Goals:
repetition and systematization of knowledge about single-component and incomplete sentences;
observation and conclusions about the role of these sentences in the text;
consolidation of knowledge about syntactic means of expressive speech,
improving text analysis skills.
Equipment: interactive board; multimedia projector; a computer for each student; presentation, tests; cards for independent work.
(Note: The presentation is prepared in Power Point and then imported into memory interactive whiteboard; texts that will need to be manipulated during the lesson are entered directly into the memory of the board).
During the classes
1. Report the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Slides No. 1 and No. 2. Theme and objectives of the lesson.
Today in the lesson we will repeat and consolidate knowledge on the topic “One-part sentences. Incomplete sentences", we will observe the role of these sentences in the text, consolidate our knowledge of the means of expressive speech, and also improve our text analysis skills.
(Write down the topic of the lesson in notebooks).
2. Theoretical warm-up.
Slide number 3. Terminological crossword puzzle.
Let's repeat the material from the previous lesson. Theoretical warm-up by solving a crossword puzzle, in the center of which keyword lesson topics.
1. Single ending of lines, stanzas. 2. Arrangement of words in order of strengthening or weakening of the attribute.3. Connection of incompatible, contradictory concepts.4. Unity of lines, stanzas.5. Deliberate omission of conjunctions.6. Repeating a segment of speech at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it.7. Intentional omission of any part of a sentence.8. Repeating words or sentences to draw attention to them.9. Dividing sentences into several semantic phrases.10. Changing the usual word order in a sentence.11. A sharp contrast of concepts and images.12. Stylistic _______ speeches.13. Intentionally excessive repetition of conjunctions.
( Answers. 1. Epiphora. 2. Gradation. 3. Oxymoron. 4. Anaphora. 5. Non-union. 6. Pickup. 7. Ellipsis. 8. Repeat. 9. Parcellation. 10. Inversion. 11. Antithesis. 12. Shapes. 13. Multi-union.)
3. Reporting information from the history of the issue of one-part sentences.
(Individual message from a prepared student. The speech is accompanied by a demonstration of portraits of scientists on slides).
Slide number 4 - portraits of Buslaev and Vostokov.
Slide No. 5 - portraits of A. A. Potebnya and A. A. Shakhmatov.
“In the history of Russian linguistics, the question of the essence of a one-part sentence was resolved in different ways.
Thus, linguists Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev and Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov considered one-part sentences as incomplete, because they believed that a sentence as a syntactic unit should only be two-membered, i.e. with two main members.
Some scientists, for example Alexander Afanasyevich Potebnya, considered a sentence without a predicate unthinkable, therefore sentences with the main member - a noun in the nominative case (nominative) were classified as incomplete.
A huge contribution to the study of syntax, in particular one-part sentences, was made by the great Russian linguist Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov. In his book “Syntax of the Russian Language,” according to V.V. Vinogradov, “for the first time, colossal material has been collected, characterizing the amazing variety of syntactic structures of the modern Russian language.”
A. A. Shakhmatov was the first in the history of our science to identify types of one-part sentences and describe the features of their structure. Many syntactic ideas of A. A. Shakhmatov have still not lost their relevance.
Currently, the separation of one-component sentences into a separate structural type of a simple sentence is beyond doubt. However, on the issue of dividing them into groups, as well as limiting their types (for example, nominative ones), unity of views has not yet been achieved."
4. Repetition of types of one-part sentences.
We are studying the classification of one-part sentences that is recognized in modern stage. What sentences are called one-part sentences?
What groups are they divided into?
Slide No. 6. Scheme for dividing single-component sentences into groups.
Use the table on the slide to tell about each type of one-part sentence, using theoretical information from the textbook by O. V. Zagorovskaya, according to plan: meaning, way of expressing the main member, example.
Slides No. 7 - 8.
What is special about generalized personal sentences?
Can one-part sentences be common?
5. Work on the interactive whiteboard. An exercise in identifying types of one-part sentences.
What is needed to quickly and correctly identify the species
one-part sentences?
(Be able to quickly find a grammatical basis and determine the way of expressing it)
Slide number 9
In these sentences, underline the predicates and write the method of expression next to them. Determine the type of offers.
They don't fish here.______________________
I hasten to help you.___________________________
Freezing.__________________________
There are no bridges on this river.___________________________
It's time to sleep._______________________________
It's windy and damp outside. __________________
Create a duty schedule.______________
Slide number 10
(Each sentence on the slide between the first and second task is entered directly into the memory of the interactive whiteboard as a separate text):
It was cold outside.
Broken lines, sharp corners.
There are many songs written about love.
They have been saying a lot of good things about him for a long time.
See you soon.
There is a smell of thunder in the air.
This should not happen!
Everything around was quiet and calm.
You will be punished for being late.
Distant friend, remember me.
What goes around comes around.
Many people don't have computers yet.
1st task:
Find two-part sentences and move them from the list of sentences off the board (by dragging).
2nd task:
Transfer the remaining one-part sentences to the table in accordance with the method of expressing the predicate, determine the type of sentence.
Which sentence was left out of the table? Why?(Nominal - main member - subject).
6. Working with ex. 22 in the textbook by O. V. Zagorovskaya (Part 2) - page 43.
Reading sentences and identifying their types.
7. Observations on the role of one-part sentences in speech.
Where are one-part sentences most often used in speech?
(In fiction and journalistic literature, as well as in oral conversation).
- The material in the next slides will take us to the topic that is studied in literature lessons - poetry of the Silver Age.
(Texts on slides No. 11 and 12 are also entered into the memory of the board, each sentence separately)
Slides No. 11 and 12. Portraits of poets and poetic texts.
Find one-part sentences, highlight them in a different color, and determine the type. What is their role in this text?
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
A storm is coming. It hits the shore
A black boat alien to enchantment.
K. Balmont.
(Denominative sentences allow you to give a lot of information in a laconic form. The author literally reports in a few words about the place, time of action and the state of the weather. Denominative sentences create a special expressiveness of the text: romance, mystery, tension).
I have a feeling about you. The years pass by -
All in one form I foresee You.
The whole horizon is on fire - and unbearably clear,
And I wait silently, yearning and loving.
A. Blok.
(Definitely personal sentences. The subject is not named, but he is thought of definitely. The subject is superfluous here. And without it it is clear that the speaker is communicating about himself, about his internal state.)
Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes
Swans and don't look for a trace.
With a sheaf of your oat hair
You belong to me forever.
S. Yesenin.
(Impersonal sentences can express the state of nature or a person. In in this case transmit special condition lyrical hero, his inability to resist life circumstances. Verbs in an indefinite form show generality, and with repeated negation not - the irrevocability of the action).
I'm being reproached for something
And they agree with me on some points:
So the confession flows silently
Conversations of the most blessed one.
A. Akhmatova.
(Indefinite personal sentences do not indicate the doer, but everything is clear to us. The main thing is not the doer, but the action itself, contained in 3rd plural verbs. In these sentences, the emphasis is on the action).
8. Game "Auction of poetic lines."
What poetic lines can you remember that contain one-part sentences? (The one who names the last one wins).
9. Review of incomplete sentences.
Slide number 13.
What sentences are called incomplete?
In what cases are they used?
a) in dialogues,
b) in the second part of a complex sentence ).
What new information does Zagorovskaya’s textbook give about incomplete sentences?
( The concept of elliptic sentences ).
10. Exercise in recognizing incomplete sentences.
Slide number 14.
Can one-part sentences be incomplete? (Yes ).
Are the following sentences incomplete?
1. Early morning. 2. It's dawn. 3. Last news I find out on the radio. 4. They bring us newspapers during the day.(All complete, one-piece).
Determine what these sentences are:
- Were you informed of my arrival?(Full, single-stage)
- Reported.(Incomplete, single-part)
- Will it finally get warmer soon?(Full, single-stage)
- Soon.(Nepln., single-part.)
11. Working with ex. 23 (Part 2) - page 45
(Only the sentence numbers are written on the prepared cards in accordance with the assignment in the textbook.)Appendix 2
Answers:
Full two-part: 1; 2; 5(1st part); 7 (1st part).
Complete one-parts: 3 (1st part); 4; 6.
Incomplete, understandable only in context: 3 (2nd part); 5 (2nd hour); 7 (2nd part).
Elliptical: 8.)
12. Working with text.
Slide number 15.
Read the text:
1). It was the end of November. 2). We had to sail all the way to Gibraltar amid a storm with sleet. 3) But they sailed quite safely. 4). There were many passengers, the ship looked like a huge hotel with all the amenities. 5). Life there flowed smoothly. 6). Got up in that early hour, when it was dawning so slowly and uninvitingly over the gray-green water desert, heavily agitated in the fog. 7). We put on flannel pajamas, drank coffee, chocolate, and then sat in the baths, did gymnastics, whetting our appetite and wellness. 8). Until eleven o'clock they were supposed to walk briskly along the decks, breathing in the cold freshness of the ocean. 9). At eleven - refresh yourself with sandwiches with broth. 10). Having refreshed ourselves, we read the newspaper with pleasure and calmly waited for the second breakfast, more varied than the first. 11. The next two hours were devoted to rest.
I. Bunin.
What work is the excerpt from?("Mr. from San Francisco").
Of course, we learned everything, since we had just recently studied it in literature class. Name one-part sentences and their type.(Emphasize different colors each type).
What types of one-part sentences predominate in the text?
What is the role of one-part sentences in this text?
( They are a vivid syntactic means of expressiveness, helping the author to convey to the reader the main ideological meaning works. The text contains many vaguely personal and impersonal sentences that do not imply an image of the figure. The importance of the action itself is emphasized here.
These sentences emphasize the impersonality and lack of individuality of those who consider themselves masters of life. Everything they do is unnatural: entertainment are needed only to artificially stimulate appetite. The use of these sentences allowed the author, without naming specific figures, to show a generalized picture of soulless life in the world of capitalism. These are the nameless "cream" of society. Let us remember that Mr. from San Francisco himself does not have a name.)
What role does this episode play in the story "The Mister from San Francisco"?
(Helps to reveal the idea of the work, the author’s position)
- What is the idea of this episode?
(Lack of spirituality of representatives of capitalist society, pretense, falsehood).
By what means artistic expression is the author's position presented?
Metaphors and epithets : storm with sleet, uninviting light, grey-green watery desert, cold freshness of the ocean.
Symbols: The hotel-like steamship is associated with the Titanic.
A large number of verbs in the past tense makes the action relevant and believable.
Syntactic parallelism: same structure of (3,6,7,10 sentences) and (8, 9) sentences.
Ellipsis: the deliberate omission of the predicate in the 9th sentence allows us to emphasize the author’s assessment: a negative attitude towards the fact that it was “supposed” to go for a walk, and to be reinforced.
Antithesis: a luxurious ship and landscape, relaxation and getting up early, mandatory action.
Oxymoronic language: It was getting uninvitingly light, we were reading the newspaper with pleasure.
What is your speaking style? Prove it.
14. Conclusion.
What is the role in this text of all the above-mentioned means of language, style, type of speech?
(Narration makes it possible to visually convey the actions performed by vacationers on the ship; descriptive elements help to realistically imagine the ship, landscape, etc. And the artistic style involves the use of many means of linguistic expressiveness, which helps to recreate a complete picture of what is happening on the ship, revealing the ideological content and author's positions). Appendix 3 .
Ioption)
A1. Specify incorrect statement.
2) sentences in which there are minor members are two-part
3) main feature impersonal sentences - the impossibility of restoring the subject in them
4) nominative sentences have one main member of the sentence - the subject
A2. In definite personal sentences the predicate can be expressed:
1) im. noun in Im. pad.
4) verb. in undefined f.
will bring:
1) in the vaguely personal
2) in the impersonal
3) in a definitely personal
4) in the nominative
A4. Specify the verb that can not
4) it was getting light
worth thinking about is:
1) definitely personal
2) impersonal
3) vaguely personal
4) nominal
A6. Find the characteristic that matches the sentence: There is no point in making an elephant out of a molehill.
1) two-part
3) one-part, impersonal
Our train was delayed.
1) vaguely personal
2) impersonal
3) definitely personal
4) nominative
We crossed another mountain pass.
1) simple
2) not widespread
3) one-piece
4) vaguely personal
My feet creaked.
1) impersonal verb
2) There was a smell of greenery in the air.
3) It was getting dark.
4) You can’t drive here.
1) The daughter asks her father to take her with her.
2) If the squad has entrusted you with a difficult task, then you must complete it at any cost.
4) The lieutenant goes to find out if there is a connection.
[definitely personal], and [two-part].
1) You walk along the edge of the forest, and your favorite images come to mind.
2) The wind dispersed the clouds, and by morning the puddles were covered with thin ice.
3) Don’t bend your shoulders, and don’t teach me peace.
4) The road was covered in snow, and we were advised to spend the night in the village.
[two-part], and [impersonal].
2) It was already getting dark, and we had to hurry.
4) Calm and quiet in a remote clearing, smells of wild rosemary and ripe strawberries.
1) At five years old the boy is already reading.
2) I'm not feeling well.
3) Did you bring me a book?
4) The samovar is boiling in the house.
1) Let me go to the Volga steppes.
2) The boulevard is long and gray.
3) By night it was freezing.
4) The sun was breaking through the leaves.
1) At this time, shoes were brought to the blacksmith.
2) I look into the blue lakes.
3) Waste and mold are behind.
4) I looked intently into Yevseich’s eyes.
1) The evening is cool and bright.
2) Take care of our language!..
3) It smelled of the sweet decay of autumn.
4) There they graze sheep under the mountain.
1) Hello, my Motherland!
2) Prepare to enter a new life.
3) Believe in your people.
4) There was a hesitant knock on the door.
A19. Specify the name proposal:
1) Distant barking of dogs.
2) A scream is heard from time to time.
3) You can feel the unique smell of wormwood.
4) There were no microphones then.
A20. How many nominal sentences can be identified in a quatrain:
Twenty first. Night. Monday.
Outlines of the capital, in the darkness.
Composed by some slacker,
What love happens on earth.
1) The earth still looks sad, but the air already breathes spring.
2) Behind the line were hunters with a dog, and behind the hunters was the coachman Ignat.
3) He found himself again in the same park, but now it was completely cold.
4) One more minute of explanation, and the long-standing enmity was ready to fade away.
1) Suddenly an old lady, the car’s mother, came towards me.
2) And at that very moment there are couriers, couriers, couriers through the streets.
3) Below him is a stream of lighter azure, above him is a golden ray of sun.
4) They looked at each other: Raisky with curiosity, she with daring triumph.
1) there is no subject
2) the predicate is expressed by a past tense verb plural
3) the verb expresses an action that is important in itself, and it does not matter who performs this action
AT 2. Describe the proposal by the presence of main members. You cannot catch up with a broken word on a horse.
(1) I remember well that July day when we saw off my father on his flight. (2) It was hot and stuffy in the port. (3) The hot sun heated up the dusty cobblestone street. (4) The loaders’ faces were wet with sweat. (5) There is complete calm on the river. (6) In the heated air there was a strong smell of seal oil and salted cod.
AT 4. Indicate the number of the impersonal sentence and write how the predicate is expressed in it.
(1) But then autumn came. (2) It got cold. (3) The trees turned yellow. (4) The wind tore withered leaves from the branches and circled over the forest. (5) Then the leaves fell to the ground.
AT 5. Among sentences 1 – 8, find definitely personal sentences. Write down their numbers.
(1) The hospital was located in the building of a former hotel. (2) I was placed in the fifteenth ward surgical department. (3) Time passed slowly. (4) One day is like another. (5) Hospital routine remains unchanged. (6) You can’t change your mind about anything from round to round at the doctor. (7) I remember the years of studying at the college. (8) You begin to sort through the events of those days in your memory...
AT 6. Among sentences 1 – 4, find an indefinitely personal sentence. Write his number.
(1) A lamb is heard bleating. (2) Have they really driven out the herd already? (3) It's still too dark. (4) This long-nosed sandpiper, snipe, having climbed into the crazy heights, under the clouds, throws itself down like a stone on motionless outstretched wings, and the tail feathers of its tail, trembling, produce a strange sound, almost indistinguishable from bleating.
SIMPLE SINGLE SENTENCES AND INCOMPLETE SENTENCES (IIoption)
A1. State the incorrect statement.
1) a one-part sentence can be common
2) definitely-personal sentences have one main member of the sentence - the predicate
3) impersonal sentences are those in which there is no subject
4) the main member of an impersonal sentence is expressed only by an impersonal verb
A2. In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate can be expressed:
1) im. noun in Im. pad.
2) verb. 1st or 2nd l. present or bud. vr.
3) verb. 3rd year pl. hours present or bud. vr
4) verb. in undefined f.
A3. In what one-part sentence can the verb be used? baking:
1) in the vaguely personal
2) in the impersonal
3) in a definitely personal
4) in the nominative
A4. Specify the verb that can not to be predicate in an impersonal sentence:
2) not feeling well
3) need to get up
4) dawn
A5. One-part sentence with a predicate No is:
1) nominal
2) definitely personal
3) vaguely personal
4) impersonal
A6. Find the characteristic that matches the sentence: Don't look longingly at the road.
1) two-part
2) one-part, definitely personal
3) one-part, impersonal
4) one-part, indefinitely personal
A7. Find the characteristic that matches the sentence: A river glistening in the sun.
1) vaguely personal
2) impersonal
3) definitely personal
4) nominative
A8. Find the error in the description of the sentence: Action cannot be replaced by words.
1) simple
2) common
3) one-piece
4) vaguely personal
A9. How is the predicate expressed in an impersonal sentence: I really wanted to go home.
1) impersonal verb
2) impersonal form of a personal verb
4) infinitive form of the verb
A10. In which sentence is the predicate expressed in the impersonal form of a finite verb:
1) It’s getting dark in the valley.
2) There was a pleasant creaking sound under my feet.
3) There is no outcome.
4) I'm not feeling well.
A11. Find a well-constructed sentence:
1) This novel is studied at school and is available in every library.
2) I will walk carefully, not touch the branches and not disturb the birds’ sleep.
3) Characteristic feature novel, the dynamism of its images.
4) In his pre-revolutionary work, the great poet sounds pain for his homeland.
A12. Find a sentence that matches the pattern: [impersonal], and [impersonal].
1) It’s the end of May, and it’s still cool in the field.
2) It was already getting dark, and we had to hurry.
3) The guys have a good homeland, and there is no better homeland.
4) The moon had set and the fire was no longer visible.
A13. Find a sentence that matches the pattern: [definitely personal], and [two-part].
1) Do not believe the pictures in which the Japanese are represented by some kind of parrots.
2) The sun was setting lower and lower, and the shadows of the tough bushes became longer.
3) It became stuffy in the hut, and I went out into the air to freshen up.
4) Another moment, and the boat entered under the arches of trees.
A14. Find a one-part sentence:
1) My light, mirror, tell me.
2) What are you thinking about?
3) The housewife is busy at the stove.
4) Work – great power.
A15. Find an impersonal sentence:
2) It smelled of earth and frost.
3) I remember a clear village morning.
4) The sun falls on the rye with slanting rays.
A16. Find a definitely personal offer:
1) It’s getting very late.
2) Yakov, raise the curtain, brother!
3) The end of the street on the edge of the city.
4) Choose a book for yourself.
A17. Indicate a vaguely personal sentence:
1) Carry your dream through the years!
2) The narrow lake was beautiful.
3) They led an elephant through the streets.
4) It smelled wonderful of fish and resin.
A18. Specify an impersonal offer:
1) Bypassing the wet snow, you easily walk towards the house.
2) Savelich was not with me.
3) Nightingales, nightingales, do not disturb the soldiers.
4) Stand up for the truth.
A19. Mark the noun sentence:
1) Blue shadows from trees.
2) It’s getting dark.
3) Not a soul around.
4) I don’t want to go home.
A20. How many noun sentences can be extracted from the quatrain:
Flocks of birds. Road tape.
A fallen fence.
From the foggy sky
The dim day looks sad.
A21. Find an incomplete sentence as part of a complex one:
1) You have always been strict with me, and you have been fair.
2) He noticed her from afar, and his chest immediately felt cold.
3) Half of the house was occupied by a pharmacy, half by a station.
4) He didn’t believe that he would recover so quickly.
A22. Which incomplete sentence requires a dash:
1) There are traces of unprecedented animals on unknown paths...
2) There is an old leather sofa in the corner.
3) They talked for a long time: grandmother quietly and plaintively, grandfather loudly and angrily.
4) The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance.
IN 1. Determine the type of one-part sentence by the following signs:
1) there is no subject.
2) the predicate is expressed by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person
3) the verb expresses an action that is performed by a certain person
AT 2. Describe proposals based on the presence of main members . Fish are not afraid of rain.
AT 3. Indicate the number and type of sentence that does not and cannot have a subject.
(1) January blew a cold breath on the forest. (2) The Christmas trees are buried in snowdrifts and sleeping. (3) Thin-legged aspen and birch trees drowned knee-deep in the snow. (4) They are not afraid of frost. (5) But big trees it makes him feel bad. (6) They crack and groan throughout the forest.
AT 4. Indicate the number of the impersonal sentence and write how the predicate is expressed in it.
(1) Just yesterday a crazy March snowstorm was swirling outside. (2) In the evening the wind changed. (3) Brought warmth. (4) Drops of unexpected spring rain hit the snow. (5) And at dawn it froze. (6) Only our northern spring plays so easily with winds and fogs, rains and frosts.
AT 5. Among sentences 1-6, find indefinitely personal sentences. Write down their numbers.
(1) Old Russian architects sought to distinguish churches from other city buildings. (2) In northern cities, against the background of gray log houses, churches were built snow-white. (3) In southern cities, architects left them in a reddish-pink brick color. (4) The domes of churches were made of copper and gold. (5) Thus, church buildings at crossroads and squares became noticeable.
AT 6. Among sentences 1-8, find a one-part noun sentence. Write his number.
(1) And it’s already getting dark in the forest, a gloomy twilight creeps out from there. (2) They lie down in the water. (3) From Elguni we turned into the channel. (3) She is becoming narrower, narrower. (4) Tree branches touch our faces. (5) From all sides, blowing horns, squadrons of mosquitoes fly towards us. (6) It’s getting dark. (7) And now there is darkness. (8) And in her, as in her heart, the motor of a boat is knocking.
Simple one-part and incomplete sentences
| 1 option | Option 2 |
|
| one-piece, NL | two-part |
|
| 2, b/l verb | 5, b/l verb |
|
1. All ordinary offersBased on the presence of members, sentences are divided into two classes: complete and incomplete.
Signs of an incomplete sentence:
2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.
However, the latter refer to a different systematization of ordinary sentences - according to the liking of the grammatical base.
3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part ones?
Standard of Reasoning (using the example of the sentence in bold) :
- Do you feel pain now?
- Very small now...
1. Let's find out: the proposal " Very small now... » - complete orincomplete?
The reader realizes from the context that in the sentence "Now very small...»
Therefore, the proposal " Very small now... ", however, is incomplete, because this is a sentence in which the necessary members of the sentence are missing, which are simply restored thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).
2. Let’s find out: this sentence “ Very small now...» - two-part orone-piece?
You need to find the grammatical basis (in this case there is both a subject and a predicate, which means a two-part sentence; in this case there is either only a subject or only a predicate, which means a one-part sentence).
So, we have a proposal “ Very small now...”, however, its full version should be considered “Now I feel very little pain...”.
We conclude that the proposal " Very small now..." one-part, because it contains only the predicate.
3. General conclusion: offer " Very small now...» incomplete, one-part.
Additionally on the site:
One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.
One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.
One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as auxiliary verb or a linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized-personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of singular or plural verbs.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example:
They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);
They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);
It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.
The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state environment (It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”
According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).
By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
nominative.
Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominative sentences
Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed by the nominative case of any name, there appear demonstrative particles HERE or HERE: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).
Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.
Preferably denomination express desire anything. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).
The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in conversational styles of language; they are widely used in fiction both in the transmission of dialogue and in the description.
Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Among the contextual proposals stand out:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:
- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).
Absence of predicate:
- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?
- No,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).
Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).
Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).
Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.
Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.
In the non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.
- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech Along with words, extra-linguistic factors also act as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.
Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?
“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a woman?
- No way.
- And the uterus?
- Eat(New.-Pr.).
Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?
- First(M.G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).
A large number of errors in the analysis simple sentences is associated with a lack of understanding of the specifics of one-part and incomplete sentences, with the inability to distinguish between these types of constructions.
One-part sentences- these are sentences in which the grammatical basis consists of one main member. This main member in a sentence is grammatically independent and is expressed verb forms, a noun, and also an adverb. Grammar and lexical meaning the main term is such that the presence of a second main term is excluded.
The type of one-part sentence is determined by the value of the main member. All one-part sentences are divided into two types: verbal and nominal. Verbal sentences include definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, and impersonal sentences. The nominal type is represented by nominal sentences.
IN definitely personal proposals the main member indicates that the action belongs to a specific person - the speaker or the listener. Only 1st or 2nd person verbs have this meaning in Russian: I go hunting. Give me your paw, Jim, for luck.
IN indefinitely personal sentences the main member has the meaning of an indefinite person: Unpainted floors here are washed with grit. The meaning of an indefinite person allows one to correlate an action with either one single person or a large group of persons. The meaning of the verb form is, as it were, generally abstracted from the specification of the bearer of the action. In the Russian language, verbs in the 3rd person plural form, verbs in the plural form of the past tense and the subjunctive mood can receive this meaning.
Generalized-personal proposals have a main member, the meaning of which represents the action as relating to all persons without exception. Such meanings are widely represented in proverb sentences and aphorism sentences: You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.. Generalized personal meaning is expressed in Russian by verbs 2nd person singular present tense and imperative mood, as well as verbs of the 3rd person plural of the indicative mood: They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.
The expression of this type of meaning using the 2nd person verb form leads to the fact that the speaker, among all the persons to whom he attributes the action, involuntarily distinguishes himself and his interlocutor. Therefore, the meaning of a generalized personal type can be conventionally represented as “I + you + all others.”
It is no coincidence that sentences of this type are not used in a scientific and official business style.
Impersonal offer has a main member that expresses an action or state regardless of the person: The streets are clean; The bus bounced more and more often; It's already getting dark.
Impersonal meaning in Russian can be expressed by impersonal verbs, personal verbs with impersonal meaning, and adverbs. Some of these adverbs can only be used as the main member of an impersonal sentence: it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time and etc.
Denominative sentences speak about the existence, being of an object.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by a noun in the nominative case:
Night. Street, flashlight, pharmacy, meaningless and dull light.
Nominative sentences may include demonstrative particles:
Here's the house Petrovs.
Of the minor members of the sentence in nominative sentences, one can most often find agreed and inconsistent definitions
Loading...