Gymnastics school in Athens. Project "Athenian schools and gymnasiums". Learning new material

Athens schools

During the dawn of Greek democracy, education acquired particular value. To exercise your rights, achieve high positions, as well as to perform everyday civic duties, residents of Greek city-states needed literacy. It's no coincidence that best schools were in the richest Greek city - Athens.

In Greek schools, students memorized the works of famous Greek poets. Sign high education knowledge of the poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey” was considered. Children were taught to write and count. For writing, tablets covered with wax were used, on which letters and words were extruded with the sharp end of a metal or bone stick called a style. The opposite flat end was used to erase any mistakes made during recording. In addition, children were taught music, since the Athenians believed that without love for this art it was impossible to become a real person. From time to time there were breaks in studies. Spring holidays took place. In addition, classes were canceled on the days of sacred festivals dedicated to the gods. In Athens, classes were not held on the anniversaries of the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis. As a rule, all boys from families of free citizens graduated from school, despite the fact that education was paid. Girls were not allowed into schools. Their mothers were involved in their upbringing and training.

Athens gymnasiums

Every man, the Greeks believed, should be strong, dexterous and courageous. Therefore, from the age of twelve, boys began to attend another educational institution - the palaestra. There they were taught sports disciplines: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Classes in the palaestra took place in any weather. On a sunny day, the students went outside; in inclement weather they went under the roofs of the porticos, small semi-open rooms surrounding the courtyard of the palaestra. To inspire students, statues of famous athletes and winners of the Olympic Games were installed in the palaestra. These images were the standard to which every young man should strive.

By the age of 16, young men finished school. The next level of education, also available to adult Greeks, was gymnasiums. These institutions were located outside the city, in picturesque places, surrounded by gardens and groves. On the territory of the gymnasium there were special grounds for sports, as well as recreation rooms. Prominent scientists taught at the gymnasiums, expounding to numerous listeners their views on the structure of the world and teaching oratory - eloquence. One of the most famous Athenian gymnasiums was the Lyceum, in which in the 4th century. BC. taught by the great Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle divided everything scientific knowledge, accessible to his contemporaries, into separate branches, creating independent sciences. Thanks to Aristotle, a number of sciences acquired their names. Thus, botany translated from Greek means “plant”, physics means “nature”, politics means “state”. Psychology comes from two Greek words: psycho - “soul” and logos - “word, science”. Aristotle introduced his students to all this knowledge and scientific ideas.

Education in gymnasiums could continue until old age. The students rested and expanded their knowledge. There are known cases when already famous politicians went to gymnasiums to deepen their knowledge and learn eloquence.

Education in Ancient Athens, since the time of Solon's reforms, it was based on democratic principles and the public education of young men.

Education system

State order based on the participation of all
citizens in public life, by itself was already public school, in which they were brought up best sons cities.

In addition to this, parents had the responsibility to take care of
comprehensive education of young men, and parental neglect
fulfillment of this duty entailed severe punishment from
sides of the Areopagus and lay down dark spot on a person's reputation in the eyes of the public.

The entire educational system in Athens and throughout was aimed at ensuring that young people accumulate as much new scientific information as possible, and also constantly develop their physical natural abilities. Young people had to learn to set high goals for themselves, both intellectually and physically, and most importantly, they had to learn to achieve the goals they set.

Athens schools

IN Athens schools there were three subjects: grammar, music and
gymnastics, and the first two subjects were a single whole. When a boy learned to read and write, his first reading was the works of poets; he learned to pronounce them orally and, while mastering the words, at the same time learned to assimilate the meaning of these phrases. Reading poetry later led to playing the musical instruments and to a close acquaintance with various musical modes and the basics of musical harmonies. After the wars with the Persians, the art of playing the flute was included in the education system of Ancient Athens.

The mental development of youth was preferably left to parents; public gymnasiums and schools in Athens cared more about physical development young men, since from the point of view of the common good, the most important and useful system of education was one that provided the state with healthy offspring, giving it strong and brave warriors.

What the young man learned in palaestre, should have been useful in
further military service; sound judgment and reasonable speech
spoke out during civic meetings; songs memorized in
school, were later distributed at general feasts.

All over Athens, in shady alleys, often older generations
had instructive conversations with young people, in which they were brought up
a feeling of friendship, the moral significance of which no people
realized as deeply as the people of ancient Greece.

They also contributed to civil celebrations in Athens,
strengthened and moved forward general development on democratic principles. There were more holidays than in any other Greek city. Expenses for public holidays absorbed a significant part state budget. The winners of equestrian or gymnastic competitions were given hundreds of amphora with sacred oil, as well as gold and silver wreaths. In military competitions the prizes were bulls.

This educational system contributed to the maintenance of traditions and the preservation of old customs in Athenian society. Heroic epic served as an important component of education in Ancient Athens. With a sense of deep respect, the sacred olive trees that stood around the Attic were maintained in Athenian society
fields, seeing in them monuments of the heroic era. The fighters of the marathon battle thought that they saw Theseus emerging from the depths of the underworld for a joint battle with the Persians. At Salamis, the Eleusinian deities and the Aeacides provided their generous assistance.

Athens on the map

Topic: “In Athenian schools and gymnasiums.”

Zainetdinova Rasima Damirovna, teacher of history and social studies, MBOU secondary school in the village of Ablaevo-Chekmagushevsky district

Elesson graph:

Through education, man becomes the most beautiful and divine of beings.

Plato ancient Greek philosopher.

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the education system in Athens.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce students to the types of educational institutions in Athens, with the features of education in school, palaestra and gymnasium;

Developmental:

Improve students' analytical skills: the ability to analyze, compare, generalize;

Continue to develop the ability to correctly use and explain historical terms and concepts;

Develop skills in working with information: independently search for an answer to the question posed, the ability to build and voice reference diagrams;

Develop communication skills, leadership qualities of the individual;

Educational:

Cultivate a sustainable interest in the subject being studied;

Contribute to the development of a culture of behavior and the ability to work in a group;

Develop assessment and self-esteem skills;

Cultivate an interest in obtaining a diverse education.

Form of organization of student work: group work

Lesson type: lesson of new knowledge.

Equipment for the lesson: textbook A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya “History ancient world", 5th grade; computer, media projector; handouts.

During the classes

Organizational stage. Motivation.

Good morning, dear children!

I greet you today, on Wednesday morning! Let us welcome our distinguished guests. Please turn to them and say “Good morning!” and immediately you will see who is sitting behind you and you will be much freer from this.

Thank you, sit down!

1 slide. Film "Ancient Greece".

Oh guys, where is it, where are we? What is this amazing country? (Ancient Greece)

Yes, well done, this is Ancient Greece.

This means that we will continue to get acquainted with the topic “Ancient Greece”. I hope that today you will be curious and active, because you have already learned a lot about Greece in previous lessons.

Working with the map. On the map you can show where Ancient Greece is located .(It is located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula.)

Anything else you can add? ( Here are Athens and Sparta, the largest city-states in Greece.)

- You can decide the topic of our lesson yourself. To do this, you will have to complete a test (Checking homework. Updating previously studied material). If you complete the test tasks correctly, then from the letters of the correct answers you will receive a word that will tell you the topic of the lesson (working with the test on the slide).

Author of the poem “Illiad”.
w) Homer; b) Solon; c) Miltiades.
2. Chief god in Greek mythology?
a) Hades; d) Hera; j) Zeus.
3. The main occupation of the Spartans was:
g) craft; o) military affairs; e) fishing.
4. The Greeks believed that the main gods lived:
e) high in the sky; l) on the top of Olympus;
n) on the island of Crete. 5. How many days did the Olympic Games take place: a)5 days; k) 6 days; i) 7 days.

What word did we get? (SCHOOL). What will we talk about in class?

That's right, about schools. Namely, which schools?

We noted that the two main policies (city-states) Ancient Greece were Sparta and Athens. We are already familiar with Spartan training. Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebooks. "In Athenian schools and gymnasiums."Lesson topic on slide

What do we have to find out, that is, what would you like to know today? What questions about the topic of the lesson should we answer?

What educational institutions existed in Athens?

At what age did training begin?

Who studied at educational institutions?

Who taught children in schools and gymnasiums?

What was taught in schools and gymnasiums?

What and on what did they write? (How did the Greeks study in Athens, what educational institutions existed, how many years did they study, who studied?)

Teacher: Okay, well done. I hope that by the end of the lesson we will find answers to all your questions.

Please tell me the information you received, what will we do with it? (Process.) Well, look, there are schoolchildren in Ancient Greece, you schoolchildren have received information, what would you like to do?

- compare.

Let's name the main task of our lesson.

Well done! Compare ancient Greek education with modern ones.

A modern education different from ancient Greek. You will see this by studying the topic of the lesson.

Guys, have you noticed how the word “gymnasium” is written? In Athens, this was the name of the educational institution.

What educational institutions are there in our village, district, city? (schools, gymnasium, lyceum, colleges, technical schools, institutes).

SLIDE with lesson questions

Teacher: In Greece there were several types of educational institutions: school, palaestra, gymnasium. Write them down in your notebook. Now let’s try to find out the meanings of these and other new words related to our lesson today.

Please pay attention to the screen.

Basic concepts of the lesson.

GYMNASSIA
PALAESTRA
ELOQUENCE
PHILOSOPHY

Guys, who are the teachers? What do the teachers who teach you look like?

And in Ancient Athens, an old or crippled slave was called a teacher.

2. Studying new material.

We work in groups. In order to learn the material, you are divided into groups by topic: 1. School. 2. Palaestra. 3. Gymnasium (tables with topics on them).

The groups have different tasks, but the rules of work are the same for everyone. You have a memo on your desk, please look again. Each group has its own commander.

So, pay attention, how will we work, what will be our source?

(Students' answers)

You have to work with textbooks. Each group member should read the text under the topics, and then you all fill out the reference table together (show the children a sample). Then the group representative (it is up to you to decide who will speak from the group. How many speakers you will have). must tell how the training was conducted using a reference table - group 1 at school, group 2 at the palaestra and group 3 at the gymnasium.

Any questions?

We are working.

Task completion time 4 minutes

3. Primary consolidation of the material.

Now representatives of the groups will introduce us to the results of their work. Your task is to listen carefully in order to correctly complete the test tasks at the end of the lesson.

The first group will tell us about Athenian schools.


Who taught	From what age	What was taught	Who was trained?	What and what they wrote on
			boys	Style, wax coated board

Teacher: The team can complement the performance. Does anybody want? Thank you!

Teacher: Teachers taught Athenian boys the letters of the alphabet from the earliest days. Let's get acquainted with the letters of the Greek alphabet ( SLIDE). There are only 24 letters in the alphabet.

A story has come down to us of how one rich man gave his lazy son 24 little slaves. Their names began with all letters of the alphabet. So the father wanted to help his son learn to read and write.

Teacher: Let's imagine that instead of styles (pointed sticks) we have pens, and instead of boards, sheets of paper.

And now we will try to write our names in Greek letters. Take your “boards” and “styles”, let’s try to write them down.

1 minute

Raise the leaves up!

Teacher: So we felt like students of an ancient Greek school.

Team 2 will tell us about the palaestra and what the young Greeks studied there.

The support diagram is posted.

PALAESTRA
From what age	What was taught	Who was trained?
	did gymnastics - wrestling, running, long and high jumps, javelin and discus throwing (pentathlon)	boys

3. After finishing the palestra, Greeks who wanted to continue their education attended gymnasiums. The next group will tell us about them.

The support diagram is posted.

GYMNASSIA
Who taught	From what age	What was taught	Who was trained?
Philosophers, scientists		Eloquence, philosophy, politics, literature, gymnastics.	Noble rich youths

Teacher: Many graduates of the gymnasium became famous people in politics, arts and sciences.

(The teacher showsslides presentations with names and portraits of ancient Greek scientists and briefly comments on them, and children make notes in notebooks).

Physical education minute.

The Athenians argued that without the love of music one cannot become a real person. Children at school mastered playing the flute and lyre. We learned to sing in choir.

Come on, you and I will relax and perform some simple exercises to the accompaniment of Greek music.

Students perform a set of sports exercises

Once - rise, stretch,
Two - bend over, straighten up,
Three - three claps of your hands,
Three nods of the head.
Four - arms wider,
Five - wave your arms,
Six - sit down quietly.

In moments of rest between training sessions, the Greeks loved to play the game "Questions and answers." Imagine that you are participants in this game. Listen carefully, answer quickly!

1. I am the black child of a sparkling father, a bird without wings, I rise to the clouds, as soon as I am born I dissipate in the air. (Smoke).

2. When you look, I also look at you, but I don’t see, because I don’t have eyes (Mirror).

3. My upper end is smooth, but my lower end is not smooth at all. With a deft hand, now on one side, now on the other, I am useful. What one part of me creates, the other will destroy. (Style).

Did you like the game? What is this game called here in Russia? Puzzles. Well done!

4. Reflection.

So, we have learned a lot about the schools of Ancient Greece. Let's think about whether we can now answer the questions that we asked you at the beginning of the lesson? Let's check. (SLIDE)

What educational institutions existed in Athens?

At what age did training begin?

Who studied in educational institutions?

Greek girls did not attend school. The Greeks believed that the main thing for them was not to get an education, but to grow up to be submissive wives and good mothers. The main occupation was housekeeping.

Who taught children in schools and gymnasiums?

What was taught in schools and gymnasiums?

What and on what did they write?

Is the modern school different from the ancient Greek one?

What do they all have in common?

5. Control and self-control of the studied material.

Now let's move on to the competition tasks.

I invite groups to participate in competition task to check what you have learned in class. 3 teams will participate in the test: 1. School. 2. Palaestra. 3. Gymnasium.

Cards with tasks are on your desktop.

First task. Text with errors. You need to underline words that contain errors in content.

The Athens school was attended by boys from8 years. Education wasfree . Teachers conducted classes. We studied at schoolreading, music,architecture . In the palestras the boys did gymnastics andhome economics . And in the gymnasiums they listened to speeches by famous strategists and scientists who expressed their views on various sciences.

Task 2 “Remove the unnecessary”

In each row you need to cross out the unnecessary concept.

School, gymnasium, institute.

Style, clay tablet, wooden tablet.

Task 3 “Logical chain”

You need to add one word in each chain.

School, palaestra, gymnasiums

Running, wrestling, discus throwing, javelin throwing, jumping

3. Music, reading, counting, letter

For each correct answer 1 point is given. Together with me, we will check the correctness of assignments and calculate points. So, we took the card.

Time's up, let's check.

Your task is to count the number of correct answers. There are worksheets on your cards. Where should we evaluate everyone in class today? Depending on the number of points, give yourself a grade for the lesson. Please discuss in the group.

So, let's announce our points and rating. The winner of the competition is the team...

Guys, what were the winners awarded in Ancient Greece ( Olympic Games). I don’t give the winning team a laurel wreath, but we’ll give it a “5” rating.

6. Summing up the lesson.

The lesson is coming to an end, I invite you to voice your impressions of today’s lesson by continuing the phrase

(on slide)

7. Homework presented on individual cards. Let's get to know him.

Paragraph 38 (p. 173), questions (p. 176)

Write down the terms in your notebook and define them: teacher, style, palestra, eloquence.

T/z. (optional): create a lesson schedule in an Athenian school or palaestra.

8. Teacher's final words

Today we got acquainted with the system of training and education in Athens. How does modern education differ from Athenian education?

Children's answers: the teacher was a slave and accompanied the child to school, modern school physical and mental development attention is paid at all levels of education, and in Athens educational institutions: in school - literacy, in the palestra - physical development. But in modern world, just like in Ancient Greece, education is given great importance.

I thank you for your work! Thank you for the lesson. Goodbye!

Who first expressed the idea of nature-conforming education?

	Ya.A. Comenius
	K.D. Ushinsky
	Democritus

(possible answers: | city schools | universities | monastery schools |)

(possible answers: | 1 | 3 | 2 |)

(possible answers: | M. Montaigne | F. Rabelais | V. de Feltre |)

(possible answers: | K.D. Ushinsky | N.I. Pirogov | L.N. Tolstoy |)

Question No. 14

Match pedagogical idea and the author

	formation of a virtuous person through management, training and moral education
	to educate a person who serves the common good, loves all people and is able to rise up to fight an unreasonable system
	comprehensive development everyone child, development of amateur performances in children
	priority of the student’s interests (the child is the Sun around which the pedagogical process revolves)

Question No. 15

Establish correspondence between the goals of education and the teacher

Question No. 17

The rejection of differentiation in education in the Soviet country occurred in __ years

(possible answers: | 1 | 2 | 3 |)

(possible answers: | A.S. Makarenko | S.T. Shatsky | N.K. Krupskaya |)

Answers to the test[question number] (number of points) correct answer,... Option No. 1 (1)c (1)a (1) Sparta, (1) Athens, (1) Rome (1)a (1) Socrates, (1) Plato, (1) Aristotle (1)c (1)c,(1)d (1) M. Montaigne, (1) Sylvester, (1) F. Rabelais, (1) V. Monomakh (1) city schools, (1) monastery schools, (1) universities (1) 1, (1) 3, (1) 2 (1) V. de Feltre, (1) F. Rabelais, (1) M. Montaigne (1 ) K.D. Ushinsky, (1) D. Locke, (1) J.-J. Rousseau, (1) D. Dewey (1) N.I. Pirogov, (1) L.N. Tolstoy, (1) K.D. Ushinsky (1) I.F. Herbart, (1) N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov, (1) A. Disterweg, (1) D. Dewey (1) I.G. Pestalozzi,(1) J.-J. Rousseau, (1) D. Locke, (1) J.A. Komensky (1) A. Disterweg, (1) Y.A. Komensky, (1) I. Herbart, (1) I.G. Pestalozzi (1) J. Korczak, (1) V.A. Sukhomlinsky, (1) Sh.A. Amonashvilli, (1) A.S. Makarenko (1)d (1) 3 ,(1) 1 ,(1) 2 (1) S.T. Shatsky, (1) N.K. Krupskaya, (1) A.S. Makarenko

Pedagogy

Question No. 19

What is a closed questionnaire?

(b) with a choice from the given answer options

Answers to the test

[question number] (number of points) correct answer...

Option #1

LESSON No. 43/2

Lesson topic

In Athens schools and gymnasiums

Lesson date

Class

5th grade

Lesson type

Workshop

The purpose of the lesson

To consolidate students' knowledge about the education system in the Athenian polis, to promote understanding of the importance of education in human life, to promote the formation of views on a harmoniously developed personality using the example of Athenian schools and gymnasiums.

Educational Resources

Presentation

Workbook

Lesson Plan

Lesson in elementary school

Lesson in the palaestra

Gymnasium

Methods and forms of training

Teaching methods : explanatory-illustrative, problematic, heuristic.

Forms : collective, individual, work in pairs.

Basic Concepts

Teacher, school, style, palestra, gymnasium, eloquence.

Planned results:

Subject

Metasubject UUD

Personal UUD

the ability to study and systematize information from various historical and modern sources, revealing its social affiliation and cognitive value; willingness to apply historical knowledge in modern society.

Cognitive : identify features and attributes of objects, give examples asevidence of nominated polosGrooms.

Regulatory : independently formulate a task, determine its purpose, plan an algorithm for its implementation.

Communication : participate in dialogue, listen and understand others, express their point of view on events and actions.

Understand the importance of studying and learning new things, accept the values of other peoples.

Organizational structure lesson:

Lesson steps:

Teacher activities

Student activities

Methodological support

I. Organizing time

Greets students.

Checks readiness for lesson

Greetings from the teachers.

Organize their workplace

II. P knowledge testing

Conducted during practical work at the lesson.

III . Formulation of the problem

Imagine that we are in an ordinary Greek school. You are Greek students, and I am your teacher.

- The Greek students greeted the teacher with a respectful bow of the head and a raised hand.

What will we do in class today? That's right - “study” in a Greek school.

Perform a greeting

Student versions.

Slide No. 1

IV . Activity planning

- Think about how we will work in class?

Students propose a work plan

V. Assimilation of new knowledge and methods of action.

Hayrete paides! Kaloy kai agatoy! Hello children! Beautiful and perfect!

Today, on the day of early spring, when life comes to life and your older brothers have returned from vacation, I introduce you to my school. Be diligent, fear punishment. Don't be naughty, the rods are always in front of you. Our city looks with hope at you, future citizens, expecting that you will become a pillar of the Motherland and increase its glory and wealth. Now stop shaking , Look away from your teachers, sit up straight and let's start the lesson.

Why does the teacher only talk about boys?

Who are the teachers?

What type of school did you attend?

What should they teach you in elementary school?

What will you write on?

1. Reading and writing lesson.

Let's learn a few words today and try to write them down. Where do we start learning? Of course, from acquaintance with the Greek alphabet

What is the name of our subject?

Let's write this word down (writes the word in Greek on the board, and the children write in notebooks)

Now let's learn how to write those relatives and friends whom we see every day in our home. “ Mother"- in Greek (mater).

- How would it be in Greek? "dad"? (father) Write this word down yourself. Whoever can do it the fastest, raise your hand.

2. Math lesson.

Guys, pay attention, they've disappeared. capital letters, only capital letters remain. There is a special icon above them. The Greeks had the same arithmetic symbols as ours.

Now we will solve the problem and write it down:

« Demetrios was naughty in class and received eight blows with a stick, and Phothion was late for class and was punished with four blows. How many blows did the teacher give during the lesson?

“There are 6 lessons in the schedule. Three lessons have passed. How many lessons are left?

- The journey to the primary school is over, our path lies to the palaestra. What did you do in the palaestra? Let's do some easy exercises.

Fizminutka:

Once - rise, stretch,
Two - bend over, straighten up,
Three - three claps of your hands,
Three nods of the head.
Four - arms wider,
Five - wave your arms,
Six - sit down quietly.

In moments of rest between training sessions, the Greeks loved to play the game "Questions and answers." Listen carefully, answer quickly!

1. I am the black child of a sparkling father, a bird without wings, I rise to the clouds, as soon as I am born I dissipate in the air.

2. When you look, I also look at you, but I don’t see, because I don’t have eyes.

3. My upper end is smooth, but my lower end is not smooth at all. With a deft hand, now on one side, now on the other, I am useful. What one part of me creates, the other will destroy.

What is a gymnasium?

Who could visit them?

What did you study in gymnasiums?

Two students are called to the board .

Exercise: Speaking simultaneously for 1 minute without interruption, you must praise your opponent. The winner is the one who does not interrupt, is more convincing and lasts longer.

Answer questions based on the text:

Only boys attended school

Slave accompanying a child to school

Primary School

On boards covered with wax.

Each student has a sheet of paper with the Greek alphabet on their desk. The teacher reads the alphabet, pointing to each letter, and the children follow him. Then the alphabet is read in chorus.

Story

Complete tasks

Students solve the problem and write it down using greek letters– numbers The teacher also writes the solution on the board. Students compare the solution to the problem shown on the screen with their notes.

They decide on their own; mutual verification.

Sports

Do the exercises.

Smoke

Mirror

Style(o)

School for adults

Adults who want to study further

Rhetoric

Speech competition

Slide number 2

Slide number 3

Slide number 4

Slide number 5

Slide number 6

Slide number 7

V I . Reinforcing what has been learned in the lesson.

Guys! Today we got acquainted with the system of training and education of Ancient Greece. Despite various ways training, the goal was one - the desire for improvement, for new knowledge

VII . Lesson summary.

Analyzes students' activities in class

Reflection

Slide number 8