BCG what vaccines. What to expect and what to fear from a reaction to BCG? Possible complications and side effects

During the first years, children are given all kinds of vaccinations to protect them from serious illnesses. Immediately after birth, babies will learn what an indispensable immunization is: on days 3-7, newborns are injected with the BCG anti-tuberculosis vaccine, which is included in the preventive vaccination register in the national vaccination calendar. Many parents are worried about what the BCG vaccine protects against for newborns, they want to know the decoding of this abbreviation and decide for themselves the issue of the safety of their baby's health.

BCG is a culture of bacteria that, when it enters the human body, contributes to the development of immunity to dangerous forms of tuberculosis. For its preparation, a weakened live bovine tubercle bacillus is used, which has lost its pathogenicity for humans, because it was deliberately grown in synthetic conditions. Vaccination does not give a 100% guarantee against infection with a dangerous disease, however, it significantly reduces the risk of a fatal outcome and helps prevent the transformation of the disease into an active form.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, French scientists Calmette and Guerin obtained an anti-tuberculosis vaccine using bovine tuberculosis pathogens. They were able to re-sow the weakened type of bacteria, which was named after its creators: bacillus Calmette-Guerin - abbreviated in the Russian transcription of BCG.

Tuberculosis is a common dangerous infectious disease, mainly affecting the lungs, and occasionally - other organs. Morbidity and mortality from it is one of the first positions in the world. Vaccination against this disease is compulsory in 64 states and recommended in 118 more countries. Even in countries with optional inclusion of this vaccination in the official vaccination diary, it is given to those who live in an unfavorable social environment or migrants from states with an increased incidence rate.

On the territory of Russia, over the past decade, the number of cases has doubled. Children, which make up 7% of all patients, are highly susceptible to this infection, especially infants who are infected by air from adults. Not everyone gets infected, and only about 10% of them get sick. The rest develop immunity, which allows you not to get sick, but the bacilli remain in the body.

First vaccination rules

For the first time, the vaccination must be done in the maternity hospital. In our country, only 2 registered drugs are allowed for use, one of which is a dry vaccine for sparing vaccination, designed specifically for babies. It contains a reduced amount of mycobacteria. However, if the allowed quantitative standard of morbidity in the area is exceeded or if there are infected persons near the child, a more saturated agent is used for vaccination.

On the day of the first vaccination, which is done in the morning, the baby is no longer subjected to any manipulations, including examinations. Before BCG vaccination, when it is done, it is necessary to take a blood and urine test and examine the newborn by a pediatrician, and if he does not already reveal any restrictions for immunization, only then vaccinate.

Vaccination can only be performed by a certified medical specialist who has undergone special training. The vaccine is injected intradermally into the left shoulder.

First, a minimum amount of agent is injected so that the needle is guaranteed to hit accurately. If the drug gets under the skin, there is a risk of purulent inflammation. If the grafting technology is followed correctly, then a bulge up to 10 mm in size is formed, which disappears after about 20 minutes. It is forbidden to disinfect the vaccination site after immunization.

The parents of the vaccinated baby should be informed about the occurrence of a local reaction in children to the BCG vaccination within a month or one and a half, after which the child should be consulted with the doctor who vaccinated. At the BCG vaccination site, newborns have a small abscess, it swells slightly, a crust forms - this is the reaction after a month. It is also strictly forbidden to disinfect the inflamed place by any means - this violates the normal formation of immunity. It is not recommended to remove pus, you can only dry it with a sterile napkin.

The crust periodically falls off and forms again. The vaccination site will not suffer from getting wet, it is undesirable to only rub it strongly. In the coming months, the baby develops anti-tuberculosis protection, and the sore heals, leaving behind a small scar of no more than 1 cm. In the future, without any documents, it will be possible to guess from this scar that the child has been vaccinated against tuberculosis. In some babies, a scar does not form, this proves the ineffectiveness of the vaccine. There is a certain percentage of people who have an innate resistance to mycobacteria, they do not run the risk of contracting tuberculosis.

The child is remarkably good at forming immunity against a dangerous disease, which is why you should not worry about how BCG vaccination proceeds in newborns and what the consequences may be.

Revaccination of BCG

Re-vaccination is carried out at the age of 7 if there is a negative Mantoux test within 3 days to two weeks after the test. In these cases, there are prescriptions:

the Mantoux reaction should give a negative result;
being in a risky category, when secondary immunization is not required, but with frequent contact with bacteria carriers, it is better to insure the child.

In regions with a high standard of living, the vaccine is usually not given to fourteen-year-olds by 3 times. It remains relevant for states that are at a low level of social development.

Contraindications against vaccination

There are cases when anti-tuberculosis vaccination may be contraindicated. This mainly applies to children with a lack or weakened immunity. Usually, in this situation, a decision is made to postpone immunization in order to carry it out at 7 years. Before making a revaccination, through the Mantoux reaction, you should make sure that the infection has not occurred, otherwise the vaccination will be in vain. In addition to immunodeficiency, it is not recommended to give BCG to newborns in cases of:

if the weight of the child is insufficient - at the time of birth does not exceed 2.5 kg;
babies born to a mother with HIV;
if the mother has an initial or acquired immunodeficiency of another origin;
mom or baby is sick with dangerous chronic diseases in the acute stage;
the infant has been infected in utero;
when diagnosing an intrauterine immunological conflict due to the incompatibility of the blood of the fetus and the mother of the middle or severe stage;
with damage to the central nervous system;
if pustular sores on the skin are common;
if genetic abnormalities or diseases are found;
there was contact with mycobacteria on the eve of vaccination;
there were cases of complications after immunization in close relatives.

newborns weighing less than 2 kg are not vaccinated immediately after birth. If the vaccine was not administered at the hospital, immunization can be carried out at the clinic or at the TB dispensary. You should not contact private clinics about this: there is no such service.

In the absence of the BCG vaccination on time for infants after two months later, before it is carried out, it is necessary to carry out the Mantoux reaction to exclude the possible tuberculosis infection. In the case of a positive test, if the baby has already come into contact with carriers of mycobacteria somewhere, vaccination is not carried out. For outpatient immunization, there is an additional list of contraindications:

certain infections or diseases;
cancer and radiation therapy;
indications for taking immunosuppressants.

To solve the problem of the need for BCG vaccination at 7 years old, a negative Mantoux reaction is needed.

Possible consequences of immunization

Occasionally, pathological reactions to BCG vaccination may occur. Unpleasant and harmful complications appear after various protective vaccinations, anti-tuberculosis cannot be a pleasant exception to this rule. A complication is a feeling of well-being that requires targeted therapy. If swelling and redness of the skin appears around the abscess, this condition is not a complication, but still requires the consultation and supervision of a doctor.

The consequences include:

Information about the adverse effects of vaccination is entered into the child's medical record, this serves as a contraindication for his subsequent revaccination. Most of the complications occur in the first half of a baby's life.

BCG vaccination is one of the necessary and indispensable. It should not threaten the well-being of children, on the contrary, it prevents infection with a dangerous disease. In the first months after birth, when the baby is still very weak, this is very important in connection with the spread of this dangerous disease throughout the world. Therefore, vaccination is carried out in the hospital. The drug is prepared from strains of weakened bacteria that are not dangerous to humans due to cultivation in artificial conditions.

Kirill is a permanent expert of the PupsFull portal. She writes articles on pregnancy, nutrition and mom and baby health.

Articles written

The best way to protect against ailment today is BCG vaccination (translated from Latin - bacillus Calmette-Guerin). Once in the human body, the tubercle bacillus remains in it forever, so the disease is considered one of the most difficult for treatment.

The drug used in this case consists of dead and live bacteria-causative agents of the disease, and promotes the rapid development of anti-tuberculosis immunity.

The cells for the manufacture of the vaccine are obtained from the tubercle bacillus of a cow, weakened to such a state that it is not capable of causing harm to the body. Accordingly, the vaccine is absolutely safe for health, and cannot provoke the development of the disease.

Photo 1. The injection is placed in the child's thigh: this happens if there are contraindications that do not allow the injection, as usual, in the forearm.

The drug is injected into the upper part of the shoulder, and if there are contraindications, into the thigh. The procedure, as a rule, is carried out in the maternity hospital, at 3-7 day after the birth of the child.

Attention! BCG vaccine does not protect a person from contracting tuberculosis, but prevents serious complications and the transition of a latent disease into open shape.

What should be the body's reaction to BCG

The BCG drug provokes an allergic reaction in the body: T-lymphocytes accumulate under the skin, which begin to fight the causative agents of tuberculosis, due to which a corresponding reaction from the skin develops. The vaccine is injected strictly into the inner layers of the skin (in no case subcutaneously), after which a white flat papule with a diameter of about 10 mm which dissolves through 18-20 minutes- this means that the drug was administered correctly.

V first days any changes in the skin at the injection site are invisible, but sometimes slight redness, thickening or inflammation of the skin may form - this is considered a normal option. It is important to note that such reactions can continue for 2-3 days, after which the injection site (before the formation of a papule and a scar) should not differ in appearance from the surrounding tissues.

When appears

About a month after the injection (depending on the individual reaction), a small papule which looks like a bubble with little suppuration.

This is a normal reaction and indicates that the vaccination was successful, the body "gets acquainted" with the causative agents of the disease and develops immunity.

In some cases, the formation of a papule and its healing is accompanied by severe itching, but it is strictly forbidden to comb it so as not to bring an infection under the skin. Sometimes a person may have a slight fever, but if the numbers on the thermometer do not rise above 37-38 , do not worry.

Three months after vaccination, the papule becomes crusted and heals, and in its place appears an even scar of white color, sometimes with a pink or reddish tint. The size of the scar can be different, and depends on the individual characteristics of the organism and the quality of the formed immunity. The best option is a scar from 7 to 10 mm in diameter. Scar formation less than 4 mm indicates that vaccination has not reached its goal and there is no anti-tuberculosis immunity.

Important! There are certain rules for caring for the site of administration of the BCG vaccine - the resulting papule it is forbidden grease antiseptics, squeeze out of it pus, delete crust or wrap tightly bandage.

Deviations from the norm: photo

The most common abnormality after BCG vaccination is the absence of any reaction. Absence papules and scars at the injection site indicate that the vaccine was expired or the body did not respond to its introduction by forming anti-tuberculosis immunity. In this case, it is necessary to conduct a tuberculin test (Mantoux) and re-administration of the vaccine.

Photo 2. Usually, after an injection, a papule is formed - a vesicle with suppuration. This is normal, deviation from the norm is the absence of any reaction at all.

In some cases, a scar forms after vaccination, but then suddenly disappears - this indicates the disappearance of anti-tuberculosis immunity, and requires revaccination person. About 2% people on the planet have innate immunity against tuberculosis, so they also do not form a scar - the presence of such immunity can also be determined using the Mantoux test.

Photo 3. The vaccination site may turn red. If this is not too pronounced, there is no reason to worry.

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Photo 4. A not too high temperature in a child after BCG is normal, you do not need to call a doctor.

Other reactions from the skin and the whole body (severe redness, induration, temperature) occur due to the characteristic features of the human body or sensitivity to the drug, and, as a rule, do not require medical intervention. If they are too pronounced, specialist advice is necessary.

Reference! In some cases, a scar after the administration of the BCG vaccine is formed not on the surface of the skin, but in the deep layers. You can determine its presence by changing colors skin and small compaction.

What symptoms should cause anxiety after vaccination

Serious complications after injection are rare and usually occur in people with reduced immune or positive HIV status... Most often these are abnormal reactions on the part of the skin, but in isolated cases pathologies may occur that threaten the health or even life of a person.

Ulcer at the injection site... With individual sensitivity to the BCG vaccine, an ulcer may occur at the injection site, accompanied by severe itching.

If she has less than 1 cm in diameter, most likely there is nothing to worry about, but the patient is advised to consult an infectious disease specialist.

Cold abscess... The reason is a violation of the technique of administering the vaccine (the drug can be administered exclusively intradermally, and not subcutaneously). The complication develops in about 1-1.5 monthsafter vaccination and has the formtumorswith liquid contents inside.

As a rule, it does not cause discomfort, but sometimes patients may have enlarged lymph nodes and ulcers on the skin. Most often, cold abscesses open on their own through 2-3 years, but sometimes surgical intervention is required (the abscess is opened and drained, after which the wound is sutured).

Lymphadenitis... The individual reaction of the body to the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms, which is characterized by an increase in lymph nodes, subclavian or supraclavicular. The patient needs consultation with an infectious disease specialist and specific therapy.
Osteomyelitis. A dangerous disease that develops through several months or years(on average one year) after injection. First, there is swelling of the tissues adjacent to the vaccine injection site, after which the joints of the hands are involved in the pathological process, then the lower extremities, ribs and collarbones. The patient does not experience severe discomfort - perhaps a slight increase in temperature and stiffness in the joints.
Keloid scars... Develop after wrong the introduction of the vaccine. Keloid scars begin to form a year after the vaccine is administered, and their appearance does not differ from burn scars. Growing scars are considered the most dangerous - they look like bright purple formations, often accompanied by itching and pain. Therapy is aimed at inhibiting or completely stopping the growth of the scar.
BCG infection. Develops exclusively in people with reduced immunity, and is manifested by inflammation around the injection site.

The most dangerous complications after BCG are osteomyelitis and BCG infection - they can lead to disability and even death, therefore, at the first symptoms of these diseases, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. It should be noted that such complications arise in 1 case in 100 thousand therefore, anti-tuberculosis vaccination is considered a relatively safe procedure for health.

Attention! Any complication after BCG injection should be documented in the child's medical record and must be taken into account during revaccination .

How to distinguish a normal response from a pathology

The reaction of the body to the introduction of the BCG vaccine is a sign that the body correctly "meets" the pathogens of tuberculosis and learns to fight them. But since any vaccine can cause side effects, after the introduction of the BCG drug, you should carefully monitor the person's condition, especially when it comes to infants.

The papule formed at the injection site should be small ( up to 1 cm in diameter) and the tissues around it look healthy, with no signs of inflammation or ulceration.

Skin color is normal white, pink or reddish- bright red or brown indicates the development of complications or side effects.

In addition, a specialist consultation is necessary in cases where the papule does not heal longer. 3-5 months.

Fever that may occur after injection continues no more than 3 days and is not accompanied by any additional symptoms (diarrhea, cough, pain) - otherwise, an increase in temperature indicates an infectious disease.

To date, BCG vaccination is considered optimal and the most safe a way to protect the population from tuberculosis. In rare cases, the drug can cause side reactions of the body, but strict monitoring of the condition and proper care of the injection site significantly reduces the risk of serious complications.

Useful video

Check out the video that tells you about the response to BCG, as it should be normal after vaccination.

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With the increase in the level of well-being of people in our society, the problem of tuberculosis does not become less acute. What's alarming? Of all the cases, almost half are children. Vaccination against tuberculosis is precisely aimed at developing immunity in the body against this insidious disease. Vaccination does not guarantee 100% protection against pathology, but it significantly reduces the risk of developing an open form.

At what age do children do it?

Is a vaccine containing attenuated tuberculosis pathogens. They are not capable of causing a disease, but the formation of immunity occurs. There are 9 diseases in our country, against which mandatory vaccination is provided. This process is regulated by the following documents:

Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Health No. 5 dated 21.03. 2003 year.
ФЗ dated 17.09. 1998 under the number 157 "On the immunization of infectious diseases."

Tuberculosis is also among the pathologies against which vaccinations are mandatory.

The vaccination calendar is approved in our country by the Ministry of Health. Against tuberculosis, it looks like this:

The first BCG vaccination is given to children in a maternity hospital. The left shoulder of the baby is chosen as the injection site. Such an early period of vaccination is explained by the fact that the newborn organism is quite susceptible to any infections, therefore, it is necessary to start protection as soon as possible. Sometimes the existing contraindications do not allow for the vaccination immediately after birth, then vaccination is carried out as soon as it becomes possible. If more than 1.5 months have passed since the moment of birth, then a Mantoux test is done before the introduction of the drug, if less, then this is not required.

The healing process of the vaccine is lengthy and proceeds with its own characteristics. About which parents should know in order to navigate, what symptoms can be considered the limit of the norm, and if they occur, they should consult a doctor. Complications of vaccination are relatively rare, if only the vaccine was done correctly and using a quality drug.

When is BCG reintroduced? Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out at the age of seven. This can be explained by the fact that immunity is formed only for 6-7 years and after this period it simply stops working against Koch's bacillus. In addition, babies go to first grade, their social circle expands, which increases the risk of developing tuberculosis as a result of infection.

Before revaccination, a Mantoux test is necessarily done to make sure that there is no pathogen in the body.

The second revaccination of BCG is carried out at the age of 14, as a rule, after that, immunity is formed for a longer period within 10-15 years, therefore we can say that the BCG vaccination is done in life without fail 3 times. Repeated administration of the drug is much easier for children.

Before being vaccinated, the appropriate permission must be obtained from the parents, these are the rules. Unfortunately, there are some mothers who refuse all vaccinations, taking responsibility for the life and health of their baby. It must be understood that in our country only the most dangerous pathologies, which include tuberculosis, are included in the list of compulsory diseases for vaccination. In its open form, the disease can cause serious disturbances in the work of almost all internal organs; it is not always possible to completely cure the disease. For life, the child is at risk.

At what age do they make an adult and up to what age?

At what age is BCG done? We clarified this issue with the children, but what about the vaccination of the adult population? If in childhood the child was not vaccinated, then it can be done up to 30-35 years old, after making sure of the negative result of the Mantoux test. Compulsory vaccination against tuberculosis for adults is not provided, everything is only on their own.

Given the scale of the spread of tuberculosis, there is an urgent issue of monitoring compliance with preventive measures, and vaccination can be referred to as such. BCG is given in childhood, but if this did not happen, there are no marks on vaccination in the card, then it will not be difficult to do it after 18 years. How many times is BCG done for adults? As a rule, a single injection of the drug is enough to form immunity for a long time.

If a vaccination was not given in childhood, then it is imperative that it be given after a tuberculosis patient appears in the immediate environment. Some citizens apply themselves after the deterioration of social and living conditions. Re-vaccination is practiced by medical workers working in special centers for the treatment of such patients.

General contraindications

Contraindications for vaccination in newborns are:

Prematurity, if the baby was born with a weight of less than 2 kg.
HIV-infected mother and child.
Active form of an infectious disease.
Serious skin pathologies.
Nervous system pathologies.
Birth trauma.

On the day of administration of the BCG drug, it is forbidden to give other vaccinations.

BCG vaccination is not always indicated for adults. Contraindications include the following pathologies and conditions:

The Mantoux test gave a positive result.
History of tuberculosis.
Malignant tumors of any etiology.
Autoimmune diseases.
Severe allergy.
Serious cardiac pathologies, for example, myocardial infarction, pericarditis.
Epilepsy.

There is a keloid scar after a previous vaccination.

Serious complications have been observed with other vaccinations.

As a rule, adults have chronic pathologies, therefore, if a decision is made to give the BCG vaccine, then it is imperative to consult a phthisiatrician and immunologist.

Who controls the vaccination schedule?

Compliance with the vaccination calendar is monitored by Rospotrebnadzor and the Ministry of Health. The chief physician of the children's polyclinic and the head of the maternity ward draws up the vaccination schedule. The pediatrician determines the presence of contraindications to the administration of the vaccine.

Be sure to make notes on the vaccination certificate and on the child's card.

Where can you do it?

Routine vaccination is carried out for the first time in a maternity hospital completely free of charge. All costs are fully paid by the state, this is noted in the decree of the Ministry of Health of 2001. Revaccination is carried out at school by a nurse or in a health center at the place of residence. If in all these cases the child had contraindications or was simply absent from class that day, then the vaccination is done later after agreement with the pediatrician.

Where do you get the BCG vaccine for a fee? In private clinics, you can optionally be vaccinated against almost any disease. But such medical institutions must have a permit, according to which they have the right to vaccinate the population.

Many parents do not trust public clinics and try to get to a private doctor, but it should be noted that the quality of the vaccine is absolutely the same everywhere. Only in the state polyclinic they will do it completely free of charge, and there you will have to pay in the region of 400 rubles. In addition, before getting into the treatment room for the vaccination, you need to visit a pediatrician or therapist, and this is an additional fee for an appointment. He must make sure that there are no contraindications to vaccination and that the child or adult patient is healthy.

After the introduction of BCG, an extract is issued, which must be shown in your clinic.

It is better to insure yourself and protect yourself from the development of an open form of tuberculosis than to undergo long and difficult treatment after infection. The parents are solely responsible for the child's health, so you should not risk it, especially when it comes to such a serious illness.

The first vaccination, which is used to prevent tuberculosis, is carried out in the hospital - the BCG vaccine. Due to the poor epidemiological situation, the high prevalence of tuberculosis, in the Russian Federation, a decision was made on the general setting of BCG or BCG M vaccinations in infants. All over the world, there are disputes over the correctness of this, and the reviews of parents are often negative. Although the use of this particular vaccine in a newborn has saved many people from tuberculosis, there are numerous complications of BCG vaccination. They make up about 0.02-1.2 percent.

BCG vaccination schedule in the Russian Federation:

The first one is placed, as a rule, within the walls of a maternity hospital.
The second - seven years (BCG revaccination).
The third is fourteen.

When a vaccine enters the child's body, it rebuilds it, helping to immunize it. Consider how BCG is vaccinated, the consequences of its use at different ages.

Vaccination of newborns

Even in the maternity hospital, on days 3-7, newborns are vaccinated. It is produced in the superficial muscle of the shoulder, leaving a scar mark that determines whether the child is vaccinated or not.

Healthy children receive the usual BCG vaccination, premature or not vaccinated in the hospital - BCG M (half the dose of the pathogen compared to the usual vaccine).

With a normal reaction, the following symptoms are observed:

slight redness at the vaccination site;
a localized abscess at the puncture site, an increase in temperature is possible, should pass after three days, no therapy is required, in case of an increase in redness, a medical consultation is necessary;
after a month and a half, a reddish speck remains at the injection site (after the formation of a scab, when it falls off), indicating that the vaccination has been administered.

Causes of complications in infants

Complications in infants are possible in cases of deficiencies in the immune system, which have arisen due to a number of reasons:

with an incomplete stage of formation of phagocytes and low activity of chemotaxis (premature);
the baby has a disease that requires treatment;
if you suspect a pathology of the nervous system;
when finding various kinds of atypical formations;
with somatic and gynecological diseases of the mother;
unfavorable generic factors.

Possibility of revaccination

At the age of seven and fourteen, the vaccine is given in the following cases:

With a negative Mantoux test;
In the absence of contraindications identified during the first vaccination;
Not necessary in regions with a low prevalence of the disease;
Mandatory when a child comes into contact with a person with tuberculosis.

Contraindications

having malignant formations;
taking an immunosuppressant;
with radiation therapy;
who are already sick with tuberculosis.

Causes

After BCG vaccination, complications can occur in children for a number of reasons:

poor quality of the vaccine;
non-compliance with the rules for administering the vaccine;
vaccination for sick or contraindicated children.

Possible consequences

If complications arise after BCG, symptoms of a toxic nature occur.

They are divided into two types according to localization:

Local - appear during the day after vaccination. At the injection site, a red edematous spot appears, if it is more than eight centimeters, and the swelling is more than five centimeters, then BCG re-vaccination at 7 years old cannot be carried out, which is recorded in the child's medical record.
General - develop in a week or two and apply to the entire body. They manifest themselves in the form of restless behavior, fever, insomnia, anorexia. The reaction can last two days, a doctor's supervision is necessary.

According to the severity and depending on the child's temperature after BCG, they are divided into:

weak - the usual state, the temperature is not more than 37.5;
medium - moderate disorder of the body, temperature - from 37.6 degrees to 38.5;
strong - a febrile state with severe disorder, the temperature is above 38.5 degrees.

Due to the appearance and symptoms:

Lungs - appear when the rules of administration are violated, as well as due to poor quality of the vaccine. At the injection site, suppuration forms, which grows, an infectious, painless, fluid-secreting infiltrate forms, requiring immediate treatment, since there is a risk that after it breaks out, the infection with blood can spread throughout the body.
Severe - occurs if the vaccine was given to a child with contraindications to it. Such consequences of vaccination seriously affect the body.

Mild and severe complications, in turn, are divided into types, depending on the manifestation and clinical picture of the lesion:

Cold abscess

It occurs after about a month and a half if the vaccine was not given correctly.

An inflammatory abscess forms at the puncture site, which risks developing and forming a purulent cavity. The child's condition is unstable, the temperature is high.

Below is a photo of a cold abscess:

Lymphadenitis

Inflammation of the lymph nodes near the vaccination site, usually under the left armpit. Occurs a month or two after vaccination. Symptoms are moderate, suppuration is rarely possible.

A surgery is indicated, followed by chemotherapy for two to three months.

Lymph node areas

Ulcers

Appears when a child has an intolerance to the vaccine solution. Formations exceeding ten millimeters in diameter are possible.

Keloid scar

Occurs after a wrong vaccination. It manifests itself after a year, it can either grow or not. The growing ones cause pain, itching, tension. A crimson scar forms at the site of inoculation.

To slow down and stop its growth, radiation and physical therapy are used. Revaccination is not possible.

Ostity

Severe complication. It manifests itself in the period after three months and up to five years after vaccination.

Wherein:

the skeletal system is affected;
the temperature is low;
on x-rays, foci of bone lesions are observed;
characterized by the presence of osteoporosis, destruction.

Occurs when a child has severe immune problems. Treatment - surgical (method of rehabilitation of the focus), with the use of chemotherapy. According to statistics: two people for two thousand.

Generalized BCG infection

Severe, rare complication, if the child has disorders in the immune system. Comprehensive anti-tuberculosis and immunity-enhancing chemotherapy is prescribed. According to statistics: one person in a million.

What to do

It is necessary to follow some rules to minimize the risk of possible complications:

A susceptibility test should be performed immediately prior to vaccination.
You can not wet, apply various ointments, including antiseptic at the vaccination site.
If suppuration develops, you can not press it; if the pus breaks out and flows out, neither rinse it off, nor smear it with iodine.
Do not allow your child to scratch the vaccination site.
Before and after vaccination, the child's diet should not be changed, so that when an allergy occurs, there is no doubt about the cause of its occurrence.

BCG is the very first vaccination in a person's life. It is done to a newborn right in the hospital on the third or fifth day after birth. Today, according to the current legislation, the mother is asked for a written permission to be vaccinated. They bring a paper for signature, while more than half of the women have no idea what they are signing or what they are rejecting. The well-known pediatrician and authoritative favorite of millions of modern mothers Yevgeny Komarovsky often talks about the BCG vaccination in his articles and TV programs.

What it is

BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis, a disease that kills about 3 million people worldwide every year. Vaccination is considered mandatory in 19 countries. The vaccine contains a weakened tubercle bacillus of cows. The drug exists in two versions of BCG - for ordinary children and BCG-M - for babies born prematurely.

The first introduction of the BCG vaccine is carried out in the maternity hospital (if the mother agrees, if the child has no contraindications), revaccination - at 7 years old, 12 years old, 16 years old.

The first vaccination is done without a preliminary Mantoux test; during revaccination, a preliminary "button" is required. The fact is that it makes sense to vaccinate only if the infection has not yet occurred. If the child's body has already encountered Koch's bacillus, then there is no need to vaccinate. The Mantoux test just shows the feasibility of revaccination.

The vaccine is injected subcutaneously into the shoulder. The injection site sometimes festers, although this is an individual reaction, but with a few exceptions, all have a characteristic scar confirming the fact of vaccination.

If there is no scar or it is too small, experts say that this child has not developed immunity to tuberculosis or is weak.

Komarovsky about BCG

When mothers ask whether it is necessary to do BCG, Evgeny Komarovsky answers unequivocally - it is necessary. Indeed, it will be much better for the child's body if it encounters a small number of weakened pathogens of a serious illness than if the child receives an infectious dose of strong and aggressive microbes. And the reality in Russia is that getting sick is as easy as shelling pears - people with infectious tuberculosis move freely, ride in transport, go to shops, sneeze and cough on the street. There is no shortage of aggressive sticks.

A video where Dr. Komarovsky tells everything about the BCG vaccination can be viewed below.

The very first vaccination is not given at the whim of officials of the Ministry of Health, but for a completely objective reason - the causative agent of tuberculosis is very likely to be the first pathogenic microbe that a newborn will encounter almost immediately after discharge from the hospital.

Komarovsky emphasizes that the Mantoux test, which many mothers also mistakenly call a vaccination, is a very informative way to find out if a child is infected. The test should be done annually. If suddenly it turns out to be positive, this does not mean at all that the child will have a comfortable state-owned bed in a tuberculosis dispensary. If an active live bacillus has entered the child's body, then usually the strength of the immune defense and the efforts of antibodies are enough to prevent tuberculosis from developing. In the absence of proper attention from doctors and parents, without special treatment, only 10-15% of children develop a serious illness.

In general, the BCG vaccine quite effectively protects against fatal forms of tuberculosis, but, emphasizes Yevgeny Komarovsky, even a timely vaccination and subsequent timely revaccination do not give one hundred percent guarantee that the child will not get sick with tuberculosis, although it significantly reduces this risk.

Why do children need a Mantoux test, Dr. Komarovsky will tell in the next video release.

To minimize the risks of infection with a tubercle bacillus, the doctor advises to strengthen the child's immunity from the very birth. It is imperative to do the BCG vaccine, but do not shift all the responsibility only to doctors. Parents themselves should try. First of all, says Komarovsky, they must understand that the fight against vaccinations is a fight against future generations of the inhabitants of the Earth.

At the household level, mothers need to ventilate the premises more often, walk with their child more and longer, and provide the baby with good nutrition.

Preparation for vaccination with BCG has no peculiarities. Evgeny Olegovich reminds that a child should go to the clinic on an empty stomach, with the intestines emptied a few hours before this visit. Two days before vaccination, mothers should not introduce new products to the baby's diet, everything should be familiar to him. The less the load on the digestive system of the crumbs, the easier it will tolerate the vaccination, the doctor reminds.

Before the introduction of the vaccine, the pediatrician must examine the child for contraindications. In case of viral infections, immunodeficiency, an allergic reaction to anything, elevated body temperature, any disease in the acute stage, it is impossible to vaccinate a child. In this situation, vaccination is postponed to a later date until the small patient recovers completely.

Some vaccinations give complications, Dr. Komarovsky will tell about this in the next video.

After the BCG vaccination, Komarovsky advises giving the child more to drink, providing fresh air, when the temperature rises, give an antipyretic, preferably "Paracetamol". In all other incomprehensible situations, it is better to call a doctor. When asked by parents whether it is possible to bathe a child after BCG, Komarovsky answers in the affirmative. It is possible, but carefully, it is better not to rub the injection site with a washcloth and not steam it. And if the injection mark festers, you don't need to treat it with antiseptics, because this is a natural process.