One of the chemical elements belonging to the metal group is the waist. Tallium in the human body is always present in a small amount. Despite this contact with it should be avoided because it leads to a severe form of intoxication. Tallium has a poisonous effect on a person.
What is the waist and possible ways of poisoning them
Before finding out where you can choose, you need to answer the question: Salt Tallina - What is it? This is a potent toxin, which affects the peripheral and central nervous system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. In industry, it is used much less frequently than other metals. It is important to remember that any contact with it in most cases ends with death, since it is a potent poison.
During numerous experiments, this chemical element was revealed in a person's body in greater quantities in fatty tissues. To date, its functions and purpose in our body remain a big mystery. In plants there is its minimum quantity. Therefore, scientists believe that Thallium (or Thallium) falls into the human body with vegetable products. The concentration is so small that it does not harm health.
It is important to know where the poison contains. Inxication can occur in one of the following situations:
- Work with pesticides or insecticides. Most of the poisoning is observed in agricultural workers.
- While working at the production of waves. For example, the production of pyrotechnics, thermometers, colors of fluorescent and light bulbs.
- Metal is part of the rodent poisons, so poisoning can occur during the processing of the room against rodents.
- Most often, children take place from ingress the means that contains Tallina pesticides. It is so important to hide from the child all the poison, solutions and chemicals, because he still does not know anything about the upcoming danger. For a small organism, even the most minimum amount of such a substance can become the latter.
While working with Tallium, a respirator and a protective suit is sure to wear. For poisoning, it does not always need contact with the skin, sufficient sulfate waist to get into the body through the respiratory tract. Very often, this chemical element is used to deliberately kill a person.
Toollia action to the body
Above we found out that this metal has 3 ways to get into the body: 
- contact with leather
- through the digestive system
- through the respiratory tract.
Tallium has a poisonous effect on the human body. It is enough 1 gram for poisoning. Larger quantity leads to death. The fastest and hard poisoning is observed in situations when Tallium (Thallium) swallowed. His getting into the stomach leads to local inflammation. Less than an hour in order for this poison to spread throughout the body. The kidneys suffer most, since only they are able to bring it out of the body. Namely, there is a violation of their functions, since Thallium settles on the inner walls of the organs. It is removed from the body very and very slowly. It will take to 3 months to completely clean the body from a small number of poison.
Not only kidneys, but all other vital organs suffer from intoxication. In the heart, nervous cells of the brain, liver, nervous paths and vessels there is a metallian sedimentation. In more severe cases, the swelling of the brain is noted. As a rule, it is precisely this causes all deaths during poisoning.
Manifestations of tallium poisoning
The complexity of intoxication directly depends not only on the number of adopted poison, but also from the age of the victim and its weight. The child needs much less time and amount of chemical for the development of poisoning.
After the first 2 hours, you can observe how the first symptoms begin to manifest. The overall condition of the victim begins to deteriorate rapidly and after this time can be observed a complete clinical picture. The first symptoms of tallium poisoning:
- Acute stomach pain that quickly applies. At this moment all the departments of the intestine and the stomach are affected.
- Nausea, after which it is vomiting. Usually, the variable mass consists of gastric juice, bile and remnants of the eaten.
- Due to the intestinal lesion, the diarrhea comes, which is accompanied by blood. It is caused by bleeding in the intestines.
- The rapid rhythm of the heart or tachycardia can be in a short time to constantly disturbed heart rhythm.
- Frequent breathing.
- There is a decree of blood pressure. This is caused by internal bleeding in the intestinal area.
If you do not seek medical help in time, then during the next week such symptoms are added:
- attacks of seizures that very much resemble epilepsy,
- strong and permanent headache is in one part of the head,
- apathy, pronounced weakness of the whole organism,
- malgia, so called muscle pain that is localized in the lower limbs,
- sharing, disturbed coordination, especially noticeable when walking. This suggests that Tallium damaged the cerebellum,
- inflammation of the nerve paths or polyneurite, which is manifested by pain in the whole body,
- a sharp deterioration in view, in particularly launched and heavy forms, comes full blindness, which indicates a lesion in the head brain of the visual center,
- loss of consciousness, there are deep comatose states.
In cases of sharp and severe poisoning, the victim dies during the first day due to brain edema or internal intestinal bleeding.
First medical care for poisoning
If there are suspicions that the inxication of Tallium occurred, it is necessary to call an ambulance, without waiting for the first symptoms. After all, every minute is important. First aid and further treatment is carried out only by the medical staff in stationary conditions.
All you can is. Thus, you output the gathered waist particles in the stomach and reduce the severity of the entire further poisoning process. You can spend the following events on your own:
- Purification of the stomach. If the poison was swallowed, this event is recommended to spend in the first minutes. To do this, the victim needed to drink a volley of more than 1 liter of simple water, after which cause a vomit reflex. In order to provoke a vomit call, push the root of the tongue. It is necessary to repeat this procedure several times. This will help withdraw the maximum number of poison from the stomach. If there is a violation of consciousness, then this washing is categorically prohibited. It should also be discontinued in cases where vomiting has a dark or even black color. Such a color can only talk about internal bleeding. And the washing only will strengthen it and increase the volume of blood loss.
- Sorbents. It is worth looking into the first-aid kit. Perhaps there will be preparations of a group of sorbents. Carefully read the instruction to understand what the patient is necessary to accept the dosage. For example, 1 pill of activated carbon is required by 10 kg.
- Drink. It must be simple water. It is drinking that will help to remove dehydration, which may occur in the process of poisoning. You should pay attention to the water temperature. It must be a room, in no case are not hot. Also avoid carbonated beverages.
Only people who arrived at the challenge can provide first medical care. It consists of the following events:
- preparations are introduced that eliminate respiration and heartbeat,
- special droppers are put, which remove intoxication syndrome,
- in pronounced intestinal bleeding, hemostatic drugs are introduced,
- if there is an indomitable vomiting, then
- little children or victims with disturbed consciousness make the stomach flushing through the probe.
After all the vital indicators stabilized, he was taken to the nearest hospital. There is a hospitalization in toxicological separation or in intensive care.
Survey and treatment of the victim
In the body is not so easy to reveal Tallium. For this, radiologically investigate the abdominal cavity. It can be seen in the picture, since he does not miss X-ray rays. It can be collected in the field of kidneys or intestines.
Tallium poisoning is very serious, so the treatment begins in moments of hospitalization. It consists of the following components:
- Dithiocarb is introduced - this is the antidote of Thallium. Thanks to it, toxins from the body are neutralized and removed. But the improvement does not happen instantly.
- Hemodialysis also helps to remove toxins from the body. It is carried out in the first day of poisoning. Helps prevent acute renal failure.
- If there is no intestinal bleeding, then laxatives are used.
- Medicines are introduced to normalize and maintain pressure and heart work.
- Droppers, which are aimed at normalization of pressure, as well as reduced intoxication. Any drug is injected under the strict control of the blood electrolyte composition.
What could be the consequences?
In all cases, it is noted that the intoxication of Tallolium sulfate never passes without a trace, in Independence whether the assistance was provided in a timely and correctly or after some time. As a rule, the consequences remain for life. With more complex poisoning after recovery, a complete disability loss is observed. The most common consequences after intoxication: 
- Alopecia. Characteristic for both men and women. Hair loss can be partial, and there may be full baldness. As a rule, this consequence is irreversibly.
- The retina is atrophy. This leads to a complete or partial loss of vision.
- In men, impotence, and women break the menstrual cycle, possibly infertility.
- Renal failure caused by the defeat of the kidneys, in some cases the victim needs constant hemodialysis.
- Atrophy of the skin, dermatitis, rash and redness.
- Cardiac insufficiency, which goes into chronic.
- Depression.
- Memory disorder.
- Development of epilepsy.
Due to the fact that tall lities are not such a common metal, the poisoning is rare, but it is much more serious than the rest. It is important to remember what the thallium salt is and where the poison contains. Most often, children suffer from a substance that includes thalla sulfate, or people working on production with its use. To save life, it is necessary to call an ambulance with the slightest suspicions of intoxication. Doctors have to fight with a large number of complications that may arise, so the treatment and rehabilitation period is very long. Even with timely first aid, the victim may forever remain disabled.
It remained "unemployed" within 60 years after the opening of the Crox. But by the beginning of the20s of our century, the specific properties of Tallium preparations were opened, and the demand for them immediately appeared. In 1920, a patented poison against rodents was obtained in Germany, which included Tallia Sulphate TL 2 SO 4.This substance without taste and smell sometimes Insecticides and zoocides and today.In the same 1920 in the journal "Physical Review"An article of Case appeared, which found that the electrical conductivity of one of the tall lip compounds (its oxysulfide) changes under the action of light.
Soon the first photo cells were made, the working body of which was precisely this substance. They were particularly sensitive to infrared rays. Elemental compounds of element number81, in particular, mixed crystals of bromide and a monovalent thallia iodide, good :) The infrared rays are passed. Such crystals were first obtained during the Second World War. They were grown in platinum triggers at 470 ° C and used in infrared alarm devices, as well as to detect the enemy snipers. LaterTLBR and TLI used in scintillation counters to register alpha and beta radiation ...It is well known that the tan on our skin appears mainly due to ultraviolet rays and that these rays have the same bactericidal action.
However, as established, not all rays of the ultraviolet part of the spectrum are equally effective. Doctors release erythemal radiation, or erythene (from Latin Aeritema - "redness"), actions are genuine "rays of the tan". And, of course, materials capable of transforming primary ultraviolet radiation in the rays of eryetric action are very important for physiotherapy. Such materials were some and alkaline earth metal phosphates activated by the waist. Medicine uses other compounds of element No. 81. They are used, in particular, to remove hair with a ring-free deck - salt of thallium in the respective doses lead to temporary baldness.
The widespread use of the Talnia salts in medicine prevents the circumstance that the difference between therapeutic and toxic doses of these salts is small. The toxicity of the same thallium and its salts requires them to appeal carefully and carefully. So far, telling about the practical benefits of Tallia, we concerned only its compounds. You can add that carbonate Tallina TL 2 CO 3.used to produce glasswith a large refractive factorlight rays.BUT what is myself? It is also used, thoughtaper there is not as wide as salt. Metal is part of some alloys, giving them acid resistance, strength, wear resistance.
Most often, thalliums are injected at the basis of a leader lead. Bearing alloy -72% PB, 15% SB, 5% SN and 8% TL exceeds the best tin bearings. Alloy 70% PB, 20% Sn and 10% TL resistant to the action of nitric and hydrochloric acids.The alloy of Tallina with mercury - thallium containing approximately 8.5% of the element No. 81 is standing, containing about 8.5% of the element No. 81. Under normal conditions, it is liquid and, unlike pure mercury, remains in liquid state at temperatures before-60 °S. Alloy is used in liquid shutters, switches, thermometers operating under the Far North, in experiments with low temperatures. In the chemical industry, metallic tall lines, like some of its compounds, are used as a catalyst, in particular when the nitrobenzene is reduced by hydrogen. Without work and radioisotopes Tallulia. Thallium-204 (half-life of 3,56 years) - pure beta emitter.
It is used in control and measuring equipment designed to measure the thickness of coatings and thin-walled products. Similar installations with radioactive tallium remove static electricity charges from finished products in the paper and textile industry. We think that already given examples are quite enough to consider certainly proven the utility of element No. 81. But that Ta Lyia will make an era in chemistry, we They did not say everything all dum. Not Alexander Duma, however, it would be quite explained with his fantasy), and Jean Baptiste Andre Duma is a named after a writer, quite a serious chemist. But we note that both chemicals fantasy brings more benefits than harm ...
A little more history. French chemist Lami opened thallium regardless of Crox. He discovered a green spectral line, exploring the sludges of another sulfuric acid plant. Ongenfirstgot a little elementary talllia, installed itmetal nature and studied some properties. Circles ahead of Lam and just a few months.
ABOUT Minerals Tallliament. In some rare minerals - Lorandal, Wrbate, Gutchinsonitte, Krozey - the content of the element№ 81 very Veliko --ot 16 to 80%. It is a pity that all these are very rare. The last Mineral Tallliament, representing almost pure oxide of the trivalent Tallia TL2O 3 (79.52% TL), was found in 1956 in the territory of Uzbekistan. This mineral called Avicenne - in honor of the sage, doctor and philosopher Avicenna, or more correctly Abu Ali Ibn Sina.
Tallium in wildlife. Tallium was found in the vegetable animal organisms. It is contained in tobacco, chicory roots, spinach, beech wood, in grapes, beets and other plants. From animals Most Talloli contain jellyfish, acti, starfish and other inhabitants of the seas. Some plants accumulate talliums in the course of life. Thalliumwasdetected in beets that spoken on the soil in which the finest analytical methods could not detect element number81. Later it was found that even with a minimum concentration of thallium in the soil of beets can concentrate and accumulate it.
Not only from chimneys. The discoverer of Talloli found him in the volatile dust of the sulfuric acid plant. Now it seems natural that tallons essentially found in chimney - after all, at a temperature of melting temperatures, the connection of Tallliament becomes volatile. In dust, carried out into the chimney, they condense, as a rule, in the form of oxide and sulfate. Remove the thallium from the mixture (A, dust is a mixture of many substances) helps the good majority of compounds of monovalent thallia. They are removed from dust acidified hot water. Increased helps to successfully clean the tall lines from numerous impurities. After that, metal thallium is obtained.
The method of obtaining metallic thallia depends on which its compound was the final product of the previous production stage. If carbonate was obtained, sulfate or perchlorate toll, of which the element№ 81 extracted by electrolysis; If the oxalate chloride was obtained, resort to normal recovery. Most technologically soluble in water Sulfate TalliaTL 2 SO 4. It itself serves as an electrolyte, with the electrolysis of which spongate thallium is settled at cathodes from aluminum. This sponge is then pressed, melted and molded. It should be remembered that Thallium is alwaysrapid along the way: along the way, with lead, zinc, cadmium and some other elements. Such a lot of scattered ...
Thallium - element of the main subgroup of the third group of the sixth period of the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev, atomic number 81. is indicated by the TL symbol (lat. Thallium). Refers to a group of heavy metals. A simple thallium substance is a soft white metal with a bluish tint.
History and origin of the nameTallium was opened by the spectral method in 1861 by William Cruks in the shelves of lead chambers of the sulfuric acid plant of the city of Harz. Pure metal thallium was independently obtained by Circus and French chemist Claude-Auguste Las in 1862.
In March 1861, the English scientist William Cruks explored dust, which was caught on one of the sulfuric acid industries. Cruks believed that this dust should contain selenium and televir - analogs of sulfur. He found selenium, but the televore could not find ordinary chemical methods. Then Circles decided to take advantage of the new time and very sensitive method of spectral analysis. In the spectrum, he unexpectedly discovered a new line of light green color, which could not be attributed to any of the known elements. This bright line was the first "news" of the new item. Thanks to her, he was discovered and thanks to her, Latin Thallus was called the "blooming branch." The spectral line of the color of the young foliage was the "calling card" of Tallliament.
Finding Tallina in NatureFor more than 30 years after the opening of the Crox, and Tallium still remained one of the least studied elements. He was looking for in nature and found, but, as a rule, in minimal concentrations. Only in 1896 Russian scientist I.A. Antipov found an increased tellium content in Silesian marcasites.
Tallium - scattered element. It is contained in roasted zinc, copper and iron cchedans, in potash salts and mica. Tallium - heavy metal. It is known only by seven thallia minerals (for example, a CU (CU, TL, AG) 2 SE, Loorlands Tlass 2, robiate TL 4 HG 3 SB 2 AS 8 S 20, Gudchinsonite (PB, TL) S AG 2 S 5as 2 S 5, Avicenne TL 2 O 3 and others), all of them are extremely rare. The main mass of Tallia is associated with sulphides and primarily with iron disulfides. In pyrite, it is set in 25% of the analyzed samples. Its content in iron disulfides is often 0.1 - 0.2%, and sometimes it reaches 0.5%. In Galenit, the content of Tallolium ranges from 0.003 to 0.1% and rarely more. High concentrations of thallium in disulfides and galena are characteristic of low-temperature lead-zinc deposits in limestones. The content of thallium reaching 0.5% is noted in some sulfosoles. A small amount of Tallliament is found in many other sulphides, for example in splarmites and chalcopirites of some medical deposits. Its content fluctuates from 25 to 50 g / t.
But no mineral deposit Thallium on Earth is not interested in industry. Get this element in the processing of various substances and ores - as a by-product.
The greatest geochemical similarity of Tallium has C, RB, CS, as well as with PB, AG, CU, BI. Tallium easily migrates in the biosphere. From natural waters, it is sorbed by coals, clays, manganese hydroxides, accumulates when evaporation of water (for example, in Lake Sivash to 5 · 10 -8 g / l). Contained in potassium minerals (mica, field spatts), sulphide ores: Galenite, sphalese sequerate, market (up to 0.5%), kinovari. As a mixture is present in natural oxides of manganese and iron.
Tallium was found in plant and animal organisms. It is contained in tobacco, chicory roots, spinach, beech wood, in grapes, beets and other plants. From animals Most Talloli contain jellyfish, acti, starfish and other inhabitants of the seas. Some plants accumulate talliums in the course of life. Tallium was discovered in the beet, which grown on the ground, in which the most subtle analytical methods could not detect an element.
Getting TallinaTechnically pure tall lines are purified from other elements contained in rolling dust (Ni, Zn, CD, IN, GE, PB, AS, SE, TE), dissolving in warm dilute acid, followed by precipitation of insoluble lead sulfate and adding HCl to precipitate chloride thallium (TLCL). Further purification is achieved by thallium sulfate electrolysis in dilute sulfuric acid using platinum wires with subsequent melting of the highlighted thallium in hydrogen atmosphere at 350-400 ° C.
The discoverer of Talloli found him in the volatile dust of the sulfuric acid plant. Now it seems natural that tallons essentially found in chimney - after all, at a temperature of melting temperatures, the connection of Tallliament becomes volatile. In dust, carried out into the chimney, they condense, as a rule, in the form of oxide and sulfate. Remove the thallium from the mixture (A, dust is a mixture of many substances) helps a good solubility of most compounds of monovalent toll. They are removed from dust acidified hot water. Increased solubility helps to successfully clean the tall lities from numerous impurities. After that, metal thallium is obtained. The method of obtaining metallic thallia depends on which its compound was the final product of the previous production stage. If carbonate, sulfate or perchlorate of thallium was obtained, then element number 81 is extracted by electrolysis; If chloride or oxalate was obtained, then resort to conventional recovery. The most technologically soluble tral lip sulfate TL 2 SO 4. It itself serves as an electrolyte, with the electrolysis of which spongate thallium is settled at cathodes from aluminum. This sponge is then pressed, melted and molded. It should be remembered that Talliums always get alongside: along the way, with lead, zinc, cadmium and some other elements.
Physical and chemical properties of Tallia
On the one hand, tall lines are similar to alkaline metals. And at the same time, he looks like silver something, and something on lead and tin. Judge for yourself: like potassium and sodium, thallium usually exhibits valence 1+, monovalent toll toll hydroxide - a strong base, well soluble in water. Like alkali metals, thallium is capable of forming polyiodids, polysulfides, alcohologists. But weak solubility in water chloride, bromide and monovalent tallliance iodide is relative to this element with silver. And in appearance, density, hardness, melting point - throughout the complex of physical properties - Tallium most resembles lead.
And at the same time, it occupies a place in the third group of the periodic system, in one subgroup with Gallium and India, and the properties of the elements of this subgroup are changed quite naturally.
In addition to valence 1+, thallium can also be natural for element III valence 34-. As a rule, the salt of trivalent thallium is more difficult to dissolve than similar salts of Tallina monovalent. The latter, by the way, have been studied better and have more practical importance.
But there are compounds that both the other thallium are also included. For example, they can react with each other and trivalent thallium halides. And then curious complex compounds arise, in particular TL 1+ -. In it, monovalent Thallium acts as a cation, and the trivalent is part of the complex anion.
Tallium - white metal with a bluish tint. There is in three modifications.
Low-temperature modification of TL II with a hexagonal grid, a.\u003d 0.34566 nm, c.\u003d 0.55248 nm. Above 234 ° C, there is a high-temperature modification of TL I, with a volumetric cubic cubic lattice of the type α-FE, but\u003d 0.3882 nm. At 3.67 GPa and 25 ° C - TL III-modification with a cubic grazenarized grid, but\u003d 0.4778 nm.
Tallium diamagnetitan. At a temperature of 2.39 to it proceeds to the superconducting state.
Influence of thallium on the human bodyTallium refers to highly toxic poisons, and poisoning them often ends with a fatal outcome. Poisoning Tallium and its compounds are possible when they are obtained and practical use. Tallium penetrates the body through respiratory organs, intact skin and digestive tract. Excreted from the body for a long time. Sharp, subacute and chronic poisoning have a similar clinical picture, distinguishing the severity and speed of symptoms. In acute cases, after 1-2 days, signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation) and respiratory tract appear. After 2-3 weeks, hair loss, the phenomenon of avitaminosis are observed (smoothing the mucous membrane of the language, cracks in the angles of the mouth, etc.). In severe cases, polyneuritis, mental disorders, lesions of sight, etc. can develop.
For talllace sulfate, a fatal dose for oral administration is about 1 g. There are cases when doses of 8 mg / kg were fatal, as well as 10-15 mg / kg. Poisoning continues for several weeks (2-3) weeks, and after 3-4 days after receiving the poison, imaginary well-being comes.
The maximum allowable concentration in water for thallium is only 0.0001 mg / m3, in atmospheric air - 0.004 mg / m3.
The substantial environmental hazard of Thallium also presents due to the fact that when removing from a hermetic container, it is quickly oxidized outdoors.
Toollium application
In 1920, a patented poison against rodents was obtained in Germany, which included TL 2 SO 4 sulfate. This substance without taste and smell is sometimes part of the insecticides and zoocides and nowadays.
From it were made first photo cells, the working body of which was exactly this substance. They were particularly sensitive to infrared rays.
Other compounds of this metal, in particular mixed crystals of bromide and iodide monovalent thallium, are well missed infrared rays. Such crystals were first obtained during the Second World War. They were grown in platinum triggers at 470 ° C and used in infrared alarm devices, as well as to detect snipers in the war.
Talloline salts are used, in particular, to remove hair during a ring-free lisp - salt of thallium in the appropriate doses lead to temporary baldness. Wide use of this metal in medicine is hampered by the fact that the difference between therapeutic and toxic doses of these salts is small. The toxicity of the same thallium and its salts requires them to appeal carefully and carefully.
Metallic thallium is part of some alloys, giving them acid resistance, strength, wear resistance. Most often, the thallium is introduced into alloys based on a leader's leader. Bearing alloy - 72% PB, 15% SB, 5% SN and 8% TL exceeds the best tin bearing alloys. Alloy 70% PB, 20% Sn and 10% TL resistant to the action of nitric and hydrochloric acids.
The alloy of Tallina with mercury is a somewhat mansion - Amalgam Tallia, containing approximately 8.5% of the No. 81 element. Under normal conditions, it is liquid and, in contrast to clean mercury, remains in a liquid state at temperatures up to -60 ° C. The alloy is used in liquid shutters, switches, thermometers operating in the conditions of the Far North, in experiments at low temperatures.
In the chemical industry, metal thallium, as well as some of its compounds, is used as a catalyst, in particular when the nitrobenzene is reduced by hydrogen.
Not left without work and radioisotopes Tallulia. Tallali 204 (half-life of 3,56 years) - pure beta emitter. Talla 204 is used as a source of beta radiation in many devices for monitoring and researching production processes. With the help of such devices, the thickness of the moving fabric or paper is automatically measured: as soon as the beta rays passing through the material layer begin to weaken or amplify (which means that the thickness of the material has increased or decreased), the automatic device gives the desired command and Restores the "status quo", i.e. the optimal technological mode. Other devices with radioactive tallium as a hand remove a harmful static charge that occurs in the industrial premises of the textile, paper and film industry.
Talnia isotopes
The element has two stable and 19 radioactive isotopes (with mass numbers from 189 to 210). The last in 1972 in the laboratory of nuclear problems of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna was obtained the lightest isotope of this element - Tallali-189. It was obtained by irradiating the target of lead difluoride accelerated protons with energy of 660 MeV, followed by the separation of nuclear reaction products on the mass separator. The half-life of the easiest isotope of Tallaria turned out to be about the same as the hardest, it is 1.4 ± 0.4 minutes (in 210 TL - 1.32 minutes).
Tooln reserves and mining
World Tallolium Resources associated with zinc resources are about 17 thousand tons; The greatest part is concentrated in Canada, Europe and the USA. Another 630 thousand tons are associated with world coal resources. The average content of thallium in the earth's crust is estimated at 0.7 parts per million. World reserves and base of Tallarium reserves contained in zinc ores, the US geological service assesses 380 and 650 tons, respectively, of which 32 and 120 tons are accounted for.
The production of Tallaria in the world in 2006, according to the evaluation, was 10 tons, without changing compared with 2005. Thallium as a by-product is extracted in a number of countries from dust and waste generated when processing copper, zinc and lead ores. In the US, this metal is not recovered since 1981, despite its presence in mined or recyclable ores.
In Russia and the CIS countries, there are about 10 enterprises producing thallium in the production process.
- (Lat. - Thallium, symbol TL) - element 13th (IIIa) of the periodic system group, atomic number 81, relative atomic weight 204.38. Natural thallium consists of two stable isotopes: 203 TL (29,524 at.%) And 205 Tl (70,476 at.%), And 35 isotopes with mass numbers from 176 to 210 are known. In chemical compounds, tall lies show the degrees of oxidation +1 and + 3, in nature is mainly found in the degree of oxidation +1, the trivalent thallium is much less common.
In the early 1850s, the Young English Chemist William Crookes (William Crookes, 1832-1919) was engaged in the problems of separation of selenium from dust, which was tracked on the sulfuric acid production in Tilkeroda (Northern Germany). He assumed that in the waste left after the extraction of Selena, there is Telllur, but, having conducted a chemical analysis, could not detect it. Nevertheless, Circles decided to maintain the studied samples in their laboratory. In 1861, Kroks had the opportunity to spend spectral analysis and in March of the same year he decided to use the spectroscope to establish whether televarus contains in the waste. Making waste to the flame burner, Circles with amazement discovered a bright green quick-circuit line. Repeating the experience several times and examining the spectra of the elements that were kept in samples (antimony, arsenic, Osmia, Selena and Tellur), he was convinced that the green line belongs to an unknown element. Of those who remained small amounts of small amounts of Crox, it was able to even highlight a very small number of discovered element, which he suggested to call the Tallium from the Greek word Qall óv, meaning a "young green branch".
At about the same time as Circles, the new element independently discovered the French chemist Claude Lamy (Claude Auguste Lamy, 1800-1884), studying the sulfur-acid sludge in Loose. The presence in the samples of Tallliament was recorded by them also with the help of spectroscope. Having large amounts of sludge, Lyha managed to highlight 14 grams of thallium and describe its properties in detail. Lyi showed that thallium is a metal, and not an analogue of Selena, as Circle believed (the Crox article was called On the existence of a new element belonging to the group of sulfur) Lyami appeared in 1862 - a few months later than the discoverer (March 30, 1861).
Tallium in nature. Clark Tallina in the earth's crust is about 7 · 10 -5%, which is more than 100 times higher than the content of gold and 10 times - silver. Unlike them, thallium is a multiple element - Talloli's own minerals are found very rarely, but it is part of a large number of other minerals as isomorphic impurity, replacing copper, silver and arsenic in sulfide ores, and Potassium, Rubidy, and less often, others Alkali metals in aluminosilicates and chlorides.
The possibility of isomorphic substitution is ensured by the proximity of the radius of the monovalent thallium ion (1.49Å) and the ion radius of potassium (1.33Å) and Rubidia (1.49Å). In the first years after the discovery of Tallliament, the isomorphism of his halides and the halides of potassium and Rubidia led to the fact that Tallines were considered an alkaline metal. Due to the equality of ion radius Tallaria and Rubidia, Tallliah chloride is often crystallized in conjunction with Rubida chloride, so Tallium is a regular rubidium satellite in salt deposits and mineral waters. Thallium is often found in Leucita KALSI 2 O 6, orthoclase KALSI 3 O 8. In the lepidolite K 2 Li 1,5 Al 1.5 2 and the Klifeal 2 Zinc Cinnvalide, the tallulium content is 10 -3 -10 -1%. Relatively high thallium content - 10 -2% - detected in Pollocyte (CS, NA).
The composition of various sulfide minerals, tallons most often included in concentrations of about 10 -3%. Tallium was found in many zinc decking deposits (Sfalerite), Galenitis (lead shine). In hydrothermal pelvic, polymetallic and lead-zinc ores may exceed 0.1%. Especially favorable for the accumulation of thallium low-temperature hydrothermal marcate and pyrite deposits. It is in them in an insignificant number of their own Minerals Talloli. Croesite Cu 15 TL 2 SE 9 - found in the 1860s in Sweden and is named after the discoverer Tallina. Later, the croesite was found in Bashkiria and in the Urals; TL (AS, SB) 3 S 5, Loorlands Tlass 2 and Hutchinsonite (CU, AG, TL) PBAS 4 S 8 are present in some arsenic ores. In 1956, a new mineral of Thallium was found in Uzbekistan - Avicennic, which is an oxide of a trivalent thallium - TL 2 O 3.
In the soils, the average content of thallium is 10 -5%, in seawater - 10 -9%, in animal organisms - 4 · 10 -5%. Many living organisms: beets, grapes, oak, beech, marine animals and plants - can accumulate tall lities from the environment. With this, the increased content of thallium in the ashes of stone coals is 10 -3 -10 -2%.
World Talloline Resources contained in zinc fields, according to United States Geological Surveys at the end of 2004, are 17 thousand tons, most of them are located in Canada, Europe and the United States. In addition, thallium reserves in world coal resources - 630 thousand tons.
Production and market. Industrial production of Talloli began only in the 1920s and now the source of Tallina is sulfide metal ores. When enriching such ores, Tallium goes into copper, zinc and, especially lead, concentrates. Thallium is capable of isomorphic to enter into the composition of both sulfide ores and silicate minerals, therefore the degree of thallium extraction into concentrates ranges from 10 to 80%, part of the thallium always remains in an empty silicate breed. The thallium content in enriched products is about 10 -3%, so such concentrates cannot serve as direct raw materials for its industrial production. The source of thallium is waste of copper zinc, lead and sulfuric acid production - the costemic dust formed during the firing of sulfide ores, and slags collected during the smelting of metals.
Due to the fact that thallium from the processed products is usually removed in the complex with a number of other elements, the current schemes of complex processing of metal ores include a large number of pyro- and hydrometallurgical operations, are quite complex and are constantly modified in enterprises depending on the change in the composition of the processed raw.
To obtain the rich tallium concentrates use the removal method. Talliums may volatile when firing both in oxidative and in the restorative atmosphere. This makes it possible to combine the preparation of the trimmed remigrants with the processes of extracting other valuable elements. Especially high enrichment of Thallis is obtained by applying chloride firing - with the addition of sodium chloride or sylvinite. Equilibrium of the 2NACL + TL 2 SO 4 \u003d 2TlCl + Na 2 SO 4 exchange reaction is shifted towards the formation of thallium chloride, which at temperatures above 600 ° C has good volatility and almost completely removes. With oxidative concentrate burning, except chloride, toll 2 o toll oxide and is mechanically captured by the gas flow dusty sulfate particles, sulfide and toll silicate. In the dust and rugs obtained during reducing processes, part of the toll may be in the form of a metal.
The next stage of the discharge of thallium is the cyclical leaching of the sublimation of water, which must be carried out when heated, since the solubility of the thallium is highly dependent on temperature. Sometimes instead of aqueous leaching, leaching with weak soda solutions is used. This prevents the transition to a solution of chlorides of other metals, such as cadmium. If the main part of the thallium is present in the form of hard-soluble compounds, the leaching of diluted with sulfuric acid is used.
From the aqueous solutions from leaching of thallium in different process diagrams, in the form of chloride, sulfide, iodide, chromate, tillegal hydroxide, or in the form of a metal thallium cementation - precipitation with zinc dust or amalgam.
When the thallium is precipitated in the form of a sulfide (hot sodium sulfide solution) achieved a complete extraction of metal from the solution, but this method of deposition is not selective, since all tall liage metals also form insoluble sulphides, so this method is used only to low impurity solutions. . The sulfide tallium concentrate is leached with zinc sulfate solution, while thallium sulfate passes into the solution: TL 2 S + ZNSO 4 \u003d TL 2 SO 4 + ZNS. From the resulting solution, metallic thallium is isolated by cementation.
Now the time for cleaning the thallium is used extraction from sulfate-containing solutions with a solution of iodine in a mixture of 50% tributyl phosphate and 50% kerosene. After that, thallium is extracted from the organic phase with sulfuric acid (300g / l) with the addition of hydrogen peroxide.
The final discharge of the thallium from purified solutions is most often produced by cementing on zinc plates, and a sponge metal is obtained, which is pressed into briquettes and interpret under the layer of alkali at a temperature of 350-400 ° C. Less frequently, the electrolysis of thallium sulfate solutions on aluminum cathode are used. . The technical tall lines obtained by these methods contains 0.05% percent of impurities: lead, copper, cadmium, zinc and iron. To obtain a high purity metal, electrolytic refining with a soluble anode made of roughing thallium and a cathode of purified thallium is carried out, tall lias are served by electrolytes: sulfate or perchlorate. In this way, thalliums are obtained with the total content of impurities less than 10 -4%. The most pure metal (99.9999%), which is required for semiconductor techniques, is obtained by cleaning with crystal physical methods: zone melting or the Czcharal method. The world production of Tallaria practically does not change over time (starting from 1990) and is 15 tons per year. Talloli suppliers to the global market are Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom. Changes in the cost of metal thallium over time can serve as an illustration of the price dependence of the product of the product from consumer demand: C 1950s in the structure of tellium consumption there were shifts related to the emergence of new areas of use of element No. 81 and its compounds. In accordance with this, the price of metallic thallium increased (Table 1).
| Table 1. Middle price Tallaria. | |
| Year | Price, $ US / kg |
| 1960–1980 | 20 |
| 1981 | 90 |
| 1986 | 90 |
| 1987 | 130 |
| 1988 | 180 |
| 1991 | 620 |
| 1992 | 750 |
| 1994 | 950 |
| 1997–2004 | 1300 |
Figurovsky N.A. Opening elements and origin of their names. M., Science, 1970
Chemistry and technology of rare and scattered elements, t. 1. under. ed. K.A. Bolshakov. M., 1976.
Fedorov P.A., Mokhosev M.V., Alekseev F.P. Chemistry Galley, India and Talloli. Novosibirsk, Science, 1977
Popular Library of Chemical Elements. M., Science, 1983
U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2005.
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Thallium (TL) Guaranteed baldness
The daily need of the human body Not exactly defined. It is assumed that the optimal daily arrival of Tallaria is about 2 μg.
The daily arrival of thallium with food is insignificant, however, Tallium is very well absorbed in the intestine. Just like potassium talliums in the body accumulate inside the cells . Both in the normal place and at intoxication by Tallium, this element is mainly concentrated in the kidneys (in the medullary layer), liver, muscles, the organs of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland and in the testicles. Basically, thallium is excreted with a feces by secretion from the inner environment of the body into the intestine. This process is accompanied by potassium / thallium competition. The allocation of Tallina through the kidneys is generally minor, even against the background of poisoning.
Biological role in the human body. Tallium has pronounced toxicity due to a violation of the ion balance of the major cations of the body - sodium and potassium.
Ion Thallium is inclined to form durable compounds with sulfur-containing ligands and, thus, suppress the activity of enzymes containing thiographs. Tallal disrupts the functioning of various enzyme systems, inhibits them, preventing the synthesis of proteins .
Insofar as ion radii potassium and tallliament are close, they have similar properties and are able to replace each other in enzymes . The thallium cation has a greater ability to penetrately penetrately penetrately penetrate the cell membrane inside the cell. At the same time, the rate of penetration of thallium is 100 times higher than that of alkali metals. This causes a sharp displacement of the Na / K equilibrium, which leads to functional disorders of the nervous system .
It is the fact that Thallium is an isomorphic "microanalogy" of potassium, indicates that the toxicity of its compounds for a person is significantly higher than that of lead and mercury.
Talnia Synergists and Antagonists. Tallulia antagonists are substances containing sulfur.
Tallium suppresses the absorption of iron and is able to push out potassium from the body.
Signs of tall licability signs: Scientific data are missing.
Increased tall license. Tallium has pronounced toxicity. Female dose for man - 600 mg.
Domestic products can serve as sources of poisoning Tallium: chemicals designed to combat rodents - Rativeycides (Talloline sulfates).
Risk chronic poisoning Tallium Present in workers engaged in such production as firing pyrite, melting ores (sulfide ores rich in potassium minerals), burning coal, obtaining semiconductors, cement, special glass with thallium additives. Tallium can also get into the body can also through contaminated food or dust.
Criminalistics are described cases of use of thallium salts in order to murder or suicide .
For acute poisoning Tallium First of all, the peripheral nervous system is affected, the central nervous system, heart, smooth muscles, liver, kidneys, leather and hair. Tallium causes a diffuse damage to the neurons of the central nervous system.
Basic manifestations of excess Tallia: severe pain according to neuralgia type; hyperesthesia in the limbs (from about 4th day after the oral admission of thallium), it is later possible to occur paralysis, insomnia; hysteria; vision disorders; confusion of consciousness, tachycardia (resistant to therapy by ordinary means); damage to sweat and sebaceous glands; Hair loss due to disorders of keratin synthesis (for 10-13 days after poisoning or somewhat later).
Tallium needed: Toollium connections apply for hair removal with a ringworm - talloline salts in appropriate doses lead to temporary baldness . Wide use of thallium salts in medicine prevents the fact that the difference between therapeutic and toxic doses of these salts is small .
Some silicates and phosphates of alkaline earth metals activated by Tallium are used in physiotherapy.
Food sources Tallaria:
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