The Carpathian mountain range, located in the center of Europe, passes through the territory of the SRR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the USSR, as if uniting these fraternal socialist countries.
The mountain landscapes of the Carpathians are unique in beauty with their majestic forests, swift mountain rivers, crystal clear springs and alpine meadows covered with a carpet of colorful grasses.
Despite the relatively small territory, the Ukrainian Carpathians are distinguished by a variety of geomorphological, climatic and soil conditions, which in turn determines the richness and diversity flora. Representatives of different floras and different ecological groups live side by side here. Elements of boreal (northern) flora are found next to elements of mountain, alpine and even Mediterranean flora. Mountain vegetation is located zonally. As you ascend into the mountains, where the climate becomes colder and wetter, heat-loving plants give way to plants of temperate and then cold climates. The lower slopes of the mountains are covered with green oak forests, they are replaced by shady bushes, which then give way to fir and spruce stands with straight trunks, like giant candles. The tops of the mountains are surrounded by dense thickets of mountain pine and green alder. Above them, the grasses of alpine meadows sway under the cold mountain winds.
The Ukrainian Carpathians are a region rich in natural resources, valuable high-commercial timber, but the greatest wealth of the Carpathians is the fresh air, rich in the aroma of flowers, ultra-violet rays, healing mineral springs, beautiful landscapes.
Over the years Soviet power The Carpathians have turned into a national health resort. Sanatoriums, holiday homes, and tourist centers have been built in picturesque places, where hundreds of thousands of people relax and improve their health.
But such an increased interest of residents of large cities in living nature is fraught with many dangers. Man often turns out to be ungrateful: while receiving a lot of useful things for himself from communicating with nature, he often causes great damage to it, thoughtlessly destroying plants.
We must not allow the death of any plant species, regardless of its modern economic significance or aesthetic value. Each species is of great value to science.
Let us introduce the reader to the rarest plant species of the Carpathians, which are threatened with complete extermination.
Edelweiss alpine. Who doesn't know this plant? It is often drawn, photographed, described, and has become an emblem of mountaineering. Residents of the Carpathians affectionately call it “seam braid.” Edelweiss grows in very harsh mountain conditions, on steep, inaccessible rocky slopes. The plant is densely covered with whitish fluff, protecting it from cold, heat and excessive evaporation. It seems as if it was carved from silver velvet.
The edelweiss flower is original and uniquely beautiful. However, we often mistake a furry star consisting of different sized “petals” for a flower. These are ordinary bracts surrounding real flowers - small spherical baskets.
Many legends are associated with edelweiss. In the Carpathians it was considered a symbol of courage and maturity. According to legend, only the one who obtained edelweiss for his chosen one could marry his beloved. The search for this flower often ended tragically.
The homeland of edelweiss is the mountains Central Asia and Europe. Now alpine edelweiss is strictly protected by law in all countries.
It is found very rarely in the Carpathians; only a few specimens have been preserved on the Svydovetsky ridge; it also grows in the Marmaros Alps.
Easy to grow in culture. Grown in more favorable conditions, it is distinguished by tall growth and large flowers.
The plant is included in the Red Book of the USSR and the Red Book of the URSR.
alpine aster. The flowers received a poetic name because of their beautiful shape (from the Greek aster - star).
Alpine aster is a high-mountainous plant that prefers southern slopes and calcareous soils. In Ukraine, it is found only in the Carpathians on the peaks of Chernogora and Svidovets, reaches a height of about 15 cm, usually grows in small groups, sometimes in mountain cracks. The flowers are basket-shaped, the outer ones are asexual, purple, the inner ones are bisexual, tubular, orange-yellow.
The plant is included in the Red Book of the URSR.
Grows in small groups on rocky calcareous soils. A thin branched stem with numerous pale blue bells often spreads along the stones, standing out as a bright spot against the background of white limestone rocks.
The genus of bells is abundant; in the Carpathians alone, botanists have described 15 species of these graceful plants. They got their name due to the similarity of the shape of the corolla of flowers with a bell. The flowers of most bluebells have various shades of purple, the Carpathian bluebell is bright blue.
A branched stem, 15-40 cm long, grows from a thick root. Oval, serrated with a heart-shaped base, the leaves sit on long petioles, forming a basal rosette. The stem leaves are narrower and longer.
Blue wide corollas with short teeth sit on long petioles; at night and in inclement weather the bells droop, protecting pollen from dampness.
This beautiful ornamental plant has long been cultivated and used in the construction of rock gardens. The species is a Carpathian endemic and has a very small range. Its location is limited only to the Carpathians, but even here it is rare.
Included in the Red Book of the USSR.
Transylvanian columbine, Transylvanian eagle. Russian name- catchment - reflects the ability of a flower to collect water; Ukrainian - eagle - the similarity of the structure of the petals of a flower with the claws of an eagle.
The plant amazes with its magnificent, original-shaped flowers. Blue single pendulous flowers consist of oval sepals, at the base elongated into hooked-curved spurs containing nectar. The basal and stem tripartite leaves are very decorative. The flowering plant stands out beautifully against the backdrop of limestone rocks and emerald green forest glades.
Recently, the plant is very rare and requires protection. Included in the Red Book of the USSR and the Red Book of the URSR.
Saussurea veriflora. The plant is named after the Swiss naturalist Saussure.
Saussurea leaves have a very varied shape. The basal leaves are long-petioled; higher up the stem they become smaller and smaller and seem to grow together with it. The leaves are whitish from pubescence below, green and shiny above.
In late summer and autumn it blooms with small dark pink or purple flowers collected in an umbrella. The only habitat in the Ukrainian Carpathians is Mount Great Stone in the upper reaches of the White Cheremosh River. Here Saussurea grows in the crevices of limestone rocks.
The plant is of great value for science. It is listed in the Red Book of the USSR and the peak of Mount Velikiy Kamen, the habitat of a complex of rare species, is taken under protection.
In late summer and autumn in the Carpathians, in the mountain meadows, at the edges of the forest, you can find a plant whose appearance attracts attention. This is a stemless thorn, called elecampane by local residents. It is unusually beautifully woven into the green carpet of mountain pastures.
From a long and thick taproot grows a large rosette of very decorative, deeply cut, spiny leaves.
In August, a marvelous graceful flower up to 12 cm in diameter appears in the middle of the rosette. The round, velvety basket is surrounded by shiny, silvery-white, linear sepals, as if carved from precious metal, which are sometimes mistakenly called petals.
In the evening and in inclement weather, the radiant sepals curl up, covering the flowers in the basket, and at dawn they open again to meet the sun's rays.
This beautiful ornamental plant is being exterminated uncontrollably by the local population and tourists. The mountain residents attribute supernatural powers to him. In addition, it is torn down to decorate apartments.
The stemless thorn is taken under protection in all European countries.
Thistle thistle is also a rare plant, its range is sharply declining due to economic development of the territories. It grows in sparse forests, in dry forests of the Carpathians, Carpathian region, as well as in the Podolsk-Volyn Upland.
Powerful reddish tall stems are covered with pinnately divided spiny leaves and crowned with inflorescences similar to stemless thorn, but much smaller in size.
Due to its decorative value, thistleweed is destroyed to prepare dry winter bouquets.
Included in the Red Book of the USSR. To preserve it, it is necessary to organize small reserves.
White lumbago grows in subalpine mountain meadows. Autumn colors the bright green, long-petiolate, double-tripartite leaves in different tones - from yellow, orange, red to crimson-red and purple. The floral, white-pubescent stem, almost at the top, is surrounded by a ring of leaves, similar to basal ones, but smaller in size, forming a decorative collar, from which grows one large white flower. The stamens and pistils are arranged in a spiral pattern in the middle of the flower. The underside of the snow-white petals of the pale blue corolla is covered with hairs. Blooms from April to July. The collective fruit, consisting of numerous fluffy nut-shaped fruits, is not inferior in beauty to flowers.
The species is included in the Red Book of the URSR.
small primrose. This plant, up to only 7 cm high, is called a “climber”. The small primrose is a highland plant of Central European origin.
In the Carpathians it is found only on the mountains of Chernogora, Pop Ivan and in the Marmarosh massif.
Selects acidic soils with a granite base and warmer south-eastern slopes, where it grows in small tufts among rocks and in grassy meadows. Small growth allows the plant to adapt to harsh high-altitude conditions. The root is much longer than the aerial part, and many short stems extend from its apex, each of which ends in a rosette of leaves. The leaves are wedge-shaped, evergreen, covered with a waxy coating, serrated at the top.
In May, a short peduncle grows from a rosette of leaves bearing one rather large flower. The narrow, water-shaped corolla ends in five disc-shaped violet-pink petals. Each one has a deep sweetheart neckline. At the base of the petals, five stamens with white anther heads have grown around a white tube.
The plant is very decorative and requires full protection. Listed in the Red Book of the USSR and the Red Book of the URSR.
Jaquen's Fighter, Jaquen's Wolfsbane the rarest endemic species of the Ukrainian Carpathians. It is found in the Chivchinsky and Marmaroshsky mountains, on Chernogorsk.
At the end of summer, among the herbs, it is easy to notice a tall - up to 50 cm - stem with palmately dissected leaves, like lace. The stem ends at the top with a cluster of very large pale yellow flowers. The calyx is five-leaved, the upper sepal is larger and has the shape of a helmet.
Like all representatives of this genus, the plant is very poisonous. The most toxic parts of the plant are the roots and fruits.
Included in the "Chervona Book of the URSR".
We created our own laboratory and mastered the technology for the production of elite planting material for highbush blueberries, blackberries, edible honeysuckle, raspberries, and lingonberries.
In vitro culture is the growing of cells, tissues, organs on an artificial nutrient medium in absolutely sterile conditions under controlled physical factors (light, temperature, humidity, photoperiodicity).
Micropropagation – a variety vegetative propagation plants in in vitro culture. It is mastered on the phenomenon of totipotency (the ability to carry and restore genetic information of plants).
Advantages of micropropagation
- The method provides a high reproduction rate, which makes it possible to quickly introduce new plant varieties into production.
- During the propagation process, the health of the planting material is ensured.
- A small amount of starting material is required.
- The work is carried out in laboratory conditions and does not depend on factors external environment.
- Possibility of propagation of plants that are difficult to propagate in natural conditions.
The starting material for introducing plants into culture is usually elite plants, typical of the variety and without signs of infection.
Stages of microclonal propagation
- I. Sterilization of explants (any part of a plant cultivated under in vitro conditions). Introduction to in vitro culture. At this stage, it is important to ensure the successful placement of the explant on a nutrient medium, thereby observing the stretching of tissues through the differentiation of plant cells.
- II. Actually reproduction. The goal of this stage is to increase the number of shoots in in vitro culture. Reproduction at this stage is an important point. Meristematic centers are induced and develop in the bud or shoot.
- III. Rooting and adaptation in non-sterile conditions. At this stage, shoots are lengthened, roots are induced, and then transferred to greenhouse conditions.
Get more information
For IN-VITRO questions and to order seedlings, call or come.
In the laboratory
Many letters about the possibility of cloning in apartment conditions forced me to write this article.
Yes, theoretically this is possible.
(We, of course, have special equipment for this.)
This article is intended for ordinary people who do not have special education,
so I will write in simple language, without using special terms.
I ask scientists working in in vitro propagation laboratories to be kind to her.
First of all, let's look at all the pros and cons of micropropagation.
Minuses:
A high-quality process, if you follow all the rules, is a very expensive pleasure.
Therefore, it is profitable only in very large quantities - tens of thousands or more.
Few people in our country want to invest tens of thousands of dollars in this.
That is why we often deal with low-quality planting material. Plants do not tolerate adaptation well, chimeras sport, etc. During reproduction traditional way, weak plants simply die, and the strongest survive.
Pros:
If all the subtleties are observed, with microclonal propagation it is possible to obtain any quantity of equally high-quality planting material, which is not possible with traditional propagation. Subsequently, after adaptation, high-quality cloned plants are ahead in their development of their brothers grown in the traditional way.
If you have free time and a desire to try, then I will describe the first, in my opinion, the most important stage of this process. We will clone phalaenopsis. Since the nutrient medium contains everything necessary for the propagation of not only the culture we need, but also for all kinds of fungi, bacteria flying in the air and located on the plant itself, we need to go through the stage of obtaining a sterile culture.
Once you have sterile, viable material, further multiplying it is a matter of technique.
First, you must find a suitable premises. For example, a bathroom tiled with tiles is suitable. Wash it all using a disinfectant. First buy a 400W quartz lamp (50-100 UAH) from a medical equipment store, connect it to an ordinary choke (40-80 UAH). Quartz the room for 2-4 hours. Buy a cotton-gauze bandage, a robe, and a cap. You iron all these things and hang them in the room before quartzing. All auxiliary things, except, of course, plants, are brought into the room before quartzing. Any smallest speck of dust that gets into a sterile test tube with a nutrient mixture will grow into a large mold. Therefore, I would like to draw your attention to the responsibility of this stage. Naturally, you need to seal all the ventilation holes. Next, you will need tweezers, a scalpel, and sterile wipes (there should be at least 10 of them) on which you will trim the flower stalks. Empty jars, foil, instruments are sterilized in the oven at a temperature of at least 200 degrees for 2 hours. Linen shreds measuring 20 by 20 cm are suitable as napkins. Wrap them in food foil, all separately, and bake in the oven at 150 degrees for 3 hours (select the maximum temperature yourself so that they do not burn).
Buy distilled water at the pharmacy and pour it into 200 gram jars pre-sterilized in the oven. Cover the jars with burnt foil and sterilize, you can use it in the oven, pressure cooker, or microwave (replace the foil with paper). Next, prepare the sterilization solution. Ordinary bleach will do. Dilute it 10g per 100ml of distilled water. Wash the flower stalks in running water with laundry soap.
Here is a minimum of preliminary work.
Turn off the quartz lamp (you can get burned in 10 minutes), go into the room, bring in flower stalks, change clothes (put on a robe, cap, cotton-gauze bandage), wipe your hands and the table on which you will work with alcohol. No sudden movements.
Place a jar of sterilizing solution and three jars of sterilized distillate in front of you. Drop the flower stalks into the first jar. Use sterile tweezers to remove the first peduncle after 6 minutes, the second after 8, etc., the last after 20 minutes. Dip it immediately after the first jar into the distillate. Soak the flower stalks for 10 minutes. Sterilize the tweezers and scalpel in the flame of an alcohol lamp and allow them to cool before each subsequent use. Dip the flower stalks into the next jar of distillate. Then, also to the third. This is necessary to remove any remaining bleach. Unfold the foil with napkins and place one flower stalk on it. Trim the peduncle with a burnt scalpel. Leave 5mm below the dormant bud, and 3mm above. Open a test tube with a nutrient mixture (you buy it from me - 2 hryvnia each), plant a flower stalk there so that the dormant buds are above the surface, cover it with foil. And so on with each peduncle, changing napkins and sterilizing instruments. ALL.
Place the test tubes with flower stalks on the shelves. Temperature 25-28 degrees. Daylight hours are approximately 16 hours. Humidity 70%. If the test tubes are not overgrown with mold after two weeks, then you have completed sterilization. If after a month (maximum 1.5 months) the kidneys have not woken up, then you have re-sterilized. From dormant buds, subject to temperature regime, several small rosettes will grow, which you will clone in the future.
Well, do you still want to try this?
If you master this stage, then the next ones even more so.
M.: Indrik, 2014.
The collection was prepared for the anniversary of Doctor of Historical Sciences Irina Gennadievna Konovalova, deputy. director, chief researcher, head. Department of Special Historical Disciplines and Head. Center for Historical Geography of the Institute general history RAS, the largest orientalist in our country, the author of a large number of studies and publications of sources, an outstanding specialist in the field of historical geography, the executive editor of the almanac “Historical Geography” recently organized by her. The collection includes articles by her colleagues and friends written in the following areas: historical geography, humanitarian and cultural geography, history of geography and cartography.
For historians, geographers, philologists.
Under scientific edited by: V. Belik, G. Dzhamirzoev T. 1. Makhachkala: ALEF, 2011.
The collection of Proceedings of the IOO includes selected materials from the XIII International Ornithological Conference of Northern Eurasia, held in Orenburg on April 30 - May 6, 2010. The topics of the articles concern the history of the Menzbeer Ornithological Society and paleo-ornithology, common problems ornithology, fauna and systematics of birds, their ecology and evolution, as well as issues of protection of rare species. Among the information materials published is the Resolution of the XIII Ornithological Conference of Northern Eurasia
M.: MIEM NRU HSE, 2016.
The materials of the conference of students, graduate students and young specialists present abstracts of reports in the following areas: mathematics and computer modelling; information and communication technologies; design automation, data and knowledge banks, intelligent systems; computer educational products; Information Security; electronics and instrumentation; manufacturing technologies, nanotechnologies and new materials; information Technology in economics, business and innovation; innovative technologies in design. The conference materials may be useful for teachers, students, researchers and specialists specializing in the field of applied mathematics, information and communication technologies and electronics.
Korsakov I. N., Kuptsov S. M., Raznometov D. A. et al. Egyptian Computer Science Journal. 2013. Vol. 37.No. 7. P. 51-61.
This prototype development explains the challenges encountered during the ISO/IEEE 11073 standard implementation process. The complexity of the standard and the consequent heavy requirements, which have not encouraged software engineers to adopt the standard. The complexity developing evaluation drives us to propose two possible implementation strategies that cover almost all possible use cases and eases handling the standard by non-expert users. The first one is focused on medical devices (MD) and proposes a low-memory and low-processor usage technique. It is based on message patterns that allow simple functions to generate ISO/IEEE 11073 messages and to process them easily. MD act as X73 agent. Second one is focused on more powerful device X73 manager, which do not have the MDs" memory and processor usage constraints. The protocol between Agent and Manager is point-to-point and we can distribute the functionality between devices.
Developed both implementation X73 Agent and Manager will cut developing time for applications based on ISO/EEE 11073.
Yastrebov G. A., Krasilova A. N., Cherepanova E. S. RESEARCH Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑиалиÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑв. WP17. 2011. WP17/2011/02 (Part 2).
Hyafil A., Fontolan L., Kabdebon C. et al. eLife. 2015. No. 4. P. 1-45.
Many environmental stimuli present a quasi-rhythmic structure at different timescales that the brain needs to decompose and integrate. Cortical oscillations have been proposed as instruments of sensory de-multiplexing, i.e., the parallel processing of different frequency streams in sensory signals. Yet their causal role in such a process has never been demonstrated. Here, we used a neural microcircuit model to address whether coupled theta-gamma oscillations, as observed in human auditory cortex, could underpin the multiscale sensory analysis of speech. We show that, in continuous speech, theta oscillations can flexibly track the syllabic rhythm and temporally organize the phoneme-level response of gamma neurons into a code that enables syllable identification. The tracking of slow speech fluctuations by theta oscillations, and its coupling to gamma-spiking activity both appeared as critical features for accurate speech encoding. These results demonstrate that cortical oscillations can be a key instrument of speech de-multiplexing, parsing, and encoding.
In the context of the ongoing biotechnological revolution, the emergence innovative methods treatment, an increase in overall life expectancy, and changes in society's requirements for the effectiveness of health measures, there is inevitably an increase in the need for expenditures of the public health system. In this regard, it is extremely important to have a tool for assessing the socio-economic effectiveness of a decision, taking into account long-term consequences. The purpose of the pilot study was to create a methodologically sound economic basis for deciding on the advisability of allocating additional resources Russian system healthcare on technologies that are effective from a macroeconomic point of view. An assessment of the feasibility of introducing technologies for early diagnosis and treatment of two diseases was used as a demonstration example. musculoskeletal system. The results of the study demonstrated that the introduction of an early treatment model for arthritis into practical healthcare in Russia is a cost-effective and appropriate measure. Investments that are many times greater than the actual costs of his treatment can be justified from a macroeconomic point of view, bringing additional benefits to the state by reducing production losses due to a decrease in the level of disability and restoration of labor potential.
Yastrebov G. A., Krasilova A. N., Cherepanova E. S. RESEARCH Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑиалиÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑв. WP17. 2011. WP17/2011/02 (Part 1).
The material presented to the reader’s attention opens a series of publications, the purpose of which is to get acquainted with the results of the project “Comparative analysis of the development of human potential in post-socialist countries of Europe”, carried out by the Laboratory for Comparative Analysis of the Development of Post-Socialist Societies of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The work, in particular, formulates the main theoretical and methodological premises for the analysis of post-socialist transformations from the point of view of ensuring the viability of societies, under which, at the operational level, the degree of fulfillment of the population's needs for security, education, health, self-realization, demographic and social reproduction is considered. At the same time, taking into account the limitations of existing assessments based on such generally accepted integral indicators as the UN Human Development Index, the authors develop their own definition of vitality based on the classic definition of “health” proposed by the World Health Organization in 1948. A significant part of the work is occupied by a discussion collected from various sources (WHO, World Bank, UNDP, etc.) empirical information on the quality of human development in a number of countries in Europe and the CIS.
Within the spectrum of internal medicine, gastroenterology is one of the least scientifically supported areas. This does not mean, however, that its practice cannot be improved by the consistent use of evidence-based medicine approaches
The atlas contains 8 maps, graphs and tables illustrating the main patterns and restrictions in the field of solid waste disposal in the Central Federal District. The social significance of the Atlas lies in the identification and typology of the main “nuclei” of anthropogenic pollution, represented by landfills and solid waste dumps.
The creation of the atlas was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS grant No. 59-2013/N7 “Ecological risks in suburban and inter-settlement areas”)
The preprint analyzes some elements and indicators of e-government in various countries for 2009-2010, and their relationship with corruption in the public sector. It is widely accepted that corruption is an undesirable phenomenon. At the same time, discussions continue about which of the factors that determine it are most significant. The authors explore the possible causality of the established relationship between e-government and public sector corruption. Using econometric analysis of large country samples, the authors tested the strength of the relationship between e-government indicators and ICT Development Index indicators, such as the quality of online services and ICT use, on the one hand, and the level of perceptions of corruption, on the other hand. The main scientific publications, international rankings and databases of international organizations were analyzed. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are proposed to overcome the weaknesses of international comparative studies of e-government, as well as possible directions further research in the selected area.
The article discusses the basics of constructing models of measuring receivers intended for virtual research in the field of EMC, in forms other than circuit ones. Models based on digital signal processing, formal mathematical models, as well as those based on graphic programming are analyzed. A general conclusion is formulated about the prospects for using such models when building a computer-aided design system that implements the procedure for virtual certification of radio-electronic equipment based on the emission of radiated radio interference.
The work proposed a circuit model of individual flicker meter components. This model can be used to assess the level of flicker in electrical networks during virtual studies of conducted interference, which is a component general theory virtual certification. In the future, based on this model, engineering techniques can be developed aimed at solving practical problems in the field of EMC with the widespread use of automation and modeling tools.
Dividing contributions to a co-authored publication is a fundamental problem in bibliometrics. Its solution creates the basis for subsequent research. There are two solutions that do not require any additional information: index of equal sharing of co-authorship and Shapley index. Until now, the Shapley index has not been used due to the complexity of the calculation. This paper shows the equivalence of two indices for specially constructed cooperative games.
Book 2: Development of reliability models for design studies of the reliability of electronic equipment. M.: MIEM, 2010.
The results of the development of reliability models for design studies of the reliability of radio-electronic equipment, obtained during the implementation of II stage of research work « Development of methods and tools for design studies of the reliability of electronic equipment» carried out within the framework of the MIEM thematic plan on topic no.100077 : « Development of reliability models for design studies of the reliability of electronic equipment» .
The results of the development of unified topological models of the reliability of redundant groups are presented. Formal models of typical groups are described for loaded redundancy, for unloaded redundancy, for combined health control, for groups with switches and groups with recovery. Methods for implementing γ-percentage monitoring of the performance of electronic equipment and midranges are analyzed and recommendations are given for modifying the algorithms for generating time diagrams of states of typical redundant groups for various control methods. Methods are proposed for generating timing state diagrams for restored redundant groups for “serial” and “parallel” connections of components. The results of experimental testing of the developed models and methods for design studies of the reliability of electronic equipment are presented.
Gokhberg L., Fursov K., Perani G. Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators. DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012. No. DSTI/EAS/STP/NESTI(2012)9/ANN1.
The document contains draft methodological recommendations for statistical measurement of technology. It includes proposals for developing operational definitions of technologies, approaches to identifying classifications of new and emerging technologies, and proposals for developing technology life cycle metrics and data collection strategies. The developed recommendations are proposed to be used as a methodological basis for a harmonized system for collecting and interpreting statistical data on technologies. The appendix provides information on available definitions of technology and a summary of the results of a study of the experiences of national statistical offices in the field of statistical observation of science and technology.
The cherished desire to acquire a new plant product produced in Holland, Thailand, Japan, the USA, Poland, France and other countries advanced in plant breeding with minimal investment provokes us to consider such a position as meristem plants or plants in vitro, which means purchasing plants in test tubes, flasks or jars and independently adapting them to the growing conditions in the ground. The question immediately arises - what is it and how to use it.
When many people hear the term “test tube plant,” they associate it with genetically modified plants. This is a misconception in ordinary culture in vitro genetic engineering no one applies it, all genes remain in the positions that Mother Nature has prepared for them.
The meristem method of plant propagation is a vegetative method of plant propagation, which is carried out using microcuttings, namely cuttings from the very tip of the shoot - the meristem. This is where the method got its name.
Propagating plants by the meristem method at home is problematic; this requires special laboratory equipment, tools and utensils, sterile conditions, special nutrient media, hormones and something else. But you can purchase ready-made indoor and garden plants, multiplied in vitro, according to catalogs of gardening companies, and independently adapt them to environmental conditions using our recommendations.
Benefits of Meristem Plants
1. Absence of fungal, viral and bacterial infections;
2. Genetic homogeneity of planting material
3. Reproduction of hybrid plants or plants with rare traits that may be lost during seed propagation
4. Possibility of supplying plants all year round
5. Reproduction of plants that do not produce seed offspring
6. Increasing the rate of plant growth and development
7. Low cost of planting material
Transplanting a plant from a test tube into soil
1. One day before planting meristem plants from a container, it is necessary to prepare the soil substrate. To do this, you need to take a soil mixture suitable for the crop and treat it either thermally or chemically.
— Thermal method at home: the soil is steamed at a temperature of 100 ºС for 1 hour.
— If you don’t want to stir up dirt in the kitchen, the soil can be treated with fungicides. To do this, use a solution of potassium permanganate or the drugs Fitosporin-M, Previkur, Vitaros, Maxim.
It is advisable to use peat tablets for planting meristem plants. Initially, during production, peat tablets are steamed, so the presence of infections and viruses in them is excluded. When growing plants in peat tablets, it is also necessary to add additional fertilizer.
2. Before opening the container with meristem plants, you need to prepare tweezers to remove it and a solution of potassium permanganate to wash the roots from nutrient medium in which it grew. In addition, you first need to form holes in the planting mixture.
3. To wash the roots, you will need about 1 liter of potassium permanganate solution and a container such that it is convenient for you to carry out all the manipulations, for example a small basin. The solution should be pale pink in color so as not to burn the plants.
5. Gently release root system plants from a test tube from the gel, thoroughly washing it in a solution of potassium permanganate. Remains of the growing medium can provoke the development of mold.
6. Now you can proceed directly to planting the plant in the substrate.
7. After this, place the planted plants in a greenhouse or aquarium, gradually harden them, not forgetting to maintain the optimal humidity regime for this type of plant.
8. The hardening process will take almost a month, then you can plant the plant in open ground.
Adaptation of meristem plants to environmental conditions
If you read on the label that meristem plants do not get sick, this means that you received healthy, virus-free material. But as soon as you take it out of the sterile conditions of the container, infections from the environment immediately attack it with full force. Therefore, when the first signs of fungal or bacterial infections appear, immediately treat the plant with a fungicide.
Disadvantages of meristem plants
In principle, meristem plants cannot have any disadvantages. But, as they say, the human factor can play a role here too. The desire of dishonest entrepreneurs to quickly and earn a lot can lead to the fact that at the initial stage of introducing the plant into culture, they used low-quality media or did not add enough necessary hormones, in which case the plant may lose some valuable qualities. Therefore, it is necessary to purchase meristem plants from enterprises that have proven themselves in the market for the production of planting material.
Natalya Vysotskaya, dendrologist, candidate of sciences. -X. Sci.
2012 - 2014, . All rights reserved.
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