Over the almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn by completely different people - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.
Rurikovich
Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, rulers bore the title of prince. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state emerged around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin began to think about accepting the royal title.
This was accomplished under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry into the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the legal successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.
Historical figures such as this king had a great influence on the development of the entire country. In addition to changing his title, Ivan the Terrible also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, beginning Russian expansion to the East.
Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid a lot of attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he became especially acute. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.
Time of Troubles
After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the reigning family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to maintain calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov was unable to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.
In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepyev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He actually managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live to see this moment - he died from health complications. His son Feodor II was captured by the comrades of False Dmitry and killed.
The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like the fact that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.
The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky could not restrain her and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.
The first Romanovs
When Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders in 1613, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the kings of Russia in order (with portraits). Now the time has come to talk about the rise to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.
The first sovereign from this family, Mikhail (1613-1645), was just a youth when he was put in charge of a huge country. His main goal was the fight with Poland for the lands it captured during the Time of Troubles.
These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of their reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Mikhail, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed to Russia left bank Ukraine and Kyiv. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule fraternal peoples finally began to live in the same country.
Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Feodor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.
Peter the Great
Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (in chronological order consider all the rulers) - knows few examples of an era so saturated with changes.
A new army and navy appeared. For this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, was founded in 1703. Peter's successes made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.
The era of palace coups
Peter's death was followed by a long period of instability in power. Monarchs replaced each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated by the Guard or certain courtiers, as a rule, at the head of these changes. This era was ruled by Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ).
The last of them was German by birth. Under its predecessor Peter III Elizabeth Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all his conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act he signed his own death warrant. The Guard organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II found herself on the throne.
Catherine II and Paul I
Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous laid down commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations necessary for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.
All the tsars and presidents of Russia (we have listed all the royal persons in chronological order) made sure that the country looked decent in the external arena. She was no exception. She conducted several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three divisions of Poland occurred. Thus, the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.
After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.
First half of the 19th century
In 1801, the next and last palace coup took place. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign occurred during the Patriotic War and Napoleon's invasion. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called the "liberator of Europe."
Within his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.
At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855), the Decembrist uprising occurred. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.
Second half of the 19th century
All the kings of Russia are presented here in order, with portraits. Next we will talk about the main reformer of Russian statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He initiated the manifesto for the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development Russian market and capitalism. Economic growth began in the country. Reforms also affected the judiciary, local government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to get the country back on its feet and learn the lessons that the lost beginnings under Nicholas I taught him.
But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists made several attempts on his life. In 1881 they achieved success. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.
Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But most of all he is known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war.
The last king
In 1894, Alexander III died. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived its usefulness. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - has known a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that more than ever happened.
In 1904-1905 The country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the tsar had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and parliament.
Tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.
In 1914, the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917 it broke out February Revolution, and the last king had to abdicate the throne. Nicholas II and his family were shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.
Nicholas II (1894 - 1917) Due to the stampede that occurred during his coronation, many people died. Thus, the name “Bloody” was attached to the kindest philanthropist Nikolai. In 1898, Nicholas II, caring for world peace, issued a manifesto calling on all countries in the world to completely disarm. After this, a special commission met in The Hague to develop a number of measures that could further prevent bloody clashes between countries and peoples. But the peace-loving emperor had to fight. First in the First World War, then the Bolshevik coup broke out, as a result of which the monarch was overthrown, and then he and his family were shot in Yekaterinburg. The Orthodox Church canonized Nikolai Romanov and his entire family as saints.
Rurik (862-879)
The Novgorod prince, nicknamed Varangian, as he was called to reign over the Novgorodians from across the Varangian Sea. is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised Askold’s daughter and stepson. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and suburbs to the management of his confidants, where they had the right to independently conduct justice. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were in no way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the glades.
Oleg (879 - 912)
Prince of Kyiv, nicknamed the Prophetic. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died after being bitten in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military valor. With a huge army at that time, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the clearings little son Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and with a brilliant victory secured the Russians preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.
Igor (912 - 945)
Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repelled the raids of the Pechenegs and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by neighboring conquered tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.
Olga (945 - 957)
Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good leadership abilities, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she converted to Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was subsequently canonized and named Equal to the Apostles.
Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)
The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of power into her own hands while her son grew up, learning the intricacies of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the Byzantine emperor John, who, in cahoots with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kyiv. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then Svyatoslav’s skull was decorated with gold and made into a bowl for pies.
Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)
After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, made an attempt to unite Rus' under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir of Novgorod, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Principality of Kyiv. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea into his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Rus', which caused the displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir of Novgorod immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod, then Polotsk, and then besieged Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.
Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)
Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was the Prince of Novgorod from 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yatvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Rus' that defensive structures were built on the boundaries of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Osetra, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history thanks to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity state religion Kievan Rus, which immediately strengthened the country’s authority in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered its period of greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to as “Vladimir the Red Sun.” Canonized by Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)
During his lifetime, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon he himself was expelled from Kyiv by Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod. Then Svyatopolk turned for help to his father-in-law, King Boleslav of Poland. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kiev, but soon circumstances developed such that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Damned because he took the lives of his brothers.
Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)
Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav of Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), understanding the importance of spreading and establishing the new faith. It was he who published the first set of laws in Rus' called “Russian Truth”. He divided the plots of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace among themselves.
Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)
Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsians, which ended in failure, the Kievans themselves drove him away. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav did Izyaslav return to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is likely that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated man, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to enlightenment in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsians, pestilence, and famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He remained on the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.
Svyatopolk the Second (1093 - 1113)
Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the Kiev throne after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare lack of spine, which is why he was unable to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lyubich, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father’s land. But this fragile peace treaty was not allowed to come to fruition. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince David of the right to own Volyn. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh’s proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, which was done. The campaign ended in Russian victory in 1111.
Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)
Despite the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk the Second died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, tireless and stood out from the rest with his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma- shining example The prince served not his personal ambitions, but his people, which he bequeathed to his children.
Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)
The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very similar to his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the disobedient princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and in their place he sent his son to reign.
Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)
Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea of transferring the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused turmoil in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichs lost the throne of Kiev, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichs.
Vsevolod the Second (1139 - 1146)
Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod the Second wanted to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take monastic vows, but even the monastic robe did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.
Izyaslav the Second (1146 - 1154)
Izyaslav the Second fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his intelligence, disposition, friendliness and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav the Second. After Izyaslav ascended the Kiev throne, the concept of seniority, accepted for centuries, was violated in Rus', that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be the Grand Duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Rostov Prince Yuri Vladimirovich. Izyaslav was driven out of Kyiv twice during his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.
Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)
It was the death of Izyaslav the Second that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later nicknamed Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.
Mstislav the Second (1157 - 1169)
After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky, as usual, internecine strife began between the princes for the Kiev throne, as a result of which Mstislav the Second Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the Kyiv throne by Prince Andrei Yuryevich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.
Andrey Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)
The first thing Andrei Bogolyubsky did when he became the Grand Duke was to move the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads or councils, persecuted everyone who was dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but in the end he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.
Vsevolod the Third (1176 - 1212)
The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky’s brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, became king in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kyiv, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to force an oath of allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.
Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)
The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Constantine, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The father’s decision to approve Yuri as Grand Duke was also supported by Vsevolod the Big Nest’s third son, Yaroslav. And Konstantin was supported in his claims to the throne by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Constantine nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death did the throne pass to Yuri.
Yuri the Second (1219 - 1238)
Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Rus', who in 1224, at the Battle of Kalka, defeated first the Polovtsians, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsians. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. Hordes of Mongols devastated the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also defeated the army of Grand Duke Yuri II in the Battle of the City. Yuri died in this battle. Two years after his death, hordes of Mongols plundered the south of Rus' and Kyiv, after which all Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Sarai the capital of the horde.
Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)
The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. During his reign, this prince was engaged in restoring Rus', devastated by the Mongol army.
Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)
Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully against Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde he received a label for the Great Reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. was subsequently canonized.
Yaroslav the Third (1264 - 1272)
After Alexander Nevsky died, his two brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. However, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians; he treacherously called even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.
Vasily the First (1272 - 1276)
Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but laid claim to the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into appanages.
Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)
The entire reign of Dmitry the First took place in a continuous struggle for the rights of the grand duke with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.
Andrew the Second (1294 - 1304)
Andrew the Second pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he laid claim to the principality in Pereslavl, which led to civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, was not stopped.
Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)
The Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for the grand reign, bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was waging war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail in front of the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Mikhail to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.
Yuri the Third (1320 - 1326)
Yuri the Third married the khan's daughter Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was for her premature death that Yuri insidiously accused Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label to reign, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also laid claim to the throne. As a result, Dmitry killed Yuri at the first meeting, avenging his father's death.
Dmitry the Second (1326)
For the murder of Yuri the Third, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.
Alexander Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)
The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label for the Grand Duke's throne. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the Tver people to kill Shchelkan, the Khan’s ambassador, hated by everyone. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the khan's forgiveness and was able to return, but at the same time, he did not get along with the Prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he executed him.
John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)
John Danilovich, nicknamed “Kalita” (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very careful and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the Tver Principality. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Rus', which also contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from appanage princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He founded the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Rus' and becomes the Russian center.
Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)
The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only the label for the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to call himself the Prince of All Rus'. The prince died without leaving an heir from a pestilence.
John the Second (1353 - 1359)
Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peace-loving disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, enjoyed great respect in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.
Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)
After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, so the khan gave the label for the grand reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve grand reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Rus', swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The relationship between Rus' and the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife within the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the already familiar quitrent. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiell and moved with a large army to Rus'. Dmitry and other princes met Mamai’s army on the Kulikovo field (next to the Don River) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Rus' defeated the army of Mamai and Jagiell. For this victory they nicknamed Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he cared about strengthening Moscow.
Vasily the First (1389 - 1425)
Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of rule, since during his father’s life he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow Principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Rus' with invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigei, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Vasily the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.
Vasily the Second (Dark) (1425 - 1462)
Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of Prince Vasily’s minority and declared his rights to the grand ducal throne, but the khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations were not destined to come true . Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and he soon took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to lay claim to the throne, but all the princes of Rus' rebelled against this. Vasily the Second captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then Vasily Kosoy’s brother Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily the Second and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily the Second. Under Vasily the Second, all metropolitans in Rus' began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the acceptance of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily the Second gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and appointed Ryazan Bishop John in his place.
John the Third (1462 -1505)
Under him, the core of the state apparatus and, as a consequence, the state of Rus' began to form. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, and Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Code of Laws was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction project in Moscow and strengthened the international position of Rus'. It was under him that the title “Prince of All Rus'” was born.
Vasily the Third (1505 - 1533)
“The last collector of Russian lands” Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleologus. He was distinguished by a very unapproachable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the appanage system. He fought with Lithuania twice on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. He fought with Crimea and Kazan. In the end, he managed to punish Kazan. He recalled all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makaryevskaya fair, which was then moved to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which further turned the boyars against themselves. From his marriage to Elena, Vasily the Third had a son, John.
Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)
She was appointed to rule by Vasily the Third himself until their son John came of age. Elena Glinskaya, as soon as she ascended the throne, dealt very harshly with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repel the Crimean Tatars, who were boldly attacking Russian lands, however, these plans were not allowed to come true, since Elena died suddenly.
John the Fourth (Grozny) (1538 - 1584)
John the Fourth, Prince of All Rus', became the first Russian Tsar in 1547. Since the late forties, he ruled the country with the participation of the Elected Rada. During his reign, the convening of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Code of Law was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration were carried out (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms). conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583, the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire internal policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgraces and executions, for which the people called him the Terrible. The enslavement of peasants increased significantly.
Fyodor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)
He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, and lacked mental acuity. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the tsar’s brother-in-law. Boris Godunov, surrounding himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, and built the Arkhangelsk harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Feodor and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.
Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)
The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fyodor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov’s supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take monastic vows, and he became the monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile to Beloozero. But it was not only the boyars who were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the ensuing pestilence that struck the Muscovite kingdom forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried as best he could to ease the lot of the starving people. He increased the earnings of people working on government buildings (for example, during the construction of the bell tower of Ivan the Great), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry had not been killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov suddenly died, and at the same time managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fedor.
False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)
The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand people. An army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the rightful king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind; he diligently dealt with all state affairs, but caused the displeasure of the clergy and boyars because, in their opinion, he did not sufficiently respect the old Russian customs, and completely neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.
Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)
The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inexperienced Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors about the salvation of False Dmitry again arose, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushino thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and it came to Russia Time of Troubles an interregnum lasting three years.
Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)
The letters of the Trinity Lavra, sent throughout Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the Zemstvo head of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhorokiy), gathered a large militia and moved towards Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma met, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after much denial, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he did was to pacify both external and internal enemies.
He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, and in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulin with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the Tsar’s parent, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.
Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1645 - 1676)
Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition and was very pious. He absolutely could not stand quarrels, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with his enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his advisor, who decided to unite Rus' with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone from now on to be baptized in the Greek manner - with three fingers, which created a split among the Orthodox in Rus'. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a “cookie”, as the Patriarch - Boyarina Morozova and Archpriest Avvakum ordered).
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out every now and then in different cities, which were suppressed, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Moscow state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fedor and John) and many daughters, he married a second time to the girl Natalya Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.
Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom of taking into account the service of their ancestors when occupying government and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.
Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)
Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Pyotr Alekseevich, was elected tsar thanks to the Streltsy revolt. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.
Sophia (1682 - 1689)
Sophia remained in history as a ruler of extraordinary intelligence and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of schismatics, curb the archers, conclude an “eternal peace” with Poland, very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned his half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.
Peter the Great (1682 - 1725)
The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military figure. He carried out revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. Built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Peter's main dream was to eliminate Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, he tirelessly created manufactories, factories, and shipyards.
To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won from Sweden Northern War, lasting 21 years, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe.” Built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out using the most brutal methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletskoye in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.
Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)
Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for equipping Bering on a trip around the world, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of the friend and comrade-in-arms of her late husband Peter the Great, Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine to appoint as heir to the throne the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, to whom his father, Peter the Great, had sentenced Peter Alekseevich to death for his aversion to reforms, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov’s daughter Maria. Before Peter Alekseevich came of age, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.
Peter the Second (1727 - 1730)
Peter the Second did not rule for long. Having barely gotten rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgorukys, who, by distracting the emperors in every possible way with amusements from state affairs, actually ruled the country. They wanted to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Peter Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.
Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, so they chose Anna Ioannovna, the Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having assumed her rights, she destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and instead of the Russian nobles, she distributed positions to the Germans Ostern and Minich, as well as the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was subsequently called “Bironism.”
Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)
Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet established by Anna Ioannovna and returned the Senate. Issued a decree to cancel death penalty in 1744. She established the first loan banks in Russia in 1954, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At Lomonosov's request, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia fought two wars: with Sweden and the so-called “seven years”, in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace concluded with Sweden, part of Finland was ceded to Russia. The “Seven Years” War was brought to an end by the death of Empress Elizabeth.
Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)
He was absolutely unsuited to governing the state, but he was of a complacent disposition. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against himself, since, to the detriment of Russian interests, he showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only made a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick the Second, but also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret chancellery and the free nobility, which, however, were not distinguished by certainty. As a result of the coup, because of his attitude towards the empress, he quickly signed an abdication of the throne and soon died.
Catherine the Second (1762 - 1796)
Her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed Pugachev's peasant uprising, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in recognition of the independence of Crimea by Turkey, and the shore of the Sea of Azov was ceded to Russia. Russia has Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossiya. Catherine the Second established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and the Smolny Institute was opened to train girls. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.
Paul the First (1796 - 1801)
He did not support the changes that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Among the achievements of his reign, one should note a very significant improvement in the life of serfs (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, as well as the emergence of new women's institutions.
Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)
The grandson of Catherine the Second, upon ascending the throne, vowed to rule the country “according to the law and heart” of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was involved in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he took a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which aroused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from internal reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon; Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.
Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, violating the treaty with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812 Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established the State Council in 1800, ministries and the cabinet of ministers. He opened universities in St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, and the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Made the life of the peasants much easier.
Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)
He continued the policy of improving peasant life. Founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws Russian Empire. Under Nicholas the First in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, and as a result of Russia's victory, Greece gained independence. After the break in relations with Turkey, which was sided with England, Sardinia and France, Russia had to join a new struggle.
The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas the First, Nikolaevskaya and Tsarskoye Selo railways, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboyedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.
Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)
Alexander II had to end the Turkish war. The Paris Peace Treaty was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur region, and later Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. He died at the hands of an assassin in 1881.
- Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given according to PVL, except in cases where there is a generally accepted clarification from independent sources. For the Kyiv princes, exact dates within the year (time of year or month and day) are indicated if they are named in the sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of the new one took place simultaneously. As a rule, the chronicles recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he never returned to Kyiv). In other cases, the date of the removal from the table was usually not stated and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was abandoned by the former prince, but it is not said when the successor prince took it. The dates for Vladimir princes. For the Horde era, when the right to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign is indicated by the date when the prince sat down on the table in Vladimir itself, and the end - when he actually lost control over the city. For the Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of death of the previous prince, and for the period of the Moscow strife, according to the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of the reign is usually indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For presidents Russian Federation- from the date of taking office.
- Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: Paths political development. M., 1996. pp.46.74; Glib Ivakin Historical development of Kiev XIII - mid XVI century. K., 1996; BRE. Tom Russia. M., 2004. pp. 275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. Russian history by Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., Kyiv, 2005. P.411-419. Gorsky A. A. Rus' from the Slavic Settlement to the Muscovite Kingdom. M., 2004. - P.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative all-Russian center to Kiev began in the middle of the 12th century (with the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kyiv, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning In the 14th century, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Rus'". With the sanction of the Horde, the Vladimir table was received by one of the appanage princes of North-Eastern Rus'; from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes; from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principalities became the core of the modern Russian state.
- He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). According to the Laurentian list of PVL and the Novgorod Chronicle I, he settled in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, founded Novgorod in 864 and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- P. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 14). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of it in chronicles refer to Settlement.
- He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine Treaty of 911 - a prince, fellow tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor’s childhood (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 1). In the Novgorod I Chronicle he appears as a governor under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
- He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 23), most likely in the summer, since he was supposed to set off on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the fall of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod I Chronicle, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
- The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle with the year 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 42). Either this is simply a feature of the design of the chronicle, or it took him a while to land in Kyiv. When describing the death and funeral of Oleg, Igor is not mentioned. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the fall of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of death may have been november, since according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Polyudye began in November. ( Litavrin G. G. Ancient Rus', Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries. // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore of the Slavic peoples. M., 1983. - P. 68.).
- Ruled Russia during Svyatoslav's minority. In the chronicle (in the list of Kiev princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kyiv princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle) she is not called a ruler (PSRL, vol. II, art. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled at least until 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Continuator Reginon). At Olga's request, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Rus', but when he arrived in 961, he was unable to take up his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Rus' in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
- The beginning of his reign in the chronicle is marked with the year 6454 (946), and the first independent event is marked with the year 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent rule began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in the early spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 74).
- Planted in Kyiv by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After his father's death he continued to reign in Kyiv. Expelled from Kyiv and killed, the chronicle dates this to the year 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 78). According to “Memory and Praise to the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.
- According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) of the PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kiev in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich - June 11 6486 (978 ) year (Library of literature of Ancient Rus'. T.1. - P.326. Milyutenko N. I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - P.57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 130).
- At the time of his father’s death he was in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 141-142).
- He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 142). Destroyed in the Battle of the Bug July 22(Thietmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 143).
- Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 6526 (1018) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 143-144, Thietmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, he was expelled by Yaroslav in the same year (apparently in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his expulsion is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 144).
- Settled in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162), i.e. February 19, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date was added to the indication of Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The chronicle uses the March style and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of the post it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055 the post began later; the author of the PVL used the March style of chronology, erroneously increasing the reign of Yaroslav by one year. See. Milyutenko N. I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - P.57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday 20 February are indicated in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. Based on the relationship between the date and the day of the week, the most probable date is determined - Sunday 20 February 1054.
- He arrived in Kyiv after the death of his father and sat on the throne according to his father’s will (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162). This probably happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav’s body was transported from Vyshgorod to Kiev; according to the chronicle, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was in charge of organizing the funeral, according to Nestor’s “Reading about Boris and Gleb” - Izyaslav buried his father in Kyiv). The beginning of his reign is marked in the chronicle as the year 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed Yaroslav's death to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 171).
- Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 172-173).
- Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 174). Expelled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 182).
- Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb.182). Died 27th of December 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199).
- Sat on the throne 1st of January March 6584 (1077) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 190). In the summer of the same year he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 190).
- Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 202).
- He sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 204). Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
- Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113 years. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the research of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles 6622 ultra-March year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Trinity Chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 206), according to Ipatievskaya chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
- Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 295, vol. II, stb. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208).
- Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Laurentian, Trinity and Novgorod first chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultramartian year) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 301, vol. II, stb. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle. P. 212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
- Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultra-March 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle UltraMartov 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, it is clearly erroneous on November 8, 6646 (PSRL, vol. IX, Art. 163).
- Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24 of UltraMart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 302).
- Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, UltraMart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 307, vol. II, stb. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles - July 30 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
- He took the throne the day after his brother's death. (HIL., 1950. - P. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 227) (possibly August 1 due to a discrepancy in the date of Vsevolod’s death by 1 day, see previous note). August 13 1146 was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. II, stb. 327).
- Sat on the throne August 13 1146 Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and retreated to Kyiv, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 383).
- Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 322, vol. II, stb. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the chronicle, but is calculated almost flawlessly: the next day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kyiv, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Expelled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396).
- He entered Kiev in August 1150 and sat down in Yaroslav's courtyard, but after protests from the people of Kiev and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
- He sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 326, vol. II, stb. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 327, vol. II, stb. 402).
- He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, stb. 403), after which the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned in the chronicle (vol. II, stb. 404) (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 330, vol. II, stb. 416).
- He sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 330, vol. II, stb. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
- As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kiev table. He sat down in Kiev with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 336, vol. II, stb. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186) Died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 342, vol. II, stb. 472).
- He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 342, vol. II, stb. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the First Novgorod Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 343, vol. II, stb. 475).
- He sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 344, vol. II, stb. 476). Gave power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 477).
- He sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Hypatian Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 345, vol. II, stb. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. - P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultra-Martov 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 489).
- Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list erroneously May 15) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Expelled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultra-March year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
- Sat down in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), expelling Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the next year he lost it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348).
- Sat down in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). Left besieged Kiev on February 8 Ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 515).
- Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultra-March 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (Ultra-March 6670) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 518).
- He ascended the throne again after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the Ultra March year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon Chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
- By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under the years 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This story is also presented by Jan Dlugosz ( Shaveleva N. I. Ancient Rus' in “Polish History” by Jan Dlugosz. M., 2004. - P.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention his reign at all; instead, it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich, before his arrival, ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kiev (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kiev, but the chronicle does not directly speak of his entry into the city) , and the day before Mstislav arrived, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this message, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the Kyiv princes.
- According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the chronicle the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected to May 15 ( Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian chronicles. M., 1963. - P. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kyiv for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week, see Pyatnov A. P. Kyiv and Kievan land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies/No. 1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18). The combined army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 354), along the Ipatiev and Nikon chronicles, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to the First Sophia, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication for the second week of fasting correspond precisely to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian chronicles. M., 1963. - P. 336.) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
- He sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 355).
- He sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 548). He left Kyiv that same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
- He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the Ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March count by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
- Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 566). Died on Monday of Mermaid Week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
- His reign in Kyiv is reported in the First Novgorod Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). After a short time, without support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he gave up the table to Roman Rostislavich ( Pyatnov A.V. Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - P.500).
- Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kyiv in the winter of Ultramart 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 364, vol. II, stb. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman left Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570).
- Mikhalko Yurievich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kiev table after Roman, sent his brother to Kyiv in his place. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In the Ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian Chronicles). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was captured by David and Rurik Rostislavich for the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 365, vol. II, stb. 570).
- Was in Kyiv with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
- He sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 Ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
- In November 1173 (Ultra-March 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). Reigned in the Ultra-March year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
- Sat in Kyiv 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. .234)
- He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of the Ultra-Martian year 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv lost to Roman in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600).
- Settled in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604).
- Entered Kyiv in 1176 (Ultra-Martov 6685), on Ilyin’s day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kyiv due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich and his brothers, but as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kyiv to him. Returned to Kyiv in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616).
- He sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kyiv to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kyiv principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
- He sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621). Died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in the Ultra March 6703) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412), in July, on the Monday before the Day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 680) . His co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Principality of Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626). In historiography, their joint reign received the designation “duumvirate,” but Rurik is not included in the lists of Kyiv princes, since he did not sit on the Kiev table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
- He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra-Martov 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412, vol. II, stb. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman Mstislavich in the Ultra-Martov year 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kyiv at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, while Rurik remained on the Mountain). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
- He sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection Chronicles in the Ultra March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles in the March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yuryevich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; vol. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle. P. 284).
- Took Kyiv January 2, 1203(6711 ultra-March) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418). In the Novgorod first chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod fourth chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle. P. 285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711) Roman opposed Rurik and besieged him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians express the opinion that Rurik, after the sack of Kyiv, left the city without becoming a ruler in it ( Grushevsky M. S. Essay on the history of the Kyiv land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the 14th century. K., 1891. - P.265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed Rurik’s rule in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 419). After the quarrel that occurred in Trepol at the end of the joint campaign against the Polovtsians, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kyiv, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the “fierce winter” in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicle, winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. With .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle in 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Gorovenko A.V. Sword of Roman Galitsky. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - P. 148). In the list of Kyiv princes compiled by L. Makhnovets, Roman is indicated as a prince for two weeks in 1204 ( Makhnovets L. E. Grand Dukes of Kiev // Russian Chronicle / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - P.522), in the list compiled by A. Poppe - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). St. Petersburg, 1996. - P. 474), however, the chronicles do not say that he was in Kyiv. This is reported only in the so-called news of Tatishchev. However, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his proteges on the Kiev table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to this Principality of Kiev). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kyiv princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL. T.II, art. 2) and called a prince "All Rus'"- such a definition was applied only to the Kyiv princes (PSRL. T.II, stb.715).
- Placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after the tonsure of Rurik in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Soon after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) lost Kyiv to his father.
- He took off his hair after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultra-March 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 426) In the First Sofia Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260), in Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. p. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he settled in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two reigns)
- He settled in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427), around August. The date of 1206 is being clarified to coincide with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428).
- He sat down in Kyiv, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428). He left Kyiv the following year when Vsevolod’s troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). The messages in the chronicles under 1206 and 1207 may be duplicates of each other.
- Settled in Kyiv in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429), in the fall of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 433).
- He settled in Kyiv in the fall of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. pp. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is established by synchronism with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yuryevich. By agreement with Vsevolod, in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle, 6718) he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message; perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kyiv. ( Pyatnov A.P. The struggle for the Kiev table in the 1210s. Controversial issues of chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
- Settled in Kyiv either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikonovskaya, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia first chronicle clearly erroneously under 6703 and again under 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, stb. 312, 314). Data from intra-chronicle reconstruction speak for the year 1214, for example, February 1 of the March 6722 (1215) year was Sunday, as indicated in the First Novgorod Chronicle, and in the Ipatiev In the chronicle, Vsevolod is listed as a Kiev prince in the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galician-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P.411). However, according to N.G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
- His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
- His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) Sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle the year is 6732, in the Novgorod First May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 508) There is no date in the chronicle, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for three more days. Date accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
- According to the First Novgorod Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-government. Sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 509) June 16 1223 (Ultra-March 6732) year (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 282, vol. XV, stb. 343). Having been defeated in the battle of Torchesky on the Feast of the Ascension ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsy when they took Kyiv (late May or early June) 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the First Sofia and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287).
- In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 772, vol. III, p. 74), in the Lavrentievskaya it is not mentioned at all. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod fourth, Sofia first (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is named the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in the Nikon and Voskresensk - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, stb. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya - named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv). In historiography he is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion has been widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with that name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - P.14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galician-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. - P.542-544). He sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kyiv.
- Having been freed from Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniil Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777) Kyiv was ceded to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the First Novgorod Chronicle his repeated reign is not mentioned.
- He sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the chronicles, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or shortly after the battle on the river. City ( 10th of March), in which Yaroslav’s elder brother, Grand Duke Yuri of Vladimir, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (For the chronology of Yaroslav’s reign in Kyiv, see Gorsky A. A. Problems of the study of the Words about the destruction of the Russian land: to 750 the anniversary of the time of writing// Proceedings of the Department of Old Russian literature 1990. T. 43).
- The short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustyn Chronicle, but most likely it was simply based on the list (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). This reign is accepted by M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Pre-Mongol Rus'. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( Makhnovets L. E. Grand Dukes of Kiev // Russian Chronicle / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - P.522).
- Occupied Kyiv in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kyiv, and continued to remain in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (c. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in the Nikon Chronicle under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
- Occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Hypatian Chronicle under 6746, in the Fourth Novgorod Chronicle and the First Sophia Chronicle under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, Stb. 301).
- Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousand Dmitry there (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitry led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to the Lavrentievskaya and most later chronicles, Kyiv was taken on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). According to chronicles of Pskov origin (chronicle of Avraamka, Suprasl), in Monday 19 November. (PSRL, vol. XVI, stb. 51). Cm. Stavisky V. I. About two dates of the assault on Kyiv in 1240 according to Russian chronicles // Proceedings of the Department of Ancient Russian Literature. 1990. T. 43
- Returned to Kyiv after the Tatars left. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the Battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, “near Kiev on an island” (on the island of the Dnieper) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when this happened, the chronicles do not say.
- From now on, Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in Russian terminology, “kings”) of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
- In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands “older than all princes in the Russian language”(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the chronicles. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitr Eikovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under the year 6758 (1250) in connection with the trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with the Polish sources. Starting with N. M. Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kyiv under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471).
- After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers held formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei's expulsion in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received the Horde and sat in it. Died November 14
- Received Vladimir as a volost in 1140s years. Settled in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultra-Martov 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not indicated in the early chronicles. According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal - June 4(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill Chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). He left Vladimir as his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, ultra-Martian year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 580), according to the First Sofia Chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 238).
- Settled in Vladimir in Ultramart 6683, but after 7 weeks The siege withdrew (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 373, vol. II, stb. 596).
- Settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683). June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 601).
- Sat in Vladimir June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is established by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
- He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 380). Died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, April 13 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle. P.299). In 1212, April 15 is Sunday.
- He sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 1216, on Wednesday, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 440, the date is not directly indicated in the chronicle, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
- He sat on the throne in 1216 (Ultra-March 6725) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Laurentian and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. P. 304).
- He took the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with the Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle it is still under 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465).
- He sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471)
- He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 523), according to the Novgorod fourth chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Expelled at the beginning of 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him out (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). This message is not found in other chronicles.
- Expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in a battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471). According to the Fourth Novgorod Chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, stb. 230). The exact month is unknown.
- Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in December), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the correlation of news in the chronicle shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod first junior edition and the Sofia first chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 327), according to the Easter tables of the mid-14th century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod Fourth, Tver, Nikon Chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
- In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473) (according to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
- He sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustyn Chronicle he is also called the Prince of Kyiv, but the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). Died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 353, vol. XV, stb. 404; Trinity Chronicle. P. 331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
- He took the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. Died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle. P. 333).
- He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
- He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultra-March 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 357), in the winter of 6789, coming to Rus' in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) Reconciled with his brother in 1283 (Ultra-March 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle. P. 340). This dating of events was accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. M., 2003. - pp. 15-16).
- He came from the Horde in 1283, having received the great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
- He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 362), returned to Rus' in the winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) years (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod fourth and Nikon chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultramartian year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle. p. 351).
- Received the great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultramart 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle. p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultra March 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is determined by the day of the week.
- He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultra-March 6826, in the Novgorod fourth chronicle and the Rogozh chronicler of March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), receiving a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 374, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 37). Killed by Dmitry Tverskoy in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. P. 357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, stb. 398).
- Received the great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 396). Arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in the fall (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) years (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42, vol. XV, stb. 415).
- Received the great reign in the fall of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov and then to Lithuania.
- In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Alexander Vladimir and the Volga region (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. p. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 ( Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. M., 2003. - P.62).
- Sat down as a great prince in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received the entire great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozh chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 52; Trinity Chronicle. p. 364).
- Received the great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). He sat down in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle. P.364). Died 26 April ultramartovsky 6862 (in Nikonovsky Martovsky 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle. p. 373). (In Novgorod IV, his death is reported twice - under 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
- He received his great reign in the winter of 6861, after Epiphany. Sat in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. P. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
- Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded it to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Arrived in Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. P. 377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 433) . When the Moscow army approached, Vladimir left.
- Received the great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 434). Sat in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (that is, early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P. 378).
- Having received a new label from the khan, he sat down in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 74; Trinity Chronicle. p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
- Settled in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After this, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but this had no real consequences had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 501; Trinity Chronicle. P. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
- Received a great reign according to his father's will. Sat in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 157; Trinity Chronicle. P. 434) According to the fourth Novgorod and Sofia first in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, stb. 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in the March year 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
- Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. For the first seven years, from 1264 to 1271, he was educated by his uncle, the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors ruled Moscow at that time (PSRL, vol. 15, stb. 474). The first mention of Daniil as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his enthronement occurred earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V. A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich // Domestic history. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultra-March 6712) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 486; Trinity Chronicle. P. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle, March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
- Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. P. 357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, stb. 398).
- See above.
- He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but his brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received the label for the great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Second Sofia Chronicle, October 5 6939, 10 indicta, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). The location of the enthronement is a debatable issue. Most chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the First Sofia and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat down “at the Most Pure One at the Golden Doors” (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir (The version of Vasily’s enthronement in Vladimir is defended by V.D. Nazarov. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. T.4. - P.629).
- He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
- He returned to Moscow after Yuri left, but was defeated by him again on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
- Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (that is March 31 1434) year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, stb.490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the “History of the Russian State”, according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
- He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reign he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
- He sat on the throne again in 1442. He was defeated in a battle with the Tatars and captured.
- Arrived in Moscow shortly after Vasily's capture. Having learned about Vasily's return, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but a number of authors draw conclusions about it. Cm. Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads: Feudal war in Russia XV century. - M.: Mysl, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
- I entered Moscow on October 26. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
- Occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to modern standards February 13 after midnight) 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). He was the first of the Moscow princes to use the title Sovereign of All Rus'. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich early in the morning on Christmas Day in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 120).
- At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him; he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at the third hour of the night (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod fourth April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to Dubrovsky’s list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, stb. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N.M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the “History of the Russian State”, but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, March 27 is correct).
- He was first named Grand Duke in the agreement between Vasily II and the Prince of Suzdal Ivan Vasilyevich, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that Prince Ivan was declared Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
- The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) in the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to the Second Sophia on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 374) According to the Academic list of the Fourth Novgorod Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
- From June 1471, in acts and chronicles he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-ruler of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
- He was placed by Ivan III “for the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Rus'” (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a royal crowning ceremony was held and for the first time, the “Monomakh’s hat” was used for coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his decision, declaring his son Vasily as his heir.
- He was crowned by Ivan III for the great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
- Sit on the throne in 1505. Died on December 3, 7042 September at twelve o'clock at night, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
- Until 1538, the regent under the young Ivan was Elena Glinskaya. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
- On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. Died on March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
- Kasimov Khan, baptismal name Sain-Bulat. He was placed on the throne by Ivan the Terrible, with the title of “Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Rus',” and the Terrible himself began to be called the “Prince of Moscow.” The time of reign is determined by surviving charters. It was first mentioned in Ivan’s petition on October 30, 7084 September (i.e. in this case 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T.I. Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V. I. Zemsky Sobor in 1575 and the installation of Simeon Bekbulatovich as “Grand Prince of All Rus'” // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fedor, there was a separate clause that stipulated “not wanting” Simeon and his children to become kings.
- Crowned to the throne on May 31, 1584. Died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.
- After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Through eight days She went to a monastery, but in official documents she continued to be called “the Empress Tsarina and Grand Duchess.”
- Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was crowned king on September 1st. He died on April 13 at about three o'clock in the afternoon.
- Inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites who recognized False Dmitry as king, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
- Entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He was crowned king on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. Pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by the majority of researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepiev.
- Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was crowned king on June 1. Overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
- In the period after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars (“seven-numbered boyars”, in historiography seven-boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as king (see N. Markhotsky. History of the Moscow War. M., 2000.)
- He headed the Boyar Duma. Conducted negotiations with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, before the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
- Supreme body executive power in the territory liberated from invaders. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the Whole Land, it functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and Zarutsky in August 1612 spoke out against the people's militia. In the spring of 1611, the Second Militia arose in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo head on September 1, 1611) and D. M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new composition of the Zemstvo government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov to the throne. After the unification of the First and Second Militias at the end of September 1612 D. T. Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemstvo government.
- On March 14, 1613 he agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 , July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at two o'clock in the morning 13 July 1645.
- Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of “great sovereign.”
- Crowning on September 28, 1645. Died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
- Crowning on June 18, 1676. Died on April 27, 1682.
- After the death of Fyodor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle between court factions, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed “senior king.” Joint royal wedding
The history of the Russian state goes back much more than a millennium, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived on vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, full of a wide variety of personalities and rulers that were significant for the fate of the entire country. And the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so long and confusing that it would not be a bad idea to understand in more detail how we managed to overcome this long journey of several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of their lives and why they be remembered by descendants, leaving their shame and glory, disappointment and pride for centuries. Be that as it may, they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.
Main stages: rulers of Russia in chronological order, table
Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, and he can hardly list the rulers of Russia in chronological order for at least the last hundred years. And for a historian, this is far from such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly talk about the contribution of each of them to the history of their native country. That is why historians decided to conditionally divide all this into main historical stages, connecting them according to some specific characteristic, for example, by social system, foreign and domestic policy, and so on.
Russian rulers: chronology of stages of development
It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to a person who has no special abilities or knowledge in historical terms. The historical, as well as personal, characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country at that particular period of time.
Among other things, over the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Rus' from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely be of interest to you) were replaced by one another, but also the historical and political center of the country itself changed the place of its own deployment, and often this did not depend at all from the people, who, however, did not suffer much from this. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, the country was ruled by princes, and only after that came monarchization, which ended in November 1917 with the Great October Revolution, very tragically.
Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and subsequently the formation of new, almost completely independent states in the territories previously belonging to Russia. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help us better understand the path we have taken up to this point, point out the advantages and disadvantages, sort out the priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them in the future, again and again.
Russian rulers in chronological order: Novgorod and Kyiv - where I came from
Historical materials, which have no reason to doubt, for this period, which begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign of the Kyiv princes, are actually quite scarce. However, they allow us to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.
Interesting
The chronicle of the twelfth century, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” makes it clear that in 862, the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous strength of mind, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that a turning point in the history of Russia came, called the “calling of the Varangians,” which ultimately helped unite the Novgorod principalities with the Kyiv principalities.
Varangian from the people of Rus' Rurik replaced Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, when he died, leaving his young son Igor, who might not have been his only offspring, in the care of his distant relative Oleg.
Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg, left to look after Igor, decided not to limit himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kyiv and moved his capital there. It was rumored that his death was far from accidental. snake bite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to understand it thoroughly.
After the death of the regent in 912, Rurik’s son came to power, Igor, which is the first of the Russian rulers to be clearly traced in both Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in a larger amount than was required, for which they treacherously killed him.
Prince Igor's wife Duchess Olga ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Rus' was made.
Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich. However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.
In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. However, he only had to sit on the throne for two years. Then he simply fell into the millstone of civil strife, was killed and ground into the “flour of time.”
In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended to the Novgorod throne from his personal housekeeper Malusha, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for accepting Christianity Great and Baptist. Eight years later, he ascended the Kiev throne, seizing it, and also moving his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that same epic character, covered for centuries with glory and a certain mystical aura, Vladimir the Red Sun.
Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise sat on the Kiev throne in 1016, which he managed to seize under the guise of unrest, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him his brother Svyatopolk.
From 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kyiv, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. Buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich at the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.
Starting from this period, that is, 1068, several personalities ascended the throne who did not leave any serious mark in historical terms.
Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich rose to the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.
It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh that he left the throne after just twelve years.
For the next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh, named Mstislav Vladimirovich.
Beginning in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne was occupied by Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.
Fragmentation and civil strife in Ancient Rus': the rulers of Russia in order and at random
It must be said that the Russian rulers, the chronology of whose leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge about one's own historical basis, have always cared for the statehood and prosperity of their own people, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, but their calculations and aspirations were not always justified, but one cannot judge their ancestors too harshly; one can always find several weighty or not so weighty arguments in favor of one or another decision.
During the period when Rus' was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, persons on the throne of Kyiv changed at a catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kyiv generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.
Great Russian rulers: chronology of the Vladimir principality
The beginning of the twelfth century for Rus' was marked by the emergence of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kyiv, as well as the emergence of several other centers from which it was observed strong pressure large feudal lords. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling in some detail on the princes of that era, although they did not leave a significant mark on the history of modern Russia, and perhaps their role was simply not yet appreciated by their descendants.
Rulers of Russia: list of times of the Moscow Principality
After it was decided to move the capital to Moscow from the previously capital Vladimir, the feudal fragmentation of the Russian lands began to gradually decrease, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. And the rulers of that time became much more fortunate; they managed to hold on to the throne longer than the miserable Vladimir princes.
Beginning in 48 of the sixteenth century, Russia experienced Hard times. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of boyar families.
Monarchical rulers of Russia: chronology before and after Peter I
Historians are accustomed to distinguishing three periods of formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and the post-Petrine period.
After difficult troubled times, the glorified Bulgakov came to power. Ivan Vasilievich Grozny(from 1548 to 1574).
After the father of Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Feodor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).
It is worth knowing that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik family, but he was never able to leave an heir. People considered him inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the year 98 of the sixteenth century, times of unrest began, which lasted until the year 12 of the next century. The rulers changed like pictures in a silent movie, each pulling in his own direction, thinking little about the good of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.
The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.
Alexey's son Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.
Sofya Alekseevna, his blood sister was involved in government from 1682 until 1689.
Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and remained on it until 1725. It was the greatest period national history, the country finally gained stability, the economy took off, and the new king began to call himself emperor.
In 1725, the throne was occupied by Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left him in 1727.
In 30 she sat on the throne Queen Anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.
Ivan Antonovich stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.
Ekaterina Petrovna ran from '41 to '61.
In 1962 she took the throne Catherine the Great, where she stayed until 1996.
Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).
Following Paul came Alexander I (1081-1825).
Nicholas I came to power in 1825 and left it in 1855.
A tyrant and a slob, but very responsible Alexander II had the opportunity to bite his family's legs by lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.
The very last of the Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. Moreover, it was then that a completely new political system called a republic was formed.
Soviet rulers of Russia: in order from the revolution to the present day
The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled the huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death he was no longer able to decide anything and a strong personality with an iron hand had to be put forward in his place, which is what happened.
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).
Corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very “first” First Secretary until 1964.
Leonid Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place in 1964 and died in 1982.
After Brezhnev, the so-called “thaw” came, when he ruled Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).
Konstantin Chernenko took over the post general secretary in 1984, and left a year later.
Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious “perestroika”, and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president of the USSR (1985-1991).
Boris Yeltsin, named the leader of a Russia independent from anyone (1991-1999).
The real head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the “millennium”, that is, 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when he led the country quite successfully Dmitry Medvedev.
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