What the vaccine consists of. What is a vaccine and how is it used for vaccination. Modern classification of vaccines

Instructions for the medical use of the drug

Description of the pharmacological action

Indications for use

Bacterial pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
Influenza and pneumonia (J10-J18)
Bronchitis not specified as acute or chronic
Bronchiectasis [bronchiectasis]
Viral pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
Respiratory diseases (J00-J99)
Cough
Simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia without specifying the pathogen
Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
Pneumonia due to other infectious agents, not elsewhere classified
Acute respiratory infection of the lower respiratory tract, unspecified
Acute bronchiolitis
Acute bronchitis
Acute laryngitis and tracheitis
Acute upper respiratory tract infections (J00-J06)
Acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified sites
Chronic bronchitis, unspecified
Chronic lower respiratory tract diseases (J40-J47)
Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other specified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other acute lower respiratory tract infections (J20-J22)

Release form

shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 75 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 50 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (sachet) 40 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 30 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (sachet) 30 g carton pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (sachet) 50 g carton pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 45 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 60 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 100 g cardboard pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 1 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 2 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 3 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 5 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 10 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 15 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 20 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 25 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 30 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 35 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; bag (sack) 40 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (sachet) 75 g carton pack 1;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 0.3 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 0.5 kg;
shredded vegetable raw materials; paper bag (sachet) 1 kg;

Pharmacodynamics

Expectorant of plant origin. The action is due to the presence of volatile components of the rosemary essential oil - palustrol, ice, which, released through the bronchi, have a moderate local irritating effect on the mucous membranes, increase the secretion of the bronchial glands and increase the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. Marsh rosemary has an antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi, has anti-inflammatory, as well as diuretic and antimicrobial activity. Has an exciting effect on the central nervous system.

Use during pregnancy

Contraindicated.

Contraindications for use

Pregnancy;
hypersensitivity to wild rosemary;
period of breastfeeding;
age up to 18 years.

Side effects

From the side of the central nervous system: irritability, dizziness, increased irritability; when taken in high doses - pronounced agitation, and in severe cases, depression of the central nervous system.

Method of administration and dosage

Prescribed in the form of an infusion, 0.25-0.3 cups 2 - 3 times a day. The method of preparation is the same as for other infusions: 10 g is placed in an enamel bowl, poured into 1 glass of cold boiled water, covered with a lid, heated in boiling water (in a water bath) for 15 minutes, cooled at room temperature, filtered, the remaining raw material is wrung out. Bring the volume to 200 ml with boiled water. It is taken warm.

Overdose

In case of an overdose of wild rosemary preparations, irritability, dizziness, excitement appear, followed by depression of the central nervous system.

Interaction with other drugs

Special instructions for admission

With the development of side effects, taking wild rosemary infusion should be discontinued.

Storage conditions

Store in a cool dry place.
Prepared infusion - in a cool place for no more than 2 days.

Shelf life

Belonging to ATX classification:

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State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR edition 11 part 2 1990 (GF 11 part 2) pp. 226. Shoots of wild rosemary.

1. CORMUS LEDI PALUSTRIS
Escape the swamp

Collected in August - September in the phase of fruit ripening and dried leafy shoots of the current year of the wild evergreen shrub of marsh wild rosemary - Ledum raluster L., fam. heather - Ericaceae.
External signs... Whole raw materials. A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a few fruits. Leaves are alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong-elliptical, entire, 15-45 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, with edges turned down; dark green, shiny on the upper side; underside covered with dense orange-brown tomentose pubescence. Stems are cylindrical with orange-brown tomentose pubescence. The fruit is a polyspermous oblong capsule 3-8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening when ripe from bottom to top with five valves. The smell is sharp, specific. The taste is not detectable.
Shredded raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter.
The color is green, dark green, orange brown, grayish brown. The smell is sharp, specific. The taste is not detectable.
Note. The raw materials intended for the production of ice are not crushed.

Microscopy. When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells are visible on both sides of the leaf - small with thin or bead-like thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight ones. The stomata are only on the underside, large, raised, with 4-8 peri-stomatal cells (anomocytic type). The upper side of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare. The underside is densely covered with hairs of three types: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, twisted and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with a red-brown content; small unicellular hairs with a thick sheath covered with a warty cuticle; capitate hairs on a single or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily droplets. Essential oil glands are found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large rounded-flattened head, formed by cells of two types: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the gland, and 10-12 large, almost flat cells, forming a dome above the first; the leg of the glandular is short, two-row, of several small cells. The leaf mesophyll is characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains calcium oxalate drusen, less often single prismatic crystals and their aggregates.

Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 1%; grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.
Note. The content of essential oil in raw materials intended for producing ice must be at least 0.7% and ice in it must be at least 17%. The determination of the ice content in the essential oil is carried out by the manufacturer of the ice preparation.
Shredded raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 1%; pieces of grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Quantitation. Determination of essential oil content. An analytical sample of raw materials is crushed to a particle size of 1-3 cm. To determine the content of essential oil, take 30 g of crushed raw materials, place them in a 1000 ml flask and add 400 ml of water. Determination of essential oil content is carried out by method 2 (GF XI, issue 1, p. 290). The distillation time is 4 hours, after the cooling of the refrigerator is stopped so that the crystallized part of the essential oil on the walls of the refrigerator melts and sinks into the receiver.
Determination of ice content in essential oil. The essential oil is heated in a water bath at a temperature of 60 ° C until the ice crystals are completely melted and gently stirred with a thin glass rod or a glass capillary with a sealed end. A sample of the essential oil is taken (avoiding the ingress of the aqueous phase) with a pipette heated to the same temperature in the same bath in a separate test tube. Then immediately into a weighed (with an error of ± 0.01 g) flask with a capacity of 50 ml with a ground or tightly closed polyethylene stopper, place about 0.2 g (accurately weighed) of essential oil and about 0.06 g (accurately weighed) methyl ester of myristic acid , add 20 ml of 95% alcohol with a pipette and mix until the components are completely dissolved; 1-2 μl of the resulting solution is injected with a microsyringe into the vaporizer of the gas chromatograph and the temperature programming is turned on.
After the end of the temperature program, turn off the heating of the thermostat, open the door of the thermostat and cool the column to a temperature of 90-95 ° C, observing the temperature drop by the thermometer. Having set the initial isothermal column temperature of 100 ° C on the scale of the temperature sensor, the thermostat heating is switched on again, and upon reaching the set temperature of 100 ° C, the whole cycle is repeated again. In this way, at least three chromatograms are obtained. In parallel, under exactly the same conditions, chromatograph at least three times 1-2 μl of a standard mixture of glacial and methyl ester of myristic acid, alternating the introduction of essential oil with the introduction of the standard mixture (Fig. 10).
On the obtained chromatograms, measure the height of the peaks of ice and methyl myristate with a ruler (with an error of ± 0.5 mm), while the height of the peaks should be at least 100 mm, and the separation criterion of the chromatographic column (K) for peaks of ice and palustrol should be at least 1.

where ΔV R is the difference between the retained volumes of ice and palustrol in millimeters; µ (0.5h) is the width of the peaks of ice (l) and palustrol (p) at half of its height in millimeters.
The iceol content in percent (Chl) in the weighed portion of the essential oil is calculated as the average of three chromatographic replicates using the formula:

where Rvn.st. - weighed amount of myristic acid methyl ester, grams (in the sample to be determined); h is the height of the peaks in millimeters: ice-breaker (l), internal standard (vn.st.) - methyl ester of myrimistinic acid; Rm - weighed portions of essential oil in grams; F - conversion factor.
The conversion factor is calculated from the chromatograms of the reference mixture as the average of three chromatographic replicates using the formula:

Rvn.st. - weighed portion of the internal standard (in the reference mixture) in grams; Rl is a sample of ice (in the reference mixture) in grams; hint. - the height of the peak of the internal standard in the chromatogram of the reference mixture in millimeters; hl is the height of ice peaks on the chromatogram of the reference mixture in millimeters.

Note. 1. Chromatographic conditions: gas-liquid chromatograph "Chrom-4" (Czechoslovakia) with a flame ionization detector; a glass column 1200 mm with an inner diameter of 3 mm is filled with chromasorb WAW 60-80 mesh coated with a 0.6% solution of polyethylene glycol adinate. Column temperature programmable from 100 to 150 ° C at a rate of 5 ° C per minute; evaporation temperature 180 ° С; the carrier gas is nitrogen. Gas consumption: nitrogen - 60 ml / min, hydrogen - 40 ml / min, air - 400 ml / min; the speed of drawing the chart tape of the recorder - 10 mm / min. It is possible to use other types of chromatographs with similar parameters of the column, carriers and liquid phases, providing the necessary criterion for separating iceol and palustrol.
2. Preparation of a solution of the reference mixture: into a flask; with a capacity of 50 ml with a ground or tightly closed polyethylene stopper, place about 0.1 g (exact weight) of ice (VFS 42-1426-86), in terms of 100% ice break and about 0.12 g (exact weight) of methyl ester of myristic acid (TU 6-09-13-628-78) and dissolved in 40 ml of 95% alcohol. Store the reference mix solution in a tightly closed glass container in a cool place. Shelf life is 6 months.

Package. Whole raw materials are packed in cloth bales no more than 50 kg net, shredded - in fabric or linen-jute-kenaf bags no more than 25 kg net.
Shredded raw materials packed in 75 g in cardboard packs 8-1-4.

Storage. List B.

Shelf life is 3 years.
Expectorant.

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Rice. 5.32. Marsh wild rosemary

Rosemary shoots swamp - cormi ledi palustris

- ledum palustre l.

Sem. Heather- ericaceae

Evergreen shrub or shrub with dark gray bark, 20-125 cm tall.
Leaves alternate linear-oblong or oblong-narrow-lanceolate, with edges curved on the underside and reddish-tomentose pubescence on the underside.
Flowers white, five-membered, gathered at the ends of the branches in multiflorous corymbose inflorescences.
Fetus- a five-celled capsule with numerous seeds (Fig. 5.32).
Smell... A plant with a strong intoxicating odor causing headaches.
Blooms May - June, bears fruit in July - August.

Spreading

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Spreading. Has an extensive Holarctic range. It grows in the tundra and forest zones of the European part of the country, Siberia and the Far East.

Habitat. Mainly in sphagnum bogs, peat bogs, in boggy coniferous forests, it often forms continuous thickets, convenient for harvesting.

Medicinal raw materials

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External signs

Whole raw materials

A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a few fruits.
Leaves alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong-narrow-lanceolate, whole-edged with edges bent to the lower side, 15-45 mm long, 1-5 mm wide; on the upper side they are dark green, shiny, on the lower side they are covered with dense orange-brown tomentose pubescence.
Stems cylindrical with orange-brown tomentose pubescence.
Fetus- polyspermous oblong capsule 3-8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening when ripe from bottom to top with five valves.
Smell sharp, specific.
Taste not defined.

Shredded raw materials

Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter.
Colour green, dark green, orange brown, grayish brown.
Smell sharp, specific.
Taste not defined.

The raw materials intended for the production of ice are not crushed.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

Whole raw materials

Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 1%; grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Shredded raw materials

Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 1%; pieces of grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm diameter, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Raw material microscopy

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When examining a sheet cells of the epidermis are visible from the surface, on both sides of the leaf are small, with thin or clearly thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight walls.
Stomata only on the underside, large, raised, with 4-8 peri-stomatal cells (anomocytic type).
Top side of the sheet covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare.
Down side covered with hairs of three types:

1) long, multicellular, ribbon-like, twisted and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with a red-brown content;
2) small thick-walled unicellular hairs covered with a warty cuticle;
3) capitate hairs on a single or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily droplets.

Essential oil glands found on both sides of the sheet, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large round, flattened head formed by two types of cells: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the glandular, and 10-12 large, almost flat cells, forming a dome above the first; leg of the gland short, two-row, of several small cells.
Leaf mesophyll characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains druses of calcium oxalate, less often single prismatic crystals and their intergrowths.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Blank. Raw materials are harvested in August - September, during the ripening of fruits. Collect young non-lignified shoots of the current year. They are cut off by hand or cut off. Harvesting lignified shoots is not allowed.

Security measures. Plants should not be uprooted, as this leads to the destruction of thickets. Re-harvesting in the same area is allowed no earlier than 7-8 years after the full restoration of the thickets.

Drying. The wild rosemary shoots are dried in the shade, under awnings, spread in a layer up to 10 cm thick, heat drying is possible at a temperature of up to 40 ºС. After drying, the coarse leafless branches are removed.

The plant is poisonous, so care must be taken when working with it. Work should be carried out in respirators or cotton-gauze bandages no more than 2-3 hours a day.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, Art. 1.

Storage. Raw materials are stored in a dry, dark place separately from other types of raw materials, according to list B, packed in double bags. Shelf life is 3 years.

The composition of wild rosemary

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The chemical composition of wild rosemary shoots

The aerial part of the plant contains

essential oil (1.5-3%), which includes
- icebreaker,
- palustrol,
- pair-cymene,
- geranyl acetate,
- cineole, etc.

The main components of the oil are iceol and palyustrol - tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohols. The largest amount of ice cream in essential oil is found in the leaves of the first year. The composition of the essential oil is variable and depends on the geographical latitude of plant growth.

In addition to essential oil, wild rosemary shoots contain

tannins,
arbutin (up to 5%),
flavonoids,
coumarins,
triterpene compounds,
resin.

Properties and uses of wild rosemary

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Expectorant, antitussive agent.

Pharmacological properties of wild rosemary

They are conditioned by ice breaking, which provides an antitussive effect. When taking wild rosemary preparations inside, the essential oil is partially secreted through the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs,

stirring up the breath,
increasing the secretion of the glandular epithelium,
increasing the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract.

This is accompanied by liquefaction of phlegm and the acceleration of its excretion from the respiratory tract.

Ledum preparations also have

bronchodilator,
pain reliever and
calming effect.

On the vessels of the kidneys and coronary arteries wild rosemary preparations have an antispasmodic effect, with which they are associated

diuretic effect and
hypotensive effect.

Besides, the experiment revealed the wound-healing effect of the drugs.

Noted bactericidal action against many microorganisms.

The use of wild rosemary

The wild rosemary sprouts have been used medicinally for the past two centuries, especially in Sweden and Germany. Since the end of the 19th century, the plant has been used in Russia.

In modern medical practice, the preparations of marsh rosemary - the infusion and the drug "Ledin" - are used as

antitussives and
expectorants

in acute and chronic bronchitis with a bronchospastic component, bronchial asthma and whooping cough.

Improving coughing and suppressing coughing, they prevent unwanted changes in the circulatory system (increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, increased peripheral venous pressure, etc.), eliminate insomnia, headache.

Also wild rosemary is used as

diuretic,
disinfectant and
antiseptic agent (arbutin).

In case of overdose of wild rosemary preparations appear

irritability,
dizziness,
excitement, alternating with depression of the central nervous system.

In its native form, the plant is quite poisonous.. There are cases of poisoning with honey collected by bees from wild rosemary flowers.

Medicines

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Marsh wild rosemary shoots, crushed raw material. Antitussive and expectorant.
As part of the collection (collection of chest No. 4; collection of expectorant).
Ledin, pills 0.05 g each (sesquiterpene alcohol iceol). Antitussive, bronchodilator.

Evergreen shrub. It is used in medicine as an expectorant of herbal origin.

The plant is poisonous!

Ask the experts

Flower formula

Formula of marsh rosemary flower: * H (5) L (5) T5 + 5P (5).

In medicine

Ledum shoots are used in the form of an infusion for respiratory diseases accompanied by a cough with difficult sputum: for acute and chronic bronchitis, acute laryngitis, acute tracheitis, acute and chronic pneumonia, whooping cough.

In dermatology, wild rosemary preparations are used internally for allergic, pustular skin diseases, arthropathic, microbial, paratraumatic eczema, atopic dermatitis and externally for microbial and seborrheic eczema, acne, and furunculosis.

For children

As a medicine, the infusion of crushed wild rosemary shoots can be used from the age of 18.

In garden culture

Despite the poisonous properties of wild rosemary, this plant is often found in culture. Ledum grows slowly, but with proper care it can be present in heather gardens for a long time (more than 30 years). The plant hibernates without shelter. Reproduction is possible by seeds, cuttings and root division. The positive side of wild rosemary as an ornamental crop is that this plant does not need fertile soil and can live anywhere. In addition, wild rosemary feels comfortable in the shade.

At home

In everyday life, wild rosemary leaves are used as an insecticidal agent, to destroy flies and other insects, fumigating rooms with them. Sprigs or leaves of wild rosemary are used to transfer clothing to protect against moths.

Classification

Marsh rosemary (Latin Ledum palustre L.) belongs to the heather family (Latin Ericaceae). The genus wild rosemary has 8 species distributed in the cold and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

Botanical description

Marsh rosemary is an evergreen shrub with a superficial root system. Aerial shoots are numerous, almost vertical, up to 125 cm high. Young shoots are not lignified, densely covered with red hairs. Leaves are short petiolate, alternate, wintering, leathery, linear-oblong, whole-edged, with edges turned down, 1.5-4.5 cm long.On the upper side, the leaves are dark green, shiny, seated with small glands, on the lower side - pubescent. The flowers are white, regular, five-membered, about 1 cm in diameter, on long glandular pubescent pedicels, collected in corymbose inflorescences of 16-25 flowers, 10 stamens. ). The fruit is a five-celled polyspermous glandular-pubescent capsule, dark, oblong-oval, 3-8 mm long. The plant blooms in May-July, the seeds ripen in July-August.

The plant hibernates under the snow. Shoots not hidden under the snow cover die.

The plant is poisonous! Ledum has a strong specific odor that causes nausea, dizziness, and headache.

Spreading

Ledum is a cold-resistant plant that grows in forest and tundra zones, in the forest belt of mountains, in swampy coniferous forests, sometimes in birch forests, in peat bogs, along river valleys. Ledum is adapted to life on very poor, acidic, highly moist soils.

It grows mainly in the northern European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East. Widely distributed in the mountain-forest belt of Eastern Altai and Sayan. Distributed in North and Central Europe, China, Japan, North America. In Central Europe, it forms thickets in raised bogs, sometimes significant in area.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

As a medicinal raw material used wild rosemary shoots (Ledi palustris cormus). Leafy shoots of the current year are harvested, not lignified. They are harvested in autumn, in August-September, during the period of fruit ripening. When collecting, the shoots are torn off by hand or cut with knives or secateurs up to 10 cm long.

Drying is carried out in attics or in the shade under a canopy with good ventilation, spreading the raw material in a thin layer (5-7 cm) on cloth or paper, systematically turning it over. Can be dried in dryers at temperatures no higher than 30-40 ° C.

Care should be taken when harvesting, drying, packaging, since the plant is poisonous and has a strong odor that causes nausea, dizziness and headache. It is recommended to work in respirators or gauze bandages for no more than 2-3 hours a day.

The finished raw materials are stored in dry, cool rooms on racks, separately from other types.

Chemical composition

The plant contains: poisonous essential oil (1.5-7%), which includes iceol, palustrol, η-cymene, geranyl acetate, bicyclic alcohol, hydrocarbons. Essential oil is found in all parts of the plant, except for the roots: in the leaves of the first year - 1.5-7.5%, in the leaves of the second year it is much less - 0.25-1.4%; in the branches of the first year - 0.17-1.5%, in the second year - from traces to 0.2%; in flowers - 2.3%, in fruits - 0.17%. The essential oil has a bitter-pungent taste and a balsamic smell.

The plant also contains glucosides (ericolin, arbutin); andromedotoxin; coumarins (esculin, esculetin, scopoletin, umbelliferone, etc.), flavonoids (quercetin, hyperoside); tannins; phytoncides; vitamin C; dyes; micro and macro elements.

Pharmacological properties

Ledum preparations are used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pertussis, antiseptic agent. Also wild rosemary has a hypotensive effect, and has an exciting effect on the higher parts of the central nervous system.

Ledum preparations promote the secretion and liquefaction of sputum, accelerate its evacuation, soften cough, and have an antibacterial effect.

The medicinal properties of the plant depend on the content of essential oil in it, which, when taken internally, is partially secreted through the mucous membranes of the respiratory system. Excreted through the bronchi, the volatile biologically active compounds of wild rosemary have a moderate local irritating effect on the mucous membranes, increase the secretion of the bronchial glands and increase the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. The antispasmodic effect of wild rosemary preparations on the smooth muscles of the bronchi was also noted. High antimicrobial activity is also due to essential oil, which has a bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus.

The plant has revealed diuretic and disinfecting medicinal properties, depending on the excretion of essential oil in the urine through the kidneys in unchanged form and due to the total effect of arbutin glycoside and essential oil on the urinary tract.

When using wild rosemary marsh may occur side effects: possible allergic reactions, dizziness, increased nervous excitability, when taking high doses, symptoms of excitement or depression of the central nervous system are noted.

Application in traditional medicine

Marsh wild rosemary shoots have long been used in folk medicine. The Russian name "wild rosemary" comes from the old dialectal verb "wild rosemary", which means "to poison", and the adjective "wild rosemary" that has left the lexicon means: poisonous, stupefying, tart, strong. The Russian name shows a characteristic feature of this shrub - to emit a pleasant at first, but ultimately a strong, suffocating smell.

The Latin name of the plant "Ledum" (Ledum) comes from the Greek ledoa - the name of a resinous plant from which aromatic resin - frankincense - was extracted in Ancient Greece.

In folk medicine, the medicinal properties of wild rosemary are used for whooping cough, scrofula, rhinitis, dysentery, malaria, scabies, weeping eczema, as a diaphoretic. Ledum leaves are also used for colds, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, pulmonary tuberculosis, gout and dermatomycosis. The plant is considered a diuretic, tonic, and anthelmintic. Infusion of flowers on vodka is drunk for pulmonary tuberculosis, suffocation, used for rubbing in rheumatism.

In German folk medicine, rosemary infusion is used for diathesis, eczema and pruritus.

Preparations of wild rosemary are used in Germany, France for asthmatic cough, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, and various forms of rheumatism. In Bulgaria, hot infusion is practiced for arthritis, cholecystitis. Ledum is used in homeopathy and veterinary medicine.

Literature

1. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Eleventh edition. Issue 1 (1987), Issue 2 (1990).

2. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

3. Medicinal plants of the State Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacognosy. (Ed. By I.A. Samylina, V.A. Severtsev). - M., "AMNI", 1999.

4. Mashkovsky M.D. "Medicines". In 2 volumes - M., New Wave Publishing House, 2000.

5. "Phytotherapy with the basics of clinical pharmacology" ed. V.G. Kukesa. - M.: Medicine, 1999.

6.P.S. Chikov. "Medicinal plants" M .: Medicine, 2002.

7. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Handbook of medicinal plants (herbal medicine). - M .: VITA, 1993.

8. Mannfrid Palov. "Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants". Ed. Cand. biol. Sciences I.A. Gubanov. Moscow, "Mir", 1998.

9. Lesiovskaya E.E., Pastushenkov L.V. "Pharmacotherapy with the basics of herbal medicine." Tutorial. - M .: GEOTAR-MED, 2003.

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Ledum palustre L., family. heather - Ericaceae.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PHARMACOPEAN ARTICLE

Ledum marsh shootsFS

Ledi palustris cormus Instead of GFXI, no. 2, Art. 1

The dried leafy shoots of the wild evergreen shrub of the wild rosemary marsh harvested in August - September in the phase of fruit ripening and dried leafy shoots of the current year - Ledum palustre L., family. heather - Ericaceae.

AUTHENTICITY

External signs

Whole raw materials. A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a few fruits. Leaves are alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong or oblong-elliptical, entire, 15–45 mm long, 1–5 mm wide, with edges turned down; dark green, shiny on the upper side; underside covered with dense orange-brown tomentose pubescence. Stems are cylindrical with orange-brown tomentose pubescence. The fruit is a polyspermous oblong capsule 3 - 8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening when ripe from bottom to top with five valves. The smell is sharp, specific. The taste is not detectable.

Shredded raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a 5 mm sieve. When examining the crushed raw material under a magnifying glass (10 ×) or a stereomicroscope (16 ×), fragments of a leaf blade with a shiny irregular surface of light gray, grayish green, dark green, brownish green (upper leathery side) or covered with thick orange-brown pubescence (underside); pieces of petioles and cylindrical stems with orange-brown tomentose pubescence, sometimes split lengthwise with a light yellow porous core; separate light yellow and yellow fragments of the core of the stems; glandular-pubescent pieces of capsule fruit, separate fragments of valves.

The color is green, dark green, orange brown, grayish brown. The smell is sharp, specific. The taste is not detectable.

Note. The raw materials intended for the production of ice are not crushed.

Microscopic signs

Whole raw materials, crushed raw materials. When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells on both sides of the leaf should be visible - small with thin or bead-thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight ones. The stomata are only on the underside, large, raised, with 4-8 peri-stomatal cells (anomocytic type). The upper side of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare. The underside is densely covered with hairs of three types: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, twisted and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with a red-brown content; small unicellular hairs with a thick sheath covered with a warty cuticle; capitate hairs on a single or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily droplets. Essential oil glands are found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large rounded-flattened head formed by cells of two types: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the glandular, and 10-12 large, almost flat cells, forming a dome above the first; the leg of the glandular is short, two-row, of several small cells. The leaf mesophyll is characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains calcium oxalate drusen, less often single prismatic crystals and their aggregates.

When examining a crushed stem preparation, rectangular elongated epidermal cells with straight walls should be visible, hairs and essential oil glands are found on the surface; oval-shaped parenchyma cells; mechanical fibers; vessels of the spiral type.

When examining the squashed preparation of the capsule valves, polygonal epidermal cells, simple unicellular hairs, and essential oil glands with a short stem and a rounded head should be visible; the mesophyll contains layers of stony cells.

Rice. 1. Ledum marsh shoots

1 - fragment of leaf epidermis (200 ×); 2 - a fragment with an essential oil gland (a) and small unicellular hairs with a thick membrane covered with a warty cuticle (b) (200 ×); 3 - hairs: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, twisted and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with a red-brown content (200 ×); 4 - essential oil glands (a), capitate hair on a multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily drops (b) (200 ×); 5 - parenchymal cells of the stem (200 ×); 6 - a layer of stony cells of the fetus (200 ×)

Determination of the main groups of biologically active substances

Thin layer chromatography

Preparation of solutions

A solution of standard samples (SS) of thymol and menthol. 5 mg of thymol and 10 mg of menthol are dissolved in 10 ml of alcohol 96% with stirring. The shelf life of the solution is not more than 3 months when stored in a cool, dark place.

Test solution. To 20 μl of the quantitative oil, 1 ml of toluene is added.

On the start line of a high performance chromatographic plate with a layer of silica gel on an aluminum substrate 10 × 10 cm in size, 15 μl of the test solution and 20 μl of a CO solution of thymol and menthol are applied in strips. The plate with the applied samples is dried at room temperature, placed in a chamber with a mixture of solvents ethyl acetate - toluene (5:95), and chromatographed in an ascending manner. When the front of solvents passes about 80 - 90% of the length of the plate from the start line, it is removed from the chamber, dried until traces of solvents are removed, treated with anisic aldehyde with a solution of alcoholic sulfate, kept at a temperature of 100 - 105 ° C for 5 - 10 minutes and viewed in daylight.

The chromatogram of the CO solution of thymol and menthol should show a blue adsorption zone (menthol) in the lower part and above it a pink adsorption zone (thymol).

The chromatogram of the test solution should show: the adsorption zone from violet to reddish-violet color slightly above the level of the adsorption zone of menthol on the chromatogram of the CO solution of thymol and menthol (iceol), as well as the zone from violet to reddish-violet color slightly above the adsorption zone of thymol on the chromatogram solution of CO of thymol and menthol (palyustrol); detection of other adsorption zones is allowed.

2 ... About 2.0 g of crushed raw materials passing through a sieve with holes of 2 mm are placed in a flask with a capacity of 100 ml, 20 ml of 70% alcohol are added and heated in a water bath with a reflux condenser for 10 minutes. Then the extract is cooled and filtered (test solution).

A) 1 ml of the test solution is placed in a test tube, zinc powder and 5 - 7 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added, mixed; a faint pink coloration should be observed, which becomes more intense when heated (flavonoids)

B) To 1 ml of the test solution add 2 drops of iron (III) ammonium sulfate solution; a black-green coloration (tannins) should be observed.

TESTS

Humidity

Whole raw materials, shredded raw materials - no more than 14%.

Ash total

Whole raw materials, shredded raw materials - no more than 4%.

Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid

Whole raw materials, shredded raw materials- no more than 1%;

Grinding of raw materials

Shredded raw materials- particles that do not pass through a sieve with openings of 5 mm - no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm - no more than 5%.

Impurities

The stems are grayish brown. Whole raw materials- no more than 10%.

Pieces of grayish brown stems . Shredded raw materials- no more than 10%.

Organic impurity. Whole raw materials, shredded raw materials - no more than 1%.

Mineral admixture. Whole raw materials,shredded raw materials - no more than 0.5%.

Heavy metals

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Determination of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations."

Radionuclides

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Determination of the content of radionuclides in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations."

Residual amounts of pesticides

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Determination of the content of residual pesticides in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations."

Microbiological purity

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Microbiological purity".

quantitation

Whole raw materials,shredded raw materials: essential oil - not less than 0.1%.

Essential oil.

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Determination of the content of essential oil in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations" (method 2, weighed portion of 30.0 g of raw material, crushed to a particle size of 1 – 3 cm, distillation time - 4 hours, after distillation, the cooling of the refrigerator is stopped so that the crystallized part of the essential oil on the walls of the refrigerator melts and sinks into the receiver).

Packaging, labeling and transportation

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph "Packaging, labeling and transportation of medicinal plants and herbal medicinal products."

Storage

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Storage of medicinal plant materials and herbal medicinal products”.