfeeding, children under 6 years of age.

Side effects

Allergic reactions - skin rash, itching, urticaria, Quincke's edema; nausea, epigastric pain; anemia, thrombocytopenia. With prolonged use in high doses - hepatotoxic effect, nephrotoxic effect (renal colic, aseptic pyuria, interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis), hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, methemoglobinemia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis. Very rarely - lowering blood pressure, hypoglycemia, dyspnea, vasculitis.

Interaction

Stimulants of microsomal oxidation in the liver (phenytoin, ethanol, barbiturates, rifampicin, phenylbutazone, tricyclic antidepressants, estrogen-containing contraceptives) increase the production of hydroxylated active metabolites, which makes it possible to develop severe intoxication with small overdoses. Ethanol contributes to the development of acute pancreatitis. Inhibitors of microsomal oxidation (cimetidine) reduce the risk of hepatotoxic effects. Reduces the effectiveness of uricosuric drugs. Strengthens the effect of drugs that depress the central nervous system, ethanol. When gastric emptying (propantheline) is slowed down, the onset of paracetamol action may be delayed, and upon acceleration (metoclopramide), the drug begins to act faster. Chloramphenicol toxicity increases. Caution should be exercised with prolonged use of paracetamol and concomitant therapy with oral drugs that inhibit blood clotting.

Method of administration and dosage

Inside, preferably between meals, the effervescent tablet is completely dissolved in a glass of water, and the resulting solution is drunk immediately. Unless otherwise instructed by the doctor, the following dosages should be observed when using the drug:

adults: 500-1000 mg (1-2 effervescent tablets) 3-4 times a day, the maximum dose is 4 g / day.

children: dosage based on child's body weight implies taking a dose of 10-15 mg / kg. A convenient dosage regimen is shown in the table.

The recommended interval between doses is 6-8 hours (at least 4 hours). The maximum duration of treatment for children is 3 days, for adults - no more than 5 days when prescribed as an anesthetic and no more than 3 days when prescribed as an antipyretic agent. After 5 days of treatment, a peripheral blood test is performed.

Overdose

Symptoms: pallor of the skin, anorexia, nausea, vomiting; hepatonecrosis (the severity of necrosis due to intoxication directly depends on the degree of overdose).

Treatment: gastric lavage, the appointment of activated carbon.

Precautionary measures

With caution should be prescribed for blood diseases (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis), constitutional (Gilbert's syndrome) and congenital (Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome) hyperbilirubinemia, alcoholism, in old age.

special instructions

The simultaneous use of other medicines should be agreed with your doctor.

After 5 days of using the drug, it is necessary to control the picture of peripheral blood and the functional state of the liver.

In order to avoid toxic damage to the liver, paracetamol should not be combined with alcoholic beverages, and also taken by people prone to chronic alcohol consumption.

There is evidence that the frequent use of paracetamol-containing drugs leads to a worsening of the symptoms of bronchial asthma.

Storage conditions of the drug Paracetamol-Hemofarm

In a dark place at a temperature of 15-25 ° C.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of the drug Paracetamol-Hemofarm

3 years.

Do not use after the expiration date printed on the package.

Synonyms for nosological groups

ICD-10 heading	Synonyms of diseases according to ICD-10
J06 Acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified sites	Bacterial upper respiratory tract infections
	Bacterial Respiratory Infections
	Pain with colds
	Pain in infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract
	Viral Respiratory Disease
	Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
	Inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract
	Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract
	Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract with difficult sputum discharge
	Inflammatory airway disease
	Secondary influenza infections
	Secondary infections for colds
	Influenza conditions
	Difficulty separating sputum in acute and chronic respiratory diseases
	Upper respiratory tract infections
	Upper respiratory tract infections
	Respiratory tract infections
	Respiratory tract and lung infections
	ENT infections
	Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract
	Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs
	Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in adults and children
	Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract
	Infectious airway inflammation
	Respiratory tract infection
	Upper respiratory tract catarrh
	Catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
	Catarrhal disease of the upper respiratory tract
	Catarrhal phenomena from the upper respiratory tract
	Cough with diseases of the upper respiratory tract
	Cold cough
	Fever with flu
	ARVI
	ARI
	ARI with symptoms of rhinitis
	Acute respiratory infection
	Acute infectious and inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract
	Acute colds
	Acute respiratory illness
	Acute respiratory illness of influenza nature
	Sore throat or nose
	Cold
	Colds
	Colds
	Respiratory infection
	Respiratory viral infections
	Respiratory diseases
	Respiratory infections
	Recurrent respiratory tract infections
	Seasonal colds
	Seasonal colds
	Frequent colds viral diseases
K08.8.0 * Toothache	Anesthesia in dentistry
	Pain syndromes in dental practice
	Dentinal pain
	Pulpitis pains
	Pain after removing tartar
	Pain after dental procedures
	Pain during tooth extraction
	Dentine pain
	Toothache
M25.5 Joint pain	Arthralgia

	Pain syndrome in osteoarthritis
	Pain syndrome in osteoarthritis
	Pain syndrome in acute inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system

	Painful sensations in the joints
	Sore joints
	Joint soreness during heavy physical exertion
	Painful inflammatory joint lesions

	Painful conditions of the joints
	Painful traumatic joint lesions

	Shoulder pain
	Joint pain
	Joint pain
	Joint pain due to injuries
	Musculoskeletal pain
	Osteoarthritis pain
	Pain with joint pathology
	Pain in rheumatoid arthritis
	Pain in chronic degenerative bone disease
	Pain in chronic degenerative joint diseases
	Osteoarticular pain
	Rheumatic pain
	Rheumatic pains
	Joint pain
	Joint pain of rheumatic origin
	Joint pain syndrome
	Joint pain
M79.1 Myalgia	Pain syndrome in musculoskeletal diseases
	Pain syndrome in chronic inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system
	Painful sensations in the muscles
	Muscle soreness
	Muscle soreness during heavy physical exertion
	Painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system
	Musculoskeletal pain
	Muscle aches
	Resting pain
	Muscle aches
	Muscle pain
	Musculoskeletal pain
	Myalgia
	Myofascial pain syndromes
	Muscle pain
	Muscle pain at rest
	Muscle pain
	Muscle pains of non-rheumatic origin
	Muscle pains of rheumatic origin
	Acute muscle pain
	Rheumatic pain
	Rheumatic pains
	Myofascial syndrome
	Fibromyalgia
M79.2 Neuralgia and neuritis, unspecified
	Brachialgia
	Occipital and intercostal neuralgia
	Neuralgia
	Neuralgic pains
	Neuralgia
	Intercostal nerve neuralgia
	Posterior tibial nerve neuralgia
	Neuritis
	Traumatic neuritis
	Neuritis
	Neurological pain syndromes
	Neurological contractures with spasms
	Acute neuritis
	Peripheral neuritis
	Post-traumatic neuralgia
	Severe neurogenic pain
	Chronic neuritis
	Essential neuralgia
N94.6 Dysmenorrhea, unspecified	Algodismenorrhea
	Algomenorrhea
	Pain syndrome with spasms of smooth muscles
	Pain syndrome with spasms of smooth muscles (renal and biliary colic, intestinal spasm, dysmenorrhea)
	Pain syndrome with spasms of smooth muscles of internal organs
	Pain syndrome with spasms of smooth muscles of internal organs (renal and biliary colic, intestinal spasm, dysmenorrhea)
	Painful sensations during menstruation
	Painful irregular periods
	Pain during menstruation
	Pain during menstruation
	Dysalgomenorrhea
	Dysmenorrhea
	Dysmenorrhea (essential) (exfoliative)
	Menstrual disorder
	Menstrual crumbs
	Menses painful
	Metrorrhagia
	Disruption of the menstrual cycle
	Menstrual irregularities
	Primary dysalgomenorrhea
	Prolactin-dependent menstrual irregularities
	Prolactin-dependent menstrual dysfunction
	Menstrual disorder
	Spasmodic dysmenorrhea
	Functional disorders of the menstrual cycle
	Functional disorders of the menstrual cycle
R50 Fever of unknown origin	Hyperthermia, malignant
R50 Fever of unknown origin	Malignant hyperthermia
R51 Headache	Headache
	Pain with sinusitis
	Back pain
	Headache
	Headache of vasomotor genesis
	Headache of vasomotor origin
	Headache with vasomotor disorders
	Headache
	Neurological headache
	Serial headache
	Cephalalgia
R52.2 Other persistent pain	Pain syndrome of non-rheumatic origin
	Pain syndrome with vertebral lesions
	Pain syndrome with neuralgia
	Pain syndrome with burns
	Pain syndrome is mild or moderate
	Neuropathic pain
	Neuropathic pain
	Perioperative pain
	Moderate to severe pain
	Moderate or mild pain syndrome
	Moderate to severe pain syndrome
	Ear pain with otitis media

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Introduction
Nomenclature
Excipients
Conclusion
Literature

Introduction

One of the most important tasks of modern pharmaceutical technology is the creation of dosage forms that increase the bioavailability of drugs. This is achieved in various ways, among which the use of special auxiliary substances (gas-forming mixtures, superdisintegrants, complexing agents, solubilizers) and technological methods (obtaining solid dispersions) that increase the solubility or dispersibility of medicinal components can be distinguished. Among the group of rapidly dissolving dosage forms, a special place belongs to effervescent drugs, in which the effect of rapid disintegration is achieved through the introduction of gas-forming components. The advantages of rapidly dissolving dosage forms include high bioavailability, the ability to reduce side reactions, combine components that react with each other, and correct unpleasant organoleptic properties of medicinal substances.

Effervescent tablets include dosage forms containing, in addition to the active substance, such a ratio of organic food acids and carbonates, which allows the "effervescent" (with release of carbon dioxide) neutralization reaction to pass completely or partially when the tablet enters water or into the oral cavity.

Characteristics of effervescent tablets

Effervescent tablets are classified into soluble and dispersible. Soluble effervescent tablets form a clear solution in water, and dispersible tablets form a finely dispersed suspension of medicinal and auxiliary substances. Gas evolution is usually required to accelerate the dispersion and dissolution of the active ingredients and to impart the pleasant organoleptic properties of a "carbonated beverage" to the resulting solution.

The principle of action of effervescent tablets is the rapid release of active and auxiliary substances due to the reaction between organic carboxylic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid) and baking soda (NaHCO 3) in contact with water. As a result of this reaction, an unstable carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) is formed, which immediately decomposes into water and carbon dioxide (CO 2). The gas forms bubbles which act as a super leavening agent. This reaction is only possible in water. Inorganic carbonates are practically insoluble in organic solvents, which makes the reaction impossible in other media.

Technologically, a rapid dissolution reaction occurs between a solid and a liquid dosage form. Such a drug delivery system is the best way to avoid the disadvantages of solid dosage forms (slow dissolution and release of the active substance in the stomach) and liquid dosage forms (chemical and microbiological instability in water). Effervescent tablets dissolved in water are characterized by rapid absorption and therapeutic effect, they do not harm the digestive system and improve the taste of the active ingredients.

The ratio of the effervescent part to the active ingredient in effervescent dosage forms may vary depending on the purpose of the drug.

So, vitamin and mineral preparations have a mass of 3-4 g, where the effervescent part is up to 95% of the mass, aspirin-containing preparations - up to 90%, and the antitussive tablets "Mukaltin" weighing 0.3 g have 83% of the effervescent part.

Nomenclature

Effervescent tablets are presented on the Russian pharmaceutical market by both foreign companies and Russian manufacturers. Such effervescent tablets as Berocca, Antigrippin, ACC, Aspirin C, Efferalgan, Prospan, Alka-Seltzer and others are known.

berocca

Excipients: anhydrous citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, aspartame, beetroot red, betacarotene 1% CWS, orange flavor, sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol.

Antigrippin

Effervescent tablets white, with a fruity odor.

Effervescent tablets, white, round, flat, with a blackberry odor.

Excipients: citric acid anhydride - 679.85 mg, sodium bicarbonate - 291 mg, mannitol - 65 mg, ascorbic acid - 12.5 mg, lactose anhydride - 75 mg, sodium citrate - 0.65 mg, saccharin - 6 mg, blackberry flavor "B" - 20 mg.

Aspirin C

Effervescent tablets, white, round, flat, beveled to the edge, with an imprint in the form of a trademark ("Bayer" cross) on one side, the other side is smooth.

Excipients: sodium citrate - 1206 mg, sodium bicarbonate - 914 mg, citric acid - 240 mg, sodium carbonate - 200 mg.

Efferalgan

Effervescent brownish tablets interspersed, round, scored on one side, with the taste and smell of orange.

Excipients: citric acid anhydrous, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate anhydrous, mannitol, simethicone, sodium saccharinate, sodium cyclamate, sodium citrate, sorbitol, triglycerides, macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate, orange flavor.

1 tablet contains 382 mg of carbohydrates (0.03 XE).

Alka-Seltzer

1 effervescent tablet contains: acetylsalicylic acid 324 mg,

citric acid anhydrous 965 mg,

sodium carbonate monosubstituted 1625 mg.

Effervescent tablets are gaining in popularity due to a number of advantages over other solid forms:

1.ease of use by all age groups, because before taking the tablet, it dissolves (or disperses) in water;

2. the speed of the therapeutic action, because the active ingredient is dissolved or dispersed in water;

3. high level of absorption and high bioavailability;

4. lack of a psychological barrier to admission, because organoleptic properties are close to food products (drinks, juices);

5.reduction of the number of adverse reactions from the gastrointestinal tract

6.precision of dosing,

7.convenience of storage,

8. the possibility of combining mutually responsive components.

Application in the form of a solution (or aqueous dispersion) is especially effective when an urgent therapeutic action is required, for example, for antispasmodic, analgesic, cardiovascular, diagnostic, antipyretic drugs, as well as for increasing the bioavailability of the components of tablets containing vitamins, trace elements, adaptogens, and etc.

Excipients

The important role of excipients in the realization of the potential activity of active substances in dosage forms, as well as in the technological process, determines a number of requirements imposed on them. They must have the required chemical purity, stability of physical parameters, and pharmacological indifference. Taken together, they must ensure the optimal technological process, have a residual production base, and an affordable cost. Each case of the use of specific excipients and their amount requires a special study and scientific justification, since they must ensure sufficient stability of the drug, maximum bioavailability and its inherent spectrum of pharmacological action.

dosage form effervescent tablet

All raw materials used for the production of effervescent tablets must have good water solubility values.

Baking powder.

Organic acids.

The amount of organic acids suitable for the production of effervescent tablets is limited. The best choice is citric acid: a carboxylic acid containing three functional carboxylic groups, which typically require three equivalents of sodium bicarbonate. Anhydrous citric acid is commonly used in the production of effervescent tablets. However, the compound of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate is very hygroscopic and tends to absorb water and lose reactivity, therefore strict control of the humidity level in the workroom is necessary. Alternative organic acids are tartaric, fumaric and adipic, but they are not so popular and are used when citric acid is not applicable.

Hydrocarbonates

Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3) can be found in 90% of effervescent tablet formulations. In the case of using NaHCO 3, the stoichiometry must be accurately determined depending on the nature of the active substance and other acids or bases in the composition. For example, if the active substance is acidic, then the NaHCO 3 rate can be exceeded to improve the solubility of the tablet. However, the current problem with NaHCO 3 is its high sodium content, which is contraindicated in people with high blood pressure and kidney disease.

Highly effective disintegrants have found wide application as disintegrants, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, crospovidone) of the Kolidon CL, Poliplasdon XL trademarks, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaKMC) of the Ac trade marks - Di-Sol, Primellose; sodium starch glycollate available from the brands Primelose, Explotab, Vi - vastar P 134. These supernatants can be added before granulation (inside the granules) or after granulation (dusting). They are added in a small amount of 0.5-5%.

As fillers (to obtain tablets with a dosage of the active substance up to 10 mg), potato starch introduced into the granulate is most often used, as well as sucrose, lactose, glucose, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, urea, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, etc.

When pressing complex powders and granulates, binders are of particular importance, they are used to improve fluidity, increase the dosing accuracy of powder material, and ensure the necessary properties of granules and tablets. The choice of binders and their amount depends on the physicochemical properties of the materials being pressed, which excludes the use of microcrystalline or powder cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, etc. Mainly, only two water-soluble binders can be used in manufacturing - sugars (dextrates or glucose) and polyols (sorbitol, mannitol). As the size of the effervescent tablet is relatively large (2-4 g), the choice of excipient is a decisive factor in tablet production. A filler with good binding characteristics is required in order to simplify the formulation and reduce the amount of excipients. Dextracts and sorbitol are widely used excipients. The table compares both excipients.

Comparison of dextrates and sorbitol for effervescent tablets

Characteristic
Compressibility	Very good	Very good
Solubility	Excellent	Very good
Hygroscopicity
Fragility	Very good	Moderate
Pushing force		Moderate
Stickiness
Fluidity	Very good	Very good
Sugar free
Transformability in the course of exchange	Yes, completely	Partially
Relative sweetness

Sorbitol is suitable for sugar-free tablets, although this polyol can cause bloating and discomfort at high levels. Adhesion to tablet press punches is a certain difficulty with sorbitol, but good compressibility makes this adjuvant suitable for formulations that are difficult to manufacture. The hygroscopicity of sorbitol may limit its use in effervescent tablets due to the high sensitivity of these tablets to moisture. Despite this, sorbitol remains one of the most used polyols in the production of effervescent tablets.

Dextracts are spray crystallized dextrose containing small amounts of oligosaccharides. Dextracts are a highly pure product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Dextracts are a highly pure product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres.

This material has good fluidity, compressibility and crumbling ability. Excellent water solubility values provide fast disintegration and require less lubricant. The dextracts have good fluidity, which allows the production of engraved tablets, eliminating the problem of material adhesion to the punches.

To ensure the production of high-quality tablets, increase the flowability of the granulate, prevent sticking of the tabletted mass, facilitate the ejection of the tablet from the matrix, reduce the energy consumption of the pressing process and increase the wear resistance of the press tool, a group of antifriction auxiliary substances is widely used. They are divided into three subgroups:

Sliding (starch, talc, kaolin, aerosil, skim milk powder, polyethylene oxide-4000);

· Lubricants (stearic acid and its salts, liquid paraffin, tween, polyethylene oxide-400, silicon carbons);

· Substances that prevent adhesion (talc, starch, stearic acid and its salts).

However, some widely used antifriction substances, such as talc, stearic acid and its salts, are used only in dispersible effervescent granules and tablets, since they are insoluble in water and cannot be used in the production technology of drugs intended to obtain transparent solutions. ...

Preservatives used in the production and storage of granules and tablets include benzoates, sorbic acid salts, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters. The antimicrobial activity of benzoates and sorbic acid salts depends on the pH value and decreases rapidly at pH more than 4.0; p-hydroxybenzoates are free from this disadvantage. The activity of parabens is influenced by the method of introducing them into tablets: dry mixing with granulate, wet mixing of the preservative solution with the granulate, spraying an aqueous solution of the preservative on the granulate, spraying an alcoholic solution of the preservative (the latter two methods give the best results).

According to the classification of excipients, the following types of flavors are distinguished: color, taste and odor. Dyes and pigments in the production of solid dosage forms, including tablets, are used to improve the presentation of the finished product, as well as as markers indicating the special properties of a given drug: its belonging to a certain pharmacotherapeutic group (hypnotics, narcotic drugs) ; high level of toxicity (poisonous) and others. From domestic pharmaceutical dyes used indigo (blue); tropeolin 0 (yellow); acid red 2C (red); titanium dioxide (white), etc. Abroad, for coloring solid dosage forms, dyes belonging to the group of pigments are used.

The compositions may include substances that correct the taste and smell of the "effervescent" drink: oils of cinnamon, mint, anise, laurel, eucalyptus, clove, thyme, citrus fruits (lemon, orange, grapefruit), cedar, nutmeg, sage, etc. fragrances are also used vanillin and fruit essences.

Requirements for excipients:

1. Chemical purity.

2. Stability.

3. Pharmacological indifference.

4. Should ensure the optimum technological process.

5. Must have a residual production base.

6. Affordable cost.

Effervescent tablet technology.

The technology of effervescent tablets is determined by the specifics of their composition, as well as the physicochemical and technological properties of the components. As a rule, these are uncoated multicomponent tablets of large diameter (up to 50 mm) and large weight (up to 5000 mg), the moisture content in them should not exceed 1%, and the disintegration time should not exceed 5 minutes. in 200 ml of water.

The main difficulty in the creation of effervescent dosage forms is to prevent chemical interactions between organic acids and alkali metal salts during the manufacture and storage of drugs. Even small amounts of moisture in the tablet mass can provoke interactions between these components. During the chemical reaction, water is formed, which can significantly affect the quality of the tablets, leading to their further destruction. To obtain conditioned tablets that meet the stability requirements, the preparation of tablet masses by the method of wet or dry granulation or by direct compression is often used.

Obtaining effervescent tablets by direct compression of the components of the tabletting mass is reduced to the fact that the dry powder mixture without granulation is compressed on a tablet press. According to a number of authors, when obtaining effervescent tablets by the method of direct compression, high-speed tablet machines should be used with powdering punches and matrices with fine powder of magnesium stearate. Direct compression technology is the modern, most acceptable technology for the production of solid dosage forms. Effervescent tablet powder is highly susceptible to moisture and even a small amount of water can cause a chemical reaction. Direct compression is a cost effective technology that saves production time and reduces cycle times. Direct compression technology requires no special equipment and is suitable for water-sensitive materials. The main advantages of direct pressing are the simplicity and low cost of the technology. Direct compression equipment consists of fewer elements, requires less floor space, and is less costly and time-consuming to maintain. Reducing the number of steps in the process itself leads to more cost-effective production.

The mass fraction of the gas-forming mixture in the effervescent tablets is 25-95%. In the process of preparing for pressing, it is necessary to exclude contact of the tablet mass with water, so as not to cause a gas formation reaction and loss of carbon dioxide. Direct compression of the powder mixture is therefore considered the first choice technology, since it does not require the use of wet granulation. However, it is known that in the solid phase, upon surface contact of acidic and alkaline components, their interaction and loss of carbon dioxide occur. For example, when a mixture of anhydrous citric acid and sodium bicarbonate was stored for 50 hours, the loss reached 1% by weight and was inversely proportional to the particle size of the powders. To reduce such losses before pressing, the components are dried at permissible gentle temperatures and tableting is started immediately after dry mixing, avoiding technological downtime.

In direct compression, the stage of mixing the powders is critical to the quality of the tablets. In order to achieve an even distribution of all components in the mixture, to prevent the defects of tablets in appearance (marbling or mosaicism) and in the uniformity of the dosage of the active substance, it is necessary to resort to fine grinding of powders. This has a negative effect on such technological properties of tablet mixtures necessary for compression as flowability (fluidity), compressibility and slip. The modern assortment of excipients and modern designs of tablet presses sometimes make it possible to solve the arising technological and technical problems, but in other cases it is necessary to apply preliminary wet granulation of the powder mixture. In the technology of effervescent tablets, it is necessary to ensure the stability of both the gas-forming mixture and the active substance. When is direct compression technology not applicable?

* in the case when there is a large difference between the bulk densities of the materials used, which can lead to desegregation of the tabletted powder;

* active substances with a small particle size are used in small dosages. In this case, a problem associated with the uniformity of the composition may arise, but this can be avoided by grinding part of the filler and pre-mixing it with the active substance;

* Sticky or oxygen-susceptible substances require fillers with very good fluidity, water solubility and absorption, such as dextrates with their porous, round particles. This excipient used in direct compression technology is suitable for complex formulations, does not require additional binders or anti-binding agents.

Obviously, direct compression technology may not be applicable in every case, but should be the number one choice in the production of effervescent tablets, but otherwise the wet granulation method should be used.

Three methods are commonly used:

Separate granulation... The powdery mixture is divided into two parts, while the acidic and alkaline components are introduced into different parts. Aqueous solutions of high molecular weight substances are used as a granulating liquid. This method is convenient for the introduction of moisture-containing ADVs into the composition of the SHT (crystalline hydrates, hygroscopic substances, liquid, thick, dry plant extracts, etc.). The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

Joint granulation. A powdery mixture of components is granulated using 96% ethyl alcohol or alcoholic solutions of IUDs (collikut, collidones, povidone, shellac, etc.) as a granulating liquid. The dried granulate is powdered and tableted.

Combined granulation. The gas-forming mixture is granulated using 96% ethyl alcohol or an alcoholic solution of IUDs as a granulating liquid. The mixture of the remaining components is granulated with an aqueous solution of the IUD. The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

Thanks to the first method, fragmentation of the components is achieved, a decrease in the specific contact surface and reactivity; the use of the second and third methods also reduces the reactivity of the active and auxiliary substances of the preparation. From the point of view of simplicity of technology and stability of the obtained preparations, the method of joint granulation is more preferable. However, the reaction mixture of the blowing components can affect the stability of the drug substance. Therefore, this method can be recommended only for dry substances of a neutral nature, stable when exposed to weak acids and alkalis. The method of separate granulation is more versatile and can be used to introduce moisture-containing components (liquid, thick and dry plant extracts, crystalline hydrates, hygroscopic substances) into the composition of effervescent tablets or granules, as well as substances that are stable in an acidic or alkaline environment. In addition, separately prepared granulates do not require special storage conditions (at low air humidity) before mixing. The negative aspects of separate granulation are: two-flow scheme, duration of the process, less stability of the granulates after mixing, possible mosaic or marbling of the tablet surface.

There are 2 main problems in the technology of producing effervescent tablets.

1. When receiving granulates of gas-forming components and their subsequent drying, the issue of the permissible residual moisture content of the granules is resolved. On the one hand, a granulate with a low moisture content is poorly compressed, on the other hand, a high moisture content of granules or tablets activates the interaction of gas-forming components during storage and, thus, promotes the decomposition of the drug. As a rule, the value of this indicator is considered optimal in the range of 0.5-2%. However, an increase in the residual moisture content above 1.5-2% does not exclude the possibility of a reaction between the components during storage. Moisture that can be released from the effervescent part during storage of granules or tablets can be absorbed by a special adsorbent placed in the package, for example, silica gel. In this regard, a significant part of the effervescent drugs produced are packed in special polypropylene cases, the lids of which contain silica gel. The technology of effervescent tablets also uses substances (water repellents), which, when evenly distributed among the particles of the compressed material, are able to somewhat prevent interaction between incompatible components in an environment with high humidity, and also partially localize areas of the mass in which a chemical reaction has occurred. Applied to granulate particles, for example, in the form of a solution in non-aqueous highly volatile solvents, these substances form films with a thickness of several molecules on the surface of the granulate particles, preventing moisture penetration and reaction between gas-forming components. In this capacity, for example, cellulose derivatives, paraffin wax and others are used.

2. Effervescent granules and tablets require rapid dissolution or dispersion when water is added. Accordingly, excipients (binders, diluents, sliding agents, etc.) should not prevent rapid wetting, water penetration deep into the tablet and an effervescent reaction throughout the volume of the drug.

Among the difficulties in obtaining effervescent dosage forms, adhesion of their components is sometimes called adhesion to the metal surfaces of the mold, resulting in poor quality tablets. The elimination of such phenomena is achieved by the introduction of small amounts of antifriction substances that prevent the adhesion of materials on the surface of the punches.

Despite the listed difficulties in creating effervescent granules and tablets, these dosage forms are effective and convenient in use, which clearly illustrates their wide and constantly growing assortment on the modern pharmaceutical market.

Figure 2 - The main stages of development of the technology of effervescent tablets and granules (block diagram).

Standardization.

Quality control of tablets is usually carried out according to the following indicators: description, authenticity; determination of the mechanical strength of tablets; carbon dioxide content; residual moisture; Microbiological purity; quantitation; average weight and deviation in average weight of tablets; dissolution time.

Description. The evaluation of the appearance of the tablets is carried out by examination with the naked eye of 20 tablets. A description of the shape and color of the tablets is given. The surface of the tablet should be smooth, uniform, unless otherwise justified. On the surface of the tablet, strokes, marks for division, inscriptions and other symbols can be applied. Tablets with a diameter of 9 mm or more should be at risk.

Authenticity, foreign matter. The tests are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the monograph.

Determination of the mechanical strength of tablets. Determination of the mechanical strength of tablets is carried out on devices, some of which allow you to determine the compressive strength (fracture), others - to abrasion. An objective assessment of the mechanical properties of tablets can be obtained by determining their strength by both methods. This is due to the fact that a number of tableted preparations, satisfying the requirements for compression, have easily abraded edges and, for this reason, turn out to be of poor quality. It should be noted that the determination of compressive strength is not a pharmacopoeial method.

Average weight and variance in weight of individual tablets. Weigh 20 tablets with an accuracy of 0.001 g and divide the result by 20. The mass of individual tablets is determined by weighing 20 tablets separately with an accuracy of 0.001 g, the deviation in the mass of individual tablets (except for tablets coated with a coating by the extension method) is allowed within the following limits:

· For tablets weighing 0.1 g or less ± 10%;

· Weighing more than 0.1 g and less than 0.3 g ± 7.5%;

· Weighing 0.3 and more ± 5%;

· The weight of individual coated tablets obtained by the extension method should not differ from the average weight by more than ± 15%.

Only two tablets can have deviations from the average weight, exceeding the indicated limits, but not more than twice.

Gas generation and gas saturation coefficients. The coefficient of gassing is the ratio of the mass fraction of released carbon dioxide ME to the theoretically possible MT: characterizes the degree of reaction of the gas-forming mixture during production and storage. Gas saturation coefficient - the ratio of the mass fraction of carbon dioxide in the resulting solution M R to its mass fraction in the effervescent tablet M e: characterizes the actual saturation of the solution with carbon dioxide. To determine carbon dioxide in effervescent dosage forms, the Chittika method can be used, according to which its volume displaced from the dosage form under the influence of a sulfuric acid solution is recorded, then the mass fraction of carbon dioxide in the dosage form is calculated using special tables.

Dissolution. Dissolution test is mandatory. It is carried out in 200-400 ml of water at 37 ° C without stirring. The maximum allowed dissolution time is 3 minutes.

Residual moisture. This test is mandatory as the water content can affect the properties of the active substance, the stability of the preparation, etc. The determination is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the general pharmacopoeial articles "Loss in mass on drying" or "Determination of water"

Microbiological purity. Purity testing is carried out in accordance with the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Microbiological Purity".

Quantitation. For analysis, take a sample of crushed tablets (at least 20 tablets). If the crushing of the tablet can lead to decomposition of the active substance or it is difficult to obtain a uniformly milled powder, a test is carried out on the whole tablet or tablets. In this case, it is recommended to use at least 10 tablets.

The quantification result can be taken as the average of the batch uniformity test.

Marking. On the packaging of soluble, effervescent and dispersible tablets, there must be a warning inscription about the need for preliminary dissolution of the tablets before use.

Effervescent tablets packaging.

Due to the physical properties of the auxiliary materials, the packaging of effervescent tablets should be as effective as possible to protect them from moisture ingress from the outside and from residual moisture that may be released during storage. The most common types of packaging are strip packaging using laminated paper or composite films (buflen, polyflen, multifol) and pencil cases. The volume of the strip should be large enough to accommodate the tablets without putting stress on the foil and as small as possible to minimize the amount of "room" air that can trap the tablets. Considering the very low air humidity during operations with effervescent tablets, the residual humidity in them is so low that the relative humidity of even 10% is quite high for close contact in a closed package. Pencil cases are made of plastic, glass or extruded aluminum with built-in caps containing desiccants (granular silica gel, anhydrous sodium sulfate) capable of retaining this moisture.

A modern effervescent tablet packaging machine is the Romaco Siebler HM 1E / 240, where the product fed to the horizontal effervescent tablet packaging line can be controlled at eye level. The entire strip packaging process takes place horizontally at a convenient working height of 90 cm. An intelligent dividing system places the products precisely in the sealing section of the heat seal machine.

The effervescent tablets are fed through specially designed conveyor belts to four horizontal feed channels. In the next step, the products are placed in the nests by means of servo-controlled movements. The packaging speed is greatly increased by the direct feeding of the tablets into the horizontal sealing section.

Another advantage is that effervescent tablets, which are sensitive to changes in humidity and temperature, are no longer exposed to heat and vapors generated by the heat sealing section when horizontally packed. As a result, the amount of waste is significantly reduced. The in-line installation of the horizontal heat seal section has the advantage that the product no longer has to be transported on the conveyor from the tablet press to the top of the machine, as is the case with vertical feeding. Accordingly, the sections of the Romaco Siebler horizontal line are made shorter, which saves time, space and money.

Horizontal line for packing Romaco Siebler HM 1E / 240 effervescent soluble tablets.

The robotic transfer station quickly adapts to new packaging formats. When the effervescent tablets are sealed in coated aluminum foil, the strip is perforated and cut to size. The Siebler FlexTrans FT 400 transfer station transports the finished tablet packs to the Romaco Promatic P 91 intermittent machine for cartoning. Loading robots transfer sealed packages from the conveyor belt to special trays at speeds of up to 400 packages per minute. The stacked packages are transferred directly to the cartoning machine. The robotic transmission station thus eliminates complex stacking sections unnecessary.

Based on the principle of servo motor control, the robotic grippers can handle strip packs of various sizes and formats - from ten strips for clinical use to single packs for the Asian market. For the first time in an effervescent tablet line, fast format changes are possible thanks to in-line robotics. Robotic systems themselves are virtually maintenance free and operate without the use of format change tools, resulting in lower operating costs. This innovative Siebler technology brings a new level of packaging line versatility and affordability to meet the key requirements of contract packaging manufacturers.

The highly automated Romaco Siebler line facilitates continuous monitoring of the production process. Defective packages are instantly identified and removed from the line individually. Mandatory separation of complete cutting cycles is a thing of the past. More than twenty servo drives guarantee the precision and efficiency of the process. The four-row Siebler HM 1E / 240 line for packing effervescent dissolving tablets provides a maximum packing speed of 1,500 pcs. per minute. This roughly corresponds to the capacity of an eight-row vertical effervescent tablet heat sealing machine. With a length of only 14 m and a width of 2.5 m, this line is compact. Overall, the horizontal packaging line provides a high level of overall equipment efficiency.

One of India's largest generic manufacturers has relied on Romaco Siebler technology. Two horizontal packaging lines for effervescent tablets are currently in operation at this pharmaceutical company.

Conclusion

Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets usually containing acidic substances and carbonates or bicarbonates that react rapidly in water to release carbon dioxide.

After dissolving in water, the effervescent tablets form a carbonated beverage-like solution with a pleasant taste. This dosage form is characterized by a fast pharmacological action and causes less harm to the stomach compared to the tablet form. In this regard, effervescent tablets are in demand by both consumers and manufacturers.

In the production of effervescent tablets, direct compression of non-granular powders is preferred, but its use is not always possible. The use of various variants of wet granulation is also technologically justified and allows to significantly expand the range of drugs produced in such a modern dosage form as effervescent tablets. The choice in favor of one or another technology option for effervescent tablets of a specific composition can be made only after studying the physicochemical properties of the components and is always the result of experimental research work.

Literature

1. Stoyanov E.V. Production of effervescent tablets / Stoyanov E.V., Vollmer R.V. // Industrial Review. - 2009. - No. 5. - S. 60-61.

2. Belyatskaya A.V. Features of the technology for the manufacture of instant (effervescent) granules and tablets / Belyatskaya A.V. // Pharmacy. - 2008. - No. 3. - S. 38-39.

3. Kachalin D.S. Effervescent granules and tablets / Kachalin D.S., N.Yu. Father // Pharmaceutical Chemistry. - 2010. - No. 3. - P.17-19.

4. Gromova L.I. / Features of the technology of effervescent tablets / Gromova L.I., Marchenko A.L. // GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy - 2008. - pp. 60-65.

5. Gumerov R.Kh. Effervescent tablets in the range of drugs / Gumerov R.Kh., Galiullin T.N., Egorova S.N. // New pharmacy. - 2002. - No. 5. - P.17-19.

6. Galiullina T.N. Development of the composition and technology of soluble effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid / T.N. Galiullina. // Pharmacy. - 2003. - No. 8. - P.9-11

7. Shevchenko, A.M. Features of the production of instant dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Medical business. - 2005. - No. 2-3. - S.50-51.

8. Shevchenko, A.M. Methodological aspects of the development of technology for solid rapidly dissolving dosage forms: author. Dis. doct. farm. Sciences / A.M. Shevchenko; PGFA. - Pyatigorsk, 2007 .-- 48 p.

9. Shevchenko, A.M. Development of criteria for the selection of auxiliary components and the method of granulation of effervescent dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Pharmacy. - 2004. - No. 1. - P.32-34.

10. Standardization of the dosage form "Tablets" Kovaleva EL, LI Mitkina, N.V., Zainkova, O.A. Matveeva p. 3-7

11.http: //www.dissercat.com // Development of the composition and technology of effervescent tablets containing calcium carbonate with vitamins Atlasova, Irina Afanasyevna 2008

12.http: //www.dissercat.com // Methodological aspects of the development of technology for solid instant dosage forms Shevchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich 2009

13. Site propatent [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.propatent.ru, free

14. Directory of medicines Vidal [Electronic resource]. - The access mode http://www.vidal.ru is free

15. Medical market of pharmaceuticals [Electronic resource]. - The access mode http://www.mr.ru is free

16. State Pharmacopoeia Xl Issue 2, pp. 154-160

17. Product Profile: effervescent-PAK® Süd-Chemie Performance Packaging, 2003

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Active substance

Acetylsalicylic acid

Dosage form

soluble tablets

Manufacturer

Bayer Pharma AG, Germany

Composition

1 effervescent tablet contains:

Active ingredients Acetylsalicylic acid - 500 mg.

Excipients Microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch.

pharmachologic effect

Aspirin Express belongs to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Indications

Symptomatic treatment:

Toothache.
Sore throat.
Headache.
Muscle and joint pain.
Pain during menstruation. Pain in the back.
Mild arthritis pain.

Increased body temperature with colds and other infectious and inflammatory diseases (in adults and children over 15 years old).

Application during pregnancy and lactation

The use of large doses of salicylates in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of fetal developmental defects (cleft palate, heart defects). In the second trimester of pregnancy, salicylates can be prescribed only on the basis of an assessment of the risk and benefit. The appointment of salicylates in the third trimester of pregnancy is contraindicated.

Salicylates and their metabolites pass into breast milk in small amounts. Accidental intake of salicylates during lactation is not accompanied by the development of adverse reactions in the child and does not require termination of breastfeeding. However, with prolonged use or administration in high doses, breastfeeding should be discontinued.

Contraindications

Asthma caused by taking salicylates or other NSAIDs in combination with nasal polyps.
Combined use of methotrexate at a dose of 15 mg per week or more.
Severe liver or kidney dysfunction.
Hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid and other NSAIDs.
Erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (in the acute phase).
Gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hemorrhagic diathesis.
Hemophilia, thrombocytopenia.
Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Pregnancy (I and III trimester).
Breastfeeding period.
Children's age (up to 15 years old).

With caution in the following cases:

With concomitant anticoagulant therapy.
Gout.
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and / or duodenum (history).
Erosive gastritis.
Tendency to gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hypoprothrombinemia.
Hypovitaminosis K.
Anemia.
Conditions that predispose to fluid retention in the body (including dysfunction of the heart, arterial hypertension).
Thyrotoxicosis.

Side effects

From the central nervous system

Dizziness, tinnitus (usually signs of an overdose).

From the hematopoietic system

Hemorrhagic syndrome, thrombocytopenia.

From the urinary system

When used in high doses, hyperoxaluria and the formation of urinary stones from calcium oxalate, damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys.

Allergic reactions

Skin rash, anaphylactic reactions, bronchospasm, Quincke's edema.

From the gastrointestinal tract

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, obvious (black stools, bloody vomiting) or latent signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia, erosive and ulcerative lesions, including perforation, of the gastrointestinal tract.

Rarely - liver dysfunction (increased hepatic transaminases, AST, ALT).

Interaction

Increased toxicity of drugs

It enhances the toxicity of methotrexate, the effects of narcotic analgesics, other NSAIDs, oral hypoglycemic drugs, heparin, indirect anticoagulants, thrombolytics and platelet aggregation inhibitors, sulfonamides (including co-trimoxazole), triiodothyronine, reserpine.

Reduces the effects of uricosuric drugs

Reduces the effects of uricosuric drugs (benzbromarone, sulfinpyrazone), antihypertensive drugs and diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide).

Increases the plasma concentration of the following drugs

Increases the concentration of digoxin, barbiturates and lithium preparations in the blood plasma.

Strengthens the damaging effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract of drugs

Glucocorticosteroids, alcohol and alcohol-containing drugs increase the damaging effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, increase the risk of developing gastrointestinal bleeding.

Deterioration of absorption of acetylsalicylic acid

How to take, course and dosage

Inside, after eating, after dissolving the tablet in a glass of water.

A single dose is 1-2 effervescent tablets. The maximum single dose is 2 effervescent tablets. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 6 tablets.

The intervals between doses of the drug should be at least 4 hours.

The duration of treatment without consulting a doctor should not exceed 5 days - when prescribed as an anesthetic and 3 days - as an antipyretic agent.

Overdose

Symptoms: excitation of the central nervous system, dizziness, severe headache, hearing loss, visual impairment, nausea, vomiting, increased breathing.
In the late stage of poisoning: drowsiness, convulsions, anuria, depression of consciousness up to coma, respiratory failure, disturbances in water and electrolyte metabolism.

Treatment: you should consult a doctor. Treatment should be carried out in a specialized department. With signs of poisoning - induction of vomiting or gastric lavage, the appointment of activated charcoal and laxative.

Special instructions

Combined use with other NSAIDs and glucocorticoids is undesirable. For 5-7 days before surgery, you must cancel the reception (to reduce bleeding during the operation and in the postoperative period).

The likelihood of developing NSAID gastropathy is reduced when administered after meals, buffered tablets or coated with a special enteric coating. The risk of hemorrhagic complications is considered the lowest when used in daily doses.

It should be borne in mind that in predisposed patients, acetylsalicylic acid (even in small doses) reduces the excretion of uric acid from the body and can cause an acute attack of gout.

dosage form effervescent tablet

All raw materials used for the production of effervescent tablets must have good water solubility values.

Baking powder.

Organic acids.

Hydrocarbonates

Comparison of dextrates and sorbitol for effervescent tablets

Characteristic
Compressibility	Very good	Very good
Solubility	Excellent	Very good
Hygroscopicity
Fragility	Very good	Moderate
Pushing force		Moderate
Stickiness
Fluidity	Very good	Very good
Sugar free
Transformability in the course of exchange	Yes, completely	Partially
Relative sweetness

Dextracts are spray crystallized dextrose containing small amounts of oligosaccharides. Dextracts are a highly pure product consisting of white free-flowing large-pore spheres (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1.

Sliding (starch, talc, kaolin, aerosil, skim milk powder, polyethylene oxide-4000);
· Lubricants (stearic acid and its salts, liquid paraffin, tween, polyethylene oxide-400, silicon carbons);
· Substances that prevent adhesion (talc, starch, stearic acid and its salts).

Requirements for excipients:

1. Chemical purity.
2. Stability.
3. Pharmacological indifference.
4. Should ensure the optimum technological process.
5. Must have a residual production base.
6. Affordable cost.

Effervescent tablet technology.

* in the case when there is a large difference between the bulk densities of the materials used, which can lead to desegregation of the tabletted powder;
* active substances with a small particle size are used in small dosages. In this case, a problem associated with the uniformity of the composition may arise, but this can be avoided by grinding part of the filler and pre-mixing it with the active substance;
* Sticky or oxygen-susceptible substances require fillers with very good fluidity, water solubility and absorption, such as dextrates with their porous, round particles. This excipient used in direct compression technology is suitable for complex formulations, does not require additional binders or anti-binding agents.

Three methods are commonly used:

Separate granulation... The powdery mixture is divided into two parts, while the acidic and alkaline components are introduced into different parts. Aqueous solutions of high molecular weight substances are used as a granulating liquid. This method is convenient for the introduction of moisture-containing ADVs into the composition of the SHT (crystalline hydrates, hygroscopic substances, liquid, thick, dry plant extracts, etc.). The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

Joint granulation. A powdery mixture of components is granulated using 96% ethyl alcohol or alcoholic solutions of IUDs (collikut, collidones, povidone, shellac, etc.) as a granulating liquid. The dried granulate is powdered and tableted.

Combined granulation. The gas-forming mixture is granulated using 96% ethyl alcohol or an alcoholic solution of IUDs as a granulating liquid. The mixture of the remaining components is granulated with an aqueous solution of the IUD. The dried granulates are combined, powdered and tableted.

There are 2 main problems in the technology of producing effervescent tablets.

1. When receiving granulates of gas-forming components and their subsequent drying, the issue of the permissible residual moisture content of the granules is resolved. On the one hand, a granulate with a low moisture content is poorly compressed, on the other hand, a high moisture content of granules or tablets activates the interaction of gas-forming components during storage and, thus, promotes the decomposition of the drug. As a rule, the value of this indicator is considered optimal in the range of 0.5-2%. However, an increase in the residual moisture content above 1.5-2% does not exclude the possibility of a reaction between the components during storage. Moisture that can be released from the effervescent part during storage of granules or tablets can be absorbed by a special adsorbent placed in the package, for example, silica gel. In this regard, a significant part of the effervescent drugs produced are packed in special polypropylene cases, the lids of which contain silica gel. The technology of effervescent tablets also uses substances (water repellents), which, when evenly distributed among the particles of the compressed material, are able to somewhat prevent interaction between incompatible components in an environment with high humidity, and also partially localize areas of the mass in which a chemical reaction has occurred. Applied to granulate particles, for example, in the form of a solution in non-aqueous highly volatile solvents, these substances form films with a thickness of several molecules on the surface of the granulate particles, preventing moisture penetration and reaction between gas-forming components. In this capacity, for example, cellulose derivatives, paraffin wax and others are used.
2. Effervescent granules and tablets require rapid dissolution or dispersion when water is added. Accordingly, excipients (binders, diluents, sliding agents, etc.) should not prevent rapid wetting, water penetration deep into the tablet and an effervescent reaction throughout the volume of the drug.

Figure 2 - The main stages of development of the technology of effervescent tablets and granules (block diagram).

Standardization.

Authenticity, foreign matter. The tests are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the monograph.

· For tablets weighing 0.1 g or less ± 10%;
· Weighing more than 0.1 g and less than 0.3 g ± 7.5%;
· Weighing 0.3 and more ± 5%;
· The weight of individual coated tablets obtained by the extension method should not differ from the average weight by more than ± 15%.

Only two tablets can have deviations from the average weight, exceeding the indicated limits, but not more than twice.

Dissolution. Dissolution test is mandatory. It is carried out in 200-400 ml of water at 37 ° C without stirring. The maximum allowed dissolution time is 3 minutes.

Microbiological purity. Purity testing is carried out in accordance with the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Microbiological Purity".

The quantification result can be taken as the average of the batch uniformity test.

Marking. On the packaging of soluble, effervescent and dispersible tablets, there must be a warning inscription about the need for preliminary dissolution of the tablets before use.

Effervescent tablets packaging.

Horizontal line for packing Romaco Siebler HM 1E / 240 effervescent soluble tablets.

Effervescent tablets are a dosage form that not only adults but also children take with pleasure. After dissolving in water, the effervescent tablets form a carbonated beverage-like solution with a pleasant taste. This dosage form is characterized by a fast pharmacological action.

Wikipedia states that effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets, usually containing acidic substances and carbonates or bicarbonates, which react rapidly in water to release carbon dioxide; they are designed to dissolve or disperse the drug in water immediately before taking it.

How do tablets get "effervescent"?

The principle of operation of effervescent tablets is simple - pAfter the tablet comes into contact with water, the tablet should quickly release the active and excipients.

But the question remains "how does this happen?" This process consists of several stages:

Contact with water (H2O)... Direct participants in the reaction with water are organic carboxylic acids(citric acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid) and baking soda (NaHCO3).

Decay . As a result of this contact, an unstable carbonic acid is formed.(H2CO3) which immediately decomposes into water and carbon dioxide(CO2) .

Super baking powder . The gas forms bubbles which act as a super leavening agent.

This super baking powder reaction is only possible in water. Inorganic carbonates are practically insoluble in organic solvents, which makes the reaction impossible in other media.

What are the advantages of such pills?

And what forms of delivery of a useful substance to the body do you remember? These are ordinary tablets and capsules, liquid cocktail forms ... Droppers, injections, etc. we will not touch on.

It turns out that effervescent tablets have a number of benefits to keep in mind. This effervescent drug delivery system is the best way to avoid the disadvantages:

Solid dosage forms
- Slow dissolution
- Slow release of the active substance in the stomach

Liquid dosage forms
- Chemical
- Microbiological instability in water

Fizz Active NSP

Fiz Active tablets from Nature "s Sunshine are created according to the same principle. Fiz Active effervescent tablets dissolved in water are characterized by:

Characteristic

pharmachologic effect

Pharmacokinetics

Indications for Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Contraindications

Side effects

Interaction

Method of administration and dosage

Overdose

Precautionary measures

special instructions

Storage conditions of the drug Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Shelf life of the drug Paracetamol-Hemofarm

Synonyms for nosological groups

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

Characteristics of effervescent tablets

The ratio of the effervescent part to the active ingredient in effervescent dosage forms may vary depending on the purpose of the drug.

So, vitamin and mineral preparations have a mass of 3-4 g, where the effervescent part is up to 95% of the mass, aspirin-containing preparations - up to 90%, and the antitussive tablets "Mukaltin" weighing 0.3 g have 83% of the effervescent part.

Nomenclature

Effervescent tablets are presented on the Russian pharmaceutical market by both foreign companies and Russian manufacturers. Such effervescent tablets as Berocca, Antigrippin, ACC, Aspirin C, Efferalgan, Prospan, Alka-Seltzer and others are known.

berocca

Excipients

Conclusion

Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets usually containing acidic substances and carbonates or bicarbonates that react rapidly in water to release carbon dioxide.

Literature

1. Stoyanov E.V. Production of effervescent tablets / Stoyanov E.V., Vollmer R.V. // Industrial Review. - 2009. - No. 5. - S. 60-61.

2. Belyatskaya A.V. Features of the technology for the manufacture of instant (effervescent) granules and tablets / Belyatskaya A.V. // Pharmacy. - 2008. - No. 3. - S. 38-39.

3. Kachalin D.S. Effervescent granules and tablets / Kachalin D.S., N.Yu. Father // Pharmaceutical Chemistry. - 2010. - No. 3. - P.17-19.

4. Gromova L.I. / Features of the technology of effervescent tablets / Gromova L.I., Marchenko A.L. // GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy - 2008. - pp. 60-65.

5. Gumerov R.Kh. Effervescent tablets in the range of drugs / Gumerov R.Kh., Galiullin T.N., Egorova S.N. // New pharmacy. - 2002. - No. 5. - P.17-19.

6. Galiullina T.N. Development of the composition and technology of soluble effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid / T.N. Galiullina. // Pharmacy. - 2003. - No. 8. - P.9-11

7. Shevchenko, A.M. Features of the production of instant dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Medical business. - 2005. - No. 2-3. - S.50-51.

8. Shevchenko, A.M. Methodological aspects of the development of technology for solid rapidly dissolving dosage forms: author. Dis. doct. farm. Sciences / A.M. Shevchenko; PGFA. - Pyatigorsk, 2007 .-- 48 p.

9. Shevchenko, A.M. Development of criteria for the selection of auxiliary components and the method of granulation of effervescent dosage forms / A.M. Shevchenko // Pharmacy. - 2004. - No. 1. - P.32-34.

10. Standardization of the dosage form "Tablets" Kovaleva EL, LI Mitkina, N.V., Zainkova, O.A. Matveeva p. 3-7

11.http: //www.dissercat.com // Development of the composition and technology of effervescent tablets containing calcium carbonate with vitamins Atlasova, Irina Afanasyevna 2008

12.http: //www.dissercat.com // Methodological aspects of the development of technology for solid instant dosage forms Shevchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich 2009

13. Site propatent [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.propatent.ru, free

14. Directory of medicines Vidal [Electronic resource]. - The access mode http://www.vidal.ru is free

15. Medical market of pharmaceuticals [Electronic resource]. - The access mode http://www.mr.ru is free

16. State Pharmacopoeia Xl Issue 2, pp. 154-160

17. Product Profile: effervescent-PAK® Süd-Chemie Performance Packaging, 2003

Similar documents

Active substance

Dosage form

Manufacturer

Composition

pharmachologic effect

Indications

Application during pregnancy and lactation

Contraindications

Side effects

Interaction

How to take, course and dosage

Overdose

Special instructions

How do tablets get "effervescent"?

What are the advantages of such pills?

Fizz Active NSP