The human body is permeated with hundreds and thousands of nervous endings. They quietly "live" to themselves in the tissues, we do not notice their presence. But as soon as the nerve roots unceremonably disturbing the mechanical stimulus - they very loudly declare themselves instant patient. Remember how it hurts, if you were inadvertently inflicted, it seemed to be a trifling cut or tritely crushed with an acute subject.
What is already talking about surgical manipulations, from small outpatient interventions up to many hours of hospital operations, when the hands of the surgeon, his scalpel, clamps, tweezers and the whole honest company of mechanical stimuli told fabrics and nerve endings in them? If the nervous sprigs of the body were disturbed over a long time, the man would die from pain. Therefore, during surgical manipulations to help surgeons, anesthesia comes, or anesthesia.
Table of contents:What does the term "anesthesia" mean
The elegant word "anesthesia" is decrypted: "An-" - denotes denial, "-stsia" - translates from ancient Greek as "sensitivity". That is, anesthesia is any method (or complex of methods), which leads to a temporary decrease in or disappearance of tissue sensitivity.
Types of anesthesia
Two large anesthesia groups distinguish:
- local (When the sensitivity of individual tissues of the human body is turned off);
- general (When a person, figuratively speaking, sleeps and does not feel anything).
Immediately make a reservation that anesthesia is only common, such a thing as "local anesthesia", not - However, this erroneous term is deeply rooted in nearby patient conversations. Will you conquer your surgeon if you ask as follows: "The operation is to be under local anesthesia or shared?".
Each of the mentioned groups of anesthesia includes several tracking options. The choice depends on:
Varieties of local anesthesia:
- superficial;
- infiltration;
- explorer regional and central.
Varieties of general anesthesia:
- inhalation anesthesia;
- intravenous anesthesia;
- endotracheal (or intubation) anesthesia.
Surface anesthesia
Popular in dentistry, ophthalmology, otorinolaryngology, outpatient (that is, in the clinical conditions) surgery and traumatology.
In order to surface anesthesia, the skin or mucous membranes are lubricated or sprayed with drugs containing the ingredient, which blocks pulses in nerve roots and does not give pain during surgical manipulation.
With surface anesthesia, such forms of drugs are rimeing as:
- ointment;
- gels;
- creams;
- sprays.
"Pros": Concentration of painkillers Mala, so they almost never cause side effects.
"Minuses": In this case, the anesthesia can be performed non-sufficient surgical manipulation on a limited body area.
Indications: It is used if you need to perform any manipulations in the tissues located superficially.
Contraindications: Individual intolerance of anesthetic.
Infiltration Anesthesia
It is used in the case when the doctor needs to get deep into the tissues to perform a small amount of manipulation (operation):
Previously, infiltration anesthesia was practiced by individual surgeons in some extensive operations (for example, in appendectomy), but the popular in such cases did not become, since, to put it mildly, did not give a full effect.
For infiltration anesthesia, anesthetic (novocaine, lidocaine, trimecain or others) are gained in the syringe and administered step by step in the tissue.
The actions algorithm is:
- the very first injection of an anesthetic drug is performed intraderially (they make the so-called "lemon crust");
- the needle pushes deeper and deeper, while gradually and evenly introduce a anesthetizing drug throughout the volume of tissues, which will be involved in surgical manipulation or surgery (figuratively speaking, "impregnate" anesthetic fabrics like a syrup cake).
Ideally performed infiltration anesthesia - that, during which the patient felt only the first injection.
"Pros": Anesthetics in infiltration anesthesia act at the local level, without harm to organs and systems of organs.
"Minuses": the inability to expand, if necessary, an operating field without introducing an additional dose of anesthetic (for example, if it was found in the mouth of the pus, which need to be carefully sanitized (cleaned), but which are outside the anesthesia zone).
Indications: simple and non-elusive surgical manipulations and operations.
Contraindications: High pain threshold of the patient, extensive operational field, individual intolerance to anesthesia drugs.
Explore anesthesia
Often, the volume of the operation is assumed to be "to turn off" the sensitivity of a large array of tissues. Instead of performing infiltration anesthesia for a very long time and grind a large number of anesthetic in the tissue, the doctors came up with blocking a large nervous structure, on which sensitivity depends in a particular area of \u200b\u200bthe body.This automatically blocked the transmission of nerve (pain) pulses in a plurality of nerve branches, twigs and small nerve endings, which depart from this large structure (nervous barrel, plexus, and so on).
Explore anesthesiawideused in surgical interventions in:
- traumatology;
- orthopedics;
- vascular surgery;
- urology;
- maxillofacial surgery;
- obstetrics and gynecology;
- abdominal surgery;
- purulent surgery;
- proctology.
Varieties of conductor regional anesthesia:
Varieties of conductor Central anesthesia:
- spinal- anesthetic tool is injected into the subarachnoid space, where it is evenly distributed and blocks pulses in the spinal roots, which (impulses) will not be disturbed by the spinal cord;
- - anesthetic is introduced into epidural space, while not piercing a solid brain shell (which is a certain "plus" of this type of conductor central anesthesia);
- caudal - "child" version of epidural anesthesia at the lowest level of the spine - the level of the sacrum (Kauda is translated from Latin as a "tail").
"Pros": The patient can contact the surgeon, its partial motor activity is preserved, there is no systemic toxic poisoning anesthetic, because it is not introduced into the bloodstream.
"Minuses": Ability to injure needle large nervous structures.
Indications: Need to paink large areas of tissues, the impossibility of performing inhalation, intravenous or endotracheal anesthesia (for example, in the elderly, with severe diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems).
Contraindications: the impossibility of performing due to anatomical features (for example, the deformation of the spine or the scar tissue at the point of the puncture of the needle).
Inhalation anesthesia
Located in the competence of anesthesiologists. It is one of the frequently used and beloved anesthesiologists of the anesthesia for the reason that it is easy to perform and acts briefly (after small operational interventions it is not necessary to wait a long time until the patient leaves medication sleep).
The technique of inhalation anesthesia is pretty infertility. Through a mask in the respiratory system, drugs are introduced, which cause medicine sleep. He "turns off" the patient from the outside world and his stimuli is the most important thing from pain because of the introduction of surgical instruments in tissue.
Most often, drugs are used for inhalation anesthesia, nitrogen, trile, ftorotan, etan.
"Pros": relatively easy to manage yourself.
"Minuses": short-term - and this is not a surgeon, he is forced to perform the manipulation promptly so that the patient does not wake up before its end.
Indications: simple and non-elusive manipulations, which, however, require the patient to introduce into a medical sleep.
Contraindications: Acute diseases from the respiratory system.
Intravenous anesthesia
The name speaks for itself - the patient is immersed in medication sleep after intravenous administration of drugs. Intravenous anesthesia is more complicated, for it requires calculating the administered doses. But in comparison with the inhalation anesthesia, his "plus" is definitely in the fact that it acts longer and deeply - figuratively speaking, the patient is stronger.
It is used for simple, non-sufficient and uncomplicated operational interventions in the hospital (appendectomy, the stitching of extensive wounds, sometimes - hrying and so on, as well as during operational interventions in children). Applicable in the outpatient surgery, if the patient refuses hospitalization to the hospital, and surgical intervention can be carried out in the operating or dressing of the polyclinic department, but it can delay or fraught with painful syndrome. First of all, we are talking about the opening of enormous uterines requiring careful sanation (cleaning from pus), painful manipulations in the perineum and rectum and so on.
In classical anesthesia, thiopental, recopol, sodium oxybutirate, with atalagesia (surface anesthesia) - Sibison with ftentatyl are used.
"Pros": Immersed in the drug sufficient depth.
"Minuses": Does not relax muscles with extensive and long surgical operations.
Indications: Stationary surgical interventions of the average difficulty.
Contraindications: Diseases from the CSS (cardiovascular system), individual diseases of the respiratory system (for example,), pronounced violations by the central nervous system and psyche.
Endotracheal (intubation) anesthesia
It is the most difficult of all without anesthesia methods. At the same time, the most effective. During his patient, the patient is not only deeply immersed in sleep - with the help of special drugs, muscles relaxes, which is very important for the convenience of performing surgeons of many components of the operation elements.
Preparations of Miorosanta, which relax muscles, including "turn off" aperture and intercostal muscles - the patient cannot breathe independently, so it is connected to the device of external respiration using an endotracheal tube. Hence the name of this method of anesthesia.
Stages of endotracheal anesthesia next:
- intravenous administration of drugs that immerse the patient into medication sleep;
- introduction of Miorlaxants, "turning off" muscles;
- trachea intubation (introduction into the trachea of \u200b\u200ba laryngoscope, and with its help - an endotracheal tube);
- artificial ventilation of the lungs and maintaining a state of medication sleep.
"Pros": Provides complete immobilization of the patient, and therefore, the absolute freedom of the surgeons, which during surgery does not need to overcome the tension of the patient's muscles.
"Minuses": Complicated in performance, implies the introduction of a whole mix of drugs (in particular, narcotic and minelaxants), which will subsequently be displayed on the activities of the central nervous system.
Indications: Long-term complex stripe operations about the diseases of the biliary system, the stomach, intestines, the progenit of the retroperitoneal space and the chest, peritonitis, and so on.
Contraindications: diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, elderly age.
About the ideal anesthesia method
It is not. Each method of anesthesia is appropriate under certain conditions. Pi choosing anesthesia method must be taken into account the upcoming surgical manipulation (in particular, its volume and duration), carefully analyze the clinical situation, the patient's condition, the presence of concomitant diseases, indications and contraindications to the fulfillment of a method of anesthesia.
Kovtonuk Oksana Vladimirovna, Medical Observer, Surgeon, Consultant Doctor
Plastic operations always remain in demand for various reasons. These may be injuries, various diseases, etc. Plastic is used in surgical intervention on the esophagus, joints, skin covers.
Quite a lot of operations is carried out in aesthetic surgery. They are designed to correct the appearance. Modern techniques in aesthetic surgery were able to use specialists due to highly developed anesthesia.
What is anesthesia for the purposes of PC
Anesthesia is needed for such purposes:
- getting rid of pain syndrome, unpleasant sensations, strong operational stress;
- the creation of suitable conditions for carrying out all the necessary manipulations by the surgeon;
- preventing the threat of life operated, which may arise due to the nuances of the operation, a certain type of anesthetic.
Each type of operation is considered physical, psychological trauma. Peripheral receptors that are localized inside the dermis, muscles, serous, mucous membranes of all organs perceive the effects of an irritant. These pulses are sent to the spinal cord on nerves, nervous trunks. Then they go to the brain.
Pain during surgery is only awareness of the bark of the brain damage caused by the body. This perception is possible due to the irritation of peripheral pain receptors. Medical sleep without anesthesia or with superficial anesthesia, will not be able to prevent the negative impact of pain on the body.
During the period of sleep, pain impulses are sent through nervous trunks, spinal cord to such authorities:
- respiratory centers;
- cardiovascular center;
- smooth, transverse muscles;
- endocrine glands.
Due to this reaction, a complex response is developing, which is manifested by such violations of the organs of organs, systems:
- change of depth, respiratory rhythm;
- unconscious muscle contractions;
- peripheral vessel spasms;
- change of frequency, heart rhythm;
- increase / decrease in blood pressure;
- an increase in blood clotting;
- violation of the functioning of the kidneys, liver;
- blood microcirculation disorder;
- deterioration of metabolic processes.
If the kind of anesthesia does notice the doctor incorrectly or hold an anesthesia procedure unqualified, it may worsen healing wounds, increase the recovery period after the operation, will prevent the surgeon to perform the task, it may cause traumatic consequences.
Anesthesia in plastic surgery and its features - the topic of this video:
Types of anesthesia in plastic surgery
The difference in anesthesia methods is the nuances:
- scope;
- mechanism of action on the body;
- the complexity of the holding;
- equipment, preparations used for anesthesia;
- features of the technique of conducting.
Considering these factors, specialists allocate such types of anesthesia:
- local;
- conductive;
- regional;
- general anesthesia.
For the first three types of anesthesia use the following drugs:
- "Narrow".
- "MARKAIN".
- "Bupivakain".
The listed means are about the same mechanism of action. These medicines interrupt the transmission of pulses from pain, temperature, tactile receptors along the conductive nervous system. To the depth, the area, the duration of anesthesia affects such factors as:
- drug itself;
- the volume of the introduced anesthetic;
- concentration of anesthetic;
- method of administration;
- the place of administration of the drug.
Local
In plastic surgery, local anesthesia can be carried out by the following methods:
- application. The essence of this method of administration of anesthetic is to apply a local anesthetic in the form of a gel, ointment, a patch on a small plot of dermis, mucous membrane. In this case, the anesthesia is short-term, superficial character, surgeons can be used, cosmetologists when performing low-estended manipulations on a small area of \u200b\u200bskin. This method of anesthesia can provoke only;
- injection. This technique among specialists is called local infiltration anesthesia. Performs its operating surgeon. The essence of this method of anesthesia is the layer in the introduction of anesthetic medication by repeated injections inside the dermis, subcutaneous tissue. Anesthetic is introduced into the operating zone on the desired doctor's depth. At this type of anesthesia, the patient does not feel pain, but it can be disturbed by unpleasant sensations.
If a specialist will observe the established dosages, take into account the patient's weight, the overall condition of the patient, the negative toxic effect of the drug is excluded. The emergence of complications is possible only when a significant overdose or the drug is introduced into the bloodstream. In this case, an allergic reaction may be manifested.
If adrenaline is added to the anesthetics, small vessels are narrowing. This increases the duration of the validity of the drugs used, reduces resorption to blood (suction). Infiltration anesthesia is used mainly when carrying out minor operations, painful manipulations in the field of limbs, other parts of the body (,).
Conductor
Conductive anesthesia carries out surgeon (more often anesthesiologist). The essence of this method of anesthesia is to introduce anesthetic to the conductive nerve area, several nerves, nervous trunk at a remote distance from the area of \u200b\u200boperational manipulations. This method of introducing an anesthetic drug provides a blockade for further pulses. It is commonly used in cosmetic surgery to conduct operations in the limbs (most often below the knee, elbow joint), on the face, at.
Conductive anesthesia in plastic surgery is used very rarely.
The minus of this method of administration lies in the fact that before the introduction of anesthetic requires trial identification of the nerve barrel, nerve through the needle, and this causes unpleasant and painful sensations.
Also, this type of manipulation is associated with the risk of damage to a large, near the undergoing medium vessel. It may arise large, the nerve, nervous trunk may also be injured. These complications may cause long-term disorders of the skin sensitivity, violation of the normal operation of muscle fibers in the innervation area. In addition, the recovery period is significantly increased.
Regional
This type of anesthesia only performs an experienced anesthesiologist. It is used with volumetric, very painful, traumatic operations. Regional anesthesia is two types:
Spinal
This type of anesthesia is called spinal, subarachnoid anesthesia. For local anesthesia use such medicines:
- "MARKAIN".
- "Lidokain".
- "Narrow".
- "BUVICAIN".
These drugs are injected into the spinal channel (1 to 3 ml) by means of a special long, thin needle. This needle is introduced between the last chest and the first lumbar vertebrae (1 - 2, 2 - 3 lumbar vertebrae). In these levels there is no spinal cord, which prevents its damage.
The anesthesia occurs after 1 - 3 minutes and lasts about 40 - 120 minutes (the action of anesthetic depends on the type of preparation used). The anesthesia area covers an area by 2 - 4 cm. Above navel and to the plantar surface. If you decrease the volume of anesthetic, the upper level of anesthesia is reduced.
This procedure is painless, which ensures complete anesthesia of operational intervention. The spinal anesthesia provides the blockade of the transfer of pulses to the transverse muscles (this ensures its complete relaxation). This anesthetic method provides optimal conditions for the operation of the surgeon, it is used when, plastic outdoor genital organs;
Epidural
This type of anesthesia is similar to the spinal manner, efficiency. But in this case, the doctor uses a higher diameter needle than with spinal anesthesia. Anesthetic is not injected inside the spinal channel. The drug (10 - 20 ml) applies on top of a solid cerebral shell. It is washes by sensitive, motor portions of nerve roots included in the spinal cord segments or leaving them.
To perform an operation on the middle departments of the chest, the pelvis, the stomach, the anesthetic is introduced into a certain level (the average germ, Nizhnegorudna, Lumbar). The duration of anesthesia, as in the spinal anesthesia.
The advantage of this method is the opportunity to additionally enter anesthetic through the catheter, which ensures an increase in the duration of anesthesia to 7 to 8 hours.
From possible complications should be specified:
- soreness in the spine;
- epidural hematoma;
- oppression of breathing;
- total spinal block (it is triggered by a random bunch of a solid cerebral shell).
General anesthesia
The essence of common anesthesia is to oppress the cortex of the brain, subcortical structures. Depending on the depth of anesthesia, vessels can be coated, respiratory centers in the oblong brain. Pain impulses come to the brain, but their perception is oppressed, the response.
The main types of general anesthesia are:
- Intravenous. It is carried out through "propofol", "Diprivan", "";
- Inhalation. The essence of this method is to introduce anesthetic into the blood through inhalation. Typically, doctors use "Narkan", "Sevoran", "Nitrogen", "Isofluinar".
The inhalation method of anesthesia is two types:
- Masky. It is carried out with the patient's independent breath using a mask that connects to the gas mixture;
- Endotracheal. This type of anesthesia is carried out in several stages:
- intravenous anesthesia through the "professional", "hexenal", "Dormicum", "Ketami";
- introduction of an intubation tube attached to the anesthesia;
- the introduction of long-term relaxants, the beginning of the main anesthesia;
- disagreement of anesthesia after surgery.
Anesthesia in plastic surgery. About the "tube" in the throat will tell the surgeon in the video below:
Contraindications
From contraindications to anesthesia in plastic surgery, doctors are selected as follows:
- decompensated pathology of internal organs (,
Local anesthesia (the national name is also found - local anesthesia) - an anesthesia of a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe body in disruption of the conductivity of the nerves innervating this area. A pain relief effect is achieved by introducing drugs in tissue, called local anesthetics.
It is worth noting that the term "local anesthesia" is a popular name, but from the point of view of medicine, which is not the faithful and carrier of any semantic load, as the anesthesia is caused by the braking of the central nervous system and the immersion of a person in the unconscious state.
The anesthesia by local anesthetics is characterized by a relatively low risk of the occurrence of undesirable consequences, the same safety and the ability to use both adults and for children, relatively weak exposure to the fruit, which makes it possible to use it during pregnancy.
Local pain relief is very widely used and effectively used in almost all directions of medicine. The most frequently applicable method in dentistry and surgery, including for uncomplicated extensive operations.
Types of local anesthesia
"Local anesthesia" along with the vast of applications also provides an abundance of its species, which determine its popularity.
Application anesthesia
Video
Attention! The information on the site is represented by specialists, but is familiarized and cannot be used for independent treatments. Be sure to advise your doctor!
Local Anesthesia: Types, Methods, Preparations
In medicine, local anesthesia is called temporary "shutdown" of tissue sensitivity at the site of procedures that can cause acute pain or strong discomfort. This is achieved by blockade of receptors responsible for the formation of pain pulse, and sensitive fibers, according to which these pulses are carried out in the brain. The main distinguishing feature of local anesthesia is to find a person in consciousness during her action. This kind of anesthesia acts on the receptors, which are located below the chest level. In addition to complete pain relief, local anesthesia eliminates other tactile sensations, including temperature effects, pressure on fabric or their stretching. Conducting local anesthesia is possible in the following areas: The main goal, which is pursued by local anesthesia, is to block the occurrence of pulses and their transfer to the preservation of consciousness. In medicine there are the following varieties of anesthesia, differing in some signs and scope of application: Each species has a list of testimony and contraindications that need to be considered when they are conducted. This species is also known as appliquancy or surface anesthesia. Basic applications are dentistry, gastroenterology and proctology. From other species, terminal local anesthesia (anesthesia) is distinguished by the method: anesthetics in the form of a spray, gel or ointments are applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. In the Proctology, topics, local sheltering gels and spray (cathettget, Lidokhlor, Lidocaine, etc.) are used when conducting a proctological examination and diagnostic manipulations: rectal inspection, aososcopy, rectoromanososcopy. The study at the same time becomes almost painless. Also, local anesthesia in proctologists are used in carrying out some of therapeutic manipulations: latex ligation of hemorrhoidal nodes, hemorrhoid sclerotherapy, infrared coagulation of internal hemorrhoidal nodes, as well as at biopsy from the rectum. Infiltration Anesthesia It is used in dentistry and surgery, and is the introduction of special solutions into soft tissues. The result of the procedure, in addition to a pronounced anesthetic effect, becomes an increase in pressure in tissues, and, as a result, the narrowing of blood vessels in them. This species implies the introduction of anesthetic near the large nerve fibers and their plexuses, so that there is anesthesia on localized areas. It is divided into the following types of local anesthesia: It is used primarily with surgical interventions on the limbs. The introduction of drugs is possible only when the hemostatic harness is applied. Anesthetic is introduced into the blood vessel located near the nerve that is responsible for the sensitivity of the limb on the site below the place of administration of the drug. In recent years, due to the emergence of more efficient local anesthetics, the number of proctological operations carried out with the use of local anesthetics has increased significantly. In addition, our experts have developed a combination anesthesia technique - a combination of local anesthesia and intravenous anesthesia. This significantly reduces total anesthesia toxicity and reduces the severity of pain in the postoperative period, which allows the patient to recover faster after the operation. Most often during proctological operations (hemorrhroid, excision of the anal cracks, small paragreotal fistulas, rectain polyps), a paragreutal blockade is used as well as spinal anesthesia. The following drugs are applied to local anesthesia: Each of them is effective when conducting a certain type of anesthesia. So, Novocain Dicain and Lidocaine are more often used if necessary to paink skin and mucous membranes, while more powerful preparations, such as naropin and bupivacaine, are used for spinal and epidural anesthesia. All methods of local anesthesia have the same list of readings, and are applied if necessary for a short time (up to one and a half hours) to anesthetize a specific area. Use them recommended: Contraindications to local anesthesia are the following states: Do not use local anesthesia and with a large amount of therapeutic or diagnostic manipulations that can take a long time. The use of local anesthetics carries certain risks, including several types of complications: In most cases, the listed problems arise in violation of the technique of anesthesia, or with an insufficiently complete anamnesis collection. To learn more about the views and methods of holding local anesthesia in our clinic, you can have a anesthesiologist's doctor, consult with which you can online. Fill out the form below indicating the address of your email to learn more information from the specialist.Local Anesthesia: Types, Methods, Preparations
What is local anesthesia
Types of local anesthesia
Terminal anesthesia
Regional anesthesia
Intravascular anesthesia
Preparations for local anesthesia
Indications for local anesthesia
Contraindications
Possible complications when using local anesthesia
How to ask a question specialist
To be accurate, then the concepts "local anesthesia" - it does not exist, to indicate the temporary pain reliefing of a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe human body, it is necessary to use the term "local anesthesia" or "local anesthesia". But since the name "Local Anesthesia" is common in everyday life, then in the article we will use it in the meaning of "local anesthesia".
Anesthesia of this type is used if necessary for small operations that do not require general anesthesia (for example, teeth treatment).
Anesthesia is carried out by smoking the region with a local solution, which is injected into the skin and other anatomical structure of the zone in which the operation will be carried out. Such injections are superficial, although in some cases the drugs are introduced deep enough. It is assumed to use special thin needles, so the procedure for administering drugs is completely painless.
Similar pain relief is used in almost all areas of medicine: surgery, gynecology, urology, dentistry, proctology, etc.
In those areas where anesthetics were introduced, patients can feel the cutting of the body or the feeling of heat. This is short-term and fast discomfort. The operation near the local is often carried out with some preservation of tissue sensitivity, so the patient during the execution of manipulations by doctors can feel that something happens in the operated region, but it will not feel any pain.
To put the mental state of the patient, to reduce its anxiety and excitement, preparation for local anesthesia often involves the use of sedatives.
What drugs are used?
For local anesthesia, the following drugs are most often applied:
1. Lidocaine. It is one of the most common for conductor anesthesia. It has a longer and strong effect, if compared with Novocaine. In significant concentrations, it can be used to anesthetizing the mucous membranes due to irrigation and lubrication.
2. Novocaine. Non-toxic remedy with a wide therapeutic effect. Used for all types of local anesthesia at various concentrations, depending on the operation and indications.
3. Trimkain. Used for conductor anesthesia. The drug has a fairly strong and prolonged anesthetic effect. Local anesthesia drug is safe and completely painless for humans. Silent low toxicity.
4. Angaine. A potent drug with a long exposure to the necessary area of \u200b\u200bthe body. Used with appropriate indications and when conducting specific operations.
5. Dicain. Used, as a rule, for terminal anesthesia by treating the mucous membrane with irrigation or lubrication. Stronger novocaina 10-20 times. Can be used for epidural anesthesia. The use of the drug is limited due to its high toxicity, in comparison with other anesthetics. In addition, the consequences after the local anesthesia of this type can be dangerous.
6. Chloroethyl - liquid in ampoules. The local anesthetic effect of chloroethyl is based on the ability of the drug to quickly evaporate from the surface of the skin, causing it sharp cooling and freezing of the surface layer with the onset of local anesthesia.
Most often, the anesthetic of this type is used in the patient's failure from general anesthesia. It is believed that the human body better transfers these drugs. 
Views
Varieties of local anesthesia are usually classified depending on the level of the medication blockade of pain sensitivity and methods of its implementation. The following types of local anesthesia are distinguished (anesthesia):
- The blockade of the receptor apparatus and nerve sprigs that are departed from it. This group includes terminal anesthesia and any infiltration methods;
- Blockade of certain nerve conductors. This group includes conductive anesthetic methods: anesthesia of plexus, peripheral nerves, spinal cord roots;
- The blockade of the sensitive apparatus of a particular zone of the limb is generally due to the impregnation with the drug tissue. Anesthetic enters in this case through the microcircular channel. It is assumed to perform intraosnial or intravenous anesthesia.
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