The Christian holiday in honor of St. Luke the Evangelist has long been listed on the calendar on October 18th. However, since it came into use new calendar, this day was moved to the 31st of the same month. On this date, it is customary to honor the memory of one of Peter’s associates, who played a large role in the development of Orthodoxy in its original form. Thus, the memory of Luke, the apostle and evangelist, has been revered from time immemorial in the church and among the people.
The bow was of great importance on this day, probably because of its consonance with the name of the saint. They ate it on this day to improve their health. So that family relationships were always trusting and exceptionally kind, the people prayed in front of the icon of Luke. Fishermen, as well as gardeners, often turned to Luka to help with their catch or harvest.
The life of the Evangelist Luke left a mark on the history of Christianity
Saint Luke began his life in Antioch, in Ancient Syria. He occupied one of the places of honor among the 70 apostles of Christ. Luke helped Paul preach sermons while practicing medicine. He practically never separated from Paul and even went on a missionary journey with him. Luke did not abandon him in difficulties even when everyone turned away from the saint.
After the death of his closest friend, Luke left Rome, where he spent last days with Paul, and began to preach the teachings of Christ in other countries. The last city that Luke managed to visit was Thebes. There his life ended in agony. Orthodox history says that it was with the hands of Luke that one of the very first icons of the Mother of God was painted. Icons of Paul and Peter are also attributed to his creations. But what Luke became most famous for was the Gospel he wrote in the 60s.
Traditions on the day of memory of the Evangelist Luke
Onions were the main vegetable on the tables on the day of honoring the memory of the Evangelist Luke. Since ancient times, there has been a saying among people that onions can cure all ailments. On this holiday, it was customary to trade this vegetable, even though it was not in great demand.
At the dinner table on Luke's day it was customary to eat a small piece of onion. Thanks to this, the body was filled with health and strength, which St. Luke endowed this vegetable with. There used to be a belief that any chronic illness could have been cured at once after such a meal on the day of October 18th. In addition, onions were used to treat sores and wounds on the skin. To do this, you had to crush this vegetable into a pulp and put it on sore spot. Girls, wanting to preserve their beauty for a long time, applied this mixture to their faces and hair.
Fishermen have been preparing to go out on the water since the day of Luka’s memory. Therefore, it was customary to ask the saint for more catch and protection from misfortunes. More often than not, fishermen would cast their nets and wait for enough fish to become entangled in them.
There was another, no less effective, way of fishing. It was used at a time when it was already getting dark early. To do this, they attached a torch to the boat and set it on fire. The fish swam up to the light from the fire and then it could be caught without any problems.
On the Feast of the Evangelist Luke, watch for signs
You have to wait for clear weather if the clouds move from north side to the south. If the opposite happens, then bad weather must occur. The absence of rain is promised by the Moon, whose horns are turned to the north. If they face south, it will be slushy until November.
The pale Moon on the day of Luke speaks of possible snowfall and frost. But the snow will quickly leave the ground if the cherry tree has not yet dropped its leaves. A ruffe that gets tangled in a net promises a bad catch for fishermen.
Erofeev day. Erofey. Since Erofey, winter puts on a fur coat. On Erofey's day, goblins play fools in the forests - they wander, shout, clap their hands, laugh, but with the first roosters crow they fall through the ground - until the future warmth. Superstitious people do not go into the forest. By popular belief: the forest sees, and the field hears - on this day. Winds blow in front and behind the devil. Therefore, the trace of the devil is not visible, the whirlwinds cover his trace. On this day, the evil wicked perform their evil witchcraft so that a person’s happiness will be bypassed.
From Eurofey the cold is stronger. On Eroff’s day, one “Erofeich” warms the soul.
Hierofei (Erofeev's day). On Erofei, the goblin disappear: they break trees, chase animals and fall through. Peasants don’t go into the forest - the devil gets mad.
The color of the squirrel's coat has changed - due to the frosty winter.
A bullfinch sings at the foot of a fence - a sign of bad weather.
Telegraph wires are buzzing louder than usual - a sign of bad weather.
« Erofeich"is an old Russian tincture, which, according to legend, was invented in 1768 by the barber of Count Alexei Grigorievich Orlov, whom everyone simply called Erofeyich. With her help, he cured the count of a stomach illness and restored his appetite. Erofeich had one remedy for all diseases - vodka infused with fragrant herbs.
For 10 liters of vodka, put 50 grams of any mint, 50 grams of anise, St. John's wort, oregano, thyme, sweet clover, marjoram, yarrow, wormwood, put all this in a large 10- to 12-liter bottle in a warm place. After this, you can consume it, draining the grounds or without draining, as you wish; You can again pour half the proportion of vodka onto the grounds and leave it in a warm place for a month.
Tales of the Russian people collected by I.P. Sakharov.
The belief about the devil.
Our villagers think that from now on, goblin will stop wandering through the forest. Parting with the forest, as if out of annoyance, they break trees like canes, tear out seven spans of earth in clearings, drive all the animals into holes, and themselves fall through the ground. All day long the wind howls through the forests; birds do not dare to fly to the trees. There is nothing to say about the peasant: he will never go into the forest out of good will. The goblin is not his brother - he will break all the bones no worse than a bear. There is a legend among the villagers about a daring man who wanted to spy on how the goblin would fall through the ground.
“Once upon a time there lived a man in a village, not ours, but there, in someone else’s, not wise in himself, but so agile that he was always the first to arrive everywhere. If they lead round dances, he will be the first in front; Whenever someone is buried, he tries on the coffin and drags it up the mountain; If anyone gets matched, he stays from the hand-waving until the wedding itself, and sings and dances, buys new clothes and dresses up the women. From birth I didn’t build my own hut, I didn’t build a town, but I lived in someone else’s hut, as if in my own yard. He drank milk from other people's cows, ate bread from all the ovens, rode to the market on his master's horses, bought gifts for all the villages. I didn't know how to count money. He who does not have a hut will give money for a hut; whoever doesn’t have a horse will give money for a couple of horses. There was just one thing the Orthodox didn’t know: where did the money come from? The old people said that he had sold his soul to the unclean for money, and they asserted that it was true that a penny of labor was not great even for his own needs. Why did he have money for everyone? From work, supposedly, you won’t be rich, but only hunchbacked. Women have their say: old men will never tell the truth. Well, who can beat the women? The young people judged in their own way: he supposedly found a treasure trove of gold and silver. That's why there is wealth. The women stood their ground here too: what do the young people know? Young and green. Go and assure them that the young people are not fools, then run away from the world yourself. The old women assured their gossips that the daredevil was stealing his money from the crow's nest. There, supposedly, there is never any transfer of money. That’s why he goes into the forest every day. The women didn’t believe that either: where would the old women know? We've lost our minds a long time ago! And tell the women that the old women are smarter than them, and they won’t give you a place in the hut. Only the headman used to say, when drunk, that he knew the whole truth. One could believe the headman: he’s a rich man, he gives the old people home brew and feeds the kids pies. The men say all this; but the women think differently: the headman, he says, does everything according to his wife’s orders. Whatever his woman says, so be it. Can you go far with a woman's mind? Listen to what the neighbors say about the headman. Once a misfortune befell him, the headman: there was a shortfall in the capitation. So he began to ask the woman from afar: “You boast, woman, that no one is smarter than you, but do you know, woman, how many courtyards we have in the village?” - “I don’t know, but I think I’m smarter than you.” And the woman started all thirty households. The headman sits at the table, strokes his beard, looks at the woman, and says: “There were thirty households before you, when I didn’t get married, and you, woman, weren’t getting married. Do you know, woman, how much per capita goes from men?” - “Here’s what you still don’t know! From Petrov for a ruble, from Evdokey for a ruble, from Radunitsy for a ruble; and how many things you can figure out for yourself, smart head.” A man sits and thinks: “No, you can’t even count it in a year!” There are widows' courtyards, and there are also ones in the wilderness. The order says not to take from the widow’s yard, but there’s nothing to take from the empty one.” And the headman went to the daring man for advice, to gain some sense. And he went not just with bows, but with expensive promises: with wine and gingerbread. The woman found out what was on her husband’s mind, and God knows what happened: she beat him, and scolded him, and locked him up in a barn for a week. Well, you yourself, Orthodox Christians, intelligent people, judge more wisely: is it possible to give faith to the elder, what he says? Another thing is a daring guy: he's crazy. Everyone knows what is going on in the world: how a merchant trades at a market; as in the city the governor judges - he dresses up; how the boyars live in stone Moscow. It seems, what more would a man need to know? So no: give me what I don’t know, say what I don’t know. Our daredevil just didn’t know one thing: how goblins fall through the ground. The man decided to look at the devil on his own, and so he was. Well, why should he ask women for advice? It would be better to award everything: how to avoid troubles? Old people used to say to us that women are smarter than men in this matter. So a man is walking through the forest, and then a goblin meets him. He didn’t take it off here either: off with his hat, and his brow too. It is a well-known fact that the goblin does not speak, but only laughs. The daring one says to himself: “No, brother, you can’t fool me with this, laugh at yourself as much as you want. I’d better try: where is his place of residence?” And he began to torture him, like this: “Do you, Ivanovich, have a hut and a wife?” And the goblin led the man to his hut, through the mountains, through the valleys, along steep banks. They walked and walked and came straight to the lake. “Your hut is not red, Ivanovich,” said the daredevil. - We, brother, have a hut with four corners, with a roof and a floor. There is a stove in the hut where the boys can lie down, where they can sleep, where they can sleep with their wife, and there are benches where they can seat guests. And your hut, God forgive me, has neither a bottom nor a cover.” Before the man had time to finish his words, the goblin hit the ground: the ground parted, and the goblin fell there. Since then, the daring fool has become a fool: not a word to say, not a thought to think with his mind. So he died a fool. Why did he need to look at the devil? I wanted to be smarter than everyone else. And what can you get from him, the devil? The important thing is to watch him fall through the ground! Probably in the spring it will jump out of the ground again as if nothing had happened. Look at their breed.”
It is very interesting to compare the modern and Old Slavonic names of the months. They don’t tell us anything, but in the Slavic ones you can notice features that were iconic for our ancestors. July is a sufferer, a time of hard work in the field, October is a wedding day, the most the right time for fun, and December is fiercer, the time of cold weather. Folk names help to learn about the life of villagers, their observations, and signs. The traditional calendar was called the month calendar.
March
It was with this spring month that the year usually began, and not only among the Slavs, but also among the Jews, Egyptians, Romans, ancient Greeks and Persians. Traditionally, peasants associated the beginning of the new year either with the beginning of spring work, that is, preparation for sowing, or with the end. Peter the Great ordered to calculate time according to the European model.
They called the first berezen in the south, dry in the north of Rus', as well as protalnik, zimobor, beloyar. Explanation of the names of the months in a simple and intuitive way. Dry, that is, dry, drying up spring moisture. Sokovik, birch tree - it was at this time that the birch tree began to give sap, the buds swelled. Zimobor is the first warm month after a frosty winter, defeating winter. Protalnik - the snow begins to melt. March was also called the flying month, since spring was called the flying month. There are also known variants such as droplet, morning of the year, spring, springweed, and rookery.
April
The name of the Old Slavonic months is often associated with observations of nature. April was called primrose and pollen because at this time nature begins to bloom, the first flowers and trees begin to bloom. Snowblower, the last snow melted, caddisfly - because of drops and numerous streams, birch and birch zol - because of the awakening of white birches from sleep. The names sly and capricious are also known, because the weather this month can be very changeable, with thaws giving way to frosts. Since the month brought the first warmth, it was also called a steam room. As you can see, due to the difference in climate, in one area April was associated with the flowering of grass, and in another - only with the melting of snow.
May
The Old Slavonic names of the months of the year tell us about what processes took place at that time. The most common name for May is herbal, herbal, since it is in this month that the lush growth of vegetation begins. This is the third month of passage. May also has many popular names: pollen (the beginning of the flowering of many plants), yarets (in honor of the god Yarila), listopuk (the appearance of tufts of grass and leaves), mur (the appearance of ant grass), rosenik (due to abundant morning dew) .
June
The Old Slavonic names of the months of the year may surprise you, since many words of the language used are forgotten. For example, most often the month of June was called isok. This was the name of a common insect - the common grasshopper. It is in June that their singing can be heard most often. Another common name is worm, due to the appearance of dye worms. You can also hear kresnik (from fire, cross), skopid, grain grower (saving up the grain harvest for the whole year). For the abundance of colors and light: multi-colored, svetloyar, rose-colored, blooming, blush of the year.
July
Old Slavonic months corresponded to one of the four seasons. The middle of summer was July, which is why it was called the top of summer. Most often you can hear the name Cherven because of the numerous berries and fruits that are red in color. The linden tree comes into full bloom, it secretes sweet, sticky juice, so the second common name is limen or lipets. A sufferer - from hard labor in the fields, a thunderstorm - from numerous thunderstorms.
August
The names of the months may not reflect the occupations of the peasants at this time. In August, the harvest of grain begins, so it was most often called stubble or sickle. Known names are holosol, bread bakery, cabbage soup, and pickle. Gustar, thick-eater - this month they eat abundantly and thickly. Mezhnyak is like a boundary, the border between summer and autumn. In the north, thanks to the bright glow of the lightning, the names zarev and zarnik were in use.
September
The Old Slavonic names of the months of the year and the modern ones can be quite different. So, the ancient Russian name for September was ruin or howler, ruen - from the autumn roar of deer and other animals, possibly the winds. Frowning hints at changing weather conditions, cloudy, gloomy skies, frequent rains. The name Veresen, Veresen has several versions of its origin. In Polesie, a low evergreen shrub, honey-bearing heather, grows. Its flowering begins in August-September. Another version says that such a name could come from the Ukrainian word “vrasenets”, which means frost, which can already appear in the morning. Another name for September is fieldfare.
October
The name of the Old Slavonic months often very clearly characterizes the weather conditions. You can easily guess that under the name leaf fall, October is hidden, the month in which the leaves begin to fall abundantly. Or you may recognize it under another name - padzernik, because it is at this time that flax and hemp begin to be torn and crushed. Due to frequent rains and wet weather, you can hear another name - mud. The main agricultural work was ending, the bins were full, it was time to get married, so because of the numerous weddings, the wedding man was calling. October in Rus' was also called psyllid, turning yellow because of the golden autumn. It smelled like cabbage, that's why it's a cabbage. And also a baker and a wood sawyer.
November
There is such a word in the Old Russian language - “grud”. This is land frozen with snow, even frozen winter road called the thoracic route. So November, which brought the first frosts, was most often called breast, chest or infant month. November is rich in names: deciduous, leaf fall (the last leaves fall, October gold begins to turn into humus), mocharets (heavy rains), snow and half-winter (from the first snow at the beginning of the month goes to real snowdrifts and frosts), roadless, summer offender, the beginning of winter, the eve of winter, the gates of winter, the twilight of the year (it gets dark early), the solstice (the day is quickly decreasing), the stubborn one, the seven of the year, the month of the first sleigh ride (they begin to ride out on a sleigh).
December
In the cold season of the year, such simple and telling names that were used to call the Old Slavic months just beg to be spoken. Our ancestors called December cold, jelly, cold, cold, because of the frosty cold that was common at this time. Mother winter is fierce, hence the names fierce, fierce, lute. The snowdrifts are already deep - snowfall. Cold strong winds and blizzards prevail - windy winter, wind chime, wind chill, chills, drag, freeze.
January
The name of the Old Slavonic months is not always obvious. It might help to modern man look at familiar things a little differently. We associate January with the very height of winter, its middle. But in the old days it was called Prosinets. At this time, the weather often becomes clear, the blue sky begins to appear, and there are more sunlight, the day increases. Popular names: turning point of winter, section (winter is cut into two halves), Vasiliev month, perezimye. The frosts are still strong and not weakening - more severe, crackling.
February
The name of the Old Slavonic months may be the same for different periods of time. A good example is the winter months, especially February. A common Slavic-Russian name is sechen. But snow, severe, and blizzards were also often encountered, that is, names characteristic of other winter months. One of interesting names- side grey. On warm days, the cattle left the barn to warm their sides in the sun. Liar - on one side the barrel heats, and on the other it cools. Another popular name is wide roads. It was believed that it was in February that forest animals created couples, so the month could be called the animal wedding month.
Five myths about Sergei Yesenin
In the village of Konstantinovo, on October 3, 1895, the future poet, whom everyone has heard of, was born - Sergei Yesenin. Moving to St. Petersburg, “purely creative” relationships and death at the Angleterre Hotel. Or before it? We talk about the most common myths around the poet.
"I was an unbeliever"
Russian poet Sergei Yesenin with his mother T.F. Yesenina. Photo by RIA Novosti
Many people are mistakenly led to such thoughts by the lines “I’m ashamed that I believed in God, I’m sad that I don’t believe now.” However, several facts speak quite colorfully about his attitude towards faith.
Firstly, Yesenin responded to Demyan Bedny’s “Verse about God” six months before his death.
No, you, Demyan, did not insult Christ,
You didn't hurt him with your pen at all.
There was a robber, there was Judas.
You were just missing.
You are blood clots at the cross
He dug with his nostril like a fat hog.
You just grunted at Christ,
Efim Lakeevich Pridvorov.
In addition, the poet was friends with Father Ioann Smirnov from Konstantinov from childhood. It was Father John who was one of the first to note the poet’s talent and advised him to enter the Spas-Klepikovsky teacher’s school. It was the same priest who performed the funeral service for Yesenin.
"Never served"
In the foreground is Sergei Yesenin. Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Yesenin swore allegiance to the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II. The poet served in Tsarskoye Selo, where he arrived from St. Petersburg in April 1916. He was an orderly in the sixth car of the military hospital train No. 143 of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.
He also went to the front line. The first such “flight” took place on April 27, 1916. From this trip, 277 wounded officers and lower-ranking employees were taken for treatment. The second such trip, however, was his last. During it, he writes an excerpt from the poem “Rus”, with the signature: “May 31, 1916 Near Konotop.”
After that, he was transferred to the office and left as an orderly in Tsarskoye Selo infirmary No. 17. While in the service, he managed to write poems and prepared for publication the collection “Dove”, which was published in Petrograd in May 1918.
Shortly before February Revolution the poet received a business trip to Mogilev at the disposal of the commander of the second battalion of the Consolidated Infantry Regiment, but was able to evade. He found Nicholas II abdicating the throne in Petrograd.
Sergei Yesenin was issued a certificate on March 20, 1917. The document stated that he served honestly and conscientiously and that there were no obstacles to his entry into the school of warrant officers. But Yesenin decided that since he swore allegiance to Nicholas, there was no point in going to study as a warrant officer under the Provisional Government.
“During the revolution, he left Kerensky’s army without permission and, living as a deserter, worked with the Social Revolutionaries not as a party member, but as a poet,” he later wrote in his biography.
"Duncan Dumped the Poet"
Sergei Yesenin and Isadora Duncan. Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Sergei Yesenin and Isadora Duncan were together for about two years. The dancer came to Russia to open her own school. However, within a year it became clear that she would not be given the same scope that she wanted in the Land of the Soviets. In addition, in April 1922, her mother died. Then Isadora signs with Yesenin, leaves for Paris, then to America. From there they come to the poet’s homeland in 1923, but obviously in different ways. “Sticked like molasses,” the poet says about his once beloved.
Duncan decides to return to Paris alone, but does not divorce or break off the relationship. The “Golden Head” could well have come to her, but...
- I love someone else. Married. Happy, that’s what Yesenin wrote to Isadora Duncan in October 1923.
The poet returned to Galina Benislavskaya, whom he had once abandoned for Duncan. By the way, Benislavskaya shot herself at Yesenin’s grave a year after his body was discovered in Angleterre.
"Yesenin quietly hated the power of the Soviets"
Photo by RIA Novosti
Why is it quiet? "Beat the communists, save Russia!" - Sergei Alexandrovich recited this phrase in a restaurant right next to Red Square.
This reaction was caused by the fact that during the Antonovsky rebellion (Tambov uprising), which took place in 1920-1921, it became known about the use of chemical weapons against the rebels. Then 70 thousand peasants, led by Alexander Antonov, rebelled against the power of the Soviets.
“The forests where the bandits are hiding should be cleared with poisonous gases, precisely calculated so that the cloud of suffocating gases spreads completely throughout the entire forest, destroying everything that was hidden in it,” read the order of the commander of the troops, Mikhail Tukhachevsky.
In battles with Soviet troops The rebels lost more than 11 thousand people killed and wounded. More than two thousand Soviet and party workers died at the hands of the rebels.
"The poet committed suicide"
Room No. 5 at the Angleterre Hotel. Photo by RIA Novosti
After the poet’s body was found in a noose at the Angleterre Hotel on December 28, 1925, the entire intelligentsia and government officials were divided into two fronts. Some insisted that the poet had no reason to hang himself, others that he could have done it in a drunken stupor.
Supporters and opponents of Yesenin’s suicide still cannot reconcile. In defense of their version, those who are sure of the murder say that the poet was too short and could not reach the noose.
The poet Nikolai Brown was among those who carried Yesenin’s body out of the hotel. He recalls that the writer had two deep wounds: a hole above the bridge of the nose, as if from the handle of a pistol, and under the eyebrow. In addition, suicides have a characteristic “furrow” from the rope, which Yesenin did not have.
It is quite difficult to verify the version of the murder now, almost 100 years later. Firstly, the body, according to experts, has become deformed, and many traces simply will no longer be visible on it.
Secondly, the exhumation of the body itself seems problematic, since in order to install a monument to him, a fairly large area was concreted. Other graves may be damaged during the work.
Moscow sculptor Ivan Onishchenko against the background of his work dedicated to S. Yesenin. Photo RIA Novosti / Yuri Ivanov
How to recalculate the dates of Russian and Western European history if Russia lived according to 1918? We asked these and other questions to the candidate of historical sciences, a specialist in medieval chronology, Pavel Kuzenkov.
As you know, until February 1918, Russia, like most Orthodox countries, lived according to. Meanwhile, in Europe, starting in 1582, it gradually spread, introduced by order of the Pope. Gregory XIII. In the year the new calendar was introduced, 10 days were missed (instead of October 5, October 15 was counted). Subsequently, the Gregorian calendar skipped leap years in years ending in "00" unless the first two digits of that year formed a multiple of "4." That is why the years 1600 and 2000 did not cause any “movements” in the usual system of translation from the “old style” to the “new”. However, in 1700, 1800 and 1900, leap seasons were skipped and the difference between styles increased to 11, 12 and 13 days respectively. In 2100 the difference will increase to 14 days.
In general, the table of relationships between Julian and Gregorian dates looks like this:
| Julian date | Gregorian date | |
| from 1582, 5.X to 1700, 18.II | 1582, 15.X – 1700, 28.II | 10 days |
| from 1700, 19.II to 1800, 18.II | 1700, 1.III – 1800, 28.II | 11 days |
| from 1800, 19.II to 1900, 18.II | 1800, 1.III – 1900, 28.II | 12 days |
| from 1900, 19.II to 2100, 18.II | 1900, 1.III – 2100, 28.II | 13 days |
IN Soviet Russia The “European” calendar was introduced by Lenin’s government on February 1, 1918, which began to be considered February 14 “according to the new style.” However, no changes have occurred in church life: the Russian Orthodox Church continues to live according to the same Julian calendar according to which the apostles and holy fathers lived.
The question arises: how to correctly transfer from the old style to the new historical dates?
It would seem that everything is simple: you need to use the rule that was in force in a given era. For example, if an event occurred in the 16th–17th centuries, add 10 days, if in the 18th century - 11, in the 19th century - 12, finally, in the 20th and XXI centuries- 13 days.
This is usually done in Western literature, and this is quite true in relation to dates from the history of Western Europe. It should be remembered that the transition to the Gregorian calendar took place in different countries V different time: If Catholic countries Almost immediately the “papal” calendar was introduced, but Great Britain adopted it only in 1752, Sweden in 1753.
However, the situation changes when it comes to events in Russian history. It should be taken into account that in Orthodox countries, when dating a particular event, attention was paid not only to the actual number of the month, but also to the designation of this day in the church calendar (holiday, memory of a saint). Meanwhile church calendar has not undergone any changes, and Christmas, for example, as it was celebrated on December 25 300 or 200 years ago, is celebrated on the same day now. Another thing is that in the civil “new style” this day is designated as “January 7”.
Please note that when translating holiday dates and memorable days For the new style, the Church is guided by the current conversion rule (+13). For example: the transfer of the relics of St. Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow, is celebrated on July 3, Art. Art. - or July 16 AD Art. - although in 1652, when this event occurred, in theory Julian July 3 corresponded to Gregorian July 13. But just theoretically: at that time, this difference could have been noticed and recorded only by ambassadors of foreign states that had already switched to the “papal” calendar. Later, ties with Europe became closer, and in the 19th – early 20th centuries, a double date was given in calendars and periodicals: according to the old and new styles. But even here, in historical dating, priority should be given to the Julian date, since it was precisely this that contemporaries were guided by. And since the Julian calendar was and remains the calendar of the Russian Church, there is no reason to translate dates differently than is customary in modern church publications - that is, with a difference of 13 days, regardless of the date of a particular event.
Examples
The Russian naval commander died on October 2, 1817. In Europe this day was designated as (2+12=) October 14. However, the Russian Church celebrates the memory of the righteous warrior Theodore on October 2, which in the modern civil calendar corresponds to (2+13=) October 15.
The Battle of Borodino took place on August 26, 1812. On this day the Church celebrates in memory miraculous deliverance from the hordes of Tamerlane. Therefore, although in the 19th century the 12th Julian August corresponded September 7(and it was this day that was fixed in the Soviet tradition as the date of the Battle of Borodino), for Orthodox people the glorious feat of the Russian army was accomplished on the day of the Presentation - that is, 8 September according to Art.
It is hardly possible to overcome the tendency that has become generally accepted in secular publications, namely: to transmit dates in the old style according to the norms adopted for the Gregorian calendar in the era corresponding to the event. However, church publications should rely on the living calendar tradition Orthodox Church and, taking the dates of the Julian calendar as a basis, recalculate them to the civil style according to the current rule. Strictly speaking, the “new style” did not exist until February 1918 (it’s just that different countries had different calendars). Therefore, we can only talk about dates “according to the new style” in relation to modern practice, when it is necessary to convert the Julian date to the civil calendar.
Thus, the dates of events in Russian history before 1918 should be given according to the Julian calendar, indicating in brackets the corresponding date of the modern civil calendar - as is done for everyone church holidays. For example: December 25, 1XXX (January 7 N.S.).
If we are talking about the date of an international event that was already dated by contemporaries using a double date, such a date can be indicated through a slash. For example: August 26 / September 7, 1812 (September 8 N.S.).
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