What medications are antihistamines. Antihistamines. Antihistamines of the 1st generation

If you bloom in spring with flowers, this urgently needs to be dealt with ...

Currently, allergic diseases are the scourge of the 21st century. The number of people suffering from this disease is growing every year. The most unpleasant thing in this situation is that young children are most susceptible to negative reactions to certain substances. Based on this, nursing mothers should not eat many foods until the baby's body reaches a certain degree of maturity.

There are also enough people with allergies among the adult population.

How to deal with pollen, cat hair or citrus intolerance? The ideal option is to eliminate the allergen. That is, to exclude contact with what causes an allergic reaction.

And if this is not possible?

It was this question that served as a prerequisite for active research and the creation of the most effective and safe antiallergic drugs. What drugs are most effective in the difficult task of dealing with an allergic reaction?

To choose the right medicine, you should know the nature of the development of an allergic reaction. Itching, sneezing, skin redness, choking are all symptoms caused by a substance called histamine. To eliminate an allergic reaction, it is necessary to deprive it of the ability to act in the body, in other words, to block it.

Antihistamines are capable of this.

We present to your attention a list of the most effective and popular medicines, from which you can choose what is most suitable for you.

Attention! Our rating is for you if you have been bitten by a harmful insect, or you ate an exotic fruit for breakfast, or sneeze from poplar fluff ... That is, if your allergy is an unpleasant episode, and not a chronic disease. Otherwise, only a doctor should prescribe treatment. And further. All the drugs listed here have contraindications, before buying, be sure to read the instructions and contraindications for use in detail - what if the chosen remedy is absolutely not suitable for you?

Rating of the best allergy remedies

Exclusive of its kind - Cetrin
the best drug for allergies at the moment

Photo: www.utkonos.ru

In the first place in terms of effectiveness is the third generation antihistamine - Cetrin.

The average estimated cost of the drug is from 160 to 200 rubles.

The main advantages of Tsetrin are the high degree of its effectiveness, as well as fast action after taking the drug. It is also preferable because it does not cause drowsiness and "refrains" from negative effects on the liver.

Cetrin should be taken to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies, hay fever, or atopic dermatitis.

This drug is the best choice for both adults and children. It has a pleasant taste, has practically no contraindications and restrictions on use. Unlike other drugs, it is enough to use it once a day, which greatly facilitates the application process.

In the ranking of the most effective antiallergic drugs, Cetrin ranks first. On a ten-point scale, he can safely be given 9.5 points. 0.5 points are deducted for the only drawback - the price. Allergy medications can be purchased at a more affordable price, but this is exactly the case when it is appropriate to recall the words of the wise Jew: "I am not rich enough to buy cheap things."

Claritin is a sure, reliable, safe medicine for allergies

Photo: lechimsya.org

Claritin (Loratadin) is next on the list of the most effective drugs for treating allergies.

The average cost of this drug is from 160 to 220 rubles.

Before the advent of third generation antihistamines, Claritin was the most widely used drug. It was one of the first anti-allergic drugs that did not affect the patient's state of attention, which made it possible for doctors and drivers to use it.

It is used for various manifestations of the allergic process, ranging from skin forms (itching and redness) and ending with laryngospasm (suffocation).

Claritin is good for its speed of action, the possibility of using it in children after a year, as well as in people who need focused attention during work.

The rating of this drug is 9.2 out of 10, since the drug has some drawbacks, such as restricting intake in people with impaired renal function, in women when breastfeeding, and in children under one year old. Stops, to some extent, and the price - for the same money you can purchase the safest and most effective Tsetrin.

Fenistil - old but still effective ...

Photo: apkiwi.ru

The average price for it currently ranges from 220 to 280 rubles.

Fenistil is a second generation drug of antiallergic drugs. It has less effect than Claritin, however, it is much more effective than the first generation drugs.

The drug is used in the development of an allergic reaction from food, drugs, skin rashes and nasal flow during the flowering period.

Fenistil has a good, pronounced antiallergic effect, does not allow an allergic reaction to develop even with a high concentration of allergen and histamine.

In terms of frequency of use, it is in third place among all drugs in the ranking. His rating is 8.2 out of 10. The drug has such disadvantages as sedative, calming effect, increased effect of alcohol when used together, distortion of the action of some other drugs. Contraindicated in breastfeeding, pregnancy, and in children under 2 years of age.

Dangerous but extremely effective - Histalong

Photo: www.gippokrat.kz

Histalong (Astemizole) is an antihistamine drug with the longest clinical effect.

The price for this drug ranges from 300 to 460 rubles, which makes it one of the most expensive drugs.

Histalong belongs to the second generation drugs. Has the longest healing effect (in some people it can reach up to 20 days)

This drug is used in the treatment of chronic allergic processes.

The duration of action of Histalong allows you to use it with a frequency of about once a month. Its use allows you to exclude the intake of other antiallergic drugs.

Despite its duration of action and anti-allergic activity, the drug is only fourth in the ranking. Its score on a ten-point scale is 8 out of 10. This result is due to the side effects of this drug - when it is taken, a violation of the normal heart rhythm is possible, which can be fatal in people with heart disease. Contraindicated for use in the acute phase of allergy development, as well as in pregnant women and children.

Time-tested drug - Tavegil
good reliable first generation allergy remedy

Photo: sanatate.md

Tavegil (Clemastine) is one of the most common and used first-generation drugs.

You can buy tavegil, on average, for 100 rubles.

The drug is used both in tablet and injectable forms. It has a fairly strong anti-allergic effect. It is often used as an additional drug for anaphylactic shock and pseudo-allergic reactions.

The low incidence of side effects and high efficiency made it possible to place Tavegil in the rating of the most used drugs. In addition, the drug begins to act rather quickly, and the effect of its use lasts for a rather long time, which makes it the drug of choice in the treatment of allergic processes.

The average rating of this drug on a ten-point scale is 8, 3 out of 10. Tavegil receives a similar rating for such shortcomings as the possible development of an allergic reaction to tavegil itself, a slight sedative effect, which makes it impossible to use it by drivers and doctors. Also, the drug is contraindicated for use in pregnant women, nursing mothers and in children under 1 year of age.

Will help quickly and in any situation - Suprastin

Photo: alfavitnik.ru

Suprastin (Chloropyramine) is a drug commonly used in most branches of medicine. You can buy it for 120-140 rubles.

One of the most effective first-generation histamine blockers

It is used for almost all types and manifestations of an allergic reaction; used in the provision of emergency care for allergies (included in the number of mandatory drugs).

Suprastin does not accumulate in the blood serum, which prevents the development of an overdose of the drug. The effect develops quite quickly, but to prolong it, it is necessary to combine Suprastin with other drugs. The low cost of the drug is also its undoubted advantage, since it is extremely difficult to choose a high-quality and inexpensive drug in the modern drug market.

In the rating of the best antiallergic drugs, Suprastin receives 9 points out of 10. It is prohibited to use it during pregnancy, lactation, in children under 1 month old, in individuals with individual chloropyramine intolerance, as well as in an acute attack of bronchial asthma.

Standing on guard from time immemorial ... - Diphenhydramine

Photo: www.syl.ru

Diphenhydramine (Diphenhydramine) is a drug of the first generation of antihistamines, the founder of this group of drugs.

Prescription drug.

It is one of the cheapest anti-allergic drugs. Its cost ranges from 15 to 70 rubles.

One of the anti-allergic products that were first invented. It has a fairly strong antihistamine effect.

Diphenhydramine is used to eliminate the manifestations of most allergic processes. It is produced mainly in the form of agents applied topically (in the form of an ointment), but can also be used for systemic treatment. It is part of the so-called triad due to its anti-inflammatory effect.

Diphenhydramine has a pronounced antiallergic effect: the effect develops quickly, but it ends just as soon. Due to its low cost, everyone can purchase it.

In the rating of drugs, diphenhydramine is rated 8 out of 10. Despite its effectiveness in the treatment of allergies, diphenhydramine has a number of side effects, among which the most pronounced are drowsiness after using the drug, slight clouding of consciousness with sedative effect, anemia, heart rhythm disturbances.

Summary ... Which allergy medicine is best?

Having understood in detail the principles of action, efficacy and degree of safety of each of the above drugs, we should once again mention the crowned Cetrin. Due to its safety and effectiveness, it ranks first in our rating, and it can be recommended for a home first aid kit.

This drug deserves a huge plus for the lack of action on a person's attention and concentration. It can be taken without worrying about side effects and your psycho-emotional state.

Of course, before taking it, it is best to consult with an allergist and study the instructions.

Be healthy and don't sneeze ...

Attention! There are contraindications, specialist advice is needed

The main anti-allergic drugs were and remain to this day antihistamines. This article will discuss what antihistamines are for children, in which cases they are used and, most importantly, how to choose a remedy.

In order to understand why anti-allergic drugs for children are necessary for hypersensitivity, it is important to know the mechanism of an allergic reaction.

At the first hit of the allergen- foreign protein - the immune system gets acquainted with it, and immunoglobulins - antibodies are produced. They are deposited on the membrane of the so-called. mast cells, clinging to it from all sides - sensitization occurs.

Re-penetration of the allergen even more immunoglobulins are formed, and the mast cell, unable to withstand, bursts. Allergy mediators are allocated - biologically active substances that in a certain way affect organs and tissues and cause the entire clinic of hypersensitivity reactions. Under the influence of these substances:

• there is an increase in the permeability of the vascular wall, which causes edema, rash and itching;
• vasodilatation, provoking a local (and sometimes general) increase in temperature and redness;
• smooth muscles contract, due to which bronchospasm develops;
• an active inflammatory reaction begins, which can turn into a chronic one and form a clinic of bronchial asthma.

There are many such mediators - leukotrienes, thromboxane A2, tumor necrosis factor α, adenosine, kinins, interleukins, etc. But the main one is histamine.

That is why it is so important to "bind", to block all that histamine, which is released from mast cells during an allergic reaction. Allergy drugs for children and adults are aimed precisely at this: they are not able to remove sensitization or completely prevent the release of active substances, but they cope with the process of "intercepting" histamine perfectly.

Features of the names of drugs

It is worth noting that there is international non-proprietary name each active ingredient (for example, paracetamol or pantaprazole), and trade names- they are given by manufacturing companies (Panadol, Tsefekon, Kalpol in the first case, Nolpaza, Controlok, Panum - in the second).

So it is with antihistamines: desloratadine is Erius, and, and Alestamine, etc. Medicines are produced in various forms and dosages, and it is difficult to figure out which drug is suitable for a child. This article presents a certain algorithm for choosing a medicine.

1. The first step is to determine why the medicine is needed, what symptoms need to be removed.
2. The second is the selection of the medicine in accordance with the age of the child.
3. And, finally, the third point is the choice of the form of drug administration.

Antihistamines for symptom relief

Below we will look at drugs for children that can help cope with the symptoms of a particular disease.

With urticaria

Photo: Red spots on the body of a child - allergy to antibiotics in the form of urticaria

Symptoms: rash, itching / burning, swelling, redness.

Second and third generation antihistamines:

• desloratadine;
• loratadine;
• fexofenadine;
• cetirizine;
• levoetirizine;
• lopiramine;
• dimethindene;
• dehydramine;
• ebastine

2nd generation:

• Elisey (syrup, tablets);
• Lordestine (tablets);
• Claritin (syrup, tablets);
• Thirlor (tablets);
• Klargotil (tablets);
• Kestin (syrup, tablets)

III generation:

Topical preparations:

• Allergozan (ointment);
• Fenistil Gel;
• Psylo-balm (gel).

For allergic dermatitis

Photo: Atopic dermatitis

Symptoms: peeling, itching, dryness, swelling, redness, and sometimes erosion.

There are no reasons for the routine use of drugs. They are used only in complex therapy, or for the correction of concomitant conditions - urticaria or rhinoconjunctivitis, which disturb sleep. In this regard, drugs of the first generation with a sedative effect are indicated:

• chloropyramine;
• diphenhydramine;
• mebhydrolin

List of drugs by trade name

• Suprastin (solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration, tablets);
• Diphenhydramine (solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration, tablets);
• Diazolin (tablets, dragees).

For food allergies

Photo: Red rash on the cheeks as a manifestation of food allergies

Symptoms: skin manifestations, itching, Quincke's edema

The drugs are not effective for gastrointestinal complaints (they are used only in complex treatment), but they can help with skin allergies after eating the allergen. First generation drugs are used:

• chloropyramine;
• diphenhydramine.

As well as modern medicines of the latest generation:

• cetirizine;
• fexofenadine;
• levocetirizine.

List of drugs by trade name

1st generation:

• Suprastin;
• Diphenhydramine;

Generation III:

• Zyrtek;
• Suprastinex.

For allergic conjunctivitis

Photo: Allergic conjunctivitis

Symptoms: pain or itching in the eyes, tearing, redness, blurred vision, puffiness.

Both general drugs (any of the latest generation) and local remedies are used:

• levocabastine;
• azelastine.

List of drugs by trade name

• Vizin Alerji (eye drops);
• Histimet (eye drops);
• Reactin (eye drops);
• Allergodil (eye drops).

With allergic rhinitis

Symptoms: nasal congestion, difficulty in nasal breathing, rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, swelling.

Local remedies are used - drops and sprays in the nose:

• levocabastine;
• azelastine.

List of drugs by trade name

• Tizine allergy (spray);
• Histimet (spray);
• Reactin (spray);
• Allergodil (spray).

With hay fever

Symptoms: a combination of symptoms of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sometimes skin and food allergies.

The same drugs are used as for allergic rhinitis, as well as combined drugs, for example, a combination of diphenhydramine and naphazoline (anticongensant - vasoconstrictor).

List of drugs by trade name

• Polynadim (eye drops)

Other diseases

Disease	Symptoms to be eliminated		Drugs	Trade names, introduction form
With bronchitis, with laryngitis	cough, hoarseness, bronchospasm, itching in the larynx and chest		Inhaled administration of the drug would be optimal, but antihistamines in the form of solutions for inhalation are not available. Therefore, oral or parenteral preparations of 3 generations are used. In some cases, nasal sprays are effective, as in allergic rhinitis.	Siresp (syrup); Erespal (syrup, tablets)
With bronchial asthma	For asthmatics, antihistamines are not indicated in the classical GINA regimen. They can be prescribed, but only by an allergist according to individual indications.
For insect bites	itching, burning, redness, rash	Both systemic means (of all generations) and local ones are used.		Suprastin; Diphenhydramine; Thirlor; Klargotil; Allergozan (ointment); Fenistil Gel; Psylo balm.
When taking antibiotics	Prevention of drug allergies, treatment of skin and food symptoms	As a prophylaxis: often, along with the first use of an antibiotic, an antihistamine of any generation is prescribed to a child. As a routine treatment: third-generation drugs. As an emergency treatment: first-generation drugs parenterally, in a hospital or emergency room		Zyrtek; Allegra; Suprastin (i / m, i / v).
Before and after vaccinations	For the prevention of allergic complications	Children with diagnosed allergies, or those who have inadequately reacted to the previous vaccination (itching, swelling, rash, etc.).		Suprastin; Zyrtek; Zodak;
With chickenpox (chickenpox)	To relieve itching	Oral drugs only, sedative (first generation), at night		Suprastin; Diphenhydramine; Atarax;
With adenoids	Decongestants needed	Oral medications of any generation and sprays are used		Elisey, Ordestin, Claritin, Tyrlor, Tizine Allergi; Histimet;
When teething		Not in clinical guidelines. It is advisable to replace the antihistamine with drugs with a local anesthetic effect (for example, Dentinox or Cholisal).
At a temperature		The combination of an antipyretic drug, an analgesic and an antihistamine is the so-called. a lytic mixture that allows you to quickly reduce the temperature. Effective when administered intramuscularly or intravenously, cannot be used at home. Acceptable drugs: promethazine; chloropyramine; diphenhydramine.		Pipolfen (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration); Suprastin (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration); Diphenhydramine (solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration).

It is important to understand that the choice of a drug cannot be based only on reading the instructions for use.

Any medicine should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor, having previously assessed the patient's condition, individual characteristics of the organism, age, setting treatment goals, "weighing" the risks and benefits.

Lists of antihistamines for children by age

There is no doubt that drugs for children are more difficult than for adults. However, modern pharmacology offers medicines for any age group - literally from birth to old age.

It should be noted that there are no separate drugs for children and adults. The most common differences are in the form of administration and dose. And, of course, some medicines are contraindicated in children under a certain age.

0 to 1 year

Children under one year old are the most "problematic" category, since allergies occur quite often, but the body is still weak and not sufficiently formed to receive high doses of antihistamines. However, today there are medications that can be taken almost from birth:

• Zyrtek, drops for oral administration - from 6 months;
• Tsetrin, drops for oral administration - from 6 months;
• Suprastin, solution for parenteral administration - from 1 month, for health reasons in a hospital;
• Diphenhydramine, solution for parenteral administration - from birth, for health reasons in a hospital;
• , tablets and pills, crushed in water, milk formula or baby food - from 2 months;
• Pipolfen, solution for parenteral administration - from 2 months;
• , ointment - from birth;
• Fenistil - from 1 month for the drug in the form of a gel, drops for oral administration - from 1 month;
• Psylo-balm, gel - suitable for newborns;
• , eye drops - from 1 month.

1 to 6 years old

At the age of 1 to 6 years, the range of drugs expands, although many more drugs are contraindicated:

• Suprastin, tablets, must be added to water or food in crushed form - from 3 years old;
• Erius, syrup - from 1 year;
• Claritin, syrup - from 2 years old, tablets - from 3 years old;
• Tirlor, tablets - from 2 years old;
• Klargotil, tablets - from 2 years old;
• Zodak, drops for oral administration - from 1 year old, syrup - from 2 years old;
• Tsetrin, syrup - from 2 years old;
• Suprastinex, drops for oral administration - from 2 liters;
• Azelastine, eye drops - from 4 years old.

6 to 12 years old

Starting from 6 years old, medium-sized tablets cease to grind into food, and allow children to swallow on their own. The choice of the drug is even greater:

• Zyrtec, tablets - from 6 years old;
• Zodak, tablets - from 6 years old;
• Cetrin, tablets - from 6 years old;
• Suprastinex, tablets - from 6 years old;
• , syrup - from 6 years old;
• Tizine, nasal spray - from 6 years old;
• Azelastine, nasal spray - from 6 years old;
• , nasal spray - from 6 years old.

12 years and older

At this age, almost all antihistamines are allowed. In an emergency, any remedy can be used:

• Erius, tablets - from the age of 12;
• Elisey, syrup and pills - from 12 years old;
• Lordestin, tablets - from the age of 12;
• , tablets - from 12 years old;
• Feksadin, tablets - from the age of 12;
• Allegra, tablets - from the age of 12;
• , tablets and syrup - from 12 years old;
• Vizin Alerji, eye drops - from 12 years old;
• Gistimet, nasal spray and eye drops - from 12 years old.

The drug Kestin in tablets is prescribed from the age of 15.

Antihistamines for children: the choice of the form of administration

As you can see, almost all drugs have several forms of release. Most often, the choice is determined by the point of application, i.e. area where you want to deliver the drug.

1. Pills. They are convenient to use, act quickly, do not require special conditions for administration, a single dose is enough. At the same time, small children cannot swallow tablets on their own, which is why the drug has to be crushed and mixed with food or drink. In addition, they have a systemic effect, exerting an effect on the liver and kidneys, which is why they are contraindicated in people with serious pathology of these organs.
2. Drops. Small children can take it without even noticing it. They have fewer auxiliary components. Like tablets, they have a systemic effect.
3. Syrup. It tastes good, which is a plus for young children. However, this is also a minus, since the preparation contains flavors and fragrances, which can also provoke a reaction in an allergic child. Does not require drinking, has a systemic effect.
4. Injections. Pros - in the fast delivery of the drug into the bloodstream and, as a result, a quick, reliable effect. But this type of administration is practically inaccessible at home, it is not carried out on its own.
5. Ointments, creams, gels. The advantages of this dosage form are in the "point", local action, ease of application, the ability to use even the smallest children. However, medications must be used several times a day. What is the difference between these types of medicines? Generally speaking - in the intensity of absorption.

Repeatedly in the text of the article, there have already been references to generations of antiallergic drugs. Can we say that new generation drugs are the best antihistamines for children? To make such claims, it is necessary to study not only the list of drugs, but also their pros and cons.

Lists of antihistamines for children by generation

The first histamine blocking drug was invented back in 1936. Since then, there are no fundamentally new tools in this line, only existing ones are being improved. To date, three generations of antihistamines are distinguished (in some literature, the 4th generation is highlighted, but there are enough sources in which the division is only used into 2 generations).

Despite the fact that the drugs may belong to the same generation, the rules for their use differ. The dosage of each medicine and dosage form is different, and individual for certain age groups.

For convenience, the generation, names of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages, forms of administration and doses of antihistamines for children are combined in the table.

1st generation

Dignity

• Good bioavailability;
• Intense fast action;
• Rapid elimination from the body;
• The drugs are interchangeable;
• Eliminate the symptoms of respiratory allergy well;
• Are the drugs of choice for emergencies;
• Have a sedative effect ("plus" if it is necessary to eliminate insomnia caused by itching);
• Have some antiemetic effect;
• They have a local anesthetic effect comparable in strength to novocaine;
• Usually inexpensive.

disadvantages

• Have a sedative effect (cause drowsiness even when the situation does not require it);
• Short-acting (no more than 5 hours);
• Addictive;
• Causes dry mucous membranes, thirst, tremors, tachycardia;
• Allergenic in themselves.

Representatives	Introduction form	Dosage	Photo
Chloropyramine
Suprastin	pills	3-6 years, ½ tab. 2 r / day; 6-14 ½ tab. 3 r / day; > 14 years old - 1 tab. 3-4 r / day
	solution for intramuscular injection	1-12 months for ¼ ampoules; 1-6 years ½ ampoule; 6-14 years old, ½-1 ampoule; > 14 years old, 1-2 ampoules
	ointment	thin layer 2-3 r / day
	pills	> 14 years old, 1 tab. 3-4 r / day
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine	pills	0-12 months, 2-5 mg; 1-5 years, 5-15 mg; 6-12 years old, 15-30 mg; > 12 years old, 30-50 mg
	solution for p / e administration	i.m. 50-100 mg intravenous drip 20 mg
Psilo balm	gel	thin layer 3-4 r / day
Mebhydrolin
	pills	0-24 months, 50-100 mg; 2-5 years, 50-150 mg; 5-10 years, 100-200 mg; > 10 years, 100-300 mg
	dragee	same
Clemastine
	pills	6-12 years old, ½-1 tab 2 r / day; > 12 years old, 1 tab 2 r / day
	solution for intramuscular injection	2 injections / day at 0.025 mg per kg of body weight
Promethazine
	solution for intramuscular injection	2 months - 16 years, 1 mg per kg of body weight 3-5 r / day

2nd generation

The dignity of a generation

• High specificity;
• Fast effect;
• Long-term action (a single dose is enough);
• Minimal sedation;
• Lack of addiction;
• Long-term reception is possible.

Generation flaws

• The risk of developing arrhythmias and other cardiac disorders;
• Dry mucous membranes, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Representatives	Introduction form	Dosage	Photo
Loratadin
Claritin	syrup	2 months - 12 years - depending on body weight and severity of allergies; > 12 years old, 1 tsp. syrup or 1 tab 1 r / day
	pills
Tyrlor	pills	2-12 years ½ tab 1 r / day > 12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day
Klargotil	pills	2-12 years old<30 кг по ½ таб 1 р/сут 2-12 years> 30 kg 1 tab 1 r / day
Dimetindene
Fenistil Gel	gel	2-4 rubles / day
	oral drops	1 month - 12 years, 2 drops per kg of body weight; > 12 years old, 20-40 caps 3-4 r / day
Azelastine
	nasal spray	6-12 years, 1 dose 2 r / day > 12 years, 2 doses 2 r / day
	eye drops	1 drop 2 r / day
Levocabastine
Visin Allergy	eye drops	> 12 years, 1 drop 2 times a day
spray in the nose	> 6 years, 2 doses 2 times a day
Histimet	eye drops	> 12 years, 1 drop 2 times a day
	spray in the nose	> 12 years, 2 doses 2 r / day
	eye drops	> 1 month, 1 drop 2 r / day
	spray in the nose	> 6 years, 2 doses 2 times a day
Ebastin
	syrup	6-12 years old, 5 ml 1 r / day; 12-15 years old, 10 ml 1 r / day; > 15 years old, 10-20 ml 1 r / day
	pills	> 15 years, 1 tab 1 r / day

Generation III (new generation)

The dignity of a generation

• No sedative effect (or minimal);
• No cardiotoxicity;
• There is no limit on how long children can take antihistamines;
• Fast long lasting effect.

Generation flaws

• Possibility of drug allergy
• High price.

Representatives	Introduction form	Dosage	Photo
Fexofenadine
pills	> 12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day
Feksadin	pills	> 12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day
Allegra	pills	> 12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day
Cetirizine
Zyrtec	oral drops	6-12 months, 5 drops 1 r / day; 1-2 years, 5 drops 2 r / day; 2-6 years, 10 drops 1 r / day; > 6 years, 20 caps 1 r / day
	pills	> 6 years, 1 tab 1 r / day
Zodak	oral drops	1-2 g, 5 drops 2 r / day; 2-12 years, 10 drops 1 r / day or 5 drops 2 r / day; > 12 years on a drop / day 1 r / day
	pills	6-12 years old, 1 tab 1 r / day or ½ tab 2 r / day; > 12 years old 1 tab 1 r / day
	syrup	2-6 years, 1 d. l. 1 p / day; 6-12 years, 2 d. l. 1r / day or 1 measured l. 2 r / day; > 12 years 2 d. l. 1p / day;
Cetrin (familiar with)	oral drops	6-12 months, 5 drops 1 r / day; 1-6 years, 5 drops 2 r / day; > 6 years, 10 drops / day 1 r / day
	pills	> 6 years, 1 tab 1 r / day or ½ tab 2 r / day
	syrup	2-6 years, 5 ml 1r / day; > 6 years 10 ml 1 r / day or 5 ml 2 r / day
Levocetirizine
Suprastinex	oral drops	2-6 years, 5 drops 2 r / day; > 6 years, 20 caps 1 r / day
	pills	> 6 years, 1 tab 1 r / day

Contraindications and side effects. Overdose

There is not a single drug that has no contraindications and side effects. One way or another, the use of drugs is an outside interference in the body, which can have undesirable consequences.

Contraindications

Contraindications to the use of each specific medicine, of course, differ, and it is necessary to consult a doctor and carefully study the instructions for each drug. However, there are situations common to all in which the use is unacceptable:

• individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
• severe pathology of the liver and kidneys;
• severe pathology of other internal organs;
• age (individually for each product);
• in some cases, lactase deficiency.

Side effects

Many parents are understandably interested in what is the effect of antihistamines on a child? Do they have adverse effects, are there side effects? In terms of the number of "side effects", first-generation drugs are in the lead. Among the possible:

• drowsiness, weakness, decreased concentration, distraction of attention;
• anxiety, insomnia;
• convulsions, dizziness, loss of consciousness;
• blurred vision;
• dyspnea;
• violation of the outflow of urine;
• swelling;
• anaphylactic shock, angioedema or other allergic reactions.

Second-generation drugs have fewer undesirable effects, but they are:

• feeling of dry mouth, nausea, vomiting;
• abdominal pain;
• increased fatigue, increased excitability;
• tachycardia (extremely rare);
• allergic reactions.

In the development of third-generation drugs, numerous placebo-controlled studies have been carried out, confirming the effectiveness and safety of drugs. However, can these drugs be harmful, if so, then why are antihistamines of this generation dangerous for children? May develop:

• headache, drowsiness, dizziness (less than 10%);
• insomnia, irritability, tachycardia, diarrhea (less than 1%)
• hypersensitivity reactions (<0,1%).

Precautionary measures

The main measure for preventing complications is not to prescribe medications on your own, but to take medications only on the recommendation of a doctor. In addition, you should consider:

• if long-term antihistamines are used for children, dosage adjustments must be made regularly;
• the possibility of drug interactions when using other drugs;
• the inadmissibility of the use of even low-alcohol drinks in conjunction with antihistamine therapy (relevant for adolescents);
• the need for strict adherence to the doctor's recommendations, dosage, frequency of admission.

Overdose

An overdose of antihistamines in children can lead to unpleasant consequences. Drugs of the first generation, the dose of which is long and significantly exceeded, can cause:

• disturbances of consciousness;
• feeling of restlessness, anxiety;
• lack of coordination;
• convulsive syndrome;
• dry mouth;
• redness of the face;
• tachycardia;
• retention of urine;
• febrile symptoms;
• to whom.

Overdose with second-generation drugs entails:

• headache;
• an increase in drowsiness;
• an increase in heart rate of more than 100 beats / min.

The maximum tolerated dose of third-generation antihistamines has not been established, although studies have been conducted in which healthy volunteers took long-term high doses of the drugs. Among the effects they developed:

• dry mouth;
• dizziness;
• weakness, drowsiness.

It is important to remember: if antihistamines do not help the child, in no case should you increase the dose yourself. It is necessary to clarify the diagnosis and adjust the treatment by contacting the attending physician (for example, if diathesis or prickly heat is treated with antihistamines, of course, there will be no effect).

Thus, antihistamines are the first line of treatment for allergies in children. There are both positive and negative reviews about their use. Some parents talk about the exceptional effectiveness of some drugs, others - about the absolute uselessness of the same drugs.

The role in this situation is played by the individual characteristics of the child's body, the type and severity of the disease, the duration of treatment and many other factors. Antihistamines for children today are a huge branch of pharmacology, and it is possible to choose exactly the remedy that is suitable for a particular child in each specific situation.

Dear friends, I greet you!

This also included acrivastine (Semprex) and terfenadine, but they caused severe cardiac arrhythmias, even death, and therefore disappeared from the shelves.

pros:

1. High selectivity for H1 receptors.
2. They do not have a sedative effect.
3. They work for a long time.
4. Side effects when taking them are much less common.
5. They do not cause addiction, therefore they can be used for a long time.

Minuses:

Safe in recommended dosages. Passing through the liver, they are metabolized by it. But if the functions are impaired, unmetabolized forms of the active substance accumulate in the blood, which can cause disturbances in the heart rhythm. You've probably seen that some annotations mention the QT interval. This is a special area of ​​the electrocardiogram, the lengthening of which indicates the likelihood of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death.

In this regard, patients with impaired liver and kidney function need to change the dose.

3rd generation antihistamines

The drugs in this group include desloratadine ( Erius, Lordestin, Desal, etc.), levocetirizine ( Ksizal, Suprastinex, etc.), fexofenadine ( Allegra, Feksadin, Feksofast, etc.).

These are active metabolites of second generation drugs, so their metabolic products do not accumulate in the blood, causing heart problems, and do not interact with other drugs, causing side effects.

Pros:

• They are superior in their efficiency to their predecessors.
• They act quickly and for a long time.
• They do not have a sedative effect.
• Do not slow down the reaction rate.
• Does not enhance the effects of alcohol.
• They are not addictive, so they can be used for a long time.
• They do not have a toxic effect on the heart muscle.
• Do not change the dose in patients with impaired liver and kidney function.
• The safest.

I did not find any minuses for the group as a whole.

Well. The preparatory work is done, you can proceed to the preparations.

First of all, let's sketch out what might be of interest to an allergy sufferer who asks you for an allergy medication.

He wants the drug:

• Was effective.
• He began to act quickly.
• Was taken once a day.
• Did not induce drowsiness.
• Did not reduce the reaction rate (for vehicle drivers).
• Was compatible with alcohol.

And you and I, as always, are still interested in nursing, children and the elderly.

This is how we will analyze the active ingredients using the example of the most popular over-the-counter drugs.

1st generation.

Suprastin pills

• Begins to act in 15-30 minutes, the action lasts 3-6 hours.
• Shown for any allergic reactions, except for bronchial asthma. In general, antihistamines are not the main drugs for asthma. They are rather weak for asthmatics. If used, then only in combination with bronchodilators. And the first generation completely causes dryness of the mucous membranes, makes it difficult for sputum to pass.
• Causes drowsiness.
• Pregnant, lactating is contraindicated.
• Children - from 3 years old (for this form).
• Lots of collateral.
• It is better not to recommend it to the elderly.
• Drivers are not allowed.
• The effect of alcohol is enhanced.

Tavegilpills

Everything is the same as Suprastin, only it lasts longer (10-12 hours), therefore it is taken less often.

Other differences:

• The sedative effect in comparison with Suprastin is less, but the therapeutic effect is also weaker.
• Children - from 6 years old (for this form).

Diazolintablets, pills

• Begins to act in 15-30 minutes, the action may last for an unknown amount of time. They write that up to 2 days. Then the questions are raised by the frequency of reception.
• Children from 3 years old. Up to 12 years old - a single dose of 50 mg, then - 100 mg.
• May cause increased excitability in children.
• Pregnant, lactating women are not allowed.
• Not to recommend to the elderly.
• Drivers are not allowed.

Fenkarolpills

• It penetrates the BBB poorly, so the sedative effect is insignificant.
• Begins to act in an hour.
• From 3 to 12 years old - 10 mg tablets, from 12 years old - 25 mg, from 18 years old - 50 mg.
• In pregnancy - weigh the risk / benefit, contraindicated in the 1st trimester.
• Nursing is not allowed.
• There are significantly fewer side effects than those discussed above.
• Car drivers be careful.

2nd generation

Claritin (loratadine) tablets, syrup

• Begins to act 30 minutes after ingestion.
• The action lasts 24 hours.
• Does not cause drowsiness.
• Does not cause arrhythmias.
• Indications: hay fever, urticaria, allergic dermatitis.
• Lactation is not allowed.
• Pregnancy - with caution.
• Children - syrup from 2 years old, tablets from 3 years old.
• Does not enhance the effects of alcohol.
• Drivers can.

I noticed that the instructions for generics indicate that it is contraindicated during pregnancy. Why, then, is there a “loophole” for claritin in the form of a vague “with caution”?

Zyrtec (cetirizine ) - tablets, drops for oral administration

• Begins to act within an hour, the effect lasts 24 hours.
• Does not have a sedative effect (in therapeutic doses).
• Indications: urticaria, dermatitis, Quincke's edema.
• Effective for cold allergies.
• The greatest effect was shown in the treatment skin allergies.
• Children - drops from 6 months, tablets - from 6 years.
• Abstain from alcohol.
• Drivers - be careful.

Kestin (ebastine)- coated tablets 10 mg, 20 mg and lyophilized 20 mg

• The action of the coated tablets begins after 1 hour and lasts 48 hours ( record holder!).
• After 5 days of administration, the effect persists for 72 hours.
• Indications: hay fever, urticaria, other allergic reactions.
• Pregnancy, lactation is contraindicated.
• Children: from 12 years old.
• Drivers can.
• To the cores - with caution.
• Film-coated tablets 20 mg - recommend if a lower dosage is ineffective.
• Lyophilized tablets 20 mg dissolve instantly in the mouth: for those who find it difficult to swallow.

Fenistil (dimetindene) drops, gel

• Drops - the maximum concentration in the blood after 2 hours.
• Indications: hay fever, allergic dermatoses.
• Drops for children - from 1 month. Caution for up to 1 year to avoid apnea (respiratory arrest) due to sedation.
• Pregnancy - except for the 1st trimester.
• Nursing is not allowed.
• Contraindicated - bronchial asthma, prostate adenoma, glaucoma.
• The effect of alcohol is enhanced.
• Drivers - better not.
• Gel - for skin dermatoses, insect bites.
• Emulsion - easy to take on the road, ideal for bites: thanks to the roll-on applicator, it can be applied pointwise.

3rd generation

Erius (desloratadine) - tablets, syrup

• It takes effect in 30 minutes and is valid for 24 hours.
• Indications: hay fever, urticaria.
• Especially effective for allergic rhinitis - eliminates nasal congestion. It has not only antiallergic, but also anti-inflammatory effect.
• Pregnancy and lactation are contraindicated.
• Children - tablets from 12 years old, syrup from 6 months.
• Side effects are very rare.
• Drivers can.
• The effect of alcohol does not enhance.

Allegra (fexofenadine) - tab. 120, 180 mg

• It takes an hour to take effect, and the effect lasts for 24 hours.
• Indications: allergic (tab. 120 mg), urticaria (tab. 180 mg).
• Pregnancy and lactation are contraindicated.
• Children - from 12 years old.
• Drivers - be careful.
• Elderly - be careful.
• Effects of alcohol - no indication.

Nasal and ocular antihistamines

Allergodil- nasal spray.

It is used for allergic rhinitis for children from 6 years old and for adults 2 times a day.

Suitable for long-term use.

Allergodil eye drops - children from 4 years old and adults 2 times a day with allergic symptoms.

Sanorin-anallergin

It has been used since the age of 16 for allergic rhinitis. Good because it contains vasoconstrictor and antihistamine components, i.e. acts both on the cause of the allergic rhinitis and on the symptom (congestion). It begins to act in 10 minutes, and the effect lasts for 2-6 hours.

Pregnant and lactating women are contraindicated.

Visin Allergy- eye drops.

Contains only an antihistamine component. Used from 12 years old, not on lenses. Not recommended for pregnant and lactating women.

That's all.

Finally, I have questions for you:

1. What other popular antihistamines have I not mentioned here? Their features, chips?
2. What questions should you ask a buyer who asks for an allergy remedy?
3. Anything to add? Write.

With love to you, Marina Kuznetsova

To understand what antihistamines are, you need to understand what histamines are and how antihistamines act on them.

Histamines are substances found in the so-called "mast cells". After contact with the allergen, histamines are released from the mast cells in order to neutralize the provoking substance. It is histamines that affect the penetrating ability of blood vessels and cause the manifestation of all known allergy symptoms (itching, swelling, redness, lacrimation, blisters, rash, etc.) There are three types of receptors that, reacting to the connection with histamine, have different effects:

1. H1 receptors... When combined with histamine, they cause itching, bronchopulmonary spasms, and increase the permeability of the vascular walls.

2. H2 receptors... They react to histamines by relaxing the muscles of the uterus, increasing gastric secretion, and increasing the contractility of the myocardium.

3. H3 receptors... They are able to inhibit the production of histamine and prevent it from entering the nervous system.

It will now be much easier to understand what antihistamines are and exactly how they work.

Mechanism of action

Antihistamines are substances that have the property of blocking (inhibiting) the sensitivity of receptors to histamine and stopping an acute immune response. Different substances are aimed at inhibiting different types of receptors and, accordingly, have different applications:

• H1 blockers. Relieve allergy symptoms;
• H2 blockers. Promote a decrease in gastric secretion, are used in the treatment of stomach diseases;
• H3 blockers. Used in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system.

Medicines containing inhibitors of H1 receptors were invented back in 1936 and have been constantly improved since then. Today there are antihistamines of the I, II and III generations.

Antihistamines of the 1st generation

The main advantage of 1st generation drugs is the ability to quickly stop the immune response. At the same time, the effect does not last long - about 4-6 hours.

The main disadvantage is the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. As a result, there is a depression of the central nervous system. The sedative effect can vary in severity and is manifested in such signs as: drowsiness, loss of attention, apathy. Psychomotor agitation is also possible.

The sedative effect of the 1st generation drugs determines contraindications for use for people whose activities require special attention or require high physical activity.

Side effects include:

• weakness;
• headache;
• nausea, vomiting;
• stool changes;
• dry mucous membranes;
• drop in blood pressure;
• muscle weakness;
• drowsiness;
• arrhythmia.

Almost every one of us actually knows what antihistamines of the 1st generation are. They are the most accessible, common and often used for emergency relief from allergy symptoms, treatment of allergies of unknown origin, to relieve itching and reduce skin reactions, with allergic rhinitis, motion sickness, migraine, asthma.

Preparations of the 1st generation are addictive, therefore, their prolonged use is unacceptable. The course of admission cannot exceed 7-10 days.

In the 1st generation group: Suprastin, Daizolin, Diphenhydramine, Tavegil, Fenkarol.

II generation antihistamines

Medicines of the second generation are more perfect and are devoid of a depressing effect on the central nervous system. The antihistamine effect occurs quickly and lasts 24 hours, that is, a single dose per day is enough.

The main disadvantage is the cardiotoxic effect. Generation II antihistamines are capable of blocking the potassium channels of the heart muscle. As a result, heart failure. This effect is enhanced by the concurrent administration of antidepressants, macrolides, antifungal drugs, grapefruit juice.

Means of the second generation are not prescribed for the elderly, patients with heart disease, as well as people with severe disorders in the liver.

Possible side effects:

• dry mucous membranes;
• nausea and vomiting;
• anxiety;
• depression;
• stool disorders;
• headache;
• gastritis.

Second generation antihistamines are used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, eczema, and atopic diseases.

The duration of admission can be up to 12 months.

The second generation group of drugs includes: Loratadin, Fenistil, Claritin, Lomilan, Cladidol, Rupafin, etc.

III generation antihistamines

What are Generation III antihistamines? These are special substances - metabolic products of the second generation drugs, the so-called "active metabolites". Metabolites are devoid of the disadvantages of the means of the I and II generations: suppression of the central nervous system and cardiotoxic effect are eliminated, a negative effect on the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract is excluded.

Active metabolites are acceptable for use in a wide range of patients for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pollinosis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, eczema, asthma.

Side effects are practically reduced to zero values. However, occasionally the following are possible:

• headache;
• muscle pain;
• weakness;
• gastritis;
• nausea, vomiting;
• arrhythmia;
• dryness of the mucous membranes.

Preparations of the third generation are permissible for use on an ongoing basis.

A contraindication for taking metabolites is pregnancy, early childhood, individual intolerance to any of the components.

The group of metabolites includes the following drugs: Zyrtec, Telfast, Erius.

Medicines for children

Most antihistamines are contraindicated in early childhood. However, it is babies who are often affected. Therefore, only an experienced specialist should select a medicine.

To quickly get rid of allergy symptoms in early childhood, it is permissible to take 1st generation drugs. To eliminate skin manifestations, it is possible to use antihistamine ointments and creams.

During the entire course of taking antihistamines, the child's condition should be carefully monitored and if any adverse reactions occur, you should immediately seek medical help!

Only a specialist knows in detail what antihistamines are, and only an experienced allergist can choose the drug and dosage that is right for you. Self-medication can lead to irreparable consequences!

Choosing a competent specialist

Q: Can antiallergic antihistamines be harmful to a person if taken on a consistent basis?

Answer: It is better to pass allergen tests on the machine "Imedis Expert", and further exclude contacts with identified bioresonance test allergens. Also, if possible, he is treated by a bioresonance therapist and for many years to take homeopathic and bioresonance drugs prescribed during the treatment of bioresonance therapy, as well as in case of exacerbations or in the allergic season, take antihistamines of a new generation selected by a bioresonance test or pendulum.

You need to drink new generation antihistamines once a day until the symptoms of allergy disappear. If contact with the allergen cannot be avoided, then you will have to take an antihistamine (antiallergic drug) every day, there is nowhere to go from this, alas. Upon contact with an allergen without an antiallergic drug, a severe allergic reaction can develop, which in turn can lead to death, coma, and the allergy can also turn into asthma.

There are people who live on new generations of antihistamines and nothing else.

Of course, pills are not candy, and antihistamines are no exception. In a state of reaction, do not try to do without them. Allergens will need to be removed from the body's field on time, and then it may be too late.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a group of drugs, the principle of which is based on the fact that they block the H1 and H2-histamine receptors. This blockage helps to reduce the reaction of the human body with a special neurotransmitter histamine. What are these medicines used for? Doctors prescribe them during allergic reactions. Possessing a good antipruritic, antispastic, antiserotonin and local anesthetic effect, antihistamines are excellent help against allergies, and also effectively prevent bronchospasm caused by histamine.

In accordance with the time of the invention and release on the market, the whole variety of allergy products is classified into several levels. Antihistamines are classified into first, second, third and fourth generation drugs. Medicines included in each generation have their own specific characteristics and properties. Their classification is based on the duration of the antihistamine effect, the existing contraindications and side effects. The medicine necessary for treatment must be selected based on the characteristics of each specific case of the disease.

Generations of antihistamines

First generation antihistamines

The 1st (first) generation drugs include sedative drugs. They work at the H-1 receptor level. The duration of their action is four to five hours, after this period it will be necessary to take a new dose of the drug, and the dose must be large enough. Sedative antihistamines, despite their strong effect, have a number of disadvantages. For example, they can provoke dry mouth, dilated pupils, blurred vision.

Drowsiness and decreased tone may occur, which means that it is impossible to take these drugs while driving and other activities that require high concentration of attention. They also enhance the effect of other sedatives, sleeping pills, and pain relievers. The effect on the body of alcohol mixed with sedatives is also enhanced. Most first generation antihistamines are interchangeable.

Their use is advisable in case of allergic problems with the respiratory system, for example, when coughing or nasal congestion. It is worth paying attention to the fact that first generation antihistamines are good at fighting coughs. This makes it advisable to use them for bronchitis.

They will also be useful to those people who suffer from chronic diseases associated with difficulty breathing. Their use is quite effective in bronchial asthma. They can also have a fairly good effect in the treatment of acute allergic reactions. So, for example, their use will be appropriate for urticaria. The most common among them are:

suprastin

diphenhydramine

diazolin

tavegil

Peritol, pipolfen and fencarol are also common on the market.

Second generation antihistamines

Drugs of the 2nd (second) generation are called non-sedating. They do not have as many side effects as the first generation antihistamines. These are drugs that do not cause drowsiness or decrease brain activity, and also do not have cholinotic effects. A good effect is given by their use for itchy skin and allergic rashes.

However, their significant drawback is the cardiotoxic effect that these drugs can cause. Therefore, non-sedating drugs are prescribed only on an outpatient basis. In no case should they be taken by people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system. The most common non-sedative medications are:

trexil

histalong

zodak

semprex

fenistil

claritin

Third generation antihistamines

Antihistamines of the 3rd (third) generation are also otherwise called active metabolites. They have strong antihistaminic properties and have practically no contraindications. The standard set of these drugs includes:

cetrin

zyrtec

telfast

These drugs do not have cardiotoxic effects, unlike second generation drugs. Their use has a positive effect on asthma and acute allergic reactions. They are also effective in the treatment of dermatological diseases. Quite often, third-generation antihistamines are prescribed by doctors for psoriasis.

New generation drugs are the most effective and harmless antihistamines. They are non-addictive, safe for the cardiovascular system, and also have a long period of action. They belong to the fourth generation of antihistamines.

Antihistamines of the fourth generation

Preparations of the 4th (fourth) generation have a small list of contraindications, which mainly consist of pregnancy and childhood, but, nevertheless, it is worth reading the instructions and consulting with a specialist before starting treatment. These drugs include:

levocetirizine

desloratadine

fexofenadine

On their basis, a larger number of drugs are produced, which can, if necessary, be purchased at the pharmacy. These include erius, xizal, lordestin, and telfast.

Forms of release of antihistamines

There are several forms of release of drugs that block histamine receptors. In most cases, tablets and capsules are the most convenient type for use. However, on the shelves of pharmacies you can also find antihistamines in ampoules, suppositories, drops and even syrups. The action of each of them is unique, so only a doctor can help you choose the most suitable form of medication.

Treatment of children with antihistamines

As you know, children are more susceptible to allergic diseases than adults. A qualified allergist should select and prescribe drugs for children. Many of them in the list of their contraindications have a child's age, therefore, if necessary, from the application to the preparation of a course of treatment, it is necessary to approach especially carefully. Children's organisms can react quite sharply to the effects of the drug, therefore, the child's well-being during the period of their use must be very carefully monitored. In case of side effects, taking the drug should be stopped immediately and consult a doctor.

For the treatment of children, both somewhat outdated medicines and more modern ones are suitable. The drugs that are part of the first generation are mainly used for the urgent relief of acute allergy symptoms. During long-term use, more modern means are usually used.

Antihistamines are usually not available in special “baby” forms. For the treatment of children, the same medicines are used as for adults, but in smaller doses. Drugs such as Zyrtec and Ketotifen are usually prescribed from the moment the child reaches the age of six months, all others from the age of two. Remember to supervise your child's medication.

In the case of a small child's illness, the selection of antihistamines becomes much more complicated. For newborns, drugs that have a slight sedative effect, that is, drugs of the first generation, may be suitable. The most commonly used in the treatment of very young children is suprastin. It is safe for babies and older children, as well as for nursing mothers and pregnant women. Depending on the disease and condition of the child's body, the doctor may prescribe him to take tavegil or Fenkarol, and in the case of an allergic skin reaction, an antihistamine cream. For infants, the same drugs are suitable as for newborns.

Antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation

Due to the increased production of cortisol in a woman's body, allergies during the period of bearing a child are quite rare, but, nevertheless, some women still face this misfortune. During pregnancy, taking absolutely all medications must be agreed with your doctor. This also applies to allergy drugs, which have a fairly wide range of side effects and can harm the child. The use of antihistamines is strictly prohibited in the first trimester of pregnancy; in the second and third trimesters, they can be consumed, nevertheless observing the necessary precautions.

Inadvertent drug ingestion into the child's body is possible not only during pregnancy, but also during breastfeeding. During lactation, the use of antihistamines is extremely undesirable and is prescribed only in the most urgent cases. The question of what means a nursing woman will use can only be decided by a doctor. Even the newest and most modern medicines can cause irreparable harm, so in no case do not self-medicate by feeding your baby with your milk.

Side effects of antihistamines

As mentioned earlier, the body of each person is individual, and only a specialist can choose the right remedy for treatment. Taking a medication that is not suitable for a person and a violation of the dosage can seriously harm health. The harm of antihistamines can manifest itself, in addition to the usual side effects for them, such as drowsiness, runny nose and cough, in violation of the timing of ovulation in women, the occurrence of allergic edema and asthma. Therefore, be sure to consult your doctor before you start drinking the medicine, and strictly follow the recommendations for taking it.

Allergy medication, antihistamines

How antihistamines work

Antihistamines of the "old" and "new" generations

What is the difference between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations of antihistamines

Fundamentals of drug therapy

There is such a substance - histamine. It is released during an allergic reaction and is responsible for the development of bad symptoms: from skin manifestations to very severe life-threatening reactions such as anaphylactic shock. This is why antiallergic drugs are called Antihistamines.

They block histamine receptors and thereby stop the development of allergy symptoms.

Depending on the type of reaction, antihistamines are prescribed in injections (for severe forms) and inside (for lighter forms). This is understandable: if we inject a drug using an intramuscular or intravenous injection, it instantly enters the bloodstream and starts working. And if we drink this medicine, time must pass before the active substance is absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract.

All medicines for allergies can be divided into several groups:

1. Symptomatic medicines.

2. Medicines for the treatment of chronic allergic inflammation in the affected organ.

3. Medicines for local therapy.

Symptomatic medicines are intended to alleviate the course of allergic diseases. The leading place among them belongs to drugs called antihistamines.

These agents counteract the damaging effects of histamine, the main mediator of allergic reactions. Today, doctors have three generations of antihistamines that differ in their characteristics.

The selection of antihistamines is carried out individually, taking into account the nature of food allergies, the age of the child and the nature of concomitant diseases. Symptomatic medications also include, for example, bronchodilators. They are used for attacks of bronchial asthma.

Antihistamines for the treatment of chronic allergic inflammation in the affected organ are divided between non-hormonal and hormonal. The latter drugs are more powerful and effective.

Prescription of drugs in this group is carried out depending on the clinical manifestations of food allergy, the severity of the disease, the age of the child. It must be remembered that these drugs are generally only effective with long-term regular use.

It must be remembered that drug therapy for food allergies is a lengthy process, you need to patiently and persistently follow medical recommendations.

It must also be remembered that some treatments for food allergies are absolutely contraindicated and can be harmful to the child. So, for food allergies, treatment with herbs and many traditional medicine is contraindicated, and psychotherapy and reflexology, in addition to bioresonance treatment, have almost no significant effect.

Treatment with herbs and preparations based on them increases the risk of developing an allergy to plant pollen in the future. The same "service" can be provided by biologically active additives, which often contain plant components.

Antihistamines are standard therapy for atopic dermatitis. They are used as an adjunct to external treatment for severe itching and associated rashes.

Antihistamines are divided into three generations:

means of the 1st "old" generation;

means of the 2nd and 3rd generations ("new" generation).

Antihistamines of the 1st "old" generation

1st generation antihistamines are more often used to treat acute reactions, in the treatment of itchy allergic dermatoses. Most of them are available in solutions in ampoules, but there are forms in tablets, syrups and powders.

Antihistamines of the 1st "old" generation (oral forms)

Chloropyramine, Clemastine, Dimetinden, Quifenadine, Hifenadine, Mebhydrolin, Ketotifen.

Disadvantages of older generation antihistamines:

Incomplete communication with H1-receptors, as a result of which relatively high doses are required;

Short duration of action - taking several times a day

Development of addiction - it is necessary to alternate drugs of different groups every 10-14 days

Sedative and hypnotic effect

Antihistamines of the 2nd and 3rd "new" generations

Loratodine, Cyterizin, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine.

Currently, in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, antihistamines of the "new", that is, 2nd and 3rd generations, are widely used.

Antihistamines of the 2nd and 3rd generations are used for basic and anti-relapse therapy.

Antihistamines of the "new" generation do not have sedative and hypnotic effects. They have a selective effect, causing only the blockade of H1-histamine receptors. The duration of their action is up to 24 hours, so most of these drugs are prescribed once a day.

After taking most antihistamines, their residual effect can last for one week after discontinuation (this circumstance must be taken into account when conducting an allergy examination). A significant difference between antihistamines of the "new" generation is that they have not only H1-blocking action, but also antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects.

If it is necessary to take long-term use antihistamines only of the "new" generation

The absence of undesirable side effects inherent in the first antihistamines makes it possible to significantly expand the list of indications for the appointment of modern H1 antagonists.

Benefits of 2nd generation antihistamines versus 1st generation:

Rapid onset of action (from 30 minutes - acute cases);

The possibility of taking it at any time of the day (including in the morning) good absorption from the digestive tract; the possibility of using it in young children; a long duration of the antihistamine effect (up to 24 hours), which allows taking the drug once a day.

Lack of blockade of other types of receptors

Lack of penetration through the blood-brain barrier at therapeutic doses

Lack of connection with food intake

No addiction, even with prolonged use (3 to 6 months)

Almost complete absence of side effects associated with effects on the nervous and cardiovascular systems.

The use of antihistamines in the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis.

After a year, children are usually prescribed new generation drugs.

The drugs of the "new" generation, which are approved for use in children from 6 months of age, are antihistamines based on cetirizine (generic active ingredient).

VACCINATION

Since allergy is an immune disorder, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma can be treated with vaccines from allergens to which the child is sensitive. Indications for vaccination are determined based on the results of skin tests with allergens.

The vaccine is administered subcutaneously according to a special scheme or buried under the tongue. This treatment is only applicable in children over 5 years of age and should be done by an allergist.

And finally, the most interesting question: Do allergy medications cause allergies? Yes! We will not go into the technical details of the complex mechanisms that can lead to such a development of events.

Let's just say that allergy to antihistamines is extremely rare, but it does happen. There is only one way out - to change the drug.

Antihistamines are a group of drugs that competitively block histamine receptors in the body, which leads to inhibition of the effects mediated by them.

Histamine is a neurotransmitter that can affect the respiratory tract (causing swelling of the nasal mucosa, bronchospasm), skin (itching, blistering-hyperemic reaction), gastrointestinal tract (intestinal colic, stimulation of gastric secretion), cardiovascular system (expansion of capillary vessels, increased vascular permeability, hypotension, heart rhythm disturbances), smooth muscles.

Strengthening its effect causes allergic reactions, therefore antihistamines are used to combat the manifestations of allergies. Another area of ​​their application is symptomatic therapy / elimination of symptoms for colds.

Currently, there are three groups of drugs (according to the receptors they block):

H1 blockers - used in the treatment of allergic diseases.

H2 blockers - used in the treatment of stomach diseases (help to reduce gastric secretion).

H3 blockers - used in the treatment of neurological diseases.

Among them, cetrin (cetirizine), fencarol (hifenadine), diphenhydramine, clemastine, suprastin stop the emission (for example, cromoglycic acid) or the action (like diphenhydramine) of histamines.

Available in the form of tablets, nasal spray, drops, including eye drops, solution in ampoules for intramuscular administration (usually for emergency therapy).

There are several generations of antihistamines. With each generation, the number and strength of side effects and the likelihood of addiction decrease, and the duration of action increases.

First generation

Before buying a medicine - paracetamol, ibuprofen, antiallergic (antihistamines) drugs, cold and cold remedies, you need to know:

Paracetamol

Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory agent. The active substance is paraacetaminophenol, on the basis of which many other similar drugs are produced in different countries, such as acetaminophen, panadol, efferalgan, myalgin, paramol, pylaren, etc.

Benefit. In its action, paracetamol is in many ways similar to aspirin, but has less pronounced side effects. It does not reduce blood viscosity, so it is safe to use it in preparation for and after surgery.

It is less likely to cause allergic reactions than aspirin and less irritating to the stomach. Paracetamol is a part of many combined drugs in combination with aspirin, analgin, caffeine, etc. It is produced in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures, syrup, “effervescent” powders (Panadol, Panadon).

Potential harm. When combined with alcohol, it can damage and even destroy the liver. Therefore, it, like aspirin, is dangerous to take by people who regularly drink alcohol. Paracetamol negatively affects the liver and in case of violation of the rate of its intake (in case of overdose).

Output. Take no more than 2 g per day (4 tablets of 500 mg) - People who drink alcohol on a daily basis should stop taking paracetamol.

Ibuprofen

It has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Ibuprofen is the active ingredient in drugs such as brufen, arthril, Advil, naproxen, etc. These drugs are chemically identical, but differ in the duration of the therapeutic effect.

Benefit... Help with fever, muscle and joint pain (rheumatoid arthritis, arthrosis, etc.)

Potential harm. If the body is severely dehydrated as a result of hard physical work, heat, or taking diuretics (diuretics), then ibuprofen can adversely affect the kidneys. The risk of kidney damage increases with regular ibuprofen use.

Long-term use of ibuprofen is dangerous for the stomach. In people who regularly drink alcohol, taking ibuprofen can affect the liver.

Output. Try not to dehydrate the body. When taking ibuprofen, you need to monitor your kidney function. In no case should you exceed the permissible daily intake (6 200 mg ibuprofen tablets or 2 220 mg naproxen tablets).

Antiallergic (antihistamines) drugs

Preparations in this group are intended for people suffering from hay fever (hay fever), asthma, hives or other allergic diseases.

Benefit. They relieve a runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, bouts of coughing and suffocation, unbearable itching and other symptoms of these diseases.

Potential harm. Most of the common drugs in this group, such as suprastin, tavegil, diphenhydramine, zaditen, peritol, etc., have a sedative effect, that is, they cause drowsiness, inhibition of reactions, and general weakness. Therefore, it is dangerous to take them to car drivers, pilots, operators, dispatchers, etc., that is, people who require constant attention and quick response in difficult situations.

Output. To avoid the risk, you should take new generation antihistamines that do not cause drowsiness and inhibition of reactions, such as claritin, kestin, which act for 12-24 hours. Sedative antihistamines are best taken in the afternoon and at night.

Cold remedies

The action of drugs such as sanorin, naphthyzin, galazolin, otrivin, etc., is that they constrict the blood vessels in the swollen mucous membrane of the nasal passages, as a result of which the nasal passages themselves expand.

Benefit. With a cold, the runny nose weakens or stops, breathing through the nose is restored, and the headache passes.

Potential harm. When taking these drugs, blood vessels not only in the nose are narrowed, as a result of which blood pressure can increase in patients with hypertension.

This is especially dangerous for hypertensive patients, as the medications they take to lower their blood pressure will be ineffective. In addition, drugs in this group are dangerous for those taking antidepressants such as pyrazidol, pirlindol, nialamide.

Output. For people with hypertension, common cold remedies can only be taken under blood pressure control. In case of increased pressure, the dosage of antihypertensive drugs should be increased.

Patients with depression taking the listed antidepressants or the like are contraindicated in this group of drugs.

Complex preparations for colds used by antihistamines

Among the complex anti-cold drugs, such as askofen, tsitramon, sedalgin, alkaseltzer plus, bicarminth, etc. are especially known.

Benefit. They help to get rid of different symptoms of the disease at the same time: from cough, runny nose, pain, fever, allergic manifestations.

Potential harm. When taking complex drugs, the so-called "unforeseen overdose" is quite often allowed.

This happens when, with a severe cold or headache, in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment, a complex cold preparation containing aspirin is also added to the intake of aspirin. As a result, peptic ulcer disease may worsen or even stomach bleeding occurs.

If, with an allergic rhinitis, in addition to suprastin, you also take a complex preparation containing an antihistamine, then everything together will act as a strong sleeping pill. Sometimes liver disorders are associated with a similar overdose of paracetamol or ibuprofen.

Output. Before taking a complex drug for a cold, you must carefully read its composition indicated on the package or in the insert, and do not take separately those medicines that are included in it.

Antiallergic drugs for children: characteristics, principle of action, benefits and harms

Diazolin (mebhydrolin);

Peritol (cyproheptadine).

In principle, the effectiveness of the above drugs has been confirmed by many years of experience in use, but the same experience indicates a whole bunch of side effects:

All of these drugs, to a greater or lesser extent, affect the central nervous system, providing sedative and hypnotic effects.

Classic antihistamines dry out the mucous membranes. Dry mouth, viscosity of sputum in the lungs (which is especially dangerous in ARVI, as it seriously increases the risk of developing pneumonia) - does not have the best effect on the child's condition.

The simultaneous use of antiallergic drugs of the first generation with other drugs enhances the effect of the latter. So, antipyretic, analgesic, hypnotic effects are enhanced. The combination of antihistamines with other drugs that actively affect the functioning of the central nervous system is especially dangerous. In this case, the development of side effects up to fainting is possible. Combination with alcoholic beverages is highly undesirable.

The action of such drugs, although effective, is limited to 2-3 hours (some last up to 6 hours).

Of course, it does not do without pluses. Firstly, first-generation antihistamines are relatively affordable, and secondly, they are great for short-term treatment of allergies. That is, if, for example, a child has eaten an excessive amount of chocolate and a short-term intake of an antihistamine is required, you can safely use the same Tavegil or Fenkarol.

Most of the first generation allergy remedies are forbidden to be taken by nursing mothers; only their local forms can be used - ointment, cream, spray. The exception is Suprastin and Fenkarol (from three months of pregnancy). Each drug has its own characteristic feature, which is important to consider when drawing up a treatment regimen. So, it is not advisable for a child prone to constipation to use Tavegil; a child suffering from gastrointestinal diseases is prohibited from taking Suprastin; and children with impaired liver function need to be careful with the use of Fenkarol.

For babies up to one year old, the intake of antiallergic drugs of the first generation is undesirable. For the smallest, there are more modern drugs that are practically safe and very effective.

The principles of action of antihistamines, the second generation on the child's body

The undoubted advantage of second and third generation antiallergic drugs is the absence or minimization of the sedative, hypnotic, and CNS inhibitory effect.

In addition, they have a number of other advantages: they do not penetrate the fetoplacental barrier (that is, such drugs can be used during pregnancy);

do not dry out mucous membranes;

do not affect the mental and physical activity of the child;

have a quick and long-term (up to 24 hours) therapeutic effect - one tablet is enough to forget about allergy symptoms for the whole day;

in addition to antiallergic, they have antiemetic, antiulcer and other effects (some drugs); do not reduce their effectiveness with prolonged use.

Perhaps the only drawback of second generation antiallergic drugs is their ability to have a negative effect on the children's cardiovascular system. Due to the possible cardiotoxic effect, the use of such drugs is not recommended for children with various pathologies of the heart and blood vessels.

Among the most prominent representatives of the second generation:

Claritin (loratidine);

Allergy treatment, antihistamines

Diazolin dragee 50mg No. 20

Diazolin tab. 100mg No. 10

Suprastin (chloropyramine) is one of the most widely used sedative antihistamines. It has significant antihistaminic activity, peripheral anticholinergic and moderate antispasmodic effect.

Effective in most cases for the treatment of seasonal and year-round allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Quincke's edema, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, eczema, itching of various etiologies; in parenteral form - for the treatment of acute allergic conditions requiring emergency care. It does not accumulate in the blood serum, therefore it does not cause an overdose with prolonged use. The effect is quickly onset, but short-term; to increase the duration, it is combined with non-sedating H1-blockers.

Suprastin injection solution 2% 1ml amp. No. 5 (Egis, Hungary)

Suprastin tab. 25mg No. 20 (Egis, Hungary)

Chloropyramine g / x tab. 25mg No. 40

Tavegil (clemastine) is a highly effective antihistamine, similar in effect to diphenhydramine. It has high anticholinergic activity, but penetrates the blood-brain barrier to a lesser extent.

In an injectable form, which can be used as an additional remedy for anaphylactic shock and angioedema, for the prevention and treatment of allergic and pseudo-allergic reactions. However, there is also an allergy to tavegil.

Peritol (cyproheptadine), along with antihistamine, has a significant antiserotonin effect. It is often used for some forms of migraine and increases appetite.

Peritol syrup 2mg / 5ml 100ml (Egis, Hungary)

Peritol tab. 4mg # 20 (Egis, Hungary)

Pipolfen (promethazine) - a pronounced effect on the central nervous system, is used as an antiemetic and to potentiate anesthesia.

Pipolfen dr. 25mg No. 20 (Egis, Hungary)

Pipolfen solution for injection 50mg 2ml amp.№10 (Egis, Hungary)

Diprazin tab. 25mg No. 20

Fenkarol (quifenadine) - has less antihistaminic activity than diphenhydramine, however, it is also characterized by less penetration through the blood-brain barrier, which determines the lower severity of its sedative properties. In addition, fencarol not only blocks histamine H1 receptors, but also reduces the content of histamine in tissues. It can be used when developing addiction to other sedative antihistamines.

Fenkarol tab. 25mg No. 20 (Latvia)

Second-generation antihistamines (non-sedating).

Unlike the first generation, they have almost no sedative and anticholinergic effects, do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, do not reduce mental and physical activity, do not adsorb with food in the gastrointestinal tract, have a high affinity for H1 receptors, and have a quick therapeutic effect. ... However, for them, the cardiotoxic effect was noted to varying degrees; when they are taken, constant monitoring of cardiac activity is required (prescribed on an outpatient basis). They should not be taken by patients with cardiovascular disorders, elderly patients.

The effect occurs quickly and for a longer time (delayed elimination).

When using drugs in therapeutic doses, a minimal sedative effect is observed. Some particularly sensitive individuals may experience moderate drowsiness, which does not require discontinuation of the drug.

Lack of tachyphylaxis (decrease in antihistamine activity) with prolonged use.

The cardiotoxic effect arises from the ability to block the potassium channels of the heart muscle, the risk of a cardiotoxic effect increases when antihistamines are combined with antifungals (ketoconazole and intraconazole), macrolides (erythromycin and clarithromycin), antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline), and paroxetine , as well as in patients with severe liver dysfunction.

There are no parenteral forms, only enteral and local dosage forms.

The most common second generation antihistamines are:

Trexil (terfenadine) is the first antihistamine of the second generation, there is no inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, but with a significant cardiotoxic effect and an increased ability to cause fatal arrhythmias.

Trexil tab. 60mg No. 100 (Ranbaxi, India)

Histalong (astemizole) is one of the longest acting drugs in the group (up to 20 days). It is characterized by irreversible binding to H1 receptors. Virtually no sedative effect, does not interact with alcohol.

It is effective in chronic allergic diseases; in an acute process, its use is impractical. But the risk of developing serious heart rhythm disturbances, sometimes fatal, increases. Due to these dangerous side effects, the sale of astemizole in the United States and some other countries has been suspended.

Astemizole tab. 10mg No. 10

Histalong tab. 10mg No. 20 (India)

Semprex (acrivastin) is a drug with high antihistamine activity with minimal sedative and anticholinergic action. The therapeutic effect is achieved quickly, but for a short time.

Semprex caps. 8mg # 24 (GlaxoWellcome, UK)

Fenistil (dimetendene) is the closest to the first generation antihistamines, but it differs from them in a much lesser severity of the sedative effect, higher antiallergic activity and duration of action than the first generation drugs. There is a gel for external use.

Claritin (loratadine) is one of the best-selling second generation drugs. Its antihistaminic activity is higher than that of astemizole and terfenadine, due to the greater strength of binding to peripheral H1 receptors.

There is no sedative effect, it does not potentiate the effect of alcohol. Practically does not interact with other drugs and does not have a cardiotoxic effect. It can be taken by drivers, children from 1 year old.

Claritin syrup 5mg / 5ml 120ml (Schering-Plow, USA)

Claritin tab. 10mg No. 10 (Schering-Plow, USA)

Loratadin tab. 10mg No. 10

Agistam tab. 10mg No. 12

Third generation antihistamines (metabolites).

They are active metabolites of second generation antihistamines. They do not have a sedative and cardiotoxic effect. In this regard, the drugs are approved for use by persons whose activities require increased attention.

Zyrtec, cetrin (cetirizine) is a highly selective peripheral H1 receptor blocker. Cetirizine is almost not metabolized in the body, the rate of its excretion depends on renal function. It penetrates well into the skin and is effective for skin allergies.

The effect appears 2 hours after ingestion and lasts 24 hours. They do not have a sedative and cardiotoxic effect in therapeutic doses. It is prescribed with caution in case of impaired renal function.

Cetrin tab. 10mg No. 20 (Dr. Reddy "s Laboratories, India)

Telfast (fexofenadine) is a metabolite of terfenadine. Does not metabolize in the body, does not interact with drugs, does not have a sedative effect and does not affect psychomotor activity. An effective and safest drug among antihistamines.

Telfast tab. 120mg No. 10 (Hoechst Marion Roussel)

Telfast tab. 180mg No. 10 (Hoechst Marion Roussel)