You can determine the geographical coordinates of a given point, that is, its latitude and longitude, using a map. For any geographical map there is a degree network, with its help, geographical coordinates are determined.
It is customary to determine and record coordinates in the following order: first latitude, then longitude.
To find the geographic latitude on the map, we need parallels. Let's find the most important parallel - the equator. If it is not signed on the world map, then it corresponds to the value 0°. Please note that all parallels on the map have numerical values, which can range from 0 to 90 degrees. Note that 90° is the maximum value of geographic latitude, and it corresponds to the poles of the planet. But the Earth has two poles: North and South, they need to be distinguished. The equator we found divides the earth into two hemispheres, all points south of the equator have a southern latitude, all points north of it have a northern latitude. It turns out that the latitude of the North Pole is 90 ° north latitude, and the South Pole is 90 ° south. In geography, a short notation is accepted: instead of the words "northern latitude" it is customary to write N latitude, and instead of "southern latitude": S. latitude. It remains to figure out what to do with the equator, because its latitude is 0 °. As in mathematics, zero is neither positive nor negative number, and in geography, if a point is located on the equator, then its latitude is 0 ° latitude or 0 ° latitude. (neither north nor south).

But what if the point does not lie directly on the parallels and is somewhere between them on the map?
A parallel can be drawn through any point on the map, because there are an infinite number of them. Just for convenience, only a few are depicted on the map, otherwise the entire map will be shaded with them. And the rest of the parallels have to be completed mentally.
Let's try to find the latitude of the source of the Missouri River. This point is in North America, which is located north of the equator, that is, the latitude of our point is northern.
On the map we see that the source is located between the 40th and 60th parallel. This means that its latitude is greater than 40 but less than 60 degrees. Be especially careful in this place, notice that in the Southern Hemisphere the calculation of parallels on the world map goes in the opposite direction from the Northern! Always carefully determine more and less than what the latitude of your point should be - between which parallels it lies. Further, since it is customary to determine latitude to a degree, you need to mentally divide the distance between our parallels (40 and 60) by the number of degrees between them (in our case, there are 19 parallels between them - from 41 to 59) and measure which of them approximately lies our point. Here you need to simplify your work: we see that the source of the Missouri is much closer to the 40th parallel. Mentally draw a parallel of 50 °. It is more convenient to do this along the neighboring meridians of the degree network. Now it is clearly seen that the point lies almost in the middle between the 40th and 50th parallels. This means that its latitude is 45 ° north latitude. We also note that absolutely accurate measurements in tasks for finding coordinates are usually not required. According to school atlases, measurement errors are allowed within the division of the degree network; on the world map, this is usually 2 °.

Now that we have learned how to find the latitude, in a similar way you can find geographical longitude. It's not much more difficult. Additional complexity arises due to the fact that one equator divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and two meridians into the Western and Eastern hemispheres: zero and one hundred and eightieth. On the world map, we will have to find both of them. All points east of the zero but west of the 180 meridian have east longitude, and all points west of the zero but east of 180 have the west. The zero meridian is also commonly called the initial or Greenwich meridian (Greenwich Observatory in London). It is also customary to shorten the record of longitude. East longitude is written as east longitude, and west longitude is written as west longitude.
What if the point lies on the 0 or 180 meridian? Most likely you have already guessed that their longitude will be simply 0 ° long. or 180°d. - neither western nor eastern.
And the last nuance is the longitude of the planet's poles. We have established that their latitude is 90°, but all the meridians converge at the poles. That is why the longitude of the pole cannot be determined; the North and South Poles have no longitude.

Of course, most of the points on the map for which we are looking for coordinates also lie between the meridians. This means that we will have to do the same as when we were looking for latitude - mentally draw the missing meridians. Let's try this again for the headwaters of the Missouri. We see that it is located in the middle between 100 and 120 meridian west longitude. They lie west of the 0 meridian and east of 180. This means that the longitude of our point is western. The longitude of the point is greater than 100° but less than 120°. It is located almost in the middle, which means that its longitude is approximately equal to 110 ° W. (Actually, 111°, but we repeat that it is ideally difficult to measure coordinates on such a small-scale map - focus on an error of no more than 2° for a world map).

So, we got the approximate coordinates of the source of the Missouri: 45 ° north latitude. and 110°W

As a result - the plan "How to find latitude and longitude"
1) Determine the point located north or south of the equator:
- If to the north - the latitude is northern;
- If to the south - the latitude is south;
- If at the equator - latitude 0°
2) Determine between which parallels a point is shown on the map.
This means to find out - more than what and less than what value will be its latitude.
3) Mentally draw the missing parallels and determine the latitude to a degree.
4) Determine to the west or east of the 0 meridian there is a point.
- If west of 0, but east of 180 - west longitude;
- If east of 0, but west of 180 - east longitude;
- If on the 0th meridian - 0°d., if on the 180th meridian - 180°d;
- If the latitude is 90°, then there is no longitude.
5) Determine between which meridians a point on the map is located.
Find out in what range we are looking for the value of longitude;
6) Mentally draw the missing meridians and determine the longitude to a degree.

Every place on earth can be identified global system latitude and longitude coordinates. Knowing these parameters, it is easy to find any location on the planet. The coordinate system has been helping people in this for several centuries in a row.

Historical prerequisites for the emergence of geographical coordinates

When people began to travel long distances across deserts and seas, they needed a way to fix their position and know in which direction to move so as not to get lost. Before latitude and longitude were on a map, the Phoenicians (600 BC) and Polynesians (400 AD) used the starry sky to calculate latitude.

Quite complex devices have been developed over the centuries, such as the quadrant, the astrolabe, the gnomon, and the Arabic kamal. All of them were used to measure the height of the sun and stars above the horizon and thereby measure latitude. And if the gnomon is just a vertical stick that casts a shadow from the sun, then the kamal is a very peculiar device.

It consisted of a rectangular wooden board measuring 5.1 by 2.5 cm, to which a rope with several equally spaced knots was attached through a hole in the middle.

These instruments determined the latitude even after the invention until that time, until they invented reliable method determining latitude and longitude on the map.

Navigators for hundreds of years did not have an accurate idea of the location due to the lack of a concept of the value of longitude. There was no precise time device in the world, such as a chronometer, so calculating longitude was simply impossible. Not surprisingly, early navigation was problematic and often resulted in shipwrecks.

Without a doubt, the pioneer of revolutionary navigation was Captain James Cook, who traveled through the expanses Pacific Ocean thanks to the technical genius Henry Thomas Harrison. Harrison developed the first navigational clock in 1759. Keeping accurate Greenwich Mean Time, Harrison's clock allowed sailors to determine how many hours were at a point and at a location, after which it became possible to determine longitude from east to west.

Geographic coordinate system

The geographic coordinate system defines two-dimensional coordinates based on the surface of the Earth. It has an angular unit, a prime meridian, and an equator with zero latitude. The globe is conditionally divided into 180 degrees of latitude and 360 degrees of longitude. Lines of latitude are placed parallel to the equator, they are horizontal on the map. Lines of longitude connect the North and South Poles and are vertical on the map. As a result of the overlay, geographic coordinates are formed on the map - latitude and longitude, with which you can determine the position on the surface of the Earth.

This geographic grid gives a unique latitude and longitude for every position on Earth. To increase the accuracy of measurements, they are further subdivided into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.

The equator is located at right angles to the Earth's axis, approximately halfway between the North and South Poles. At an angle of 0 degrees, it is used in the geographic coordinate system as the starting point for calculating latitude and longitude on the map.

Latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial line of the Earth's center and the location of its center. The North and South Poles have a width angle of 90. To distinguish places in the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere, the width is additionally provided in the traditional spelling with N for north or S for south.

The earth is tilted by about 23.4 degrees, so to find the latitude at the summer solstice, you need to add 23.4 degrees to the angle you are measuring.

How to determine the latitude and longitude on the map during the winter solstice? To do this, subtract 23.4 degrees from the angle that is being measured. And in any other period of time, you need to determine the angle, knowing that it changes by 23.4 degrees every six months and, therefore, about 0.13 degrees per day.

In the northern hemisphere, one can calculate the tilt of the Earth, and therefore latitude, by looking at the angle of the North Star. At the North Pole it will be 90 degrees from the horizon, and at the equator it will be directly ahead of the observer, 0 degrees from the horizon.

Important latitudes:

North and South polar circles, each is at 66 degrees 34 minutes north and south latitude respectively. These latitudes limit the areas around the poles where the sun does not set at the summer solstice, so the midnight sun dominates there. On the winter solstice, the sun does not rise here, the polar night sets in.
Tropics are located at 23 degrees 26 minutes in the northern and southern latitudes. These latitudinal circles mark the solar zenith with the summer solstice of the northern and southern hemispheres.
Equator lies at latitude 0 degrees. The equatorial plane runs approximately in the middle of the Earth's axis between the north and south poles. The equator is the only circle of latitude that corresponds to the circumference of the earth.

Latitude and longitude on the map are important geographic coordinates. Longitude is much more difficult to calculate than latitude. The earth rotates 360 degrees a day, or 15 degrees an hour, so there is a direct relationship between longitude and the times the sun rises and sets. The Greenwich meridian is indicated by 0 degrees of longitude. The sun sets an hour earlier every 15 degrees east of it and an hour later every 15 degrees west. If you know the difference between the sunset time of a location and another famous place, then you can understand how far east or west is from it.

The lines of longitude run from north to south. They converge at the poles. And the longitude coordinates are between -180 and +180 degrees. The Greenwich meridian is the zero line of longitude, which measures the east-west direction in a system of geographic coordinates (such as latitude and longitude on a map). In fact, the zero line passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich (England). The Greenwich meridian, as the prime meridian, is the starting point for calculating longitude. Longitude is specified as the angle between the center of the prime meridian of the center of the Earth and the center of the center of the Earth. The Greenwich meridian has an angle of 0, and the opposite longitude along which the date line runs has an angle of 180 degrees.

How to find latitude and longitude on a map?

Definition of exact geographical location map depends on its scale. To do this, it is enough to have a map with a scale of 1/100000, or better - 1/25000.

First, the longitude D is determined by the formula:

D \u003d G1 + (G2 - G1) * L2 / L1,

where G1, G2 - the value of the right and left nearest meridians in degrees;

L1 - distance between these two meridians;

Calculation of longitude, for example, for Moscow:

G1 = 36°,

G2 = 42°,

L1 = 252.5 mm,

L2 = 57.0 mm.

Search longitude = 36 + (6) * 57.0 / 252.0 = 37° 36".

We determine the latitude L, it is determined by the formula:

L \u003d G1 + (G2 - G1) * L2 / L1,

where G1, G2 - the value of the lower and upper nearest latitude in degrees;

L1 - distance between these two latitudes, mm;

L2 - distance from the definition point to the left nearest one.

For example, for Moscow:

L1 = 371.0 mm,

L2 = 320.5 mm.

Desired width L = 52" + (4) * 273.5 / 371.0 = 55 ° 45.

We check the correctness of the calculation, for this it is necessary to find the coordinates of latitude and longitude on the map using online services on the Internet.

We establish that the geographical coordinates for the city of Moscow correspond to the calculations:

55° 45" 07" (55° 45" 13) north latitude;
37° 36" 59" (37° 36" 93) East.

Determining location coordinates using iPhone

Accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress by present stage led to revolutionary discoveries of mobile technology, with the help of which a faster and more accurate determination of geographical coordinates became available.

For this, there are various mobile applications. On iPhones, this is very easy to do using the Compass app.

Definition order:

To do this, click "Settings", and then - "Privacy".
Now click "Location Services" at the very top.
Scroll down until you see the compass and tap it.
If you see it says "When used on right side”, you can start the definition.
If not, tap it and select "When using the app".
Open the Compass app and you will see your current location and current GPS coordinates at the bottom of the screen.

Determination of coordinates in an Android phone

Unfortunately, Android doesn't have an official built-in way to get GPS coordinates. However, it is possible to get Google Maps coordinates, which requires some additional steps:

Open Google Maps on Android device and find the desired definition point.
Press and hold it anywhere on the screen and drag it to Google Maps.
An informational or detailed map.
Find the Share option on the information card in the upper right corner. This will bring up a menu with the Share option.

This setup can be done in Google Maps on iOS.

This is a great way to get coordinates without the need to install any additional apps.

The geographic coordinate system is necessary in order to determine the location of an object on the surface of the Earth with great accuracy. As you know, this system consists of geographic latitude and longitude. The first element of this system is the angle between the local zenith (noon) and the plane of the equator, ranging from 0 to 90 degrees west or east of the equatorial boundary. Longitude is the angle formed by two planes: the meridian passing through a given point in the area and the Greenwich meridian, i.e. zero point. From the latter, the longitude begins, which is from 0 to 180 degrees east and west (east and west longitude). Knowing how to navigate the terrain using latitude and longitude will help you communicate your exact coordinates when an emergency occurs. emergency, when you find yourself in an unfamiliar place that is not marked on the map, or get lost in the forest. Learn more about how you can determine the latitude and longitude of your location.

Clock to determine location by latitude and longitude

How to determine a place by latitude and longitude

The determination of local geographic longitude is carried out using conventional clocks. To do this, you need to install on them exact time location in this moment. Then you should determine the time of the local noon, this will help the time-tested method: you need to find a meter or one and a half meter stick, stick it vertically into the ground. The length of the drop shadow line will show the time intervals that need to be detected. The moment when the shadow will be the shortest is the local zenith, i.e. the gnomon shows exactly 12 noon, while the direction of the shadow is from south to north.

At this time, you need to note the time on the clock - this will be the indication of Greenwich Mean Time. From this value, you need to subtract the indicator, which is taken from the time equation table. This correction arises due to the variability of the angular velocity of motion and the dependence on the season. Given this correction, the average value of Greenwich time is reduced to true solar. The resulting difference between this sunny time(i.e. 12 hours) and Greenwich, taking into account the amendment, must be converted to a degree value. To do this, you need to know that in one hour the Earth rotates 15 degrees (if you divide 360 degrees by 24 hours) of longitude, or 1 degree in four minutes. If noon in a given area comes earlier than Greenwich Mean Time, indicate east longitude in your calculations, if later, then west. The closer the coordinates of the desired area to the polar regions, the more accurate the longitude measurements will be.

The field of how the value of longitude is found, you can begin to determine the value of the latitude of a particular area. First you need to determine the duration of the daytime, which begins at sunrise and ends at sunset. Next, you need to draw up a nomogram, i.e. determination of latitude: on the left side the value of the daylight hours is indicated, on the right - the date. If you combine these values, you can determine the intersection of geographic latitude with middle part. The location found will indicate the local latitude. When determining latitude relative to the southern hemisphere, you must add 6 months to required date. The second way is to find the latitude using a conventional protractor: for this, a plumb line (thread with a weight) is fixed in the center of this tool, and its base is pointed at the North Star. The angle formed by the plumb line and the base of the protractor must be reduced by 90 degrees, i.e. subtract this value from its value. The value of this angle shows the height of the North Star, i.e. the height of the pole above the horizon. Since the geographic latitude is equal to the value of the pole above the horizon of a particular place, this value will indicate its degree.

There are many different coordinate systems. All of them are used to determine the position of points on the earth's surface. This includes mainly geographic coordinates, flat rectangular and polar coordinates. In general, it is customary to call coordinates angular and linear quantities that define points on a surface or in space.

Geographic coordinates are angular values - latitude and longitude, which determine the position of a point on the globe. Geographic latitude is the angle formed by the plane of the equator and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. This angle value shows how far a particular point on the globe is north or south of the equator.

If the point is located in the Northern Hemisphere, then its geographical latitude will be called the northern latitude, and if in the Southern Hemisphere - the southern latitude. The latitude of points located on the equator is zero degrees, and at the poles (North and South) - 90 degrees.

Geographic longitude is also an angle, but formed by the plane of the meridian, taken as the initial (zero), and the plane of the meridian passing through the given point. For the uniformity of the definition, it was agreed to consider the meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (near London) as the initial meridian and call it Greenwich.

All points located to the east from it will have eastern longitude (up to the meridian of 180 degrees), and to the west of the initial one - western longitude. The figure below shows how to determine the position of point A on the earth's surface if its geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) are known.

Note that the difference in longitudes of two points on Earth shows not only their relative position with respect to the zero meridian, but also the difference in these points at the same moment. The fact is that every 15 degrees (24th part of the circle) in longitude is equal to one hour of time. Based on this, it is possible to determine the difference in time at these two points by geographical longitude.

For example.

Moscow has a longitude of 37°37′ (East), and Khabarovsk -135°05′, that is, lies to the east of 97°28′. What time do these cities have at the same moment? simple calculations show that if it is 13:00 in Moscow, then it is 19:30 in Khabarovsk.

The figure below shows the design of the sheet frame of any map. As can be seen from the figure, in the corners of this map, the longitude of the meridians and the latitude of the parallels that form the frame of the sheet of this map are signed.

On all sides, the frame has scales divided into minutes. For both latitude and longitude. Moreover, each minute is divided by dots into 6 equal sections, which correspond to 10 seconds of longitude or latitude.

Thus, in order to determine the latitude of any point M on the map, it is necessary to draw a line through this point parallel to the lower or upper frame of the map, and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds on the latitude scale to the right or left. In our example, point M has a latitude of 45°31’30”.

Similarly, drawing a vertical line through the point M parallel to the lateral (closest to this point) meridian of the border this sheet maps, we read the longitude (east) equal to 43 ° 31’18.

Drawing a point on a topographic map according to given geographical coordinates.

Drawing a point on the map according to the given geographical coordinates is carried out in the reverse order. First, the indicated geographical coordinates are found on the scales, and then parallel and perpendicular lines are drawn through them. Intersecting them on will show the point with the given geographic coordinates.

Based on the book "The map and the compass are my friends."
Klimenko A.I.

This term has other meanings, see Coordinates.

Geographical coordinates define the position of a point on the earth's surface or, more broadly, in a geographic envelope. Geographic coordinates are built on the principle of spherical. Similar coordinates are used on other planets, as well as on the celestial sphere.

Latitude

Main article: Latitude

Latitude- angle φ between the local direction of the zenith and the plane of the equator, counted from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographical latitude of points lying in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is considered to be positive, the latitude of points in southern hemisphere- negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and about those close to the equator - as about low.

Due to the difference in the shape of the Earth from the ball, the geographic latitude of the points is somewhat different from their geocentric latitude, that is, from the angle between the direction to a given point from the center of the Earth and the equatorial plane.

The latitude of a place can be determined using astronomical instruments such as a sextant or gnomon (direct measurement), or you can use GPS or GLONASS systems (indirect measurement).

Longitude

Main article: Longitude

Longitude- dihedral angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through the given point and the plane of the initial zero meridian, from which the longitude is counted. Longitude from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian is called east, to the west - west. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western - negative.

The choice of the zero meridian is arbitrary and depends only on agreement. Now the prime meridian is the Greenwich meridian passing through the observatory in Greenwich, southeast London. Previously, the meridians of the observatories of Paris, Cadiz, Pulkovo, etc. were chosen as zero.

The local solar time depends on the longitude.

Height

Main article: Height above sea level

To fully determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The distance to the center of the planet is not used in geography: it is convenient only when describing very deep regions of the planet or, on the contrary, when calculating orbits in space.

Within the geographic envelope, it is usually used height above sea level, counted from the level of the "smoothed" surface - the geoid. Such a system of three coordinates turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. Altitude is also convenient because it is related to atmospheric pressure.

Distance from the earth's surface (up or down) is often used to describe a location, but "not" serves as a coordinate.

Geographic coordinate system

Rice. 1

In navigation, the center of mass of the vehicle (TC) is chosen as the origin of the coordinate system. The transition of the origin from the inertial coordinate system to the geographic one (that is, from O i (\displaystyle O_(i)) to O g (\displaystyle O_(g))) is carried out based on the values of latitude and longitude. The coordinates of the center of the geographical coordinate system O g (\displaystyle O_(g)) in the inertial one take the following values (when calculated using a spherical model of the Earth):

X o g = (R + h) cos ⁡ (φ) cos ⁡ (U t + λ) (\displaystyle X_(og)=(R+h)\cos(\varphi)\cos(Ut+\lambda)) Y o g = (R + h) cos ⁡ (φ) sin ⁡ (U t + λ) (\displaystyle Y_(og)=(R+h)\cos(\varphi)\sin(Ut+\lambda)) Z o g = ( R + h) sin ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle Z_(og)=(R+h)\sin(\varphi)) where R is the radius of the earth, U is the angular velocity of the earth's rotation, h is the height above sea level, φ (\displaystyle \varphi ) - latitude, λ (\displaystyle \lambda ) - longitude, t - time.

The orientation of the axes in the geographic coordinate system (H.S.K.) is selected according to the scheme:

The X-axis (another designation is the E-axis) is the axis directed to the east. The Y-axis (another designation is the N-axis) is the north-facing axis. Axis Z (another designation - axis Up) - an axis directed vertically upwards.

The orientation of the XYZ trihedron, due to the rotation of the earth and the movement of the T.S., is constantly shifting with angular velocities.

ω E = − V N / R (\displaystyle \omega _(E)=-V_(N)/R) ω N = V E / R + U cos ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(N)=V_( E)/R+U\cos(\varphi)) ω U p = V E R t g (φ) + U sin ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(Up)=(\frac (V_(E))(R ))tg(\varphi)+U\sin(\varphi)) where R is the radius of the earth, U is the angular velocity of the earth's rotation, V N (\displaystyle V_(N)) is the speed of the vehicle to the north, V E (\displaystyle V_ (E)) - east, φ (\displaystyle \varphi ) - latitude, λ (\displaystyle \lambda ) - longitude.

The main disadvantage in practical application G.S.K. in navigation is the large values of the angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing up to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of G. S. K., a semi-free SK in azimuth is used.

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

The semi-free in azimuth S.K. differs from the G.S.K. only by one equation, which has the form:

ω U p = U sin ⁡ (φ) (\displaystyle \omega _(Up)=U\sin(\varphi))

Accordingly, the system has the same initial position, carried out according to the formula

N = Y w cos ⁡ (ε) + X w sin ⁡ (ε) (\displaystyle N=Y_(w)\cos(\varepsilon)+X_(w)\sin(\varepsilon)) E = − Y w sin ⁡ (ε) + X w cos ⁡ (ε) (\displaystyle E=-Y_(w)\sin(\varepsilon)+X_(w)\cos(\varepsilon))

In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to issue output information, the coordinates are transformed into the GCS.

Recording formats for geographic coordinates

Any ellipsoid (or geoid) can be used to record geographic coordinates, but WGS 84 and Krasovsky (on the territory of the Russian Federation) are most often used.

Coordinates (latitude −90° to +90°, longitude −180° to +180°) can be written:

in ° degrees as a decimal fraction (modern version)
in ° degrees and ′ minutes s decimal
in ° degrees, ′ minutes and ″ seconds with a decimal fraction (historical notation)

The decimal separator can be a period or a comma. Positive signs of coordinates are represented by (in most cases omitted) sign "+" or letters: "N" - north latitude and "E" - east longitude. Negative signs coordinates are represented either by the sign "−" or the letters: "S" - southern latitude and "W" - western longitude. Letters can stand both in front and behind.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates.

By default, search engine maps show coordinates in degrees with a decimal fraction with a "−" sign for negative longitude. On Google maps and Yandex maps, latitude first, then longitude (until October 2012, Yandex maps adopted reverse order: longitude first, then latitude). These coordinates are visible, for example, when laying routes from arbitrary points. The search also recognizes other formats.

At the same time, the original way of writing with degrees, minutes and seconds is often used. Currently, coordinates can be written in one of many ways or duplicated in two main ways (with degrees and with degrees, minutes and seconds). As an example, the options for recording the coordinates of the sign "Zero kilometer of roads Russian Federation» - 55°45′21″ s. sh. 37°37′04″ in. e.HGЯO:

55.755831°, 37.617673° - degrees
N55.755831°, E37.617673° - degrees (+ additional letters)
55°45.35′N, 37°37.06′E - degrees and minutes (+ additional letters)
55°45′20.9916″N, 37°37′3.6228″E - degrees, minutes and seconds (+ additional letters)

GEOGRAPHIC MAP. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

Globe - a model of the globe. It correctly conveys the outline of the continents and oceans and the ratio of their areas, which allows accurate measurements of distances between individual places located on different continents, find the shortest distance between them.

Along with the advantages, the globe has a significant drawback: it is produced only on a small scale. Imagine a globe on the scale of a wall map of Russia, then its diameter would be 2.55 m. It would be inconvenient to use such a globe, since it would take up too much space.

A degree network is applied on the globe, consisting of meridians and parallels, which can be drawn innumerable. Usually on the globe and maps they are applied through 5, 10, 15 °. The initial meridian is chosen conditionally and passes through Greenwich (a suburb of London). The equator is 40075.7 km long and divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Parallels are plotted parallel to the equator.

The degree network determines the exact position of each point on Earth, i.e. determine its geographic longitude and geographic latitude.

Geographic longitude is the angular distance of a given meridian from the initial one, while the vertex of the angle is at the center of the Earth. For ease of reference, longitude is measured east and west of the Greenwich meridian up to 180°. Longitude is called east when measured to the east (abbreviated east) and west when measured to the west (abbreviated west). Longitude is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds, for example: the longitude of St. Petersburg is 30 ° E; longitude of Vladivostok 132°E longitude New York 73°W; longitude of Moscow is 37°5" E (37 degrees 5 minutes east).

Geographic latitude is the angular distance from the equator to a given parallel. The vertex of the angle is also in the center of the Earth, but the angle does not lie in the plane of the equator, but in the plane of the meridian on which the desired point is located. Latitude is also measured in degrees, minutes and seconds from the equator to the north and south (from 0 to 90 °). The latitude is northern and southern (abbreviated as N, S), for example: the latitude of Moscow is 57 ° N, the latitude of St. Petersburg is 60 ° N, the latitude of Melbourne (Australia) is 38 ° S

The latitude and longitude of any point on the globe are its geographical coordinates.

Since the length of all meridians, in contrast to the parallels, is the same, then an arc of 1 ° of any meridian is approximately 111 km. It is somewhat less near the equator (110.57 km) and more near the poles (111.7 km) due to the compression of the Earth near the poles.

What is latitude and longitude?

All this is wonderful, only latitude and longitude are NOT lines. These are angles, that's why they are measured in degrees! - 4 years ago

Longitude and latitude are concepts used in the designation of geographic coordinates.

For example, they say: the ship is at 35 degrees north latitude and 28 degrees east longitude.

How is this to be understood?

To understand, take a globe, touch your finger anywhere on the equator. Then spin the globe without removing your finger. By turning the globe, you change the position of your finger in longitude.

In the city of Greenwich there is a point where the longitude is zero degrees. This is the point through which the prime meridian passes.

Everything to the right on the map is called east longitude, and everything to the left is called west. You can also say just longitude, then the offset to the west or east will be determined by the sign of the angle. If the angle is negative, then the offset is to the west, and if positive - to the east. What is an angle? The angle is the angle between point A with X coordinates at the Greenwich level and Y coordinates at the equator level, point O located in the center of the planet and point B with X coordinates of the desired point and Y coordinates at the equator level.

Latitude is about the same, only it is plotted vertically, that is, perpendicular to longitude. What is above the equator is the north latitude, and what is below is the south. Or just latitude, then the angle decreases downward (negative angles), and upwards - increase.

Here is the diagram:

Pani monica

Latitude and longitude are geographic coordinates, conditional lines on the surface of the globe.

Latitude is a conditional horizontal line (parallel), and longitude is a vertical line. The latitude reference point starts from the equator. This is zero latitude. Latitudes from the equator to the North Pole are called North (N or N) from 0 to 90, from the Equator to the South Pole - South (S or S).

The reference point for longitude is the Greenwich meridian. This is zero longitude. The longitude going from Greenwich towards the east (towards Japan) is called Eastern longitude (E or E), from Greenwich to the west (towards America) - Western (W or W)

Each latitude and longitude is measured in degrees, each degree is divided into minutes, each minute into seconds. 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds. These are geometric and astronomical units of measurement.

Each degree, each minute and each second is equal to a certain distance, which changes as you approach the poles: the distance of each degree of latitude increases, and each degree of longitude decreases. All points of geographic coordinates converge at the poles, so there is only latitude (no longitude): North Pole this is 90 ° 00? 00? North latitude, South - 90 ° 00? 00? South latitude.

By definition, both latitude and longitude are angular coordinates that can be used to specify the location of any point on the globe. If the familiar X and Y are used on the plane, defined by metric units of measurement relative to perpendicular axes, then on spherical surface angular coordinates are used, which show the position of a point relative to two also perpendicular lines on the surface and are measured in degrees. In the case of the Earth, these lines are the equator and the prime meridian. Latitude, north or south, is plotted from the equator, and longitude, east or west, is plotted from the prime meridian. The angle of latitude is determined by holding conditional lines from the center of the earth to the desired point and the equator in the plane of the meridian, and the angle of longitude is determined by drawing the same lines from the center of the section of the globe by a parallel between the desired point and the prime meridian.

Tip: in order not to get confused about what latitude and longitude are, it is better to remember, for example, the concept of northern and southern latitudes - it is already becoming clear that latitude is a line above or below the equator, parallel to it, a parallel. Therefore, longitude is a line perpendicular to the equator - a meridian.

Help to

Latitude and longitude are angles. Together they form coordinates that can be used to find the position of an object on a spherical surface, like the Earth.

Latitude is determined in relation to the equator. That is, the equator is the zero surface. Positive latitude is north latitude up to +90 degrees, and negative latitude is south latitude up to -90 degrees.

Longitude is defined in terms of meridians. There is a main meridian, from which the longitude begins - this is Greenwich. All meridians to the east are negative longitude up to -180 degrees, and those to the west are positive longitudes up to + 180 degrees.

Tigre-ok

Of course, everything will depend on the meaning of the word. After all, it can be the breadth of the soul and the length of clothes. But let's take it as a basis geographical concepts. In order not to delve into specific and abstruse terminology, I will try to explain these concepts as simply as possible. After all, it is an accessible explanation that helps to remember information for a long time. I remember back in school we were told to imagine ourselves as travelers on a ship. And in order to understand where our ship is, we must learn to calculate latitude and longitude. To understand our location in relation to the North and South Poles, we need latitude.

Tatty

Latitude and longitude are coordinates with which you can determine the location of an object on the surface or our planet or some other celestial body. Longitude can be east or west. Latitude can be determined using such devices as: the gnomon is an ancient astronomical instrument and the sextant is a measuring, navigational instrument.

To determine latitude and longitude, modern satellite navigation systems such as GPS and GLONASS are used. Latitude and longitude are measured:

ingrid

It is known from school geography that geographic coordinates are used to determine the position of the Earth's points on an ellipsoid (ball). The initial planes in the system of geographical coordinates are the planes of the initial meridian and the equator, and the coordinates are angular values: longitude and latitude of the point. Determining the position of a point using latitudes and longitudes was introduced by Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC. BC e. Geographic latitude point is called corner between the equatorial plane and the normal (plumb line) drawn from the given point. Geographic longitude dots are dihedral angle between the plane of the initial (zero Greenwich) meridian and the plane of the meridian passing through the given point.

Azamatik

Good day.

Everyone, probably, at school came across, heard about such concepts as longitude and latitude.

Most often this happened in geography lessons.

So, both of these concepts denote an angle. Latitude- this is the angle between the equator, or rather its plane, and the line from this point; longitude this is the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through the given point and the plane of the zero meridian.

Longitudes from 0 to 180 ° to the east of that same zero meridian are usually called eastern (while they are usually called or considered positive), and to the west - western (they are also called negative).

Longitude is the dihedral angle between the prime (Greenwich) meridian and the local meridian. Longitudes are counted from 0 to 180, from the Greenwich meridian. In general, longitude and latitude are the data necessary to determine a point in space, in a plane, from geodetic latitude and longitude, a transition is made to flat coordinates in the Gauss-Mercator projection for compiling topographic plans for sites. Longitude and latitude are geodetic, astronomical, depending on whether what coordinate system are you considering?

Moreljuba

Latitude and longitude are purely geographical indicators that are familiar to all schoolchildren. Use latitude and longitude to compile the coordinates of the location of an object.

And now in more detail separately on each concept:

1) Here is what is meant by latitude:

2) Here is what is meant by longitude:

Longitude and latitude are used to determine a point on the earth's surface. Latitude is the distance from a certain point to the equator, and longitude is the distance to the zero point of the meridian, or Greenwich. This distance is indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds.

Adventurer 2000

Good afternoon. These values are measured in degrees, they show the coordinates of any point on the globe, if you take a globe or open a map, you will definitely find these lines on them.

Each indicator is described in detail below:

Please people! How to determine latitude and longitude on a map?

The fact is that I have a contest tomorrow, I can't let the teacher down!!! Please DETAILS who knows how to determine the latitude and longitude on the map? I don’t remember .... there is western longitude, eastern latitude ... etc. etc .... etc.

Mignonette

Good luck!

san sanych

LatitudeL9; - the angle between the local direction of the zenith and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 ° on both sides of the equator. The geographical latitude of points lying in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is considered to be positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is negative. In addition, it is customary to talk about latitudes greater than 9; greater in absolute value - as high, and about those close to zero (that is, to the equator) - as low.

Due to the difference in the shape of the Earth (geoid) from the ball, the geographical latitude of the points differs somewhat from their geocentric latitude, i.e., from the angle between the direction to a given point from the center of the Earth and the plane of the equator.

The latitude of a place can be determined using astronomical instruments such as a sextant or gnomon (direct measurement), you can also use GPS or GLONASS systems (indirect measurement). The length of the day depends on the latitude, as well as on the time of year.
LongitudeL9; - the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through the given point, and the plane of the initial zero meridian, from which the longitude is calculated. Now on Earth, the zero meridian is the one that passes through the old observatory in Greenwich, southeast London, and therefore it is called the Greenwich meridian. Longitudes from 0 to 180 ° east of the zero meridian are called eastern, to the west - western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western - negative. It should be emphasized that, in contrast to latitude, for a system of longitudes, the choice of the reference point (zero meridian) is arbitrary and depends only on the agreement. Thus, in addition to Greenwich, the meridians of the observatories of Paris, Cadiz, Pulkovo (on the territory Russian Empire) etc.

The local time depends on the longitude.

Sergey 52 rus

in the google earth program, there is a GRID function, that is, a grid is drawn for the entire globe, you can check yourself and learn to understand. all parallels and meridians are signed. true in English, for example - 50 N and 50 E, that is, 50 degrees north latitude and 50 degrees east longitude. but in general, to make it easier to remember, cut the Earth in half, as it were, from north to south, and then along the equator.

Julia Ostanina

Well, it means that the object being defined has an address - this is latitude and longitude, (for example, 57 north latitude 33 east are the coordinates of the city of moscow)
latitude are horizontal lines, longitude are vertical lines.
latitude is northern and southern (northern latitude and south latitude) depends on which side of the equator the object to be determined is located.
longitude west and east (west and east) divides their prime meridian
all degrees are signed outside the frame of the map.
Good luck!

Vladimir Gevorgyan

You will need a watch; - protractor.
Instruction
1First you must determine the geographic longitude. This value shows the deviation of the object from the prime meridian, from 0° to 180°. If desired point east of Greenwich, the magnitude is called east longitude, if west - west longitude. One degree is equal to 1/360 of the equator.

Veronica Koshkina

1First you must determine the geographic longitude. This value shows the deviation of the object from the prime meridian, from 0° to 180°. If the desired point is east of Greenwich, the value is called east longitude, if it is west, west longitude. One degree is equal to 1/360 of the equator.
2Pay attention to the fact that in one hour the Earth turns 15° of longitude, and in four minutes it moves 1°. Your watch must show the correct local time. To find out geographic longitude, you need to set the local noon time.
3Find a straight stick 1-1.5 meters long. Stick it vertically into the ground. As soon as the shadow of the stick falls from south to north, and sundial will "show" 12 hours, note the time. This is the local noon. Convert your data to Greenwich Mean Time.
4 Subtract 12 from the result obtained. Convert this difference to a degree measure. This method does not give a 100% result, and the longitude from your calculations may differ from the true longitude of your location by 0°-4°.
5Remember, if local noon comes before noon GMT, this is east longitude, if later, west longitude. Now you must set the geographic latitude. This value shows the deviation of the object from the equator to the north (northern latitude) or to the south (south latitude) side, from 0° to 90°.
6. Please note that the average length of one degree of geographic latitude is approximately 111.12 km. To determine the geographical latitude, you need to wait for the night. Prepare the protractor and point its lower part (base) at the polar star.
7 Position the protractor upside down, but so that the zero degree is opposite the polar star. See which degree is opposite the hole in the middle of the protractor. This will be the geographic latitude.

Vladislav Pozdnyakov

latitude are horizontal lines, longitude are vertical lines.
latitude is northern and southern (northern latitude and south latitude) depends on which side of the equator the object to be determined is located.
longitude west and east (west and east) divides their prime meridian
all degrees are signed outside the frame of the map.

Hello need help! How to determine longitude and latitude?

Please give examples. Help please, just asked to determine the longitude and latitude on the contour map, I don’t understand anything Thank you in advance!

Taisiyakonovalova

1. To determine the geographic latitude, the map shows parallels - lines drawn parallel to the equator. Geographic latitude is northern and southern. All points located in the northern hemisphere have a north latitude (N), and in the southern hemisphere - a south latitude (S).
Geographic latitude shows the distance from the equator to a given point, expressed in degrees.
The geographical latitude of the equator is 0°. From the equator at an equal distance, in your maps after 10 or 20 degrees, other parallels are drawn - that's what you should be guided by. The further a point is from the equator, the greater its latitude.
At the poles, latitude is 90°.
2. To determine geographic longitude, the map shows meridians - lines that connect the north and south poles.

Everything to the right of the prime meridian is east longitude, to the left is west.
Moscow - 55° N. sh. 37°E d

Alina buttaeva

Geographic latitude shows the distance from the equator to a given point, expressed in degrees. Geographic latitude is northern and southern.
All points located in the northern hemisphere have a north latitude (N), and in the southern hemisphere - a south latitude (S).
To determine the geographical latitude, parallels are shown on a map or on a globe - lines drawn parallel to the equator.
geo_latitude
The geographical latitude of the equator is 0°.
Points located at an equal distance from the equator have the same north and south latitude.
The further a point is from the equator, the greater its latitude.
At the poles, latitude is 90°.
International designations of geographic latitude: northern latitude - N and southern latitude - S.
These abbreviations come from in English: North - north and South - south.
How to determine geographic longitude
Geographic longitude shows the distance from the prime meridian (Greenwich Mean Time) to a given point, expressed in degrees.
Geographic longitude is western and eastern.
All points located in the Western Hemisphere (west of Greenwich) have west longitude (W), and in the Eastern Hemisphere (east of Greenwich) have east longitude (E).
To determine geographic longitude, meridians are shown on a map or on a globe - lines that connect the north and south poles.

Geo_dolgota
The geographical longitude of the prime meridian (Greenwich) is 0°.
The further a point is from Greenwich, the longer its longitude.
The maximum value of geographic longitude is 180°, since a full circle is 360°, then half of it (western hemisphere or eastern) will be equal to 180°.
International designations of geographic longitude: western longitude - W and eastern longitude - E.
These short designations come from the English language: West - west and East - east.
How to determine the geographical coordinates on the map?
1. Find the geographic latitude of the point. To do this, you first need to determine in which hemisphere (northern or southern) it is located. If above the equator, then in the north, if below, then in the south.
Determine between which parallels the point is located (usually they are signed to the right or left of the edge of the map).
Find out how many degrees from the nearest parallel on the side of the equator to a given point.
2. Determine the geographic longitude of the point. To do this, first find out in which hemisphere (western or eastern) it is located relative to Greenwich. If to the left of Greenwich, then in the west, if to the right, then in the east.
Determine between which meridians the point is located (their longitude is usually signed on the upper and lower edges of the map, and sometimes at the intersection with the equator).
Find out how many degrees to the point from the nearest meridian from Greenwich.