Back in ancient times, in the earliest stage of human existence, knowledge about healing in the most primitive forms was observed. Then the hygienic standards were also originated, which were constantly changed over time. In the process of accumulation of experience and knowledge of Luda, medical and hygienic standards in the form of customs and traditions have contributed to protection against diseases and treatment. Subsequently, this region of healing has grown into traditional medicine and.
Initially, as a rule, various forces of nature were used in the process of healing, such as the sun, water and wind, as well as the empirical drugs of both vegetable and animal origin, which were found in wildlife.
All sorts of disease were initially presented with primitive people as some evil forces penetrating into the human body. Such myths arose due to the helplessness of people in front of nature and wild animals. In connection with such theories about the development of diseases, the corresponding "magic" techniques of their cure were proposed. Spells, prayers and more were used as medicines. Savory and shamanism arose as the basis of psychotherapy capable of providing a beneficial effect on people if only because they sincerely believed in the effectiveness of these measures.
The written monuments and other legacy of the past prove to this time that the activity of the healers was strictly regulated, which concerned both the ways to implement the beneficial effects and the size of the fees who could require a healer for their services. Interesting is the fact that, along with mystical means, has been used and quite ordinary medicinal herbs and healing agents that remain effective and sometimes can sometimes be used in modern medicine.
It is worth noting that in antiquity there were general rules for personal hygiene, as well as used gymnastics, water procedures and massages. In addition, in the case of complex diseases, even the trepanation of the skull could be applied, as well as cesarean section in the case of complex labor. Popular medicine in China, where she still remains, along with the traditional, and has more than two thousand drugs. However, most of them are no longer applied today.
Recessed to modern historians writing prove the presence of extensive knowledge of Medium Asia, who lived in the first millennium to the new era. It is during this period that the knowledge of knowledge in such areas as anatomy and the physiology of the human body arise. Numerous prescriptions arose, which exist and at the moment relative to pregnant women and nursing mothers, as well as hygiene and family life. The main focus of ancient medicine was the prevention of diseases, and not their healing.
Home doctors arose, serving rich and noble people, as well as wandering and public doctors. The latter were engaged in gratuitous services aimed at preventing outbreaks of epidemics. It is worth noting the emergence of schools like:
- Crotonskaya, the main scientific work of the founder of which was the doctrine of pathogenesis. It was based on treatment, according to which the opposite was treated opposite.
- Bookwho was the founder of humoral healing. Representatives of this school considered disease disorders of the natural displacement of liquids in the body.
The most famous is the teaching of hippocratic, which essentially ahead of his time in understanding the humoral cure of the disease. He denoted the observation of the patient in bed with an extremely important event, which actually built his understanding of medicine. Holding it as the science of natural philosophy Hippocrates unequivocally put on the forefront in the prevention of diseases of life and hygiene. In addition, he substantiated and described the need for an individual approach to the treatment of each particular patient.
In the third century, the first understanding of the human brain was also described before. In particular, herofil and erasistrate led evidence confirming the fact of brain's work as an organ of thinking. And besides, the structure of the brain, its convolutions and ventricles and the differences in the nerves, responsible for the organs of the senses and motor functions were described.
And in the second century of the new era, the representative of the Malaya Asia - Pergamus summarized all the available information regarding each, from the medical and understanding of the structure of the human body that existed at that time. In particular, he broke medicine to such sections as:
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Pathology
- Pharmacology
- Pharmacognosia
- Therapy
- Obstetrics
- Hygiene
In addition to the fact that he created a full-fledged system of medical knowledge, he also shook in her. He first began to conduct experiments and research on animals, and not on living people, which brought with them very significant changes in the understanding of medicine as a whole. It was the Pergam who substantiated the need for knowledge of anatomy and physiology as a scientific basis in diagnosis, therapy and surgery. For many centuries, several modified labor of this author was used as a basis for all healers. It is worth noting that he was even recognized by the church and clergy.
Medicine has reached his heyday in ancient Rome, where the aqueducts, sewage and bath were created, and military medicine originated. And Byzantium distinguished himself by creating large hospitals serving the ordinary population. At the same time, quarantines, climbing and monastic hospitals arise in Europe, which is explained by raging.
The feudal old Russian state was noted by rather widespread hospitals containing instructions, according to which almost all thehekari performed their functions. In particular, he subdivided doctors on narrower specialists, such as Kostoprav, grandmother-obstacles and others. In particular, there were doctors eliminating hemorrhoids, sexually transmitted diseases, as well as from hernia, rheumatism and much more.
2. The value of studying the topic.
The learning importance of the topic studied: show features of the emergence and formation of Soviet medicine.
Professional importance of the topic studied: Preparation of a specialist relevant qualification requirements.
Personality of the topic studied: to form a respectful attitude towards the founders of medical science.
3. The purpose of studying the topic: Learn about the features, important dates and scientists engaged in the development of medicine of the USSR.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to: determine the most important features of the medicine of the USSR.
Know: Dates of important discoveries and events in the field of medicine.
To be able to: make a message, a report on the subject of classes.
To have an idea: about the scientific and social activities of representatives of Soviet medicine.
Having skills Independent work with primary sources: books, archival materials.
4. Plan for classes
5. Basic concepts and status of the topic
In the Soviet historical literature, October 1917 is considered to be the beginning of the newest time. In most foreign publications, the beginning of the newest time is associated with 1918. The end of the First World War. In a number of editions, the latest time is defined as a modern story (English - Contemporary History) or as the history of the 20th century.
In connection with the unevenness of the historical development of mankind, the latest time, like other periods of history, is characterized by the variety of socio-economic relations in various countries of the globe.
The newest time is the shortest period in the history of mankind; Its duration is calculated only by decades. However, the achievements of this period in all spheres of public activity (including in the field of medicine) are largely superior to the human mind created for many preceding centuries. A short course of the history of medicine, which is read by students of the second year of study, allows us to explore only the main directions and trends in the development of medicine during the period of the latest history. Moreover, second-year students still do not have sufficient special knowledge for professional perception of material on the history of clinical disciplines. That is why the history of the development of individual medical specialties in the newest period is studied in relevant medical and biological and clinical departments (in the process of professional formation of the future physician); It is not by chance that a special chapter is devoted to the textbooks and teaching aids for each discipline of its history.
In this textbook, the history of the newest time is presented in three chapters: 1) the formation of health and medicine in the USSR (the first years of Soviet power), 2) Nobel Prizes in the field of physiology and medicine and related sciences, 3) the formation of international cooperation in the field of health. The content of these chapters, on the one hand, reflects the main achievements of medicine during this period, and on the other, it allows you to realize the development of medicine in the modern world as a single world-historical process.
In the first years of Soviet power, the epidemics of rapid typhus, cholera, abdominal and other infectious diseases were rampated in Russia. The medical case was dispersed on departments, there was no sufficient funding and was mainly provided at the expense of the budgets of the zemstvo and the dedicated work of advanced disease doctors. Everywhere extremely lack of qualified medical personnel, therapeutic institution, medicines. Civil war and military operations throughout the country strengthened, destroying industry and agriculture. The population of the country is starved. Lacked fuel. Transportation, water supply and cleaning systems of cities and villages were in a very neglected state, which created a dangerous epidemiological situation.
"The main impression of the situation in Russia is a picture of a colossal irreparable collapse," Herbert Wells wrote, who visited our country in September-October 1920 - a huge monarchy, which I saw in 1914, with its administrative, social, financial and economic systems. , I collapsed and crashed into the grave burden of six years of continuous wars. History did not know another major catastrophe. In our opinion, this collapse ends even the revolution itself ... The Bolshevik statistics with which I met is completely frank and honest ... Mortality in Petrograd is a thousand people per thousand; Previously, it was 22 people per thousand, but it was higher than in any. European city fertility among the misunderstanding and deeply depressed population - 15 people per thousand; before it was almost twice as much
In the emergency emergency, the efforts of the Government of Soviet Russia were sent primarily to the establishment of peace, so necessary to solve all internal problems. Decree about the world of October 26 (November 8), 1917 became one of the first decrees of Soviet power. He created the conditions for the implementation of tasks to preserve the life and health of the working people, proclaimed by the government among the priorities. "In the country that is broken," said V. I. Lenin in 1919, the first task is to save the worker. The first productive force of all mankind is a working worker. If he survives, we will succeed and restore "
The fight against mud, epidemics and diseases across the country required the organizational unity of health care, the elimination of departmental fragmentation, the creation of the state network of hospitals and pharmacies, overcoming the lack of medical personnel. The implementation of these tasks across a huge country in the conditions of war, hunger and devastation was possible only in the presence of a state health system that was organizationally formed in 1918.
Creation of the People's Commissariat of Health
On October 26 (November 8), 1917, a medical and sanitary department was established at the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldiers Deputies (headed by M. I. Barsukov); The department was ordained to reorganize the health care in the country.
Realizing the tasks set back in 1903 in the first program of the RSDLP, the Council of People's Commissars published decrees: about 8-hour working days - from October 29 (November 11), 1917, on the help of accidents injured in enterprises - from 9 ( 22) November 1917, on free transmission of hospital cash desks of all medical institutions of enterprises - from 14 (27) of November 1917, about insuring in case of illness - dated December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918) and others.
For the implementation of these decisions and the provision of medical care to the population in the field Since November 1917, health departments (under local councils) and medical colleges (with some people's commissariats) began to be created in various parts of the country.
2 (14) December 1917. The medical colleges of the people's commissariants of the internal affairs, ways of communication and the state "challenge appealed to the population of Soviet Russia with a joint appeal" to combat morbidity, mortality and unsanitary conditions for the lifetime of the population ". This appeal was the first program Document of the Soviet state in the field of medical case. The appeal said:
The war, the economic collapse and caused by them malnutrition and the exhaustion of the population put the issue of the working and peasant government on the struggle on a state scale with morbidity, mortality and unsanitary living conditions of the general masses.
It is necessary comprehensive sanitary legislation on water supply, rational-1 sewage tracting and sanitary supervision, for trade and industrial institutions, residential premises, on the organization of the political inspection, to combat morbidity and mortality and, in particular, with child mortality, tuberculosis, syphilis, to combat infectious diseases, to ensure the population by folk sanatoriums, healing places, etc.
The community of tasks stood in front of the medical teams led to their union. On January 24 (February 6), 1918, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was formed by the Council of the Medical Boards, which was entrusted with the functions of the "Higher Medical Body of the Workers and Peasant Government". His chairman was appointed A. N. Vinokurov, Vice-Chairman - V. M. Bonch-Bruyevch (Velichkina) and M. I. Bazukov.
On May 15, 1918, the first issue of the official printed authority of the Council of Medical Boards at the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - Izvestia Soviet Medicine, the First Soviet Medical Newspaper magazine was published.
Before the Council of Medical - College (as M. I. Barzukov wrote), then three main tasks were standing: "
"one. Continue the organization at the field of health departments at the councils of workers and soldiers' deputies.
2. Secure the reorganization of military medicine launched ...
3. To fully strengthen the sanitation, to establish the struggle against epidemic diseases and help the Soviet power to help the Soviet power in the elimination of sanitary destroyed. "
At the same time, the main task of the Council of Medical Board remained a union of health efforts across the country. In this regard, work was carried out on the preparation of the All-Russian Congress of representatives of health departments, which was to resolve the issue of the education of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR.
The All-Russian Congress of Medical Sanitary Departments of the Soviets took place in Moscow on June 16-19, 1918. Along with the main issue of "Tasks and Organization of the People's Commissariat of Health" (Report 3. P. Solovyov and V. M. Bonch-Bruevich), the congress discussed the most important for of that period of health problem: "On the organization and tasks of Soviet medicine in the field" (Report by N. A. Semashko), "On the organization of the fight against epidemics in the conditions of the Soviet Republic" (Report by A. N. Sysin), "On Insurance Medicine" ( Reports I. V. Rusakova and G. V. Lindova).
The resolution of the congress was noted: "Based on the basis of the structure of the Soviet Republic of the Unity of state power, it is necessary to recognize the creation of a single central body - the Health Commissariat, who knows all health care."
On June 26, 1918, the Council of Medical Board sent a memo to the Council of People's Commissars and a draft decree on the creation of the People's Commissariat of Health (Nickname) of the RSFSR. On July 9, 1918, they were published in the Izvestia of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences.
On July 11, 1918, after a multiple and thorough discussion, the Council of People's Commissars took the decree "On the establishment of the People's Commissariat of Health" - the first senior state body that united under its leadership all the countries of the country's health care.
The first board of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR includes: V. M. Bonch-Broyevich (Velichkina), A. P. Golubkov, P. G. Da-Ughe, E. P. Prevukhin, N. A. Semashko, 3. P . Solovyov. The First People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR was appointed "N. A. Semashko (Fig. 153), his deputy - 3. P. Solovyov.
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko (1874-1949) -thelvalpassed the drug addict until 1930 - during the civil war, foreign military intervention and post-war period, when a state health system was created, the fight against epidemics was carried out, the program of maternity and childhood protection was developed, the sanatorium-resort was developed. The case, the network of research institutes was expanded, the system of higher medical education was reorganized.
In 1922, N. A. Semashko headed the first department of social hygiene in the country at the Moscow University Faculty of Medicine (since 1930, Moscow Medical Institute, since 1990 - Medical Academy. I. M. Sechenov) and led it in For the age of 27.
N. A. Semashko was the initiator and chief editor of the first edition of a large medical encyclopedia (1927-1936).
For ten years (1926-1936), oh headed the Children's Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTCIK).
After the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), at the initiative of N. A. Semashko, the study of the sanitary consequences of war began. He participated in the creation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), became one of its first academicians and became part of the first Presidium of the AMN USSR. In 1945-1949 He was the director of the Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, and from 1945 - Academician Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. Under his leadership, the Institute of Health Organization and the History of Medicine of the AMN of the USSR was created (now the All-Union Research Institute of Social Hygiene, Economics and Health Management. N. A. Semashko Ramna), the director of which he was in 1947-1949. He was the first chairman of the Supreme Council for Physical Culture and Sport and headed the Board of All-Union Hygienic Society (1940-1949). Scientific Heritage N. A. Semashko - more than 250 works on organizational and theoretical health issues. Among them, "essays on the theory of the Organization of Soviet Health" (1947).
Zinoviy Solovyov (1876-1928) was appointed First Deputy People's Commissioner of Health of the RSFSR (1876-1928). Along with this since 1918, he was the head of the medical unit and a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of the Interior, as well as a member of the Council of Medical College.
In 1919 3. P. Soloviev was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Russian Society of the Red Cross, and in January 1920 he headed the head of the workover of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army (which from August 1918 was part of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR Healthcare).
In 1923 3. P. Solovyov organized and headed the second in the country of the Department of Social Hygiene by MEDICINE Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (now the Russian State Medical University). On his initiative, in 1925, the All-Union Pioneer Camp "Artek" was created on the Black Sea coast.
In his writings "ways and confusion of modern medicine", "Preventive Tasks of therapeutic Aid", "which doctors should prepare the highest medical school", "Scientific Fundamentals of the Military Service" were developed issues of organizing medical and medical education in the country.
In July 1936, the USSR People's Commissariat of the USSR was created by the decision of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Gregory Naumovich Kaminsky (1895-1938, Fig. 154) was appointed first People's Commissar of Health of the USSR. Prior to this purpose, in 1934-1936. He served as the National Commissioner of Health of the RSFSR, was the main state sanitary inspector of the USSR (the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate was established in 1935 at the initiative of N. Kaminsky). At the XIV-XVII party congresses, he was elected by a candidate for the members of the CCCPP (b).
June 25, 1937, after the speech at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CCP (b) with the condemnation of the policy of repression, G. N. Kaminsky was arrested in February 1938. Shot. Together with the city of N. Kaminsky, his deputies on drugstands of the RSFSR and the USSR and other associate staff were arrested.
They are currently all rehabilitated (posthumously).
Despite the short term of working as the People's Commissar of the RSFSR and the USSR, N. Kaminsky managed to leave a deep mark in the history of domestic health care.
The XVI All-Russian Congress of the Soviets (1935) accepted on his report a deployed program of measures to improve the medical support of the urban and rural population. On his initiative, the All-Union Association of the Chemical Pharmaceutical Industry was transferred from the management of the People's Commissariat. Industry in. Drug addict RSFSR. Special care of N. Kaminsky showed scientists, on the development of research institutes, higher and secondary medical education. With its direct participation, the formation and construction of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM) in Moscow and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) took place.
G. N. Kaminsky made its contribution to the establishment of international scientific cooperation: with its active participation in our country, the first international, congresses - IV International Congress on Rumbyism (1934) and XV International Congress of Physiologists (1935) were organized . The activities of N. Kaminsky caused a deep respect for the doctors and physician scientists.
The development of the ideas laid in them began long before 1917. It is enough to remember Johann Peter Frank, who first clearly formulated the idea of \u200b\u200bstate, health care and developed it in his 6-languid "system of universal medical police", or to appeal to the heritage of great thinkers of various eras, which foreshadow medicine-protection (Hippocrat, Ibn Sina, N. I. Pirogov and many others). Nevertheless, the construction of these principles in the rank of state policy was carried out only in Russia in the first years of Soviet power.
1. The state character is the main principle of health in the USSR during its formation. Its main content are: centralization of management, government financing and government planning of health programs. Public health provides for free and publicly available medical assistance to the entire population of the country.
Creating a state health management system in the RSFSR ended with the establishment of the People's Commissariat of Health in 1918 (see p. 322). It is clear that in those years, the newly educated senior authority for the protection of the health of the people focused on primarily on the most pressing problem of the moment of combating epidemics. On July 18, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars approved the "Regulations on the People's Commissariat of Health", which the circle of state challenges standing in front of him were determined:
a) development and preparation of legislative standards in the field of health care,
b) observation and control over the application of these norms and take action to the steady
their implementation
c) the publication of communicative for all Media and citizens of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic of Organizations and Ordinance in the field of health care,
d) promoting all institutions of the Soviet Republic in the implementation of health care tasks,
e) organization and institution with central medical and sanitary institutions of scientific and practical nature,
(e) Financial control and financial assistance in the field of health care and local health facilities,
g) association and coordination of health care activities of local councils of deputies.
Thus, the ruling fixed the rigid centralization of the health management of the country. In the conditions of the first years of Soviet power, this system, on the one hand, provided the need for that time for the provision of medical care to the population. In those years, the free health benefits have made a network of hospitals and ambulatory (now - clinics) available to wide masses. It was in those years for tens of millions of people who appeal to the doctor, Feldeshra or to the state medical institution became the usual form of behavior in case of illness. On the other hand, the centralization of health management, erected into an absolute principle, together with the residual health financing, has laid the elements of the unbalanced development of the health care system. However, during the years of collectivization and industrialization, they were not so obvious. Nowadays, when preserving the principle of public health, in addition to it, new forms of providing medical and social assistance to the population are being developed.
2. Preventive direction - the principle of health care, which is consistently implemented in the USSR from the first years of Soviet power. This is evidenced by the first decrees: On measures to combat suction title (January 28, 1919), on measures to combat epidemics (April 10, 1919), compulsory preciseness (April 10, 1919), on the supply of bacteriological institutions and laboratories We are necessary for their work with materials and inventors (April 10, 1919), the sanitary protection of the dwellings (June 18, 1919), to combat rapid title on the Eastern and Turkestan fronts (November 5, 1919), to ensure the Red Army and Civil Soap population (December 30, 1919), on sanitary-checkpoints at the station of Moscow (May 13, 1920), on the provision of the population of the republic by the Bantians (September 30, 1920) and many others.
The objectives of the state in this area were determined in the Special Section of the Second RCP Program (b) adopted in March 1919 on the VIII Party Congress:
The basis of its activities in the field of national health protection of the RCP, it is primarily to conduct broad health and sanitary measures that are aimed at preventing the development of diseases ...
Nowadays, the clouds of the environmental catastrophe are condensed over humanity, attention is drawn to the fact that in the first years of Soviet power (in the context of civil war, intervention and accompanying their ruins, blockade, hunger and poverty) among the first government challenges in the field The protection of the health of the people was and "Recovery of settlements (soil protection, water and air)".
For a long time, prevention and struggle against epidemics in our country remained among the priority states. In 1919, speaking at the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, V. I. Lenin allocated three key problems of that time - war, hunger, epidemic. His words: "Comrades, all the attention of this issue. Or lice will win socialism, or socialism will win the lush! ", - were not an exaggeration. For five years (from 1918 to 1922), 20 million people had a rapted typho. Unsatisfactory food, lack of necessary medicines, an insufficient network of medical institutions led to high mortality. Many lives were carried away by other diseases: return title, abdominal typhoid, parathy, malaria, etc.
More than 100 decrees of the Council of People's Commissar were aimed at combating epidemics and disease prevention. A special place among them is the decree "On the sanitary bodies of the republic" (September 15, 1922). He determined the range of tasks and the rights of the sanitary and epidemiological service as a state sanitary and control body.
In those years, not only sanitary and anti-epidemic events were included in the concept of "sanitary case" - the protection of motherhood and infancy was also referred to here, the fight against tuberculosis, the protection of children and adolescents, physical culture and sanitary enlightenment. Therefore, the decree "On the sanitary bodies of the republic" provided for not only the further development and strengthening of the sanitary organization (sanitary protection of water, air, soil, food, catering, dwellings, public areas), but also determined measures to prevent infectious diseases and combat For the protection of children and adolescents, for health education to physical culture, sanitary protection of labor and sanitary statistics.
This decree is finally formulated by the rights of sanitary bodies in the field of preventive sanitary supervision. The categories of sanitary doctors, their rights and obligations were established by the same decree, the need to develop specialization of sanitary doctors, increasing the number of epidemiologists, housing and sanitary doctors and other specialists.
Sanitary doctors were given the right to enter the purpose of sanitary inspections in all social and private individuals, the right to put questions about the Soviet executive bodies of the imposition of imposing administrative proceedings for violation of sanitary requirements. They also had the right to initiate affairs in local national courts, bring those responsible for violation of sanitary requirements and act as official prosecutors or experts.
In 1921, when the first results of the fight against epidemics were already felt, on the initiative of the head of the Moscow Health Department V.A. The footage (1870-1934) was nominated by the slogan "from the fight against epidemics for improving labor." Under the "Improvement of Labor", then not only the improvement of the conditions of production itself, but also a change in the life of workers: improving and improving housing conditions, an increase in wages, a rational distribution of labor and recreation, improving nutrition, etc. It was in those years that were developed The main theoretical provisions of the dispensary; New types of medical and preventive institutions have been created - specialized dispensaries (tuberculosis, psycho-neurological, drug treatment, venereological), night and daily sanatoriums, pretractors, dietary canteens; The dispensary maintenance of workers of large industrial enterprises has been introduced; The dispensary observation of the mother and the child began. Scientific research on the health of workers began on the basis of dispensaries.
The change in the tasks in the field of prevention has led to the strengthening of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the country. In 1935 (as already mentioned), the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate was established. Extremely short periods in the country were eliminated by particularly dangerous infections: cholera (1923), OPA and Plague (1936). The network of sanitary-epidemiological stations - Cordon of epidemiological well-being was expanded everywhere. This system historically justified itself: there were no mass epidemics in the country not only during peaceful development, but also during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) -Theless fact in the history of wars.
In the post-war period, typhus (abdominal, rapid return) were eliminated, the incidence of gastrointestinal decreased significantly: infections and trachoma. To I960 g, malaria was almost eliminated. The structure of the morbidity has changed significantly: infectious diseases retreated and cardiovascular and malignant diseases came to the fore. Under these conditions, the question of the need to broadly dispensarize the population was again nominated.
Such is the brief history of formation in the USSR preventive health sector - principle; Medical organization, which is adopted today in one degree or another in all countries of the world. In each particular country, the successes of his peailing are determined by: the socio-economic development of society, the level of development of science and the perfection of the system of organizational events.
3) the participation of the population in health care is the principle of health care, which was originated in the most difficult conditions of the first years of Soviet power, when the struggle against epidemics, diseases and hunger was carried out with an acute shortage of medical personnel. In those years, a significant part of the doctors did not share revolutionary ideas. Many of them. Hamigrated abroad, others occupied an expectant position. Many medical workers died at the fronts during hostilities or in the rear from hunger and disease. Many gibbles in the fight against epidemics.
As already noted, in those years, the task of preserving the life and health of the workers was proclaimed among the most important in the state policy of the country, but in the conditions of a total deficit of medical personnel, it could be carried out, only attracting the wide masses of workers (workers, peasants, intelligentsia).
After the civil war, new, generated forms of medical and sanitary work appeared: Commission on the improvement of labor, etc. Sanitary courts; Mass stages and sports events that promote a healthy lifestyle and purity; The release of special posters and windows of the Russian telegraph agency (growth windows), in the design of which the poet V. V. Mayakovsky took part, which wrote concrete specifically for them, easily memorable poems about a healthy lifestyle.
At the same time, work was unfolded on the preparation of qualified personnel of doctors in medical universities, the number of which was constantly increasing. By 1922, in addition to the already existing 13 medical faculties, 16 new ones were opened.
The development of higher and secondary medical education in our country, the preparation of a sufficient number of professional medical professionals returned medicine in the direction of professionalism, and over time the relevance of this principle, so important for the first years of Soviet power, gradually decreased. Nowadays, sanitary enlightenment and sanitary culture become an integral part of the overall system of education and national culture as a whole.
4. The unity of medical science and health practices is the principle of health care directly related to its state-person.
During the period of the Civil War and Intervention, Russian science developed in extremely difficult conditions.
"Our blockade," Herbert Wells wrote in 1920, "the Russian scientists from foreign scientific literature cut off. They have no new equipment, there are not enough writing paper, the laboratory does not hear. It's amazing that they are doing something at all. Nevertheless, they successfully work: Pavlov spends astounding in their scope and virtuosity of the study of the highest nervous activity of animals; Manukhin, they say, developed an effective method of treating tuberculosis, even in the last stage. ... they all passionately want to get scientific literature; Knowledge of them is more expensive than bread. "
Many outstanding scientists of Russia PL N. Burdenko, N. F. Gamaley, V. M. Bekhterev, D. K. Zabolotnaya, A. A. Kisel, M. P. Konchalovsky, T. P. Krasnobayev, V. M. Levitsky , E. N; Pavlovsky, S. I. Szarokukotsky, A. N. Sysin, L. A. Tarasevich and others from the first years of Soviet authorities took part in the restoration and development of domestic science.
In August 1918, the National Medical Council was established at the People's Commissariat of Health, the RSFSR (Chairman - L. A, Tarasevich), which included representatives of various industries of medicine. The circle of his tasks included the development of areas of scientific, scientific and practical and educational activities in the field of medicine and sanitation. The scientist Medical Council has rallied around himself hundreds of scientists who participated in the implementation of government programs on the most relevant problems of practical health care.
In 1920, on the initiative of Naroscoperava, the RSFSR was created by the State Institute of People's Health (Ginz). It includes eight research institutes: the Institute for Control of Vaccines and Serums (Director-L. A. Tarasevich), Sanitary and Hygienic Institute (Director-n. Diatropt), Tropical Institute, or Institute of Protozoic Diseases and Chemotherapy (Director -E. I. Martzinovsky), Microbiological Institute (Director, V. A. Barykin); And later - institutions: nutrition (director - N. M. Tantnikov), biochemistry - (director - A.N. Bach), tuberculosis (director V. A. Vorobyov) and experimental biology. In the 1930s, the institutes became independent scientific institutions in Ginz.
In the first 10 years of Soviet power, 40 scientific and 1 research institutes were organized in the country. Among them: Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology in Saratov (1918), Bacteriological Institute in Tiflis (1918), Institute of Infectious Diseases. I. I. Mechnikova (1919), State Venochnology Institute (1921), Institute for Maternity and Infancy (1922), Institute of Professional Diseases (1923), Blood Transfusion Institute (1926), Brain Institute (1927) in Moscow, etc.
It is clear that in the context of those years, the principle of unity of medical science and health practice has been most pronounced in the fight against epidemics and mass diseases. Scientific developments of research institutes were used in health practice. Conversely, the successful struggle against epidemics allowed to check in practice and fix scientific conclusions, to put forward new scientific tasks.
Thus, despite the economic difficulties of the first years of Soviet power, the state found strength and means for the development of priority scientific trends, vital for the whole country.
Ivan.Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) - Great Russian physiologist, academician (1907), creator of a number of new directions in physiology, Nobel Prize laureate (1904).
I.P. Pavlov was engaged in many problems of physiology and medicine. A special place in his activity has the physiology of the cardiovascular and digestive system and the highest departments Ts.S., which are rightfully considered classical.
I.P. Pavlov introduced the physiological research method of a chronic experiment. To the top of success, it was brought by the principle of Nervism, according to which all his studies were permeated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe decisive role of the nervous system in the regulation of the functional state and the activities of all organs and systems. In the field of studying the physiology of the cardiovascular system I.P. Pavlov was laid foundation of the theory of trophic innervation of tissues, which received further development in research L.A. Orbel and A.D. Speransky. Suggested a whole series of witty and thin surgical operations on dogs - the cut of the esophagus in combination with the fistula of the stomach, the imposition of the original fistula of the ducts of salivary glands, etc.
In 1897 I.P. Pavlov published the scientific work "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" for which he was awarded to the Nobel Prize. The acquired reflexes were called conditional, and inborn - unconditional.
Created a materialistic teaching about the highest nervous activity, according to which the highest nervous activity is carried out by the highest departments of Ts.S. and regulates the relationship between the organism with the environment.
Pavlov allocated an indirect signaling - speech and called it a second signal system, considering it a product of social life and human labor activity.
He revealed a fundamentally new role of the braking process in the activities of the cerebral cortex - the role of a guard, reducing and healing factor for its nerve elements (justified sleep, hypnosis). Furniture and students I.P. Pavlova: KK Bykov, A.D. Speransky, I.P. Rastekov, P.S. PC, PK Anokhin et al.
I.P. Pavlov was completely dedicated to science until the end of the days. It can belong to him Socrates "Know yourself." When he in 1927, at the age of 70, they made an operation to remove the gallbladder stones, he practically participated in the experience. Dying in 1936, he said that he feels.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted by http://www.allbest.ru/
1 . History of Medicine: First Steps
The primitives of healing arose in the earliest stages of human existence: "Medical activities - the leadership of the first man," wrote I. P. Pavlov. Sources of our knowledge of diseases and their treatment in those distant times are, for example, the results of the excavations of settlements and the graves of the primitive person, the study of individual ethnic groups, which, by virtue of the special conditions of their history, are now at a primitive level of development. Scientific data sufficiently indicate that the person did not have any "perfect" health. On the contrary, a primitive person, fully in the authority of the surrounding nature, was constantly suffering from the cold, damp, hunger, sick and died early. Preserved with pre-historic. Periods of skeletons of people carry traces of rickets, caries of teeth, fragile fractures, lesions of the joints, etc. Non-ry inf. Diseases, eg. Malaria, were "inherited" by a man from his ancestors - man-like monkeys. Tibetskaya M. teaches that - "Mouth is a gate of all diseases" and that "the first disease was the illness of the stomach."
From the observations and experience of millennia, transmitted from generation to generation, rational healing was born. The fact that any randomly used tools or techniques have benefited by eliminating pain, stopping bleeding, facilitating the condition by causing vomiting, etc., allowed to continue to resort to their help if similar circumstances arose. Empirically found treatments for treatment and protection against diseases were fixed in the customs of a primitive man and gradually amounted to People's M. and Hygiene. Among these treatments. And preventive measures were the use of medicinal plants, the use of natural factors (water, air, sun), some surgical techniques (extraction of foreign bodies, bloodletting), etc.
Primitive man did not know the natural causes of many phenomena observed. Thus, the disease and death were represented by him unexpected, due to the intervention of mysterious forces (witchcraft, exposure to spirits). Neon understanding of the surrounding world, helplessness before nature forces forced to resort to spells, conspiracies and other magic techniques to establish contact with otherworldly and find salvation. Such "treatment" was conducted by signs, shamans, sorcerers, who were post, inflating, dance brought themselves to the state of ecstasy, as if tolerated into the world of perfume.
Antique medicine inherited magic forms of healing, and rational techniques, healing means of people M. Great importance was attached to dietet, massage, water procedures, gymnastics. Surgery was used. Methods, for example, in cases of difficult birth - Caesarean section and operations of the fetal destruction (embryotomy), etc. An important place was given to the prevention of disease ("Ring the disease before he touches you"), from which many hygienic prescriptions followed. Character, including about the mode of food, family life, about the attitude towards pregnant women and nursing mothers, about banning drinking intoxicating drinks and others.
In the early stages of the slave-building, the medical case was mediated as an independent profession. The ubiquitous development was so called. Temple M.: Medicinal functions carried out priests (eg, in Egypt, Assyria, India). High heyday medicine of ancient Greece was reflected in the cults of the deified doctor of Asclepia and his daughters: Gigii - Health Waluchar (hence the hygiene) and Panakia - patroness lea. Cases (from here Panacea).
The medical art of this period has reached its vertices in the activities of the great ancient Greek Hippocratic doctor (460--377 BC), which turned the observation of the patient's bed to the actual medical research method, described the external signs of many diseases, pointed out the lifestyle and the role of the environment, primarily climate, in the origin of diseases, and the teachings on the main types of physique and temperament in humans substantiated an individual approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the patient. He is rightly called the father of medicine. Of course, treatment in that epoch did not have a scientific basis, it was not based on clear physiological ideas about the functions of certain organs, but for the teaching of four liquid interests of life (mucus, blood, yellow and black bile), changes to-rye allegedly lead to illness .
The first attempt to establish the relationship between the structure and the functions of humane. Body belongs to the famous Alexandrian doctors Gerofila and ErasTatre (3 V. BC), conducted by opening corpses and experiments on animals.
An exceptionally large influence on the development of M. Roman doctor Galen: he summarized information on anatomy, physiology, pathology, therapy, obstetrics, hygiene, drugs, to each of these honey. Industries made a lot of new things and tried to build a scientific system of medicine.
1.1 Medicine History: Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, M. in Western Europe almost did not receive further scientific development. The Christian Church, who proclaimed the primacy of faith over the knowledge, was canonized the teachings of Galen, turning it into an unreasonable dogma. As a result, many naive and speculative views of Galen (Galen believed that blood is formed in the liver, spreading through the body and there is entirely absorbed that the heart is used to form a "lifefall life", which supports the heat of the body; explained the processes performed in the body the action of special intangible "Forces": Pulsation forces, thanks to K-Roy, the arteries are pulsed, etc.) turned into anatomy-physiological. The basis of M. in the atmosphere of the Middle Ages, when prayers and holy relics were considered more effective means of treatment than medications, when the opening of the corpse and the study of its anatomy was recognized as mortal sin, and the attempted authorities were considered as heresy, the Galen method. a tortured researcher and an experimenter, was forgotten; Only the "system" as the final "scientific" basis of M., and "scientists", Scholasti doctors studied, quoted and commented on Galen.
Accumulation of practical honey. Observations, of course, continued in the Middle Ages. In response to quantities of time, specials arose. Institutions for the treatment of patients and wounded, detection and isolation of contagious patients were detected. Crusades, accompanied by the migration of huge human masses, contributed to devastating epidemics and led to the emergence of quarantines in Europe; Monastic B-Tsy and Lazaruts opened. Even earlier (7th century) large hospitals for civilians arose in the Byzantine Empire.
In 9-11 centuries. Center for Scientific Honey. Thoughts moved to the countries of the Arab Caliphate. Byzantine and Arab M. We are obliged to preserve the valuable heritage of M. of the ancient world, which they enriched the description of new symptoms, diseases, medicines. A large role in the development of M. was played by a native of Central Asia, a versatile scientist and thinker Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980--1037): His "Canon of Medical Science" was an encyclopedic arch of medical knowledge.
In the ancient Russian feudal state, along with Monastic M. continued to develop popular M. Western hospital contained a number of rational instructions for the treatment of diseases and household hygiene, herbalists (cellars) described medicinal plants
1.2 Medicine in the XVI-XIX century
Slow, but steady development honey. Knowledge begins in Western Europe in 12-13 centuries. (What was reflected, for example, in the activities of the Salern University). But only in the era of the Renaissance of the Switzerland, the doctor Paracels made a decisive criticism of Galenism and the propaganda of New M., based not on * authorities, but on experience and knowledge. Considering the cause of chronic. Diseases disorder Chemis. Transformations in digestion and suction, Paracelsa introduced into leaps. Practice Various chemicals. Substances and mineral waters.
Then he rebelled against the authority of Galen founder of modern Anatomy A. Versaly; Based on System-Tich. The anatomy of the corpses, he described the structure and function of the human body. Transition from scholastic. The mechanical and mathematical consideration of Nature had a great influence on the development of M. English. Doctor W. Gaywa created the doctrine of blood circulation (1628), laying t. Oh. Basics of modern physiology. The method of W. Garvela was no longer only descriptive, but also experimental, using mathematical calculation. A vivid example of the influence of physics on medicine is an invention of magnifying devices (microscope) and microscopy development.
In the field of practical M. The most important events of the 16th century. There were the creation of Italian. by a doctor J. Fracastoro doctrine on contagious (infectious) diseases and the development of the first scientific foundations of Surgery Franz. by a doctor A. Pare. Until that time, the surgery was a stepper European M. and they were engaged in it. arr. Motorists, on the first graduate doctors watched down. The growth of industrial production attracted attention to the study of prof. Diseases. At the turn of 17--18 centuries. Italian. The doctor B. Ramazcini (1633--1714) began the beginning of the study of industrial pathology and occupational hygiene. In the second half of 18 and the first half of the 19th century. The foundations of military and marine hygiene were laid. The works of the Russian doctor D. Samoilovich about the plague published in the second half of the 18th century, allow it to be considered one of the founders of epidemiology.
Conditions for theoretical. Generalizations in the field of M. were created by the progress of physics, chemistry and biology at the turn of 18--19 centuries: the discovery of the role of oxygen in combustion and breathing, the law of preserving and turning the energy, the beginning of the synthesis of the organic. Substances (1 half half of the 19th century), development of exercise about full nutrition, studying chemical. processes in a living organism, which led to the occurrence of biochemistry ", etc.
Development clinically. M. contributed to the development of the 2nd half of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century. Methods of objective study of the patient: Toppressure (L. Auenbrogger, J. Corvizar, etc.) "Listening (R. Laennek et al.), feeling, laboratory diagnostics. Method comparison clinically. observations with the results of post-mortem openings applied in 18 V. J. Morganya, and then M. F. K. Bisha, R. Virhov, K. Rokitansky, N. I. Pirogov and many others, as well as the development of cell theory of the structure of organisms gave rise to new disciplines - histology and pathological. Anatomy, which allowed to establish localization (place) of the disease and the material substrate of many diseases.
The exceptional impact on the development of M. was used in many countries the method of vivisection - experiment on animals - to study normal and disturbed functions. F. Majandi (1783--1855) opened the era of the sequential use of the experiment as a natural science method of knowledge of the laws of the healthy and sick organism. K. Bernard (1813--1878) in the middle of 19 century. I continued this line and pointed out the way, the experimental M. was successfully promoted and century later. The study of the action of medicinal substances and poisons on the body of K. Bernard laid the foundations of experimental pharmacology and toxicology. To evaluate the importance of the development of medication science, it is enough to recall what rough empiricism dominated here at the time. And at 16, and at the 18th century. Arsenal Lea. The funds regardless of which the doctor adhered to, was limited to bleeding, clients, laxative, vomit and few more, but quite effective medications. About a supporter of endless bleeding of famous Franz. Physician F. Bruss (1772--1838) said that he shed more blood than Napoleonic wars combined.
In Russia, the fundamental contribution to the development of experimental pharmacology was made by N. P. Kravkov.
Physiology and its experimental method together with pathological anatomy transformed various areas of clinical medicine on scientific basis. It. The scientist G. "Helmgolts (1821--1894) with brilliant experiments showed the meaning of physiology to physiology; its work on the physiology of the eye and the invention of the eye mirror, along with the preceding physiological studies of the Czech biologist Y. Purkinje, contributed to rapid progress Ophthalmology (teachings on eye diseases) and the allocation of it from surgery as an independent section of M.
Back in the 1st half of the 19th century. The works of E. O. Mukhina, I. E. Dyadkovsky, A. M. Phomaliafit and others were laid theoretical. and experimental foundations of the development of physiological. Directions in domestic medicine, but a special flourishing of it falls on the 2nd half of 19 and 20 centuries. Book I. M. Sechenov "Brain Reflexes" (1863) had a decisive influence on the formation of materialist. Reviews of doctors and physiologists. The most fully and consistently physiological. The approach and ideas of nervism were used in clinically. Medicine S. P. Botkin, the founder of the scientific direction of domestic internal medicine, and A. A. Ostrumov. Along with them, the world's glory of Russian therapy brought clinically. School G. A. Zaharin, who brought to perfection the method of questioning the patient. In turn, the views of S. P. Botkin had a deep influence on I. P. Pavlov, the works on the physiology of digestion were awarded the Nobel Prize, and the doctrine created by him about the highest nervous activity determined ways to solve many problems of both theoretical and clinical medicine. .
Numerous disciples and ideological continues I. M. Sechenov (N. E. Veddnsky, I. R. Tarkhanov, V. V. Pashutin, M. N. Tantnikov, etc.) and I. P. Pavlova developed advanced principles of materialistic physiology in various biomedical disciplines.
In the middle and especially in the 2nd half of the 19th century. From therapy (or internal M., K-paradium initially covered all M., except for surgery and obstetrics), new scientific and practical industries are budding. For example, pediatrics that existed and before the industry of practical healing is issued in an independent scientific discipline represented by departments, clinics, societies; An issued representative in Russia was N. F. Filatov. Neuropathology and psychiatry are transformed into scientific disciplines based on success in the study of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and clinical activities F. Pinel, J. M. Sharot (France), A. Ya. Kozhevnikova, S. S. Korsakova, V. M. Bekhtereva And many other scientists in different countries.
Along with therapeutic medicine, medicine is developing prophylactic. Searches not only an effective, but also a safe method for preventing the disease of the inspiration led Engl. E. Jenner's doctor for the discovery of the milio vaccine (1796), the use of K-Roy allowed to continue to radically prevent this disease by infringement. At 19 in. Viennese doctor I. Lazhelweis (1818--1865) found that the cause of the maternity hospital lies in the transfer of the infectious start tools and the hands of the physicians, introduced disinfection and achieved a sharp reduction in the mortality rate of the feminine.
L. Pasteur works (1822--1895), which established the microbial nature of infectious diseases, laid the beginning of the "bacteriological era". Based on his research, eng. Surgeon J. Lister (1827--1912) proposed an antiseptic method (see Antiseptic, aseptic) of the treatment of wounds, the use of which made it possible to drastically reduce the number of complications in injuries and operational interventions. Opening it. The doctor R. Koch (1843--1910) and his students led to the spread of the so-called etiological direction in medicine: doctors began to look for the microbial cause of the disease. Microbiology and epidemiology were developed in many countries, pathogens and carriers of various infectious diseases were discovered. The sterilization method developed by R. Koch was moved from the laboratory to Sururgeich. Clinic and contributed to the development of asepsis. Description Domestic scientist D. I. Ivanovsky "Mosaic Tobacco Disease" (1892) laid the beginning of virology. The shadow side of the universal passion for the successes of bacteriology was the undoubted revaluation of the role of the pathogen's microba as the causes of human diseases. With the activities of I. I. Mechnikov, the transition to the study of the role of the body itself is connected in inf. The process and clarification of the causes of immunity immunity - immunity. Most of the prominent microbiologists and epidemiologists of Russia of the late 19th - early 20 V. (D. K. Zabolotnaya, N. F. Gamaley, L. A. Tarasovich, G. N. Gabrichevsky, A. M. Ortreat and others.) Worked together with I. I. Mesnikov. It. Scientists E. Bering and P. Erlich developed Chemis. The theory of immunity and laid the basics of serology - the teachings on the properties of blood serum (see Immunity, serum).
The successes of natural science determined the use of experimental methods of research in the field of hygiene, the organization in the 2nd half of the 19th century. hygienic. Department and laboratories. The works of M. Petthenko (1818--1901) in Germany, A. P. Dobroslavina and F. F. Erisman in Russia, a scientific base of hygiene was developed.
Industrial coup, city growth, bourgeois revolutions of the end of the 18th century .-- The first half of the 19th century. led to the development of social. M. Problems and the Development of Public Hygiene. In the middle and 2nd half of the 19th century. Materials began to accumulate, testifying to the dependence of the health of workers on working conditions and life.
1.3 Development of medicine in the XX ineKE
Decisive steps on the transformation of crafts, art in science was made by M. at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Influenced by the achievements of natural sciences and technical. Progress. The opening of the X-ray rays (V. K. X-ray, 1895--1897) laid the beginning of X-ray diagnostics, without to-point now it is impossible to submit an in-depth examination of the patient. The discovery of natural radioactivity and studies in the field of nuclear physics led to the development of radiobiology studies the effect of ionizing radiation into living organisms, led to the emergence of radiation hygiene, the use of radioactive isotopes, which in turn made it possible to develop a research method with the help of the help. labeled atoms; Radium and radioactive preparations began to be successfully applied not only in diagnostic, but also to fl. purposes (see radiation therapy).
Another study method, which fundamentally enriched the recognition of the recognition of heart arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and a number of other diseases, was the electrocardiography, which became clinically. Practice after work Goll. Physiologist V. Eintoven, domestic physiologist A. F. Samoilova, etc.
A huge role in technical. Revolution, seriously changed the face of M. in the 2nd half of the 20th century, played electronics. There were fundamentally new methods for registering the functions of organs and systems using various perceptible, transmitting and recording devices (as well as the transfer of data on the operation of the heart and other functions is carried out even on the space. Distance);
controlled devices in the form of artificial kidneys, hearts, lungs replace the work of these organs, for example. During surgery. operations; Electrostimulation allows you to control the rhythm of the patient heart, the function of the bladder. Electron microscopy made it possible to increase ten thousand times, which allows to study the smallest details of the structure of the cell and their changes. Honey is actively developing. Cybernetics (see Cybernetics Medical). Of particular importance acquired the problem of attracting electronic computing equipment for diagnosis. Created automatic. Drug control systems, breathing and level of blood pressure during operations, active controlled prostheses, etc.
Effect of tech. Progress has also affected the emergence of new industries M. So, with the development of aviation at the beginning of the 20th century. Aviation M. Flight of a person on Cosmich. Ships led to the emergence of space. M. (see Aviation and Space Medicine).
The rapid development of M. was due not only to discoveries in the field of physics and technical. Progress, but also achievements of chemistry and biology. In clinically. Practice included new chemicals. and Fiz.-Chem. Research methods, deepened understanding of Chemis. The basics of life, including painful, processes.
Genetics, the foundations of K-Roy were laid by G. Mendel, established laws and mechanisms of heredity and variability of organisms. Outstanding contribution to the development of genetics made owls. Scientists N. K. Koltsov, N. I. Vavilov, A. S. Sererovsky, N. P. Dubinin, and others. Opening so-called. Genetic. The code contributed to deciphering the causes of hereditary diseases and the rapid development of medical genetics. The successes of this scientific discipline allowed us to establish that environmental conditions can contribute to the development or suppression of hereditary predisposition to the disease. The methods of rapid diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a number of hereditary diseases were developed, organized medical genetic. Consultative assistance to the population (see Medical and Genetic Advice).
Immunology 20 V. Grossing the framework of the classical teaching about immunity to inf. Diseases and gradually covered the problems of pathology, genetics, embryology, transplantation, oncology, etc. The discovery of K. Landstyner and Ya. Jansky human blood groups (1900-- 1907) led to use in practical. M. Blood transfusion. In close connection with the study of immunology. The processes passed the study of various forms of the perverted response of the body into alien substances started by the discovery of Franz. Scientist J. Rishe (1902) anaphylaxis phenomena. Australian Pediatrician K. Pirka introduced the term allergies and suggested (1907) allergic. Skin reaction to tuberculin as diagnostic. Tuberculosis sample. In the 2nd half of the 20th century. The doctrine of allergy is allergology - the theoretical partition has grown into an independent section. And clinically. medicine.
At the beginning of the 20th century it. The doctor P. Erlich proved the possibility of synthesis for a given plan for drugs capable of influencing causative agents; They laid the basics of chemotherapy. The era of antimicrobial chemotherapy practically began after the introduction of it. Practice of streptocide. Since 1938, dozens of sulfonamide drugs have been created, which retained the lives of millions of patients. Even earlier, in 1929, in England A. Fleming found that one of the types of mold fungus highlights the antibacterial substance - Penicillin. In 1939-1941. X. Flori and E. Chain developed a methodology for obtaining persistent penicillin, learned to concentrate it and adjusted the production of the drug on an industrial scale, putting the beginning of the new era of combating microorganisms - era antibiotics. In 1942, in the laboratory 3. V. Yermoleva was received by domestic penicillin. In 1943, Streptomycin was obtained in the United States of S. Vaxman. In the future, many antibiotics, which have a different spectrum of antimicrobial action were isolated.
Successfully developed in the 20th century. The doctrine of vitamins, open Rus. Scientists N. I. Lunin, the mechanisms for the development of many avitaminosis were decrypted and the ways of their warnings were found. Created at the end of the 19th century. Franz. Scientists Sh. Brown-Ceer and others. The teaching about the glands of the internal secretion has become an independent honey. Discipline - endocrinology, in a circle of problems, which, along with endocrine diseases, includes hormonal regulation of functions in a healthy and sore body, chemical synthesis of hormones. The opening of insulin in 1921 by Canadian physiologists Banting and Besset made a coup in the treatment of diabetes. The discharge in 1936 from the adrenal glands of the hormonal nature substance, which was later called the cortisone, as well as the synthesis (1954) of a more efficient prednisolone and other synthetic analogs of corticosteroids led to therapeutic use of these drugs in diseases of the connective tissue of blood, lungs, leather, etc. ., i.e., to the widespread hormone therapy of non-endocrine diseases. The development of endocrinology and hormone therapy contributed to the work of the Canadian scientist G. Selre, which put forward the theory of stress and the general adaptation syndrome.
Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, development and use of psychotropic drugs, selectively affecting the central nervous system, the possibility of operational intervention on the so-called. The open heart, in the depths of the brain and on other, previously not affordable surgeon's scalpel organs, changed the face of M., allowed the doctor to actively interfere during the disease.
2. Hippocrates
The earliest hypocratic biographers wrote not early 200 years after his death and, of course, count on the accuracy of their messages - difficult. We could get much more valuable information from the testimony of contemporaries and from the essays of the hippocratic.
The testimony of contemporaries is very scarce. This includes, first of all, two places from the dialogues of Plato "Protagora" and "Fedra". In the first of them, the story is conducted on behalf of Socrates, transmitting his conversation with a young man with a hippocratic (name is the literal translation of the "horses" - it was quite common at the time, especially in the riders class). According to this place during Plato, which was approximately 32 years younger than hippocrata, the latter enjoyed broadly fame and Plato puts it along with such famous sculptors as a policlet and fidium.
An even greater interest is the mention of hippocracy in the Dialogue of Plato "Fedr". There, the hippocracy is referred to as a doctor with a wide philosophical bias; It was shown that in the era of Plato, the composition of the hippocrates were known in Athens and paid the attention of wide circles with their philosophical dialectical approach.
Of course, for the past 24 centuries, not one praise and surprise fell out to the share of the famous doctor: he experienced and criticized, reaching the complete denial, and the sloe. A sharp opponent of the hippocratov approach to disease was the famous doctor of the Asclepiad Methodical School (1 V. BC), who said, by the way, a sharp word about "epidemics": Hippocrates, they say well, shows how people die, but does not show how to cure them. From the doctors IVV., Junior contemporaries of hippocrates, some mention his name in connection with the criticism of his views. Galen in his comments on the Book of Hippocrat "On the joints" writes: "Pressed the hippocrates for the way of the thigh joint, indicating that it falls again ...".
Another testimony with a direct mention of the name of the hypocrat belongs to Diokla, the famous doctor of the middle of the IV century, whom they even called the second hippocrates. Criticizing one of the aphorisms of the hippocratic, where, it is argued that the diseases corresponding to the season represent a smaller danger, diocl exclaims: "What do you say, hippocrates! HOT, which as a result of the matters is accompanied by heat, unbearable thirst, insomnia and all that is observed in the summer, will be more easily transferred due to the correspondence of the time of the year, when all the suffering are exacerbated than in winter, when the power of movements may die, sharpness decreases and all disease becomes Soften. "
Thus, from the testimony of the writers of the IVEK, the closest in time to the hippocrates, you can learn confidence that it really existed was a famous doctor, a teacher of medicine, a writer; That his writings are distinguished by a wide dialectical approach to a person and that some of his pure medical provisions were already criticized.
It remains to consider which materials for the biography can be learned from the writings that have come down to us under the name of the hypocratic. They can be divided into two unequal groups.
The first includes works of a business nature, which have something or another attitude to medicine: their majority. The second refers to the crisp of the hippocracy, the speech of his and his son Fessen, decrees. In the works of the first group of biographic material very few; In the second, on the contrary. Its very much, but, unfortunately, the correspondence is recognized entirely to a false and not trustworthy.
First of all, it should be noted that in any of the books "Hippocratov Collection" the name of the author is not represented, and determine what is written by the Hippocratic himself, that its affinations, that foreign doctors are very difficult. However, it is possible to allocate several books that bear the seal of the Personality of Hippocratic, as it is accustomed to represent, and it is possible to make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe places where he worked and where he had been in his journey. Hippocrates was undoubtedly a meher of a period of member, i.e. He did not practice in his city, where due to an excess of the doctors of a certain school there was nothing to do, and there was a different cities and islands, occupying the position of a public physician for several years. In the books of the epidemic 1st and 3rd, which are a huge majority of genuine, the author describes the weather status at different times of the year and the emergence of certain diseases on the island of Fascos for 3, and maybe 4 years. Among the stories of the diseases attached to these books, except for patients in the FASSA, there are patients from Abdra and a number of cities of Fessiona and Propontides. In the book: "On air, waters and localities", the author advises, coming to an unfamiliar city, familiar with the location, water, winds and in general the climate to understand the nature of the diseases of the disease and their treatment. It directly indicates a doctor - a period of it. From the same book, it is obvious that the Hippocrates on his own experience knows Malaya Asia, Scythia, the east coast of the Black Sea near the Facis River, as well as Libya.
In the "epidemics" are mentioned by the names of Alevadov, Diszerov, Simev, Hippolok, known from other sources, such as noble people and princes. If the doctor was called for the treatment of a grave, a slave or maid, it meant only that the owners were valued by them. Here, in essence, everything that can be learned from the medical books of hippocrates in terms of its biography.
It remains to consider the last source of the hypocratic biography: its correspondence, speech, letters - invitations, decrees - a diverse historical material, placed at the end of its writings and included in the "Hippocratian collection" as its integral part.
In the old days, all these letters and speeches believed, but the historical criticism of the XIXVEK deprived them of all confidence, recognizing the substrate and those found, as well as most of the other letters that have come down from the ancient world, for example, Plato. German philologists suggest that letters and speeches were composed of the ritiation school of the Spit Island in III and subsequent centuries, maybe in the form of exercises or essays on specified topics, as practiced at the time. That the letters of the hippocracy are sublated, it proves some anachronisms, historical inconsistencies and in general the whole style of letters, so it is difficult to object against it. But, on the other hand, deny any historical value of these writings is also impossible: such an attitude is the result of hypercriquettes, especially those who flourished in the XIXVEK among scientists and philologists. We should not forget - and this is the most important thing - that in fact, the data given, for example, in the speech of the fessala, are chronologically the earliest, in comparison with which biographies written through many hundreds of years after the death of the hippocracy cannot go into account. That is a huge number of details and minor details regarding individuals, places and dates that give the likelihood of a story, it could hardly be just fictional: in any case, they have some historic field.
The most interesting historical materials are contained in the speech of Fessel, the son of the Hippocrat, uttered in the Athenian People's Assembly, where he performed as ambassador from his native city of Kos, and, listing the merits that His ancestors and he himself provided to the Athenians and the Citywide Court, tried to dismiss the coming war and defeat about. Spit. From this speech, we learn that the ancestors of the hippocratic, on the father of Askletpiad, were heraklida for mothers, i.e. The descendants of Hercules, as a result of which were in kindred relations with the Macedonian courtyard and the Fessenian feudal domains, which makes the stay of the hippocrat, his sons and grandchildren in these countries.
In addition to this speech, there are also representing no less interest, stories about the merits of the Hippocrata himself.
It should still be focused on the hypocratic correspondence, which occupies most of the applications to the "Column". It is already undoubtedly fell and composed, but contains a large number of details of both domestic and psychological, reporting letters of some freshness, naivety and such a color of the epoch, which, after several centuries, invent difficult. The main place is the correspondence on the democritus and with the democritium itself.
Such are the biographical materials of heterogeneous nature, drawing our life and the identity of the hippocratic; This was the antique world and moved to the story.
He lived in the era of the cultural heyday of Greece, was a contemporary of Sophocla and Eurypid, a fididium and a policlet, famous Softers, Socrates and Plato and embodied the ideal of the Greek doctor of that era. This doctor not only must perfectly own medical art, but be also a philosopher doctor and a citizen doctor. And if the church, the historic of medicine XVIIIV, in search of the historical truth wrote: "So, the only thing we have about Kosh's Hippocratic, this is the following: He lived in the times of the Peloponess War and wrote Books on Greek Medicine in Ionian Dialect, then This can be noted that there were many such doctors, since many doctors wrote at the Ionian dialect at that time, and it is completely incomprehensible why it was the story that he was put forward to the first place of hippocrat, betraying the rest.
If the Hippocrates for contemporaries was, first of all, a healer's doctor, then for the offspring he is a doctor, "Father of Medicine". The fact that Hippocrat was not the "Father of Medicine" - it is unlikely to be proved. And to whom it seems undoubted that all the "composition of the hippocrat" are really written by him by themselves, one with a well-known right may argue that the true paths of medicine are laid by them, especially since the essays of its predecessors have not reached us. But in reality, the "composition of hippocrates" is a conglomerate of works of various authors, various directions and to allocate genuine hypocratic from them only with difficulty. To highlight from a variety of books "Genuine Hippocrates" - the task is very difficult and solvable only with a greater or lesser degree of probability. Hippocrat acted on a medical field when Greek medicine has already achieved significant development; He added to her as the head of the Koskaya School a big coup, and with full right can be called the physician reformer, but it does not extend its values. To find out this value, it is necessary to stop a bit on the development of Greek medicine.
It began to be lost in antiquity and are associated with the medicine of the ancient cultures of the East - Babylonian and Egyptian. In the laws of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (about 2 thousand years BC) there are paragraphs related to doctors producing eye transactions with the definition of a large fee and at the same time of great responsibility for an unsuccessful outcome. Bronze eye tools were found during excavations in Mesopotamia. The famous Egyptian Ebers Papyrus (middle of the XX century BC) gives a huge number of recipes from various diseases and rules for the study of the patient. The specialization of Egyptian doctors occurred in time immemorial, and we now know that Crytsko - Mycenaean culture developed in close contact with Egypt. During the Trojan War (related to the time of this culture), the Greeks had doctors who tied out wounds and treated from other diseases; They used respect, for "an experienced doctor is more precious than many other people" (Iliad, XI). It will noted that medicine in Greece, I invoke a secular character, whereas in Babylon and Egypt doctors belonged to the estate of priests: it was based on empiria and in their own The basis was free from the terurgia, i.e. Calls by gods, spells, magic techniques, etc.
Of course, in each area there were, in addition, special items and places associated with the cult of different gods (trees, sources, caves), to which unfortunate patients, which are decisive, is a phenomenon, common countries and epochs. Cases of healing were recorded on special tables that were postned in the temples, and besides the patients brought offering to the temple - images of the affected parts of the body, in the set found in the excavations these records in the temples were pretty imported in the creation of doctors in the temples; They seemed to be the basis of "Koskiya forecasts", and from there, according to the testimony of the geographer of Strabo, and Hippocrates learned his medical wisdom.
In the fifth century, by the time of the hippocratic, in Greece there were doctors of various categories: doctors of military, specialists in the treatment of wounds, as stated in the book: "On the doctor", the doctors of the courtiers - Liebe doctors, who existed at the court of kings: Persian, or Macedonian.
Doctors public in most democratic republics, and finally, the doctors of the periods that were associated with certain places: moved from the city to the city, practicing at their own risk, but sometimes they went to the city service. Social doctors were elected by the People's Assembly after the preliminary exam, and their merits were increased by the Golden Wreath, the right of citizenship and other signs of differences, as evidenced by the inscriptions during excavations.
Where did all these doctors come from? "Hippocrats Collection" gives full information on this issue: along with the doctors - scholars and charlatans, doctors late scientists, "these doctors are those who have received education from young years in the depths of a certain school and related to a certain oath. From other sources, starting with Herodotus and ending with Galen, we know that in 6 and 5 centuries. Greece has existed famous schools: Croton (South Italy), Kirenskaya in Africa, Book in Multi-Jewish in the Maja Birdos city, Rhodes on the island of Rados, and Kosaka. In the "Hippocratic Collection" found their reflection of the school book, Kosakov and Italian. Kirenskaya and Rhodes schools disappeared early, without leaving a noticeable trace.
The honorable book school, continuing the tradition of the Babylonian and Egyptian doctors, allocated complexes of painful symptoms and described them as individual diseases.
In this regard, the book doctors have achieved large results: they differed according to the testimony of Galen 7 species of bile diseases, a 12-bladder, 3-CHAKHETS, 4-kidney diseases, etc.; They also developed the methods of physical research (listening). Therapy was very diverse, with a large number of complex recipes, full-time diet indication and wide use of local means, for example, cavity. In a word, they developed private pathology and therapy due to medical diagnosis. A lot was done in the field of female diseases.
But also in relation to pathophysialogue and patengeries, the book school belongs to the merit of the impudent wording of humoral pathology in the form of an exercise of the 4 main body fluids (blood, mucus, black and yellow bile): the predominance of one of them causes a certain disease.
The history of the Koskaya school is inextricably linked with the name of the hypocrat; He is attributed to the main direction of the school, since we did not have sufficient data on the activities of his ancestors, and its numerous descendants, apparently, only walked on his footsteps. Hippocrates, first of all, acts as a critic of the Book School: Her desires to crush the disease and put accurate diagnoses, its therapy. It is important not the name of the disease, but the general condition of the patient. As for therapy, diet and generally the regime, they must wear a strictly individualizing nature: you need to take everything into account, weigh and discuss, - then you can only make appointments. If the Book School, in search of the diseases of the disease, can be characterized as a school of private pathology, causing painful local processes, Kosaka laid the foundations of clinical medicine, in the center of which is attentive and careful attitude towards the patient. The said defines the role of hippocrat as a representative of the Koskaya school - in the development of medicine: he was not the "father of medicine", but with full right it can be called the founder of clinical medicine. Along with this, the slant school is fighting against all kinds of charlatans of the medical profession, the requirements from a doctor, according to his dignity of behavior, i.e. Establishing a certain medical ethics and, finally, a wide philosophical view. All this together makes it clear by the importance of Koskaya School and his chief representative of the hippocratic in the history of healing and medical life.
It should be added that surgery played a large role in the activities of the hippocratic role: wounds, fractures, dislocation, which is evidenced by its surgical writings, maybe the best of all, mechanical methods and machines and cars, the latest achievements of that time are widely used.
Another specialty of the hippocrates and, apparently, the whole Koskaya school served acute feverish diseases such as tropical fevers, and it was extremely extremely distributed in Greece, who carried out a lot of victims. These "epidemics", "acute diseases" in the works of hippocrates and its descendants are given a lot of attention. But this is not enough: an attempt to push these sharp and epidemic diseases in the general course of nature phenomena, to present them as a result of location, water, winds, precipitation, i.e. Climatic conditions, associate them with the time of year and the constitution of residents, which is again determined by the conditions of the environment, is an attempt of a grand, not permitted fully and today, which, in all likelihood, and gave rise to a philosopher Plato to appreciate the doctor of the hippocrat.
It remains to say a few words about Italian and Sicilian schools. What was their practical activity, no information about this was preserved: their doctors are known as the theoretics of medicine. The Italian school went into history as a school of theoretical speculative constructions, like anticipation of the future, but in no historical significance in no way be supplied along with purely medical schools, Booksoy and Koskovoy.
3. Hippocratic Collection
The total number of books of the collection is determined differently. Depending on whether some books are considered independent or by the continuation of others; Litter, for example, has 53 writings in 72 books, Ermerins- 67 books, Dils - 72. Several books seem to be lost; Others are set up. There are these books in publications, translations and stories of medicine in various order - in general, following two principles: or by their origin, i.e. The estimated authorship is such, for example, the location of Litter in his edition and Fuchs in the "History of Greek Medicine" - or by their content.
The compositions of the hippocracy would probably not reach the offspring if they did not get into the Alexander Library, founded by the successors of Alexander the Macedonian, Egyptian kings - brokeys in the newly founded city of Alexandria, who was destined to be a cultural center for a long time after the fall of the independence of Greece. With this library, scientists took place: librarians, grammar, critics that evaluated the advantages and authenticity of the writings and made them in directories. These library moved scientists from different countries to study certain essays, and many centuries later, Galen considered the lists of the creations of the hippocrates stored in it.
Herofil Alexandria, famous at his time, who lived about 300 g. BC, was the first comment on the "prognostics" of the hippocrat; His student of Bakchiy from Tanagra continued his teacher's case - this proves that in III. Hippocrats The collection was part of the Alexandria library. The long series of commentators of the Hypocratian collection begins from herofilament, the culmination point of which is Galen (IIB. AD). We must last the main information about them, since their essays have not reached us. Apparently, these comments were a grammar character, i.e. They explained the words and phrases, the meaning of which was unclear or by that time lost. Then these comments belonged to any one or more books. Galen points out that only two commentators have covered all the writings of the Hippocratic, this is Zevkis and Geraklid Teransky (the last - the famous doctor himself), both belonging to the school empiricals. From the whole mass of Apollo comment from Kitty, Alexandria Surgeon (Ivek BC), on the book "On the right of the joints." This comment was supplied in manuscript drawings.
Galen, who, according to the generally accepted opinion, gave the synthesis of all the ancient medicine, a big practice and at the same time the theoretical anatom, the physiologist-experimentator and, in addition, the philosopher, whose name passed through the century along with the name of the hypocratic, paid a lot of attention to the Scriptures of his famous predecessor . In addition to 2 books: "On the dogma of Hippocrat and Plato," he gave, according to his own words, comments on 17 hippocratic books, of which it came to us with 11 floods, parts of 2 books, did not reach 4. Persons also reached us. Hippocratic "; The books "On Anatomy" of Hippocratic, about his dialect and (as they can regret more) about its genuine writings.
Galen, who was a big eruit and read most of the ancient commentators, utters over them the destroying sentence is mainly for the fact that they neglecting the medical point of view focused on grammatical explanations: they claim to understand the mysterious places that no one understands, but also concerns provisions who are clear to everyone, they do not understand them. The reason is that they themselves do not have medical experience and ignorant in medicine, and this forces them not to explain the text, but to customize it to the fictional explanation.
2. Formation of Soviet medicine
The historical events of 1917 made destruction not only in the political and economic spheres of life. They affected the life of the population, and, of course, the overall health of people. At the beginning of the Soviet period, with the arrival of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of a new regime, the wave of cholera epidemics, typha, smallpox and other diseases rolled around the country. The situation was aggravated by the widespread lack of qualified personnel, equipment and medical equipment, medicines. There were very few hospitals, preventive medical institutions. Civil War left a deep mark in history, bringing a ruler in the industrial activity of the country, agriculture. A wave of hunger swept around the country. The agriculture lacked not only the sowing material, but also fuel on agricultural equipment. The message between the settlements decreased to a minimum, the water was not enough even for cooking and quenching thirst, not to mention other domestic needs. Cities and countryside literally "bored mud", and this has already served the threat of epidemics. Herbert Wells, visiting the Union in 1920, was shocked by what he saw 6 years earlier. It was a picture of a complete collapse, the country that brought his eyes was a wreckage of the Great Empire, a huge broken into the monarchy to the monarchy, who fell under the oppression of cruel meaningless wars. At that time, mortality increased 3 times, the birth rate was halved.
Only organized health system could save the country from extinction, help in combating diseases and epidemics. Such a system has become actively formed in 1918.
To create a developed structure, which could effectively serve all the segments of the population, it was necessary to combine all types of departmental medicine under a single state control: Zemskaya, urban, insurance, railway and other forms. Thus, the formation of a unified health care system attracted more and more people and wore a "collective character" - literally gained from the world by thread. This "collecting" medicine took place in several stages.
The first stage fell on October 26, 1917, when a medical and sanitary department was formed. He was created at the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies, he headed him M. I. Bumbsuk. The main task of the department was to associate and attracting all doctors to work, recognizing new power; It was also necessary to radically change the health care in the country and organize qualified assistance to workers in enterprises and soldiers in the current troops, as well as in stock.
Since the reform was to be held everywhere in order to cover more square, health departments and medical colleges began to create health departments. The tasks stood before the latter were public in nature, so on January 24, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars signed a decree on the creation of the Council of Medical Board. This Council became the highest in the importance of the medical body of the workers' and peasant government. A. N. Vinokurov became the head of the body, I was appointed by V. M. Bonch-Bruyevich (Velichkina) and I. M. Barsukov. In order for the people to know about the active work of the Council, on May 15, 1918 at the Council of People's Commissars RSFSR, the first issue of the Izvestia of Soviet Medicine was issued. It was the first Russian medical public publication, which was then published regularly. The Council of the Medical Board saw its main task in the following conditions: to continue the ubiquitous organization of health departments, consolidating the launched reforms relating to the transformation of military medicine, strengthening, developing sanitation and strengthen epidemic control throughout the country.
However, in order to act across the whole country and objectively monitor the results of the work carried out, it was necessary to hold the All-Russian congress of representatives of the health departments of the Soviets. The congress was held on June 16-19, 1918. It was raised not only the issues of the organization and work of the People's Commissariat of Health, which were the most important at that time, but also questions of insurance medicine, the question of combating epidemics, questions about the tasks of medicine in the field.
The result of the work of the congress was the decision on the creation of the People's Commissariat of Health, which was supposed to become the main health authority and lead to all health care. On June 26, 1918, a project to create a drug treatment was presented. On July 9, the project was published for both wide circles of the population, and on July 11, the Council of People's Commissars signed a decree "On the establishment of the People's Commissariat of Health". The first counterpart of the RSFSR Drug Advocracy was created, in which V. M. Velichkin (Bonch-Bruyevich), R. P. Glukov, E. P. Primezhin, 3. P. Solovyov, P. G. Daug, and the first commissar of Health appointed N. A. Semashko. His first deputy was 3. N. Solovyov. In July 1936, the People's Commissariat of Health at the decree of the ICTC and SNK was renamed the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR. The first chapter became G. N. Kaminsky.
N. A. Semashko
Nikolay Alexandrovich Semashko (1874-1949) made a huge contribution to the development of not only Soviet, but also world medicine.
Career Semashko began not with brilliant success: he graduated from the Kazan University, after which it worked for 3 years with a Zemsky doctor in the Oryol province, and then in Nizhny Novgorod. The revolution in February 1905 ended with arrest for him, imprisoned for 10 months, and then 10 years of emigration in France, Switzerland and Serbia. In the summer of 1917, at the age of 43, he returned to Moscow with a group of other emigrants. He participated in the medical arrangement of the country since the emergence of the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a state health care system: first headed the medical and sanitary department of the Moscow Council, and later became the first People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. He was ruled by a drug addict for 11 years, into the countries the most difficult for the country, when a bloody civil war was going, the epidemic was raised in the Union. He participated in the development of anti-epidemic programs, seriously declared the need to create a program for the protection of motherhood and childhood and the need to develop Soviet medicine through improving and expanding the network of research institutes. With it, the sanitary-resort business began to develop intensively, the system of higher medical education was transformed.
N. A. Semashko made a huge contribution to the development of hygiene in the USSR, discovered in 1922 the Department of Social Hygiene at the Medical Faculty of Moscow State University. He himself was the head of this department for 27 years.
In 1927-1936 The first edition of a large medical encyclopedia was created and issued, the initiator of which N. A. Semashko was created. From 1926 to 1936 He headed the Children's Commission of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
Especially a lot of strength he put on the study of a sanitary and hygienic situation after the war. N. A. Semashko became one of the creators and one of the first academics and members of the Presidium of the AMN of the USSR. He was the director of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences from 1945 to 1949. Since 1945, he took the title of Academician of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. He became the founder of the Institute of Health Organization and the History of Medicine of the AMN of the USSR, after its creation, he led them from 1947 to 1949. The Institute of this for a long time then wore his name, later it was renamed the National Public Health of the RAM.
Nikolay Alexandrovich Semashko, despite the greatest responsibility lying on his shoulders, and a large number of posts occupied by him, managed to leave his trace and in the development of physical culture and sports, since he became the first chairman of the organization who qualified this area of \u200b\u200bmedicine, and also headed the Board of All-Union hygienic society (1940-1949).
All his life, he wrote scientific works and works, which are over 250. All of them were devoted to theoretical, organizational and practical issues of hygiene and health care as a whole, which deserved the immortal memory in the people.
3. P.. Soloviev
Zinoviy Petrovich Soloviev (1876-1928), in addition to their high positions in the field of health, is known for the fact that in 1925 it became the initiator of the creation on the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Children's Health All-Union Pioneer Camp "Artek", which exists to this day. He left behind a lot of scientific papers in which questions raised and actively developed programs to overcome difficulties in the development of medical care and higher medical education in the USSR.
G. N. Kaminsky
Gregory Naumovich Kaminsky (1895-1938) before he was appointed the first People's Commissar of the USSR, 2 years held the post of People's Commissar of the RSFSR (1934-1935) and the USSR (1935-1937). He was the organizer of the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate. In 1935, according to his development, a program was adopted to improve the medical support and service of the city and the rural population. He promoted the translation of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry to the Office of the Naroscope of the RSFSR. He left a deep track in the development of medicine as science and in medical education, he became one of the organizers of the VNME in Moscow and Leningrad.
Special thanks to N. Kamensky could be made for assistance in organizing the first international congresses.
However, his activities in the state field was short, the period of its active work was only 4 years old, since on June 25, 1937, he was arrested and shot, after he performed at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CCP (b) with a condemning speech to the policy of repression, Many of his associates were arrested with him. Later they were all posthumously rehabilitated.
Medicine is one of the most important parties to society's social life. Medicine as science There is exactly as much as humanity exists. The level of medical knowledge is always directly dependent on the level of socio-economic development.
Information about the initial stages of the formation of medicine, we can learn from the ancient drawings and ancient therapeutic accessories, which were found by archaeologists. We also learn information on medicine of past times from writing sources: works of thinkers of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, in the chronicles, epics and thought.
In the first stages of the formation of medicine, the methods of observation were used mainly. The first diagnoses were raised after inspecting the external manifestations of the disease, in contrast, for example, from modern dentists who can diagnose on the basis of your sensations, if you know everything about your smile.
At different points of the world, medicine developed apart. In China, already in 770 BC. There was a book on medicine. Despite the fact that all methods and tips on the treatment in this book are mainly based on the legends and myths, there was still genuine information about human health. It is known that in the 5th century BC. In China, even surgical operations were carried out using the first forms of modern methods of surgery.
In 618 BC The doctors of ancient China for the first time declared the existence of infectious diseases, and in 1000 BC The Chinese even vaccinated sieves.
In another country, Asia, Japan, medicine has evolved not so successfully. Basic knowledge The Japanese dilked from the experience of Chinese medicine.
The most real breakthrough in medicine occurred in ancient Greece. Here the first schools of doctors appeared, who made available medical education to secular people.
It is thanks to the activity of one of these schools, Hippocrat received all his knowledge of medicine. The role of this thinker in the formation of medicine is not easy to overestimate. In his writings, all disparate accumulated information about the treatment of people are united. Hippocratic out the causes of disease. The main reason, in his opinion, was a change in the ratio of liquids in the human body.
The conclusions of the hypocrat became the basis of modern practical medicine, and his description of surgery is surprisingly even modern doctors. Hippocrates described the treatment methods that are widely used even in our time.
Of course, many well-known scientists have contributed to the development of medicine and after hippocratic. Thanks to their work, modern medicine has reached unprecedented heights. In addition, modern technologies are used to prepare doctors.
Loading ...