The economy operates great amount enterprises. They differ from each other in a number of ways.

Classification makes it possible to identify groups of homogeneous groups based on certain characteristics from the entire set of enterprises. For each homogeneous group, its own methods of organizing production, management and planning are developed.

The main characteristics of the classification include: the industry of the enterprise, its size, specialization and scale of production of similar products, methods of organization, degree of mechanization and automation, forms of ownership, etc.

Signs of industry affiliation are:

the nature of the raw materials used. On this basis, enterprises are divided into enterprises of the mining and manufacturing industries;
purpose and nature finished products. On this basis, all enterprises are divided into 2 groups: those producing means of production and those producing consumer goods;
technical and technological community of production. On this basis, enterprises are distinguished: with continuous and discrete production processes; with a predominance of mechanical, physical, chemical production processes;
By operating hours throughout the year year-round and seasonal enterprises are distinguished.

The most widespread division of enterprises is by size; on this basis, enterprises are divided into large, medium and small (including small ones with status). The main criterion for classifying an enterprise into one of the groups is indicators of the volume of activity, the number of employees and the cost of capital, taking into account industry specifics. Small enterprises receive status in accordance with current legislation.

According to the specialization of production and the scale of production of similar products, they are divided into:

highly specialized with a mass type of production organization;
specialized with a serial type of production organization;
universal (diversified) with a single type of organization.

There are also combined enterprises where they are present for various types products have several signs of specialization and scale of production of similar products.

According to the methods of organizing production, enterprises are divided into groups with a predominance of flow, batch and individual methods of organization.

According to the degree of mechanization of production processes, enterprises are distinguished:

comprehensively and partially automated;
comprehensively and partially mechanized;
with a predominance of manual and machine-manual production processes.

The organizational and legal form of enterprises is determined by the form of ownership. Enterprises differ:

private form of ownership: personal (family);
enterprises of collective ownership.

Enterprises of state (municipal) form of ownership are distinguished separately. State (municipal) enterprises are based on law economic management. Such enterprises have a certain independence in their economic activity. Unitary enterprises based on right of operational management, - These are federal government enterprises. The activities of such enterprises are fully regulated by the state: the order plan is finalized, product prices are approved, and the distribution of profits and manufactured products is approved. The state approves the enterprise's charter and appoints a manager. State-owned enterprises are subordinate to ministries (departments).

On the basis of two forms of ownership, enterprises of mixed forms of ownership can be created, such as:

state joint stock companies(a joint stock company with a 100% block of shares that are state property);
joint stock companies with a controlling stake at the disposal of the enterprise;
joint-stock companies with a certain share of shares at the disposal of the state;
enterprises of joint (with a foreign investor) ownership - joint ventures.

To enterprises social form property includes associations and unions.

An analysis of the distribution of enterprises by type of ownership indicates a predominance in Russia of enterprises with a private form of ownership and an insignificant share of state and municipal unitary enterprises. If we compare these data with 1996, then the number state enterprises decreased by 3 times, municipal - by 27.2%. But the share of private enterprises due to the processes of denationalization and privatization increased by 17%.

the federal law dated July 24, 2007 No. 209 Federal Law “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation.”

a) according to the purpose of activity, enterprises are commercial and non-commercial. The main purpose of business enterprises is to make a profit, while non-profit organizations have other goals and perform other statutory tasks (charitable, pacifist, religious, environmental organizations);

b) according to the form of ownership, enterprises can be private and state (public).

If the founder of an enterprise is a private individual or a group of private co-owners, then such an enterprise will be private. In the case when the society as a whole or predominantly the society acts as its owner, then such an enterprise will be state-owned (public). Varieties state property in the Republic of Belarus are communal and republican property. In addition, there are enterprises of mixed ownership, i.e. with the share of private and state ownership in its assets;

c) By appearance economic activity Enterprises are divided into organizations that produce material goods and provide services.

1). By size: small, medium and large.

2). By participation of foreign capital: joint, foreign and foreign. The joint venture is located on the territory of the country and has a share in the authorized capital owned by at least one foreign investor. A foreign enterprise is located outside the country, but its authorized capital belongs to domestic investors. A foreign enterprise is located on the territory of the country, but its authorized capital is entirely owned by foreign investors.

12.The internal environment of the organization and its main elements.

The internal environment of an organization is that part of the general environment that is located within the organization. It has a constant and direct impact on the functioning of the organization. The internal environment has several sections, each of which includes a set of key processes and elements of the organization, the state of which together determines the potential and capabilities that the organization has.

Frame slice covers: interaction between managers and workers; hiring, training and promotion of personnel; assessment of labor results and incentives; creating and maintaining relationships between employees, etc.

Organizational cross-section includes: communication processes; organizational structures; norms, rules, procedures; distribution of rights and responsibilities; hierarchy of subordination.

IN production cut includes the manufacture of the product; supply and warehousing; technological park maintenance; carrying out research and development.

Marketing slice covers all those processes that are associated with the sale of products. This is the product strategy, the pricing strategy; product promotion strategy on the market; selection of sales markets and distribution systems.

Financial slice includes processes related to ensuring effective use and cash flows in the organization.

The internal environment is completely permeated by organizational culture; it can contribute to the fact that the organization is a strong structure that can sustainably survive in the competitive struggle. But it may also be that organizational culture weakens the organization if it has high technical, technological and financial potential. Organizations with a strong organizational culture tend to emphasize the importance of the people who work within it. An idea of organizational culture comes from observing how employees work in their workplaces, how they interact with each other, and what they prioritize in conversations.

The activities of an organization are carried out under the influence of many factors that exist inside and outside the organization.

Internal factors are called variables internal environment, which is regulated and controlled by management.

Main elements of the internal environment:

1) goals - a specific end state or desired result towards which the organization's efforts are directed. The general or general goal is called the mission with which the organization declares itself in the market. Goals are set during the planning process.

2) structure - the number and composition of its divisions, levels of management in unified system. Its purpose is to ensure the effective achievement of the organization's goals. It includes communication channels through which information is transmitted for decision making. By using decisions made coordination and control over individual structural divisions organizations.

3) task - work that must be completed in a predetermined manner and within a specified time frame. Tasks are divided into 3 groups: work with people, working with information, working with objects.

4) technology - the accepted order of connections between certain types works

5) People - the team of the organization.

6) organizational culture - a system of collectively shared values and beliefs that influences the behavior of individual employees, as well as the results of work.

All noted variables interact with each other and help ensure the achievement of the organization's goals.

13.Goals and mission of the organization.

Mission is considered as a formulated statement regarding why or for what reason the organization exists, i.e. the mission is understood as a statement that reveals the meaning of the organization’s existence, in which the difference between this organization and similar ones is manifested.

Typically, defining the mission of an organization aims to solve the following problems:

§ identify the area active actions organizations and cut off development paths that lead to nowhere;

§ determine the basic principles of competition;

§ develop a common basis for developing the organization’s goals;

§ develop a concept of activity that inspires employees of the organization.

Mission Goals is a vision of what an organization should be or what it should stand for. They must reflect the interests of all groups of influence or various groups people in one way or another connected with the activities of the organization and involved in the process of its functioning (owners, managers, employees and workers, consumers, suppliers, banks, government agencies, local authorities management, public organizations, etc.).

When developing a mission, the following groups of factors are taken into account:

1. The history of the emergence and development of the organization, its traditions, achievements and failures, the established image.

2. The existing style of behavior and method of action of owners and managers.

3. Resources, i.e. everything that the organization can manage: cash cash, recognized product brands, unique technologies, employee talent, etc.

4. Environment, representing the totality of all factors that affect the organization's ability to achieve its goals using the chosen strategies.

5. Distinctive advantages that the organization has.

For example, the mission of the Marriott Hotel Company is stated as follows: “We strive to be the best in the world in providing stays and food for our customers by encouraging our staff to provide exceptional customer service and respect the interests of shareholders.”

Following the above rules is a very difficult task. This is one of the main reasons that not all organizations have clearly defined missions, and some simply do not have them.

Organizational goals

The main starting point for forming the organization's goals is marketing and innovation. It is in these areas that the organization’s values are located for which the consumer is willing to pay. If the organization is unable to good level today and tomorrow to satisfy consumer demands, then it will not have any profit. In other areas of activity (production, personnel, etc.), goals are valuable only to the extent that they improve the organization's ability to satisfy customer needs and implement innovations.

There are six types of goals:

1. Achieving certain indicator values market share.

2. Innovation goals. Without developing new products and providing new services, an organization can very quickly be knocked out of the competition by competitors. Example of a goal of this type may be: 50% of sales should be provided by products and services introduced in the last five years.

3. Resource goals characterize the organization’s desire to attract the most valuable resources: qualified employees, capital, modern equipment. These goals are of a marketing nature. Thus, organizations compete to attract the most capable university graduates, retailers compete for the best location retail outlets. As a result, achieving such results creates the prerequisites for performing other tasks.

4. Goals to improve performance. When personnel, capital and production and technical potential are not used effectively enough, then consumer needs will not be satisfied enough, or this will be achieved through excessive expenditure of resources.

5. Social goals are aimed at reducing the negative impact on the natural environment, helping society solve employment problems, in the field of education, etc.

6. Goals to achieve a certain profit can only be established after previous goals have been formulated. Profit is something that can help attract capital and encourage owners to share risk. Profit is therefore best viewed as a restrictive goal. Minimum profitability is necessary for the survival and development of a business.

14.Levels of organization management. Competencies of managers at various levels.

Regardless of how many levels of management there are, managers are traditionally divided into three categories. managers grassroots(downmanagement), or operational managers

· managers middle management(middle management)

· managers senior management(topmanagement).

Lower level managers

Junior Chiefs, also called first-line managers or operations managers, are the organizational level directly above workers and other employees (non-managers). Junior managers (or supervisors) mainly monitor the implementation of production tasks to continuously provide direct information about the correctness of these tasks. Managers at this level are often responsible for the direct use of resources allocated to them, such as raw materials and equipment. Typical job titles at this level are foreman, shift foreman, sergeant, department head, head nurse, and head of the management department at a business school. Most of leaders in general are lower-level managers. Most people begin their management careers in this capacity.

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Enterprise economics: lecture notes Dushenkina Elena Alekseevna

1. Classification of enterprises

There are several types of classifications of entrepreneurship.

Main classification criteria enterprises are:

1) industry and subject specialization;

2) production structure;

3) size of the enterprise.

The main ones are considered industry differences manufactured products. According to this classification enterprises are divided into:

1) industrial;

2) agricultural;

3) enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining And processing industry. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light industry, food industry, heavy industry, etc.

In practice, there are rarely enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined. As a rule, most of them have intersectoral structure. In this regard, enterprises are divided into:

1) highly specialized;

2) multidisciplinary;

3) combined.

Highly specialized enterprises that produce a limited range of mass-produced or large-scale products are considered. TO multidisciplinary include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes - most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into next view.

The most complex form of combining production is complex use raw materials for the manufacture of products of different structure and chemical composition when, based on the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that differ in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping of enterprises by enterprise size received the most widespread use. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (less often up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When assigning an enterprise to one of the groups, the following can be used: indicators:

1) number of employees;

2) the cost of manufactured products;

3) the cost of fixed production assets.

One international standard There is no differentiation of enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large. It all depends on specific situation, level of development, type of economy, its sectoral structure. The classification based on the number of employees with differentiation by economic sectors is mainly used.

Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. At the same time, it is added to the average annual number of employees average number employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

By field of activity are divided into enterprises of the production and non-production spheres.

According to the nature of the raw materials consumed They are divided into mining industry enterprises and manufacturing industry enterprises.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into state, municipal, private, cooperative, etc.

By scale entrepreneurial activity enterprises can be divided into the following types:

1) individual enterprise: any creative activity of one person and his family;

2) collective enterprise.

By operating time throughout the year are divided into year-round enterprises and seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization enterprises are divided into:

1) specialized - these enterprises produce a certain range of products;

2) universal - these enterprises produce wide range products;

3) mixed - these enterprises occupy an intermediate place between specialized and universal enterprises.

According to the degree of production automation enterprises are divided into automated, partially automated, mechanized, partially mechanized, machine-manual and manual.

By nature of activity enterprises are:

1) non-profit – not related to the sale of products for the sake of enrichment (charitable activities);

2) commercial – income-generating enterprises. This type of activity is usually called business.

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THE ROLE OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT The balance of power has undoubtedly shifted towards management, which now has more choice in how to build its relationships with employees. However, it is clear that company leaders had no desire

There are several types of classifications of entrepreneurship. Main classification criteria enterprises are: industry and subject specialization; production structure; enterprise size.

The main ones are considered industry differences manufactured products .

According to this classification, enterprises are divided into: industrial; agricultural; enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry is traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining and processing industries. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light industry, food industry, heavy industry, etc.

In practice, there are rarely enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined.

As a rule, most of them have intersectoral structure . In this regard, enterprises are divided into: highly specialized; multidisciplinary; combined.

Highly specialized enterprises are those that produce a limited range of mass or large-scale products. Multi-industry enterprises include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes - most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into the next type. The most complex form of combining production is the integrated use of raw materials for the manufacture of products that differ in structure and chemical composition, when, based on the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that differ in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping of enterprises By enterprise size received the most widespread use. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (less often up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When assigning an enterprise to one of the groups, the following indicators can be used: number of employees; cost of manufactured products; cost of fixed production assets. There is no single international standard for differentiating enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large. It all depends on the specific situation, level of development, type of economy, and its sectoral structure. The classification based on the number of employees with differentiation by economic sectors is mainly used. Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. In this case, the average number of employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise is added to the average annual number of employees. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

By field of activity are divided into enterprises of the production and non-production spheres.

According to the nature of the raw materials consumed They are divided into mining industry enterprises and manufacturing industry enterprises.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into state, municipal, private, cooperative, etc.

By scale of business activity enterprises can be divided into the following types: individual enterprise: any creative activity of one person and his family; collective enterprise.

By working hours During the year they are divided into year-round enterprises and seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization enterprises are divided into: specialized - these enterprises produce a certain range of products; universal – these enterprises produce a wide range of products; mixed - these enterprises occupy an intermediate position between specialized and universal enterprises.

By degree of automation Production enterprises are divided into automated, partially automated, mechanized, partially mechanized, machine-manual and manual.

By nature of activity enterprises are: non-profit – not related to the sale of products for the sake of enrichment (charitable activities); commercial – income-generating enterprises. This type of activity is usually called business. The most important is the classification of enterprises (firms) by legal status and form of business. Sole proprietorship is the property of one person or family; it is liable for its obligations with all its property (capital). Such an enterprise can be registered as independent or as a branch of another enterprise (another company). The form of sole proprietorships is predominantly carried out by firms with a small number of employees. Cooperative enterprises(cooperatives) are voluntary associations of citizens for the purpose of jointly conducting economic or other activities. Their characteristic feature is the personal participation of everyone in joint activities, the use of their own or rented property. There are two main types of cooperatives in the Ukrainian economy: production and consumer cooperatives. In the future, we can expect a wide spread of cooperatives in other areas of activity - scientific, financial, insurance, etc. In the public sector of the economy, one of the forms of entrepreneurship is rental businesses. Lease consists of temporary (on a contractual basis) possession and use of property necessary for the tenant to carry out business activities. Lease objects can be entire property complexes of state enterprises or their structural divisions (branches, workshops, sites), as well as individual units of property. Selected on this basis business companies are associations of entrepreneurs. In most countries with market economies, such societies, depending on the nature of integration (persons or capital) and the extent of liability for obligations (full or partial), are divided into full, limited liability, limited And joint stock. A full company (full liability company) is a company in which all participants are engaged in joint entrepreneurial activities and bear joint liability for the obligations of the enterprise with all their property. A limited liability company is one that has an authorized capital divided into parts; their size is determined by the constituent documents. The participants of this society are liable to the extent of their contribution. A limited partnership is a company that, along with members with full liability, includes one or more participants whose liability is limited to a personal contribution to the property of such a company. The most developed form of business companies is a joint stock company. Let us dwell on it in more detail, since it is directly related to the enterprise under study. .

The main attribute of society is promotion- a security without a specified circulation period, which indicates the shareholder’s equity participation in the authorized capital of the company; confirms membership in it and the right to receive part of the profit in the form of dividends and to participate in the distribution of property during the liquidation of the company. There are two types of joint stock companies: open type, whose shares are distributed through open subscription and purchase and sale on stock exchanges; closed type, shares of which can only be distributed between its founders. The joint stock form of business has significant advantages: financial - it creates a mechanism for the rapid mobilization of large-scale investments and regular receipt of income in the form of dividends on shares; economic - share capital contributes to the establishment of a flexible system of production and economic relations mediated by cross or valuable share ownership; social - corporatization is an important form of denationalization of the property of enterprises of any size, transforming employees into owners of a certain share of the enterprise’s property.

Technological and territorial integrity have the so-called parent (parent) enterprises or firms. The peculiarity of their activities is that they control other companies. Depending on the amount of capital owned by the parent (parent) company, as well as the legal status and degree of subordination, enterprises within the sphere of influence of the parent company can be divided into subsidiaries, associates and branches.

Subsidiary (company)- a legally independent organizational entity that carries out commercial operations and draws up a balance sheet. At the same time, the parent company strictly controls the activities of all its subsidiaries, since it owns a controlling stake in their shares.

Associated enterprise is also formally independent, but according to various reasons it depends on the parent company and must be subordinate to its strategic goals. Unlike subsidiaries and associates branch does not enjoy legal and economic independence, does not have its own charter and balance sheet, acts on behalf and on behalf of the parent enterprise, and has the same name as it. Almost the entire share capital of the branch belongs to the parent company.

To summarize, we systematize the above information in the form of a table (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 - Classification of enterprises

Source

As can be seen from Table 3.1, the classification of enterprises in accordance with industry and functional types of activity in most cases is clear from the very name of the individual groups of such activities. Explanations are required only leasing companies.

In the global economy, this name refers to international rental companies - producers who, for an appropriate fee, rent out consumer goods, computer equipment, various technological equipment, vehicles, etc.

Thus, the enterprise under study, JSC KEZ, is classified as commercial, private, with national capital, production and trading, parent (in in this case- singular), average by number of employees.

Since one of the methods of cognition of processes and phenomena is classification, i.e. dividing the population into groups according to various signs, the above classifications, according to which enterprises are divided into types, give us a complete picture of the activities of the organization under study and its role and place in the economy. Now we can move on to consider the life cycle of an enterprise.

Classification of enterprises:

By type of ownership: state; municipal; private; cooperative enterprises; owned enterprises public organizations; organizations with mixed form property.

By industry:

Industrial; transport; agricultural; trading, etc.

By size: small; average; large, incl. especially large.

By participation of foreign capital: national; foreign;

Joint (mixed).

By organizational and legal forms:

Business partnerships and societies;

Full partnership;

Limited partnership;

Limited Liability Company (LLC);

Additional liability company (ALC);

Joint Stock Company (JSC);

Production cooperatives (artels); unitary enterprise.

By type and nature of activity: production and non-production sphere.

In relation to profit: commercial and non-profit.

In terms of independent decision-making:

Head; subsidiaries; dependent.

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Signs of classification of enterprises. Classification of enterprises (organizations) according to various criteria

1. Classification of enterprises

More on topic 6. Classification of organizations according to various criteria: by type of ownership, industry, size, participation of foreign capital, organizational and legal forms: