In the Russian language you can find words and phrases that are never separated by commas in a sentence. In some cases, commas are used, but only when certain conditions. Let's figure out when punctuation marks are not needed.
Never separated by commas
In selling or informational texts there are expressions that make you want to use a comma. These constructions are often confused with introductory words and punctuation marks are mistakenly used.
Remember these words - “provocateurs” and never separate them with commas:
Likewise, literally, solely, ultimately, as a result, in connection with this, precisely, exclusively, as if, moreover, ultimately, for the most part, extremely, certainly, especially, definitely, by decision, by decree, approximately, only, nevertheless, that is, as if and etc.
A sentence can begin with a conjunction consisting of several words. Commas are not used in such constructions.
For example, since…; before as…; after…; in order to…; if… and etc.
Set expressions are not separated by commas in writing, which are mistakenly taken for homogeneous members. These are phraseological units consisting of two words with opposite meanings and connected by conjunctions AND or NI.
For example: both, both, neither here nor there.
There is no comma before AS in stable expressions with comparison value: the illness vanished as if by hand; everything is as if chosen; sounds like music; have at one's fingertips; clear as day and etc.
separated/not separated by commas under certain conditions
The texts raise doubts about constructions that in one case may be separated by commas from the rest of the words in the sentence, but in another case not separated.
Introductory words and similar sentence parts
The following technique will help to distinguish an introductory word from a homonymous member of a sentence: try to remove the questionable word from the sentence. If this word cannot be excluded, the meaning of the sentence is lost, then commas are not needed. This is a part of the sentence.
For example: The workshop can be reorganized(It will not be possible to remove the word “perhaps”; the sentence will fall apart).
When a word is excluded from a sentence without difficulty, and the meaning of the statement does not suffer, then it is necessary to add punctuation marks: The workshop may have already been reorganized.“Perhaps” is an introductory word with the meaning of uncertainty.
It should be remembered that in selling texts, introductory words are stop words. Therefore, it is better to abandon such structures.
Let's look at a few more frequently found examples on the Internet of the use of words that may or may not be separated by commas.
However
If the word “however” is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence and is easily replaced by the conjunction BUT, then this word is not an introductory word, and therefore is not separated by commas on both sides.
For example: However (=BUT) you should not immediately refuse the bonus card. Here “however” is a conjunction that connects sentences in the text.
Working as a copywriter is difficult, but (=BUT) interesting. In this sentence, “however” connects homogeneous members.
In other cases, “however” is an introductory word and is separated by commas.
Really
The word “really” is not separated by commas if it occupies a position in the middle or at the end of a sentence: You will really be pleased with the wide selection of products in our store.
If “really” is at the beginning of a sentence and expresses confidence, then this word is emphasized: Indeed, the work of a copywriter is interesting.
Finally
When the word “finally” in a sentence means “as a result” and is easily replaced by the synonym “in the end,” then commas are not used: Have you discussed possible risks and finally came to an agreement.
If the word “finally” indicates the order of thoughts (in the sense of “and yet”), then commas are required. For example: In the summer you can go to Crimea, Karelia and, finally (=and again), relax in Altai. In this case, “finally” is an introductory word.
As it turned out / turns out
introductory expression
Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()
With him, as it turned out, There was also my apartment, which seemed luxurious to me. B. Okudzhava, Date with Bonaparte. The image of a person, as it turns out, - more than a person. B. Pasternak, Safe-conduct.
@ You should not mix the introductory expression “as it turns out” and the combination of an adverb and the introductory word “as it turns out”: "Here as it turns out, They're going crazy! - he thought and grabbed the ceiling. M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita.
Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .
See what “as it turned out / turns out to be” in other dictionaries:
How we tested the BMD-3- State testing of a combat vehicle is a lengthy process and usually takes place over a vast territory, covering all climatic zones and almost the entire range of road and soil conditions middle lane, tundra, northern regions, mountains and desert... Encyclopedia of technology
"How often, surrounded by a motley crowd"- “HOW OFTEN, SURROUNDED BY A MOIQUE CROWD”, one of the most meaningful. poem. L. (1840), in its accusatory pathos close to “The Death of a Poet.” Creative story verse. to this day is the subject of ongoing debate among researchers. Poem. has the epigraph “1... Lermontov Encyclopedia
as became known- adverb, number of synonyms: 4 as it turned out (2) as it turns out (2) it turned out ... Synonym dictionary
Soil as a habitat for microbes - Special place Among the natural habitats of microorganisms is soil. This is an extremely heterogeneous (dissimilar) substrate in structure, having a micromosaic structure. The soil is a collection of many very small (from... Biological encyclopedia
Substance as matter- (Matière, Substance, Materie, Stoff, Matter) is opposed in meaning to spirit, force, form, appearance and emptiness. Such a negative definition, originating from antiquity, cannot serve as the basis for any scientific information about V. Science... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
List of episodes of the television series How I Met Your Mother
Pluralism as a model of knowledge- “PLURALISM AS A MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE” is a work on the philosophy of science by Helmut Spinner, a prominent adherent of German critical rationalism Spinner H. Pluralismus als ErkenntnismodeO. Frankfurt a. M., 1974). From the very beginning, Spinner acted as... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
What to do if you get lost in the forest: where to go, what to eat, how to sleep- The main danger that a lost person faces is fear. Even the most persistent people cannot escape from it. At the same time, the release of adrenaline into the blood turns out to be so powerful that the person begins to act absolutely illogically. Good... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
List of episodes of the television series "Prosecutor's Check"- Here is a list and short description episodes of the Russian television series "Prosecutor's Check". The series has been airing on the NTV channel since March 28, 2011. Description of episodes Episode number Date of release Title Prosecutor Description ... Wikipedia
List of episodes of the television series My Name Is Earl- This article or section contains a list of sources or external links, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes... Wikipedia
1. If the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, commas are placedbefore the introductory word And after the entire isolated turnover. There is no comma after the introductory word(in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is moved to the end of the isolated phrase).
Little by little, everyone joins their company, having completed quite important homework, such as talking with their doctor about the weather and small pimple, who jumped up on the bow, learned about the health of the horses and their children, however showing great talents... N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospekt. ...Vera Nikolaevna felt awe in love before her master - in general, not at all like Ivan the Terrible, maybe even the admiration of a loyal subject. V. Kataev, Grass of oblivion. I, too, am used to writing down my thoughts on anything, particularly on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ...Regarding gold, which Cagliostro mined without any labor from all other metals, for example from copper, turning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion. Yu. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.
2. If the introductory word is inside a separate phrase, it separated by commas on both sides, while the signs at the beginning and end of a separate revolution are preserved.
Overcome by these bitter thoughts, not entirely fair, however, and inspired by Anikanov’s letter that excited him, Travkin came out of the barn into the cold dawn. E. Kazakevich, Zvezda. This is my essay - or rather a lecture– has neither a definite form nor a chronological structure, which I do not recognize... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.
3. If the introductory word is at the end of a separate phrase, commas are placed before separate turnover And after him. There is no comma before the introductory word.
And instead of a speck, another road appeared ahead, that is, not really a road, just a scratch on the earth, groove rather. V. Astafiev, This is how I want to live. We decided to go somewhere for the holidays, to Kyiv for example.
Introductory sentences have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and combinations. They are separated by commas, or, much less frequently, by a dash:She led me as they said in the old days, the mysterious power of predestination.V. Kataev, Holy Well.Now,How befits real state, Shvambrania needed to acquire a history. L. Cassil, Conduit and Schwambrania.How it's common to say in newspaper reports, “its walls have seen” many famous people . K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ...They sit here on pain of death and - what's worse- in the pouring rain.E. Kazakevich, Zvezda.
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Note. Introductory words and combinations of words: A) indicate the degree of reliability of a message or fact: without a doubt, certainly, indisputably, or rather, truly, probably (very likely), apparently, apparently, beyond any doubt, perhaps, in fact, in essence, really, must be, I think, naturally, known, it seems, it seemed, it would seem, as you see, as you can see, of course, maybe, maybe, probably, I hope, one must think, undoubtedly, it turns out, doesn’t it, it turned out, obviously, apparently, in all likelihood, perhaps, truly, I believe, in fact (in fact), essentially, honor, truth, right, right word, of course, by itself, therefore, by the hour, whatever you say (speak); b) indicate the degree of normality of what is being said: happens, happened, as usual, as always, as usual, as usual, happens, happened ; V) express an emotional assessment of what is being reported: a sinful deed, a well-known deed, as if unfortunately, as luck would have it, oddly enough, to chagrin, to amazement, fortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to regret, to joy, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to misfortune, for joy, for happiness, in some way, the sky is the limit, there’s nothing (What) to be honest, unfortunately, fortunately, a strange thing, an amazing thing, what good ; G) contain an indication of the source of the message: I see, they say, I think, it is known, as they said, as is known, as I believe, as I remember, as I remember, as heard, in your opinion, in your opinion (whom, whose), I remember, I remember, in my opinion, by concept (whose), according to proverb, according to legend, according to reasoning (whose), according to information (whose), according to (whose), according to rumors, for reasons (whose), reportedly (whose), in your opinion, in your opinion (whose), they say, I hear, I hear, from the point of view, apparently ; d) characterize the way of expressing thoughts: or rather, he is guilty, generally speaking, roughly speaking, in other words, in other words, in other words, as they say, as they say, however you say it, however you like, in short, in short, it’s easy to say, it’s better to say, by the way, you can say, to put it mildly, to put it mildly, on the contrary, in one word, frankly speaking, in expression, simply to say, frankly speaking, in a word, in a word, in fact, in fact, with permission to report, with permission to say, so to speak, what is called ; e) indicate the expressive nature of the statement: to say without flattery, if to tell the truth, except for jokes, between us, between us, be it said, between us, to speak, the truth must be told, it must be confessed, it must be said, it must not be said at night, there is nothing to say, to one’s heart, truly, according to to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, according to conscience, in fairness, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to admit, I confess, frankly, I’ll tell you, I’ll tell you straight, to tell between us, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, it’s funny to say , I assure you, honestly ; and) indicate the relationship between the parts of the statement: to top it all off, in the end, at the same time, in general, on the whole, in general, firstly, secondly, thirdly(etc.), in any case, however, in particular, it turns out, the main thing, the main thing, mainly, means, so, as noted, as indicated, for example, in addition, by the way, by the way, for example, to say, by the way, by the way , finally, (as) for example, on the contrary, on the contrary, in one word, I repeat, I emphasize, in addition to this, first of all, approximately to say, moreover, at the same time, in addition, therefore, with all that, on the one hand, on the other hand , for its part, therefore, therefore, nevertheless ; h) call for attention: believe (whether), see (whether), you see (whether), imagine (those), you know, you understand, if you want, if you want, mind you (those) to yourself, you know (whether), You know (whether), you can do as you wish (to myself) imagine, you won't believe it, you won't believe it, believe it (those), please have mercy (those), remember (whether), you understand (whether), listen (those), imagine (those), imagine (those) forgive me (those) me, do (those) please tell me (those) please agree ; And) express a limitation or clarification of a statement: without exaggeration, to one degree or another, according to at least, at least . |
Comma after conjunctionis put, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure.
I only learned that he was once a coachman for an old childless lady, ran away with the three horses entrusted to him, and disappeared for a whole year And, there must be, having become convinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned on his own, but already lame... I. Turgenev, Singers. However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, A, vice versa, said something encouraging. Yu. Vizbor, Alternative peak Klyuch . Before leaving, I took the list out from under the glass and, with extreme pressure, scratched out the word “Volobuy” with my rainbow pen. I decided to do this because it was shaggy with paper fluff. And, Means, he had already been scratched with a claw before me... K. Vorobyov, Here comes a giant. She suffered for a very long time after separation, But, as is known, time heals any wounds.
If it is impossible to remove the introductory word (i.e., the conjunction is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then a comma after the conjunction not placed(usually this happens with a union A).
“You don’t bother me at all,” he objected, “if you please shoot yourself, but by the way, as you please; your shot remains behind you; I am always ready at your service." A. Pushkin, Shot. You, it seems, then loved the Portuguese, // Maybe, you left with the Malay. A. Vertinsky, Where are you now... The grass in our clearing, yellowed and withered, still remained alive and soft, free from play, people tinkered on it. or better yet, lost guys. V. Rasputin, French lessons. Does the gas appear randomly or not, is it associated with cyclones, which means Whether it is possible to predict based on this criterion is a question that requires clarification. A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.
The introductory word is usually does not separate punctuation mark from the connecting conjunction at the beginning of the sentence.
And indeed , during these four years, while I have been serving in the gymnasium, I feel how strength and youth are leaving me drop by drop every day. A. Chekhov, Three Sisters. “No, life is still wise, and we must obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. – And besides, life is Beautiful". A. Kuprin, Lenochka. And generally speaking , now that he was a little distracted from the thought of the loss of the violin and began to consider what exactly was stolen from him from his personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him... A. and G. Weiner, Visit to the Minotaur. On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a thick glass sign: “Director.” V. Dudintsev, Not by bread alone. In 1925, he seemed to still have some time left. Yes besides, he has already done something worthwhile. D. Granin, Zubr.
There are rules in the Russian language, the formulation of which turns out to be quite complex, it is difficult to reduce it to some kind of elementary scheme (for example, the rule for spelling adverbs). At first glance, the rule for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and sentences consists of a single formulation - they are highlighted on both sides of the letter with commas. However, in fact, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in texts lead to a huge number errors in written works schoolchildren and applicants.
Standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The introductory word is not highlighted;
A word is highlighted that is mistakenly taken as an introductory one, but is not one;
The writer uses punctuation marks inaccurately when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article you can find four cases of using the rule for punctuation with introductory words, although there is only one introductory word - “for example”. The word “however” is not introductory in the proposed context, performing the function of the conjunction “but”; the combinations “at first glance” and “in fact”, considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.
So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?
Introductory words and sentences that are not grammatically related to general structure offers. Introductory words are not parts of a sentence; they cannot be asked questions. Introductory sentences and plug-in structures are not included in general scheme sentences are remarks that are not related or not closely related to the general meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses an emphasizing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, parentheses.
Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rules for using introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately they understood the proposed section of the rule, after each fragment they will be offered exercises for independent analysis. Our exercises are somewhat different from those offered in most teaching aids. These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not entirely traditional in content, but extremely rich in introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work through the completed section of the rule.
Basic rule: The introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.
The main mistake of most writers is related to inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.
GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.
1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, possibly, true, maybe, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, remember...
6. introductory words, which represent the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: do you see, know, understand, forgive, please, agree...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the extent of what is being said: at most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of normality of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: jokes aside, it’s funny to say, honestly, between us...
Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.
The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in writing:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice..., by direction..., by request..., by order..., by plan...- these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.
Task 1. Place the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.
To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories and between us romance novels. Firstly, it seems that I don’t always correctly grasp the author’s intention, but I can well follow the twists and turns of the plot of a crime story. Secondly, I am absolutely not interested in descriptions of the fictional experiences of the characters, so I, as usual, skip almost half of the book. Apparently I am just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read “serious” literature. In addition, this literature, in my opinion, is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practical activities, in other words, the unemployed, and detective stories are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities, who, you agree, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they are describing. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels, unfortunately, seem to be copied from one another, but the plots can, without any doubt, excite even an honored philologist.
For example, one cannot help but be captivated by novels about the everyday life of police officers. According to literary scholars, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intelligence, but believe me, the pleasure of the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that intelligence increases as if on its own. Sometimes the reader guesses before the characters in the novel who, according to the author’s plan, is committing a crime. Maybe it is precisely this illusion of your superiority over the police officers participating in the action that gives you, among other things, a feeling of involvement in the novel’s plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine themselves as one of the heroes of a postmodern novel.
Further, any detective reading knows that evil will ultimately be punished and, of course, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good, and in my opinion, this alone is a fairly compelling reason for the publication of such works that essentially do not bother anyone. Maybe many will not agree with me, but you must agree, we all know people who have never mastered “War and Peace” and are unlikely to remember the contents of the novel “Oblomov”, but to be honest, even my friends, professors and academicians, often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.
Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:
MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, SEEMED act as introductory words if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - Maybe I’ll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time encountering such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can turn out to be predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! It should be yours independent decision. This all seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SEEN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your action? Next month I may go on vacation. Apparently you don't want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be included in the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (= should be) do not understand how important it is to do this on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are just our assumptions for now. These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BY THE WAY is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time” - I’ll go for a walk, by the way, I’ll buy bread.
BY THE WAY, it turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts - Her parents, friends and, by the way, best friend against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, it indicates a connection of thoughts - First of all (=first of all), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all? The same word can act as an adverb of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase “first of all” can be considered either introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, PROPERLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - From this hill, really (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the most best view. There is no doubt (=really, really) that your child is capable of music. He certainly read this novel. - or to the method of forming thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally,” depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.
THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, FINALLY as introductory words they indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our conclusions. Thus (=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Typically, sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations; the words themselves have the meaning “and also.” In the context above, the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “on the one hand”, etc. may appear. “Thus” in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.
These same words are not highlighted as introductory in meaning: “in this way” = “in this way” - In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet. “Next” = “then” - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Typically, time adverbials, such as “first,” are found in the previous context. “Later” = “then, after that” - And then he became a famous scientist. “Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything” - Finally, all the affairs were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning the particle “-that” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for “finally”, the combination “eventually” is not introductory - Eventually (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - Rain, however, has been falling for the second week, despite weather forecasters. How cleverly I did it, however! "However" does not appear to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a clause complex sentence when it acts as an adversative conjunction (=but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We didn't expect to meet, but we were lucky.
GENERALLY is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking”, when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always” - Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
IN MY opinion, IN YOUR opinion, IN OUR opinion, IN YOUR opinion are introductory, indicating the source of the message - Your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you with everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted with a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle - I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, indicate the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of “always, under any circumstances,” this combination is not introductory - In any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, more often than not, it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with this. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you really pretending to be a smart guy?
IN ITS TURN it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way thoughts are formed - Among the many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, “The Novel” can be especially highlighted. Having asked me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced with the words “therefore”, “therefore” - The message is complex, which means it needs to be conveyed today. The rain has already stopped, which means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, it means she feels she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means” - A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him with everything. “So” can appear between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means” - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it. – In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher grades you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study little, the grades will be bad; the comma before “and” ends up at the end of the sentence - it’s like a complex sentence, where “on the contrary” replaces its second Part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “on the contrary” replaces a homogeneous subordinate clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meaning of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM VIEWPOINT is introductory meaning "in opinion" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest mark. The same phrase may have the meaning “in relation to” and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of some heroes literary works from point of view modern morality, then he should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) – I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general” - The conversation turned to politics in general and in particular about the latest government decisions.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate a fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination may be part of a connecting construction, in which case, if it is at the beginning or end of it, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government’s promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like about him mainly is his attitude towards his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is an extremely attentive person to his appearance For example, he carefully takes care of his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not isolated from this phrase by a comma – In many big cities, for example, in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there may be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.
Task 2. In the text below, place punctuation marks for introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language had to be used.
Student 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Naturally, his laziness led to him getting bad grades at school, and therefore, of course, he was also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the joy of all the teachers, he received a “B”, but Nikita did not often have the desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe some other unpleasant chores around the house, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and of course for football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school; some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even brought pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language caused unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn’t have it. Coming home from school, he first turned on the computer and played for at least an hour with a toy that was interesting and useful from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quick reaction undoubtedly inherent in a boy. He really loved sports, and then a boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. In fact, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important thing to be “A” in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded that I go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was precisely during these half-hours that laziness attacked Nikita, at least this state could only be called that way. The boy listlessly flipped through the pages of his textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was discussed in class and convincing himself that he already remembered everything, and closed the books. Thus, the lessons ultimately remained undone, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. You don't really think so?
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