Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is the standard variant of one of the dialects of the Malay language, which has been used as the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago for 500 years. Indonesia has the fourth largest population and almost all its residents speak Indonesian fluently. Thus, Indonesian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
In addition to the official language, most Indonesians speak some regional language. Most of the teaching is in Indonesian educational institutions countries, almost all periodicals are published on it. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognized as one of the two working languages, along with English.
The name of the language - Bahasa Indonesia - translated means "language of Indonesia". The Indonesian language received the status of the official language after the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945. In its standardized form, Indonesian is mutually intelligible with Malay, the official language of Malaysia. The differences between them come down to pronunciation and vocabulary (the Indonesian language has many borrowings from Dutch and Javanese).
Indonesian is the native language of a very small part of the country's population (mainly residents of Jakarta and its environs), while more than 200 million people regularly use it as national language. In a country where people speak more than 300 native languages, the Indonesian language plays a very important unifying role. It is not difficult to guess that due to such ethnic diversity, the Indonesian language is represented in the form of many regional dialects.
The long period of Dutch colonization left its mark on the vocabulary of the Indonesian language, which includes words such as polisi (from Dutch politie, “police”), kualitas (from kwaliteit, “quality”), wortel (from wortel, “carrot”), etc. .d.
In addition to the Malay language, Portuguese was also used as a lingua franca on the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Thanks to this, words such as meja (from Portuguese mesa, “table”), boneka (from boneca, “doll”), jendela (from janela, “window”), etc. appeared in the Indonesian language.
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the main religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the sacred language of these religions, is still highly respected in the country and has a status comparable to that of Latin in Western European countries. In addition, Sanskrit is the main source of neologisms relating to various aspects of religion, art and everyday life.
It often happens that a borrowed word is presented in several variants of different origins: For example, the word "book" in Indonesian has two synonymous forms: pustaka (loan from Sanskrit) and buku (loan from Dutch).
Indonesian language does not use grammatical gender. The exception is words with naturally, for example, dia ("he") / ia ("she"). But, unlike European languages, differences in age are morphologically marked: adik (“younger brother”, “ younger sister"), kakak ("elder brother", "elder sister"). However, there are also a few words with grammatical gender: putri (“daughter”), putra (“son”). In some regions of Indonesia, such as Sumatra and Jakarta, words with grammatical gender are used as addresses: for example, abang ("big brother") or kakak ("big sister").
Bahasa Russia – Bahasa Indonesia kamus
Hitchhiking Russian-Indonesian phrasebook
During my trip to Indonesia, I collected a few phrases and words that I want to write down so as not to forget. Some of the words can be found in Lonely Planet, some in some Anlo-Malay/Anlo-Indonesian phrase book, and I have never seen the part regarding free travel, because they are not popular. So:
Indonesian is a related language to Malay. His, so to speak, parent. It was brought to Malaysia by the Sumatran Empire of Srivajaya, which at one time ruled almost the entire territory South-East Asia. By the way, anyone who remembers the shape of the roofs of the temples in Ayutthaya, the ancient Thai capital, will make an interesting observation for themselves when looking at the traditional Dayak buildings in Sumatra. So, the Indonesian language is as simple as a stool, because it is devoid of such conventions as tenses, genders, declensions and other conjugations. Moreover, it contains many Arabic words brought with Islam, so that people who at least know some Turkic language(like me in Kazakh), or the language of some other Muslim country will find many matches, such as “Kal kalai?” (has nothing to do with the process of defecation:), “Salaam alaikum!” and so on.
The language is easy to learn because, unlike other Southeast Asian languages, it is devoid of stupid tones, so no matter how you pronounce a word, it will be recognized sooner or later. Everything written down was collected from memory, despite the fact that my memory is far from the best, which once again confirms the ease of the language. Yes, and immersion in an environment in which without this language you will have to feel like a dumb white monkey also plays its role.
Despite the fact that there are an unlimited number of languages, as well as nationalities, on the territory of Indonesia, everyone speaks Bahasa Indonesia. Sometimes, but extremely rarely, you meet people who speak little or no English. Although it is worth noting that during my three weeks in Sumatra, I did meet two Indonesians who spoke English quite well and fluently.
The letter "i", which I have used several times, is pronounced like a cross between "Y" and "I", "Ә" is pronounced like a mixture of "A" and "I".
Greeting/farewell.
Good morning - selamat pagi
Good afternoon - selamat sian
Good evening - selamat sori
Good night - selamat malam
Goodbye (to those who remain) - Selamat Tinggal
Goodbye (to those who are leaving) - Selamat Jalan
Thank you (very much) - Terima kasi (banyak)
Hitchhiking questions.
Where are you going? - mahu perga mana?
Where? - dimana?
Can I go with you? - Bole saya pyrgi, sama?
Can I sleep here? - Bole saya tedur disini?
I have no money - Saya one ada tidak.
I have little money - Saya one ada sidikit-sidikit
Free – Gratis
Description of yourself.
I am from... - Saya dari...
I'm going to... - Say mahu ky...
My name is Namy saya...
My age is Saya Umur...
I like (Indonesian women) – Saya bitch (chevek indonesia)
I speak a little Indonesian - Saya bisa bahasa indonesia sidikit-sidikit.
I don't speak Indonesian - Saya tidak paham bahasa indonesia"
I'm learning Indonesian – Saya Beljar Bahasa Indonesia
First questions.
What is your name? – Anda apa namy?
What country are you from? – Anda apa negara?
How many days are you in Indonesia? – Anda birapa ari di Indonesia?
Geography.
Mountain (volcano) – Gunun
Hill – Bukit
River – Sungai
Lake – Danau
Crossroads - Simpan
City - Kota
The most important.
Yes – Ia – Iə (for those who know Kazakh letters:)
No – Tidak
I don’t understand - Tidak paham
I don’t know – Tidak tahu
Pronouns.
I am Saya
You are Anda
He/she – Dia
Numbers.
1 – satu
2 – dua
3 – tiga
4 – empet
5 – Lima
6 – enam
7 – tujukh
8 – lapan
9 – Sembilan
10 – sepuluh
11 – sebelas
12 – duabelas
20 – duapuluh
well, in the same spirit.
100 – ratus
1000 – ribou
Transport.
What's the fare)? - Birapa harga? In principle, it is not necessary to indicate; you can get by with just “birapa?”
Expensive - Mahal!
Where? - Dimana?
Far - Jauh
Close - Decat
Straight - Turus
Road (to...) – Jalan (to...)
Food.
Food – Makan
Rice (boiled) – Nasi (pute)
Chicken – Ayam
Fish – Ikan
Pig – Babi
Greenery – Cancun
Egg – Telur
Water (drinking) – Air (minum) (implies bottled water, for which they will ask for money)
Boiled water – Air pute (boiled water, which you can always ask for at a roadside eatery)
Noodles – Mi
Fried – goren
Banana – Pisan
Coconut – Sapi
Sweet – Manis
Kazinaki – Kepan kacan
Cookies/buns/bread – Roti
Tea – Te[x]
Coffee (with milk) – Kopi (susu)
How much does (food) cost? – Birapa onkos?
All sorts of things.
Cigarettes – rokok
Hot - panas
Sukhoi – Udzhan
To know – Tahu
Say – Berkata
Now – Sekara
Wash/toilet/bathroom – Mandi
Day – Ari
Year – Tahu
Perhaps I made a mistake somewhere. In any case, you can learn all this without communicating with local residents, but it will be long and uninteresting, while in practice it is an entertaining activity that develops hearing, imagination and intuition.
P.S. Most of these words can be used in Malaysia, but, for example, greetings sound differently starting from lunch, i.e. "selamat pagi" and "selamat malam" remain, but "selamat sian" changes to "selamat petan". Although in Malaysia almost everyone speaks English, so it's not that important.
I started learning Indonesian. And mostly under the impression of how easily Irka communicates with the locals. Moreover, I started learning Indonesian literally from the first days. Every day I listen to audio courses while I ride my bike to the spot.
The Indonesian language, by the way, is very simple. And the funniest thing is that I have already come across a couple of words borrowed from Arabic. Moreover, I heard the first word - “mumkin” - right on the first day and was very surprised to learn that it means the same thing as in Arabic. Later I read somewhere that about 3000 words in Indonesian are borrowed from Arabic.
Used in Indonesian letters and this is a huge plus (compared to Arabic script or even that used in Vietnam!).
The grammar is incredibly simplified - there are no declensions or conjugations, and there are no special tenses for verbs either. That is, if you want to say “I am writing”, “you are writing”, “we wrote”, “they will write”, the verb to write will sound the same all the time. With pronouns, everything is also quite simple - possessive, personal and in general all pronouns are the same, there are no cases either. That is, “I”, “me”, “my”, “me”, etc. are always the same word.
The plural tense is formed in a funny way: the word is simply repeated twice in a row. By the way, I really want to say something with an enhancing effect (for example, “very slowly”, or “exactly the same”), it just repeats keyword twice. There are absolutely funny options. For example, the word for “eye” is “mata”, and for “spy” is matamata.
I also like the simplicity of forming some words. For example, a restaurant literally sounds like “house of food”, and “tears” - like “eye water”, or an Englishman is simply “man of England”, English language- “English language” and much more of that kind.
And the language itself, do you know why it’s called bahasa indonesia? In Indonesian, bahasa is a language. So this is “Indonesia language”, everything is simple :)
True, there are some difficult jokes. For example, you need to learn two options for the word “we”, one option includes the person you are talking to, and the second does not include it. For each pronoun there is a formal and informal form. So I had to learn two options for each.
Therefore, in essence, you just need to learn the words and that’s it. Pronunciation is also not very difficult for Russians. Not what it was in Arabic :)
In addition, I found a very cool audio course (or rather, Ira suggested it to me), thanks to which it is very convenient to cram words directly on the topics. (Pimsleur somehow completely let us down this time). That's why you can often see me on a bike, riding and muttering something under my breath, don't be surprised, I'm learning Indonesian.
Mini phrasebook for Indonesian:
1 – satu
2 – dua
3 – tiga
4 – empath
5 – Lima
6 – enam
7 – tujukh
8 – lapan
9 – Sembilan
10 – sepuluh
11 – sebelas
12 – duabelas
20 – duapuluh
100 – ratus
1000 – ribou
1000 000 – jute
Good morning - salamat pagi
Good afternoon - salamat siam
Good evening - salamat sore
Good night - salamat malam
Goodbye! (to the one who remains) - Salamat Tingal
Goodbye! (to someone who is leaving) - Salamat Jalan
Thank you (very much) - Trima kasi (banyak)
Yes – Ya
No – Tidak
I am Saya
You are Anda
He/she – Dia
Sorry – maaf
Allow me - permisi
I don’t understand – Tidak mengerti
I don’t know – Tidak tahu
What country are you from? – Anda apa negara?
I am from Russia – Saya Dari Rusiya
What is your name? – Anda apa nama?
My name is... - Nama saya...
My age... - Saya is dying...
I speak a little Indonesian - Saya bisa bahasa indonesia sadikit-sedikit.
I don't speak Indonesian - Saya tidak bisa bahasa indonesia
I'm learning Indonesian – Saya Beljar Bahasa Indonesia
Where? - Dimana?
Where? - Kemana?
Where? - Darimana?
Far - Jauh
Close - Decat
Straight - Terus
Left – kiri
To the right - kanan
Food – Makan
Drink – Minum
Rice – Nasi
Noodles – Mi
Fried – goreng
Chicken – Ayam
Fish – Ikan
Pork – Babi
Beef – Sapi
Spinach – Cancun
(Young) coconut – kelapa (muda)
Eggs – Telur
Water (drinking) – Calamus (min.)
Banana – Pisan
Bread – Roti
Tea – Te
Coffee (with milk) – Kopi (susu)
Sweet – Manis
Acute – Pedas
What is the price? – Brapa kharganya
Expensive - Mahal!
Toilet – Kamar Kecil
Bathroom – Kamar mandi
House - roomah
is located in Southeast Asia. Indonesian is recognized as the official language, although more than 700 languages are spoken in the republic. In addition to Indonesian, Papuan languages and languages of the Austronesian family are considered common. It must be said that the official language, that is, Indonesian, is very close to Malay, it can even be called its version.
Indonesian is used in politics, office work, documentation and when receiving officials. However, as in many Asian countries, many residents use their own dialects and dialects that are not considered official in their country of residence.
In addition to the Indonesian language, the Javanese language has become widespread in the territory of this state. European languages are also popular, in particular English, Arabic and Dutch. In the Indonesian language, a lot of words are borrowed from these languages.
We will look at Indonesian, Javanese and Sundanese in more detail as they are used a large number of residents of Indonesia.
Indonesian language is the official language of Indonesia
It was recognized as an official language in the mid-20th century and is still a language today. interethnic communication. Almost 200 million people speak Indonesian. The basis of the language is considered, from which a large number of words are also borrowed. Local residents call their own language “Bahasa”, which translates as “language”.
Features of the Indonesian language
Word formation occurs through reduplication, that is, doubling words, or by adding prefixes, affixes and suffixes. The most common prefixes are: per, pe and se, and suffixes: -i, -an, -kan. In addition, this language has many difficult words, which are formed due to these methods of inflection.
Indonesian has both simple and complex sentence. The grammatical basis can consist of both a subject and predicate, as well as other members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances. In constructing sentences, the position of each member of the sentence is very important so that its meaning is not distorted.
Nouns in this language do not change by case; this function is performed by the endings of words. Reduplication, by the way, is also involved in the formation of the plural. Adjectives are independent parts speech, formed by adding affixes and suffixes. Here the verb changes according to the categories of aspect and voice. They may or may not be transitional. Voices differ from Russian ones in a large number: there are active, middle, passive and mutually joint. There is no conjugation category.
Javanese language in Indonesia
This language is spoken by more than 75 million people. It became more widespread on the island of Java, which affected its name. Despite the fact that the official language in Indonesia is Indonesian, almost half of all residents use Javanese to communicate. It is used for radio broadcasting and is taught in some schools as if it were a native language.
Word formation is carried out through the use of suffixes and affixes. In addition, the stem of the word can be doubled. Javanese has no categories of person, case, gender or tense. Nouns form plural, adjectives can form high and highest degree. The verb has voice categories.
What distinguishes Javanese from others is its triplicity. That is, for each concept there are three defined words. Eat colloquial, characteristic of the street, there is the language of diplomats, and there is a neutral language.
Sundanese language in Indonesia
The Sundanese language is also widespread on the island of Java, spoken by more than 27 million of its inhabitants. This is almost 15% of the total population of the Republic of Indonesia. It belongs to the languages of the Austronesian family. The Sundanese dialects are Cirebon, Pringan and Bogor. Verbs in this language have special accompanying words that denote the beginning of an action, an order, and the expression of emotions.
Personal pronouns are expressed in large numbers for each person. Their use in speech depends on the level of politeness, age and social status of the person being addressed. Newspapers and other literature are published in Sundanese.
Learning the Indonesian language is carried out in many large institutions our country. You can also take online courses to learn the basics of the language. Many private schools also offer Indonesian classes. The situation is more complicated with Javanese and Sundanese; they can only be learned with native speakers of these languages or by going directly to the islands of Indonesia to immerse yourself in the culture and traditions of this unique country.
Indonesian (indon. Bahasa Indonesia is one of the Austronesian languages. Official language(since) and the language of interethnic communication in Indonesia. About 20 million people use it in everyday communication. Total There are about 200 million people who speak the language to one degree or another. It has no dialects.
The Indonesian language developed in the first half of the 20th century from the Malay language, which was traditionally used as a lingua franca in the region. The name “Indonesian language” was adopted in the city at the Youth Congress and gradually replaced the name “Malay language”. Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
In Russia, the Indonesian language is studied in Moscow at Moscow State University, MGIMO, Eastern University at the Russian Academy of Sciences and, as well as in St. Petersburg - at the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, Russian State University for the Humanities and in Oriental Institute FEFU.
The Indonesian self-name of the language is Bahasa Indonesia; outside the country it is sometimes not entirely correctly called simply “Bahasa”, that is, “language”.
Grammar
Phonetics
Word formation
In word formation, affixation and reduplication play the most important role. Affixes - prefixes, suffixes, infixes (placed respectively in front, at the end and inside the word). Often a word has both a prefix and a suffix.
The most productive prefixes
per- forms transitive verbs.
pe- (peng-, pem-, pen-, penj-) forms nouns with the meaning of instrument and doer, has different shapes depending on whether it comes before a vowel or a consonant.
se- forms conjunctions and adverbs.
Examples: besar (great) - perbesar (increase), dua (two) - perdua (double), lukis (draw) - pelukis (artist), lalu (past) - selalu (always), lama (time) - selama (in flow).
The most productive suffixes
-an shows the result, object of action, means, instrument, similarity, collective concepts.
-i, -kan forms transitive verbs.
Examples: larang (prohibit) - larangan (prohibition), manis (sweet) - manisan (sweets), mata (eye) - matai (look), satu (one) - satukan (unite)
Prefix + suffix
ke…an creates an action or state.
pe…an forms verbal nouns denoting a process.
per…an the same, process, action, but from adjectives.
Examples: satu (one) - kesatuan (unity), pulau (island) - kepulauan (archipelago), membatas (to limit) - pembatasan (restriction), dagang (trade) - perdagangan (trade), adab (civilization) - peradaban (civilized )
Infixes
-em-, -el-, -er- form adjectives.
Examples: guruh (thunder) - gemuruh (thunderous)
Reduplication
Examples:
nenek-moyang (ancestors), where nenek - grandfather, grandmother, moyang - great-grandfather, great-grandmother
air-mata (tears), where air is water, mata is eye
tanah-air (homeland), where tanah - earth, air - water
hari-besar (holiday), where hari - day, besar - big, great
Composition of the proposal
Simple sentences can be common or uncommon. Non-extended ones consist only of the main members - the subject and the predicate. For example: Toko tutup. - The shop is closed.
A simple common sentence, in addition to the main members of the sentence, also includes secondary members: definition, addition and circumstances.
Subjects usually precede the predicate and can be expressed by a noun or a demonstrative pronoun: Anak makan. - The child is eating. Ini pintu. - This is the door.
The predicate can be verbal: Anak ini makan. - This child eats.
The verbs makam and minum can be followed by a complement. Kami minum kopi. - We are drinking coffee. Anak itu makan ikan. - That child eats fish.
The predicate can be nominal: Ini kota. - This city.
Word order
Word order in an Indonesian sentence is one of the main means of expressing the relationship between words.
The main feature of defining a definition is its position. The definition always follows immediately after the word being defined and can be expressed as a noun, verb, adjective or pronoun. For example: paman anak - uncle of the child; kaki kanan - right leg; anak ini - this child.
The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu, used as a definition, always follow the word being defined or enclose the group of words to which they refer. For example: anak kakak itu - child of an older brother.
A subject with words related to it form a subject group. A predicate with words related to it constitute a predicate group. In a sentence, the subject group usually precedes the predicate group and is separated from it by a pause, for example:
Toko ini/tutup. - This store is closed. Kakek ini/paman anak itu. - This is the grandfather of that child’s uncle.
The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu often limit the subject group from the predicate group and are themselves often included in the subject group.
Parts of speech
I am hamba, saya (formal), aku (informal)
you - anda, saudara (formal), kamu (informal)
he - dia, ia, beliau
we are kami (not including the listener), kita (including the listener)
you are saudara-saudara, saudara sekalian
Role possessive pronouns enclitics (suffixes) are played: My (officially) - ... saya;
Mine (informal) - …ku/…aku;
Yours (officially) - …Anda/Saudara;
Yours (informal) - …kamu/…mu;
His/her - …dia; nya;
Theirs is…mereka;
my food - makanan saya, makananku your food - makanan Anda, makananmu his/her food - makanan dia their food - makanan mereka
Rumahku is my house, rumahmu is your house, rumahnya is his, her house.
Relative interrogatives: Who - siapa, What - apa, Which - yang mana
Reflexive: sendiri - yourself, yourself (for all persons), diriku - me, myself, dirimu - you, yourself, dirinya - his, her, he himself, she herself.
Demonstrative pronouns:
itu - that, that, ini - this, this.
Demonstrative pronoun ini - “this, this, this” is used to indicate objects located in the sphere of the speaker, that is, near the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun itu - “that, that, that” - is in the sphere of the interlocutor.
Indefinite: semua - everything, segala - everything, everything, masing-masing - everyone, tiap - everyone, everyone, apa-apa - something, something, apapun - whatever it is.
Adverbs of time: sekarang - now, kini - now, dulu - before, first, kemudian - then, sudah - already, masih - yet, belum - not yet, kemarin - yesterday, besok - tomorrow, bila(mana) - when, pernah - when -either, tidak pernah - never.
Adverbs of place: disini - here, kesini - here, disitu - there, darisini - from here, dimana-mana - everywhere, kebawah - down, dimana - where, kemana - where, kesini, kemari - here, kesitu, kesana - there, dimanapun - where no matter what.
Modal adverbs: seharusnya - necessary, semoga-moga - let, jangan - not necessary, tidak - no, no (for the predicate and attribute), ya - yes, bukan (no for the subject), dilarang - forbidden.
Adverbs of degree: sangat - very, banyak - a lot, sedikit - little, kurang - less, lebih - more, paling - most.
Others: bagus - excellent, baik - good, baik sekali - very good, tentu - of course, mungkin - perhaps, biasanya - usually, tidak-baik, jelek - bad, boleh - allow, bisa - possible, perlu - necessary, berapa - how much , beberapa - several, cepat - quickly, pelan - slowly, jauh - far, dekat - close, didalam - inside, diluar - outside, diatas - above, dibawah - below, lurus - straight, kemuka, terus - forward, kebelakang - back , kekanan - to the right, kekiri - to the left, lama - long ago, tidak lama lagi - soon, pernah - once upon a time, belum pernah - never yet.
Unions: dan - and, tetapi - but, namun - however, melainkan - and, karena - since, because, karena itu - therefore, jika, ayo - come on, kalau - if, meskipun - although, atau - or, bahwa, bahasa, yang - what, supaja - so that.
Basic prepositions: atas - on, above, for (+ Vin. pad.), dari, daripada - from, from, di - in, on, to, dengan - with, together with
Numerals
From 1 to 10: satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, sepuluh (puluh).
From 11 to 19 are formed by adding a suffix -belas, 11 - sebelas, 12 - duabelas, 13 - tigabelas, etc.
Tens are formed by adding the suffix -puluh, 20 - duapuluh, 30 - tigapuluh, 40 - empatpuluh, etc. 100 - seratus, 500 - limaratus, etc. 1000 - seribu, 5000 - limaribu.
82 - lapanpuluhdua.
Ordinal numbers have a prefix ke-: pertama (first, excl.), kedua (second), kelima (fifth), etc.
Verb
The verb has the categories of aspect and voice. By type, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Voices: active, passive, middle, mutual-joint. The conjugation is undeveloped. Time is shown by adverbs such as “now”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”.
Literature and oral folk art
Main article: Indonesian literature
Traditional genres of Malay poetry developed in the Middle Ages, and they are still popular today. These include pantuns, shairs, gurindams and their various variations. Modern Indonesian literature is increasingly influenced by the canons of Islam, adopted by the Malays in the 13th-15th centuries, while Western influences are also noticeable.
see also
- Indonesian-Malay-Russian practical transcription
Literature
- Arakin V.D. Indonesian language, M. - 1965
- Alieva N.F., Arakin V.D., Ogloblin A.K., Sirk Yu.H. Grammar of the Indonesian Language, ed. Arakin V.D., M. - 1972
- Pocket Indonesian-Russian dictionary, ed. Sukhadiono, 8000 words, M. - 1959
- Large Indonesian-Russian dictionary. In 2 volumes. Edited by R. N. Korigodsky. 56 thousand words and 48 thousand phrases. M: Russian language, 1990.
- Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Svet. Indonesian-Russian Phrasebook. M.: Tree of Life, 1997. ISBN 5-88713-022-9.
- Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Svet. Indonesian-Russian, Russian-Indonesian Phrasebook. M.: Publishing House "Ant-Hide", 2000. ISBN 5-8463-0032-4.
- Demidyuk, L. N.; Pogadaev, Victor. Russian-Indonesian dictionary. About 25 thousand words and phrases. M.: East-West, 2004. ISBN 5-478-00026-4
- Pogadaev, Victor. Indonesian-Russian and Russian-Indonesian dictionary. 60 thousand words and phrases. M.: Russian language, Publishing house Drofa, 2008 ISBN 978-5-9576-0376-4.
- Victor Pogadaev. Kamus Russia-Indonesia, Indonesia-Russia. Jakarta: P. T. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2010. ISBN 978-979-22-4881-4
Links
- Malay Language - a short textbook of Malay and Indonesian languages.
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See what "Indonesian language" is in other dictionaries:
Indonesian language, official language Republic of Indonesia. It is part of the Sumatran group of the Indonesian branch of the Malayo-Polynesian (or Austronesian) family of languages. Title "I. I." took hold instead of the previously existing one... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Official language of Indonesia. Belongs to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages. Developed from the Malay language. Writing based on the Latin alphabet INDONESIANS peoples of Indonesia who speak Indonesian languages (over 95%... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
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