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Armed forces Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I attempted to capture the Azov fortress occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, since the fortress garrison received great assistance and support from the Turkish fleet that dominated the Sea of Azov.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipbuilding shipyards were founded in Voronezh. As a result of energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first connection of combat and transport ships in the history of Russia, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, a ground army (about 75 thousand people) and a naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20, a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. The Don did not allow the Turkish fleet, which arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the shore and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of the founding of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

Main Command of the Navy
Surface forces
Submarine forces
Naval aviation
- Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops
- Marines

Navy- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to strike industrial and economic regions (centers), important military installations of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and in bases, disrupting its ocean and sea communications and protecting its own, assisting ground forces in conducting operations, landing amphibious assault forces and repelling enemy amphibious landings, transporting troops, material tools and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several types of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal forces. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special-purpose units and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is intended to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peaceful and war time on ocean and sea borders.

The Navy is capable of launching nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its own. shipping, assist ground forces in operations in continental theaters of war, land amphibious assault forces, participate in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, to repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from ocean and sea directions, defeat the enemy, create conditions for preventing military actions for as long as possible early stage and concluding peace on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - preventing the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel the enemy’s attacks, defeat the strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from conducting large-scale naval operations, and also, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

Navy

underwater
surface
naval aviation
Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
- ships and ships,
- special purpose units
- rear units and units.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed primarily at combating large enemy surface ships.

Torpedo nuclear submarines are used to disrupt enemy underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo submarines) is mainly associated with solving typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Submarine equipment nuclear energy and nuclear missile weapons, powerful hydroacoustic systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation optimal conditions the vital activity of the crew significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships that carry aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and airplanes significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create the opportunity to successfully solve problems of relay and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing on the coast and rescue personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are given the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike enemy targets on its territory and cover their coast from the sea from enemy naval forces.

Thus, surface ships are entrusted with a complex of responsible combat missions. They solve these problems in groups, formations, associations, both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the naval forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aircraft is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed warfare at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, launching positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means air defense enemy, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aircraft actively interact with tactical ones.

Naval aviation helicopters are effective means target designation of the ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by low-flying aircraft and enemy anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful tool fire support for marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy forces designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as for the defense of the coast (naval bases, ports).

Marine combat operations are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the Marine Corps uses in combat all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal Defense Troops, as a branch of the naval forces, they are designed to protect naval force bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

Rear units and units designed for logistical support of forces and combat operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of material, transport, household and other needs of formations and associations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness to carry out assigned tasks.

At all times, war has been one of the main areas human activity. Of course, its consequences have always been extremely negative, nevertheless, it enjoyed quite a lot of popularity in the social environment. This is due to the fact that through war one can achieve the acquisition of land, power, resources, etc. In addition, many international political conflicts have been resolved through military action. Thus, armed struggle is an important part of social activity.

Throughout history, society has modernized its capabilities in the field of military art. This led to standard troop formation rules that are still used today. According to one of them, all armed forces of any state are divided into three components: sea, land and air. In this article, the author would like to talk about which today occupies a significant place in the world ranking of such troops.

What is the Navy?

Today in the Russian Federation there is a large number of military formations that have inherently different tasks and functions. This raises a completely logical question: what is a naval fleet? At its core it is component naval forces of any state, in our case the Russian Federation. This component is divided into two main elements: surface and underwater. It should be noted that a large number of traditions and features of this formation are largely due to the development of maritime relations and the territorial characteristics of the country. The Russian Federation in this regard has enough long story the formation of naval military formations, which will be discussed below.

Fleet of the Russian Empire

The Russian Imperial Navy existed from 1721 to 1917. During this time, the formation took part in many naval battles. In addition, the imperial fleet was distinguished by a high level of combat training and efficiency in war conditions on the water.

The first representatives of the formation were ships built to conduct combat operations as part of the Northern War. The main control bases for the imperial fleet at this time were Kronstadt, Revel, Abo and Helsingfors. Already by the beginning of 1745, His Imperial Majesty's forces at sea consisted of 130 sailing ships, 36 linear, as well as 9 frigates and other types of ships. The navy of the Russian Empire lived according to a special charter.

In the history of the Imperial Navy there are many famous personalities, for example Admiral Nakhimov. This man distinguished himself by heroism and competent construction of tactical defense during the siege of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. Today, Admiral Nakhimov is an unofficial symbol of the Russian fleet.

It should also be noted that the formation was used in the Crimean and Russo-Japanese wars. In addition, the final stage in the development of the Imperial Navy was its participation in the First World War.

Military formations Soviet Union, based at sea, existed from 1918 to 1992. The main task of the USSR fleet was to protect the state's borders from external aggression. The formation included units of submarines, naval aviation, surface ships, missile and artillery troops, as well as marine infantry. The command was exercised from the headquarters of the Navy, located in the city of Moscow. During its existence, the fleet participated in the largest military conflict - World War II.

At the end of the 80s, the formation included the following amount of equipment: 160 surface ships, 113 submarines, 83 missile carriers, as well as about 12 thousand marine personnel. The naval fleet of the USSR had its peak of development in 1985. At this time, it had the second largest number of ships after the United States of America.

Tasks of the fleet at the present stage

The modern navy of the Russian Federation is one of the main elements of the state's armed forces. In accordance with this, he is entirely responsible for performing a number of inherently specific tasks:

Comprehensive containment of any application military force on the sea;

Always-on protection state borders, as well as the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the areas of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf;

Ensuring safety during the implementation of maritime activities on the territory of the World Ocean;

Ensuring and universally maintaining the military presence of the Russian Federation on the territory of the World Ocean;

Participation in peacekeeping and military missions, if they meet the interests of the Russian Federation;

As we see, the fleet maritime Russia has a fairly wide range of basic tasks that need to be implemented everywhere.

Structure of the Russian Navy

The Russian maritime fleet has its own structure, which ensures the effectiveness of the use of this formation in conditions of military operations on the water. But it should be noted that the Navy has a large number of units, which, in turn, are endowed with a number of sufficient specific functions. consists of the following elements:

1. Surface forces, which include units that use surface assets, that is, ships.

2. Underwater forces.

3. The third element is naval aviation, which, in turn, is divided into smaller structural units.

4. Coastal troops related to the navy.

At the same time, as mentioned earlier, each of the presented components performs its own functional tasks to ensure the effectiveness of the use of the Navy as a whole.

Purposes of using surface and submarine forces

As you understand, the main forces of the Russian Navy are surface and underwater units. They are the ones who implement the main tasks of this part of the armed forces. But in the structure of the Russian Navy, surface and underwater units implement a number of their own specific functions. For example, the first type of formation is usually used:

To cover the landing of troops, as well as their transportation to the landing and evacuation point;

Protection of the territorial borders of the state;

Installation of mine barriers;

Supporting the activities of underwater units.

The second, no less important in terms of its effectiveness, unit in the Russian Navy is underwater formations. Their main task is to explore the depths of the sea in peacetime, as well as damage water and ground targets in wartime. It is worth noting that the key equipment in the underwater units are nuclear submarines. They are armed with quite serious weapons, namely ballistic and cruise missiles.

Naval aviation

For many people, the existence of maritime aviation is an incomprehensible factor. Many people confuse this component with a separate branch of the military, which is a mistake. It is worth noting that the armed forces include the army, the navy and the navy. At the same time, the units of the same name in the structure of the Navy have nothing in common with the last element of the RF Armed Forces. Naval aviation has a whole range of its own functional tasks, for example:

Countering enemy surface forces;

Implementation of strikes against enemy coastal targets;

Reflecting air strikes.

Thus, naval aviation is a special unit created to implement functions within the framework of the activities of the Navy.

Features of the Marine Corps

The history of the navy has at all times been inextricably linked with the development of units Marines. Formation refers to the structure of coastal troops. In fact, such units are designed specifically to conduct combat operations through amphibious assault. Marine Corps were known during the reign of Peter the Great. In those distant times, the number of this unit was about 20 thousand personnel.

Today this figure is at around 8 thousand people, who are distributed among four main brigades. The main task of the Marines is amphibious operations, that is, short-term landings to perform individual tasks, as well as the protection of coastal tactical facilities and surface vehicles.

Main groups of the Navy

The fleet cannot be seen throughout the entire territory of the state. The forces and means of this element of the armed forces are distributed in accordance with tactical necessity. Simply put, the main groups are located in those places where the Russian Federation is washed by water. Based on this important factor the entire Russian Federation is divided into the following separate groups:

1. The Northern Fleet is based at the White Sea military base in the city of Severodvinsk. Its main task is to protect the territorial interests of the Russian Federation in the part of the world of the same name.

2. The Pacific Fleet is based mostly in eastern Russia, in cities such as Vladivostok, Danube, Sovetskaya Gavan.

3. The Baltic group is located near the cultural capital of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg. The location is no less significant historical monument. IN in this case We are talking about Kronstadt.

4. The Caspian fleet is based in Astrakhan and Kaspiysk.

5. As for the Black Sea group, it is based in the area of the sea of the same name. The fleet is located on the territory of Sevastopol, which once belonged to Ukraine. It should be noted that this group The Navy has quite an important tactical significance. Her main goal is to protect Russia's interests in the regions of the Black and Mediterranean seas. Commanding Black Sea Fleet today - Admiral Alexander Viktorovich Vitko.

Emblem and flag of the Russian Navy

The symbols of the Russian Navy raise a lot of questions and disputes all over the world. It should be noted that the main designation of the fleet today is its flag. It depicts an oblique St. Andrew's cross. Few people know that an almost identical symbol is the flag of Scotland. The symbol became the banner of the navy in 2001.

The emblem of the Russian Navy also has a special symbolic connotation. It represents a golden coat of arms with crossed anchors in the background. This emblem of the Russian Navy is generally recognized and is used in all groupings of the corresponding branch of the military.

Conclusion

So, in the article we tried to consider all aspects and characteristics Navy of the Russian Federation. Today, this part of the armed forces is one of the strongest in the world, which indicates high level military power of the Russian Federation as a whole.

In Russia, Navy Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July. The need for a fleet appeared in Russia back in the 17th century. To avoid total cultural and political isolation, the empire needed the development of sea routes. The lack of a fleet hampered the country's development.

“There will be sea vessels” - these words of Peter I predetermined the appearance of the birthday of the Russian Navy. At the insistence of the emperor, the Boyar Duma on October 20, 1696 decided to create a regular fleet in the state.

Peter’s persistence could be understood - just a year earlier, the siege of the Russian army of the Turkish fortress of Azov ended in failure. And all because of the lack of a fleet in the Russians, because the Turkish fleet freely supplied the besieged from the sea with ammunition and food.

Military shipbuilding began in Voronezh, then in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and Ladoga. The Baltic and Azov fleets were quickly created, followed by the Pacific and Northern.

At the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty in 1696-1711, about 215 ships were built for the first Russian regular navy. As a result, the Azov fortress was conquered, and subsequently a peace treaty necessary for Russia was signed with Turkey.

A Brief History of the Russian Navy

Thanks to the presence of the fleet, Russian sailors also made a significant contribution to geographical discoveries. So, in 1740 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was founded, to which V. Bering and A. Chirikov contributed. A year later they discovered a strait through which they reached west coast continent of North America.

The navigators Bering and Chirikov carried the baton geographical discoveries having great value for the country, science and economy, was picked up by such Russian navigators as Putyatin E.V., Bellingshausen F.F., Lazarev M.P., Golovnin V.M.

Already in the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Navy became so strong and expanded that it occupied third place in the world in terms of the number of warships. The skill and tactics of combat behavior at sea were constantly improved, and thanks to this, Russian sailors won victories in naval battles. The exploits of admirals F.F. Ushakova, P.S. Nakhimova, G.A. Spiridova, D.N. Senyavina, V.I. Istomina, G.I. Butakova, S.O. Markov and V.A. Kornilov went down in the history of the navy as the bright, brilliant actions of talented naval commanders.

Russia's foreign policy has become more active. In 1770, the Russian Navy achieved dominance in the Aegean Sea, through the efforts of the squadron of Admiral Spiridov, who defeated the Turkish flotilla.

The following year, the coast of the Kerch Strait and the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale were conquered.

Soon the Danube military flotilla was formed. And in 1773, the Azov flotilla proudly entered the Black Sea.

In 1774, the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted for six years, ended. The victory remained Russian Empire, and according to its terms, part of it went to Russia coastline Black Sea between the Dniester and Southern Bug, and most importantly - the entire coast Sea of Azov. Crimea was declared an independent state under Russian protectorate. And in 1783 it became part of Russia.

In 1783, the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet was launched from the port of Kherson, specially founded five years earlier.

By the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Navy was the third largest in the world. It consisted of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets, White Sea, Caspian and Okhotsk flotillas. Great Britain and France were ahead in size.

In 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was created for management, which a little later was renamed the Naval Ministry.

The first military steamship was built in 1826. It was called Izhora, and was armed with eight guns, with a power of 100 horsepower.

The first frigate steamship was built in 1836. It was already armed with 28 guns. Its power was 240 horsepower, its displacement was 1320 tons, and this ship-frigate was called Bogatyr.

Between 1803 and 1855, more than forty long-distance voyages, including around the world, were made by Russian navigators. Thanks to their resilience, the development of the oceans, the Pacific region, and the development of the Far East took place.

The fleet showed its heroic roots even in the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet warships beat the Nazis at sea, as well as on land and in the sky, reliably covering the front flanks.

Soldiers of the marine infantry units, naval pilots, and submariners also distinguished themselves.

During the Great Patriotic War, combat operations at sea were led by admirals A.G. Golovko, S.G. Gorshkov, I.S. Isakov, F.S. Oktyabrsky, I.S. Isakov, I.S. Yumashev, L.A. Vladimirsky and N.G. Kuznetsov.

Russian Navy today

The Russian Navy has a history of just over three hundred years, and at the moment it consists of the following operational-strategic formations:

Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Vladivostok;
Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Severomorsk;
Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Astrakhan;
Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Kaliningrad;
Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Sevastopol.

The structure of the Russian Navy consists of surface and submarine forces, naval aviation (tactical, strategic, deck and coastal), coast guard troops, marines and centrally subordinate units, as well as rear units and units.

The modern Russian Navy has reliable military equipment - nuclear submarines, powerful missile cruisers, anti-submarine ships, naval aircraft and landing craft.

Sailors are not an easy profession, but they are always respected.

The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is intended for the armed protection of Russian interests and for conducting combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transport, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of war, landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in repelling landing forces. enemy and perform other tasks. Emblem Naval Fleet of the Russian Federation

The structure of the Navy The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern Pacific Baltic Black Sea Caspian Flotilla And includes types of forces: Submarine forces Surface forces Naval aviation Coastal forces (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marine infantry and coastal missile and artillery troops) Units and support units service

Northern Fleet (SF) The Northern Fleet (SF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy. The basis of the modern Northern Fleet is made up of nuclear missile and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aircraft, missile, aircraft-carrying and anti-submarine ships. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Northern Fleet Commander of the Northern Fleet, Vice Admiral Maksimov Nikolai Mikhailovich.

Pacific Fleet (PF) The Pacific Fleet (PF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy. The Russian Pacific Fleet, as an integral part of the Navy and the Russian Armed Forces as a whole, is a means of ensuring Russia's military security in the Asia-Pacific region. To carry out its tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the ocean and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, units of ground and coastal forces. The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas production activities, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring navigation safety; carrying out foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.)

The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas of production activity, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring navigation safety; carrying out foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.) Commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice Admiral Sidenko Konstantin Semenovich

Black Sea Fleet (BSF) The Black Sea Fleet (BSF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea. The main base is Sevastopol. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Black Sea Fleet Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral Kletskov Alexander Dmitrievich

Long-distance voyage of the large landing ship "Caesar Kunikov" to the French port of Cannes GRKR "Moscow" as part of the naval strike group of the Northern Fleet

Baltic Fleet The Baltic Fleet is the operational and strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea. The main bases are Baltiysk ( Kaliningrad region) and Kronstadt ( Leningrad region). It includes a division of surface ships, a brigade of diesel submarines, formations of auxiliary and search and rescue vessels, naval air forces, coastal troops, and units of rear technical and special support. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Baltic Fleet Commander of the Baltic Fleet Vice Admiral Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov

Small artillery ship "Astrakhan"

Military equipment and weapons of the Navy Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. They are based on nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads (naval nuclear deterrent forces - NSNF). These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons. Nuclear strategic submarine cruiser project 667BDRM

Surface forces are the main ones for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of the Admiral Kuznetsov project

Naval aviation consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets. Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for Marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats. Su-33
Coastal fleet forces are available in every fleet - Northern, Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific. In addition to BRAV and MP, they each include one coastal defense division. Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure security and protect the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime on ocean and sea borders.

The Navy is capable of attacking enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy's ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of war, landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today The Navy consists of four fleets: Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotillas. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, to repulse it, cover the country’s facilities, forces and troops from ocean and sea directions, defeat the enemy, create conditions for preventing military actions at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace in conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - preventing the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel the enemy’s attacks, defeat the strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from conducting large-scale naval operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces (Fig. 1): submarine, surface, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense forces. It also includes ships and vessels, special purpose units, and logistics units.

Submarine forces— a striking force of the fleet, capable of controlling open spaces, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions, and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo submarines, and by type power plant to nuclear and diesel-electric.

Rice. 1. Structure of the Navy

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are aimed primarily at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo submarines) is mainly associated with solving typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful hydroacoustic systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. In modern conditions, surface forces remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships that carry aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and airplanes significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create the opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relay and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike enemy targets on its territory and cover their coast from the sea from enemy naval forces.

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aircraft is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed warfare at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, launch positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aircraft actively interact with tactical ones.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for Marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

The Navy includes an aircraft carrier (Fig. 2), nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear charges (Fig. 3), nuclear-powered missile cruisers (Fig. 4), large anti-submarine ships, destroyers (Fig. 5), patrol ships ships, small anti-submarine ships, mine-sweeping ships, landing ships, aircraft (Su-33 - Fig. 6, A-40, MiG-29, Tu-22M, Su-24, MiG-23/27, Tu- 142, Be-12, Il-38), helicopters (Mi-14, Ka-25, Ka-27, Ka-29), tanks (T-80, T-72, PT-76), BRDM, armored personnel carrier, self-propelled artillery guns (self-propelled guns of 122 and 152 mm caliber), self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, portable and self-propelled anti-aircraft missile systems.

Rice. 2. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov": standard (full) displacement - 45,900 (58,500) tons; length (but waterline) - 304.5 (270) m; width (at the waterline) - 72.3 (35.4) m; draft - 10.5 m; maximum speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 3850 miles (29 knots) or 8500 miles (18 knots); autonomy - 45 days; crew (officers) - I960 (200) + headquarters 40 people; flight crew - 626 people; aircraft fleet - 22 SU-33, 17 KA-27/31; maximum aircraft capacity - 36 SU-33, 14 helicopters; runway area - 14800 m2; hangar capacity - 18 SU-33; support equipment - 2 aircraft lifts, a springboard, a landing corner deck, 3 take-off platforms; weapons - strike, anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, radio-electronic

Rice. 3. Heavy nuclear submarine cruiser with ballistic missiles of Project 941 “Typhoon”: surface (underwater) displacement - 28,500 (49,800) tons; length - 171.5 m; width - 24.6 m; draft - 13 m; underwater speed - 27 knots; crew (officers) - 163 (55) people; autonomy - 120 days; diving depth - 500 m; armament - 20 ICBMs, torpedo tubes, anti-ship missiles, missiles, torpedoes, hydroacoustic stations, electronic countermeasures

Rice. 4. Heavy atomic missile cruiser Project 1144 “Peter the Great”: standard (full) displacement - 19,000 (24,300) tons; length - 252 m; width - 28.5 m; draft - 9.1 m; maximum speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 14,000 miles (30 knots); crew (officers) - 744 (82) people: weapons - strike (anti-ship missile launcher), anti-aircraft, artillery, anti-torpedo, anti-submarine, aviation (3 Ka-27), radio-electronic

Rice. 5. Destroyer “Admiral Chabanenko”: standard displacement (full) - 7700 (8900) tons; length - 163.5 m; width - 19.3 m; draft - 7.5 m; maximum speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 4000 miles (18 knots); crew (officers) - 296 (32) people; weapons - strike (anti-ship missile launcher), anti-aircraft, artillery, anti-submarine, aviation (2 Ka-27), radio-electronic

Rice. 6. Su-33 ship-based fighter: wingspan - 14.7 m; length 21.19 m; height - 5.63 m; maximum take-off weight - 32,000 kg; maximum speed at high altitude -2300 km/h; ceiling - 17,000 m; range - 3000 km; armament - 30 mm cannon (250 rounds), UR; crew - 1 person