Often, patients complain of belching with air after eating or throughout the day. The reasons for this condition are many and varied. Below are the main ones and methods for eliminating the unpleasant syndrome.
Frequent belching can be reduced by analyzing the cause.
- 1 Description
- 2 Reasons
- 2.1 Physiological
- 2.2 Pathological
- 3 Symptoms
- 4 After eating
- 5 Regular belching
- 6 Pain with belching
- 7 Healthy belching
- 8 For digestive dysfunction
- 8.1 Esophagitis
- 8.2 Lump in throat with reflux belching
- 8.3 Neurosis
- 9 Diseases of the stomach
- 9.1 Gastritis
- 9.2 Ulcers
- 9.3 Changes in the evacuation section of the stomach
- 9.4 Cancer
- 10 Pathology of the esophagus
- 10.1 Akhalasa cardia
- 10.2 Zenker's diverticulum
- 10.3 Scleroderma
- 10.4 Pathology of the diaphragm
- 11 Other pathologies
- 11.1 Duodenogastric reflux
- 11.2 Insufficient Bauhinia valve
- 11.3 Dysbacteriosis
- 11.4 Chronic pancreatitis
- 12 Pathology of the biliary tract
- 13 Causes of the expression of air on an empty stomach
- 14 Diagnostics
- 15 Treatment
- 15.1 Drug therapy
- 15.2 Surgical therapy
- 16 Folk remedies
- 17 Diet
- 18 Forecast
- 19 Prevention
Description
Belching is called the back discharge of the contents of the esophagus into the mouth. This action is preceded by a feeling of fullness and heaviness due to excess pressure inside the stomach. To alleviate the condition, the body itself provokes the release of gases back into the esophagus with regurgitation.
The appearance of a rare, odorless belching, taste is considered normal from a medical point of view. This happens when you involuntarily swallow air, which accumulates in a volume of 2 ml. To normalize the pressure in the gastrointestinal tract, the air itself comes out in small portions in the form of an imperceptible belching. If an involuntary release of air occurs outside of a meal or drink, while a pungent smell, an unpleasant aftertaste is emitted, then there is a risk of developing a functional indigestion (pneumatosis), accompanied by airbrushing, nervous belching. Consultation required.
Back to the table of contents
Causes
- physiological, when belching with air appears after a meal;
- pathological, when the belching contains gases formed in the gastrointestinal tract.
Back to the table of contents
Physiological
The air itself comes out in small quantities without a pungent odor. This phenomenon does not cause discomfort. Provoking factors:
1.the meal is in a hurry, as a result, air is swallowed and accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract, which then comes out;
2. conversations while eating;
3. overeating, due to which the stomach cannot cope with the volume of incoming food, its stagnation occurs, fermentation with the release of gases.
4. Excessive consumption of soda;
5. physical activity after a meal, due to which food is not properly digested and poorly absorbed, stagnation appears, excessive gas formation;
6. frequent chewing of gum;
7. pregnancy in the 2nd trimester. At this time, the uterus enlarges and begins to squeeze the diaphragm;
8. the first two months of life of infants, when air accumulates during sucking.
Back to the table of contents
Pathological
In the process, a person experiences a sharp taste and smell. At the same time, the patient experiences other specific symptoms of gastrointestinal tract pathologies. In this case, the belching is permanent. It occurs against the background of such conditions:
- destruction of the digestive tract, such as stenosis of the esophagus, narrowing of the stomach, kinks, tumors growing in the lumen of the organs;
- dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract caused by gastritis, ulcers, inflammations of various etiologies;
- pathology of the liver with the gallbladder;
- gastroesophageal reflux, accompanied by the release of food from the stomach into the alimentary tract;
- cancerous tumors in the gastrointestinal tract;
- nervous dysfunction;
- malfunctions of the heart and vascular system.
Back to the table of contents
Symptoms
- sour eructation with flatulence against a background of high acidity with gastritis, ulcers of the mucous membranes;
- rotten belching due to decay processes, stagnation of products in the stomach with pyloric stenosis, cancer, gastritis;
- belching of large volumes of air due to high gas production in the digestive tract. Occurs after eating some foods dry, conducting conversations, due to nasal congestion;
- bitter eructation due to the return of bile into the contents of the stomach with cholecystitis, gallstone disease.
Back to the table of contents
After meal
During normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, air eructation after a meal appears rarely and infrequently. Causal factors are associated with the ingestion of excess air:
- with the wrong diet;
- during stress;
- with a passion for soda.
Excess air pushes against the walls of the stomach, causing bloating. Pressure balancing is carried out by the discharge of gases through the opened cardia between the stomach and the esophagus. Light regurgitation occurs.
Back to the table of contents
Regular belching
The reasons are revealed during an examination aimed at identifying hidden pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. For this, an anamnesis of the patient is compiled, laboratory and instrumental studies of the body are carried out.
Back to the table of contents
Belching pain
The causative factor lies in the development of a disease that causes indigestion. Discomfort is felt with improper nutrition and the presence of bad habits. Provoking factors:
- Smoking at the end of the meal.
- Improper use of fruits. They should be eaten before or after 1.5 hours after eating. Otherwise, organic matter in fruits begins to interact with consumed, but still undigested food, with the formation of gases.
- Tea after a meal. The leaves of the drink contain enzymes. They make the process of digesting proteins harder, which interferes with normal digestion.
- Bath procedures. Warm water increases blood flow in the limbs, but decreases it in the stomach. Therefore, food is not completely digested, stagnation and fermentation occurs. These processes cause belching with abdominal pain.
- Loose elastic or strap. This action after eating sharply relaxes the abdominal muscles, the stomach begins to work worse, there is an eructation with pain.
- Addiction to cold drinks. Drinking after a meal is undesirable due to the risk of disrupting normal fermentation and lipid absorption.
- Sleep after a meal. With a general relaxation of the body, digestion is disturbed, which provokes not only discomfort, but also the development of gastroenterocolitis.
Back to the table of contents
Healthy belching
Air outflow is rare. There is no smell or taste after it. A gas bubble forms in the stomach when air is swallowed during a snack. Regurgitation will occur due to excessive activity after a meal. Healthy belching is often troubling:
- obese people;
- abuse coffee, strong tea, garlic, onion, fatty;
- people using inhalers;
- pregnant women.
Back to the table of contents
For digestive dysfunction
Diseases of the digestive system often become a provocateur of belching with air.
Back to the table of contents
Esophagitis
The pathology is characterized by inflammation of the walls and mucous membranes in the esophagus. Accompanied by:
- sensation of a lump, scratching in the throat;
- heartburn;
- aching, paroxysmal pain behind the sternum, in the jaw and shoulder, between the shoulder blades.
Simultaneously with inflammation, the work of the muscles of the esophagus is disrupted and peristalsis decreases, which is often accompanied by regurgitation - the throwing of the contents of the alimentary tract into the mouth.
Back to the table of contents
Lump in throat with reflux belching
Gastroesophageal reflux is accompanied by esophagitis and weakening of the sphincter muscle. Due to inflammation of the stomach walls, digestive secretion increases. These phenomena cause heartburn, lumpiness, and belching. At the same time, the patient experiences:
- chest pain radiating to the left;
- nausea with occasional vomiting;
- easy cough;
- lack of air at night and in the morning;
- weakness;
- nervous disorders;
- sleep disturbance;
- sour taste in the mouth.
Back to the table of contents
Neurosis
The body reacts sharply to stressful situations, such as a change in the usual environment, the loss of a loved one, dismissal from work. Nervous strain affects the digestive system. Due to constant worries and nervous breakdowns, a person cannot fully eat, swallows air. As a result, belching occurs, and due to muscle spasm, a feeling of a lump appears.
Back to the table of contents
Diseases of the stomach
The reason for the constant expression of air is dysfunction of the cardia and other pathologies.
Back to the table of contents
Gastritis
In acute and chronic course, it is accompanied by belching with dull pain, heaviness, bursting, vomiting. With the onset of tissue atrophy, the belching becomes rotten, the patient loses his appetite. Deficiency of vitamin B12 and iron develops. There is pallor, weakness, brittle nails with hair. If gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori, belching goes with heartburn and morning hunger pains.
Back to the table of contents
Ulcers
Accompanied by sour belching due to the destruction of the mucous membrane, as well as:
- sharp or dull pain after a meal, at night, in the morning;
- decreased appetite;
- constipation;
- nausea with relieving vomiting, with residues of food and bile present in the vomit.
Back to the table of contents
Changes in the evacuation section of the stomach
There is a spasm of the round muscle, stenosis of the lumen. Excessive pressure is created inside the organ and stagnation of the contents. As a result, air with a foul smell and sour taste is expressed. The reasons for the development of the disease are diverse:
- burns;
- scarring of ulcers;
- tumors.
Without treatment, the pathology progresses rapidly, and the belching comes out with vomiting.
Back to the table of contents
Cancer
Young tumors of a malignant nature cause belching, which is similar to the phenomenon in gastritis. Signs:
- lack of appetite;
- saturation in small portions;
- refusal of meat;
- anemia;
- feeling of heaviness.
Back to the table of contents
Esophageal pathology
This group of pathologies is also often accompanied by belching.
Back to the table of contents
Akhalasa cardia
There is a spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter, zones of narrowing under the sphincter and expansion above the circular muscle are formed. Belching appears due to dysfunction of the peristalsis of the esophagus, impaired swallowing function. Additionally, there is a sensation of a lump in the throat. Reflux disease develops with a reverse reflux of food from the stomach into the esophagus. The belching contains food, the air comes out rotten. Heartburn appears.
Back to the table of contents
Zenker's diverticulum
Pathology is characterized by the presence of a saccular protrusion of the junction of the pharynx with the esophagus. As it develops, it appears:
- sore throat and scratching;
- discomfort when swallowing;
- airy belching with a sour odor and food;
- occasional vomiting.
The neglected forms are fraught with aspiration pneumonia and mediasthenitis.
Back to the table of contents
Scleroderma
Pathology is accompanied by intensive growth of inert tissues with damage to arterioles. Dysfunction of swallowing, belching with heartburn appear together with impaired blood flow along the periphery, pain in the joints, and swelling of the extremities.
Back to the table of contents
Diaphragm pathology
Constant and frequent belching with air characterizes a hernia of the diaphragm. Hernias grow in different gastric sections, which increases the pressure. There are chest pains with recoil between the shoulder blades. Food is thrown into the esophagus and a bitter eructation with food debris appears. Heartburn is observed. Vomiting appears without nausea when eating in a hurry, changes in body position.
Back to the table of contents
Other pathologies
Other gastrointestinal disorders can cause belching.
Back to the table of contents
Duodenogastric reflux
Pathology is characterized by the throwing of the contents of the duodenum into the stomach. Due to the effects of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes, destruction of the gastric mucosa begins. Appear:
- unlocalized abdominal pain;
- a yellowish coating in the mouth;
- belching;
- heartburn.
Back to the table of contents
Insufficiency of the Bauhinia valve
It is the result of congenital abnormalities or prolonged development of inflammation in the intestines. It is accompanied by pain, bloating, rumbling. Belching occurs with bitterness, nausea, heartburn appears.
Back to the table of contents
Dysbacteriosis
It is characterized by the intensive development of pathogenic microflora in the intestine. It is caused by a previous illness, taking strong antibiotics, and dysfunction of the immune system. When seeding with pathogenic microorganisms, enteritis develops, accompanied by frequent diarrhea, nausea, heaviness, diffuse pain, belching, flatulence, heartburn.
Back to the table of contents
Chronic pancreatitis
With pathology, digestion is disturbed due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes, stagnation of poorly digested food occurs, its decay, fermentation, which provokes the development of belching with air or food. There are pains in the upper abdomen, flatulence, nausea, and occasional vomiting. With the simultaneous development of diabetes mellitus against the background of a decrease in insulin secretion, thirst, itching of the skin, and dry mouth appear.
Back to the table of contents
Pathology of the biliary tract
These include:
- dyskinesia;
- chronic cholecystitis;
- dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi.
Pathologies are accompanied by bitter belching, nausea with vomiting after exercise and eating.
Back to the table of contents
Causes of the expression of air on an empty stomach
The main reason is neurotic syndromes that cause cardiospasm in the gastrointestinal tract. The expression of air is possible in healthy people without visible disturbances in the digestive function. Regurgitation is possible with gastritis, ulcers and other pathologies. Pathology is often accompanied by hunger pains, distention, nausea with vomiting.
Back to the table of contents
Diagnostics
- preparation of anamnesis based on the medical history and complaints of the patient;
- laboratory tests: biochemistry, clinical blood test, fecal occult blood test, coprogram;
- instrumental methods (ultrasound, CT, X-ray, endoscopy, etc.) to establish a more accurate diagnosis in case of suspicion of a disease in the gastrointestinal tract.
Back to the table of contents
Treatment
The goals are to restore the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, to cure existing pathologies or to relieve exacerbations of chronic forms. It is worth treating only after diagnosing the causative factors.
Back to the table of contents
Drug therapy
Medications relieve symptoms and prevent their development. They should be taken only as directed by a doctor, strictly according to the instructions. After the diagnosis has been established, in order to alleviate the condition and get rid of belching, the following are prescribed:
- antacids that soften mucous membranes;
- prokinetics that improve the work of the biliary tract;
- means for reducing the acidity of the digestive juice.
Popular medicines: Motilak, Omez, Raniditin, Motonium, Rennie, Motilium, Almagel, De-nol, Gastal, Passages, Immodium, Festal ". Also worth drinking: baking soda, magnesia, alkaline mineral water without gas, "Maalox".
Back to the table of contents
Surgical therapy
The method should be used in extreme cases, that is, when tumors, hernias and destructive pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract are detected.
Back to the table of contents
Folk remedies
- 100 ml of aloe and cranberry juice, 25 g of honey, 250 ml of water. Take 25 g three times a day in a course of 7 days, 2 weeks - a break, repeat the treatment within 6 months.
- Collection of 15 g of yarrow, mint, dill seeds, 30 g of St. John's wort, 2 g of watch. 25 g of the collection is poured over 250 ml of boiling water. Drink 25 g during the day.
- Calamus root powder. It is taken in 5 g 15 minutes before a meal.
- Broth of 50 g elecampane in 1 liter of water. Drink 150 g twice a day before meals for a week.
- Warm goat milk. Drink 250 ml three times a day for up to 3 months.
- Potato and carrot juice in a 1: 1 ratio. Drink 100 ml three times a day.
- After a meal, eat fresh carrots or an apple.
- Drink water before meals. Do not drink food.
Back to the table of contents
Diet
- the diet should not contain gas-forming products: legumes,
cabbage, whole cow's milk, hard cheese, smoked meats, pickles, spicy, fatty; - soda, alcohol, beer, smoking, chewing gum are prohibited;
- eat in small portions (250 g each) up to 5 times a day.
Back to the table of contents
Forecast
Physiological, rare belching is easily corrected by adjusting the regimen and diet. Pathological air expression depends on the cause. Consequently, the prognosis is determined by the timeliness and quality of treatment of the underlying disease.
Back to the table of contents
Prevention
- maintaining a proper diet;
- quitting smoking, alcohol;
- timely medical examination;
- treatment of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
- weight loss with obesity;
- you cannot sleep, physically work, go to bed immediately after a meal.
Pancreatic pseudocyst: symptoms and consequences, surgical treatment
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a cystic accumulation of fluid that is devoid of epithelial lining and is high in pancreatic enzymes. This formation is localized in the parenchyma of the organ or in the adjacent areas of the abdominal cavity (in the small peritoneal sac).
Causes of pancreatic pseudocysts
There are several significant reasons for the development of the disease. The main ones are:
- Most cases of the disease are associated with alcohol abuse.
- The second place among the causes is occupied by diseases of the biliary tract, a complication of which is pseudocysts.
- Complication of acute pancreatitis. It leads to the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts in 2-3% of cases.
- Complication of chronic pancreatitis is the cause in 10%. In chronic pancreatitis, pseudocysts are manifested by changes in the typical pain pattern.
- In children, the onset of the disease is associated with congenital anatomical disorders.
Thus, all the factors that lead to the development of pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis and others are the causes of pancreatic pseudocysts.
Symptoms and complications of pancreatic pseudocysts
In surgical practice with this disease, the clinical picture depends on many factors, such as the duration of the process, the presence of concomitant pathology, treatment, and others.
- Abdominal pain is the most common symptom of pancreatic pseudocysts. Occurs with a frequency of 86-90%. Localized pain in the left hypochondrium and epigastrium, aching and dull, often encircling.
- Nausea, vomiting - occurs in 72% of cases. The appearance of these symptoms is associated with the compression of structures, that is, obstruction of the exit from the stomach and duodenum 12 occurs. When the common bile duct is compressed, another important symptom appears - jaundice (in 13%).
- Palpable mass - in half of cases (50%). On palpation, a tumor-like mass is determined in the projection area of the pancreas.
- Weight loss is observed in 35% of patients.
- Pleural effusion - 15%. The effusion is usually seen in the left lung pleura.
- When the pseudocyst breaks, the following are observed: cardiac and specific symptoms.
- Cardiac: tachycardia, hypotension and shock (depending on fluid loss).
- Specific symptoms of a pseudocyst rupture: with a breakthrough into the abdominal cavity, a tense abdomen, severe pain and symptoms of peritonitis occur. - In case of infection with a pseudocyst: fever up to 37.9-39.0 degrees, chills and neutrophilic leukocytosis.
- Bleeding from a pseudocyst: hypotension, increasing induration in the abdominal cavity. Usually erupts in the arteries of the spleen or stomach and duodenum 12.
Diagnostics of the pancreatic pseudocyst
An important diagnostic criterion is a correctly collected anamnesis, the presence in the past of diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, tumors), problems with the gallbladder and ducts, alcohol abuse, smoking. In addition, the clinical picture remains important: the appearance of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms.
Laboratory tests are of little help in diagnosis and are only useful for preventing the development of complications.
Among laboratory examinations, the following may be important:
- Amylase. With a pseudocyst, the normal value is up to 50% of the observed value.
- Complete clinical (general) blood count (CBC). In the presence of leukocytosis in the KLA, infection of the cyst cavity should be suspected, and low hematocrit (decrease in hemoglobin, erythrocytes) is associated with bleeding from a pseudocyst.
- Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose. With a pseudocyst, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia with excessive fluid loss, hypomagnesemia with alcohol abuse, and hyperglycemia (sugar levels are significantly increased) are detected.
Special / instrumental examination methods:
- Computed tomography is the most preferred method in diagnosis and is indicated in all cases of suspicion of this disease.
- Ultrasound procedure. It is important both for primary diagnosis and for dynamic monitoring of the development of a previously detected pseudocyst, since it allows you to monitor its size.
- Angiography of the vessels of the pancreas. It is useful in cases of bleeding from a pseudocyst and for differential diagnosis with other diseases (in particular, with rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm), but it is used very rarely due to patient instability.
Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts
In case of an unstable / severe condition, a triad of resuscitation is performed, according to the ABC-algorithm with an additional supply of oxygen, monitoring of cardiac activity and intravenous administration of 0.9% saline. Blood transfusion can be used for hemorrhage (bleeding) from a pseudocyst. With indomitable nausea / vomiting, nasogastric suction is indicated, as well as the use of antiemetics - prochlorperazine. With severe pain syndrome, meperidine can be used.
Removal of pancreatic pseudocyst: surgical treatment.
Surgical options for pancreatic pseudocysts can be:
- Observation without acute intervention.
- Surgical excision (however, it is possible in few cases).
- In an extremely serious condition or in an immature condition of the cyst wall, external drainage is required - the frequency is up to 20%.
- For most patients, internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts is preferred.
One of the methods used in some clinics is still pseudocyst marsupialization.
The essence of this method of removing the cyst is that after opening the pseudocyst, its contents are evacuated, and the cut edges of the wound are circularly sutured to the skin and parietal peritoneum. The operation is completed by installing drainage and sterile napkins into the pseudocyst cavity. The result of the operation is that the cyst is emptied outward.
Currently, operations of internal drainage of a pseudocyst are used - that is, the contents of this cavity are drained directly into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, intestines).
Internal drainage options:
- Yurash transventricular cystogastrostomy. It is considered one of the easiest to perform and quite effective operation.
Access for this operation is laparotomy.
The course of the operation: after entering the abdominal cavity, a 10 cm incision is made in the anterior wall of the stomach. With the help of hooks, the incision is opened and the posterior wall of the stomach is exposed, which protrudes as a result of the pseudocyst pressure on it. Punctured directly through the back wall of its lumen with a thick needle, the contents are sucked off. Then, just above the puncture site, a small incision is made in order to create a common cavity between the stomach and the pseudocyst, which ultimately leads to the emptying of the contents of the cyst into the stomach.
The surgical intervention is completed by the imposition of a two-row suture on the anterior wall of the stomach. As for the anterior abdominal wall, it heals by primary intention without installing drainage tubes. - Kefshner's transduodenal cystoduodenostomy is similar to cystogastrostomy, but surgical treatment involves the imposition of an anastomosis between the cyst and the duodenum. It is used when it is impossible to perform an operation according to Yurash, but the effectiveness of such an operation remains at a fairly high level.
- Hente cystojejunostomy is one of the oldest but also still used methods of surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.
The essence of the operation consists in the imposition of an anastomosis between the jejunum and the cyst with or without switching off the small intestine. - Radical treatment: it is used for small cysts, and the above interventions of internal drainage for large cysts. Small cysts of the body and tail of the pancreas are usually radically excised during the resection of the corresponding area. That is, a part of the pancreas is removed along with a small cyst. This is done due to the fact that the long-term existence of such cysts leads to chronic pancreatitis and its complications.
Medicinal treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts (in a hospital setting):
- Potassium chloride (with hypokalemia) - 10 mmol / hour intravenously.
- Calcium gluconate 10% (with hypocalcemia) - 10 ml intravenously (IV) for 15-20 minutes.
- Magnesium sulfate: 16 mmol (2 g) in 50 ml D5W for 20 minutes.
- Meperidine (pain relief): 25-50 mg IV every 3-4 hours.
- Prochloperazine (vomiting): 5-10 mg IV.
Why do women have a bloated stomach and gas?
Discomfort during menstruation
Flatulence in a woman of childbearing age can be considered one of the symptoms of PMS (premenstrual syndrome), because significant physiological changes occur in her body:
1.As in pregnancy, progesterone production is increased;
2. as a result of hormonal changes, fluid is poorly excreted;
3. rupture of the follicle in the middle of the cycle (which is the reason why the stomach hurts before menstruation) also leads to inevitable swelling.
Such changes also affect the digestion process and appetite. Increased hunger and delayed digestion of food provoke excessive accumulation of gas in the stomach and intestines, causing flatulence and increasing the woman's weight.
Gas in the intestines during menopause
With menopause, the female body also undergoes hormonal fluctuations: sharp rises in estrogen levels contribute to fluid stagnation, and their decrease - a decrease in bile production, which leads to a lack of lubricant in the gastrointestinal cavity and, as a result, constipation and bloating.
Some of the fair sex during menopause, noticing weight gain, pursue the goal of maintaining a slim body and refuse to eat regularly. This method is wrong: the body is deprived of many nutrients, metabolic processes slow down, and the problem of bloating and flatulence does not remain solved.
Traditional treatments
Based on the cause of flatulence, therapy can vary dramatically. If excessive gas production is caused by an upset stomach, sorbents are usually used (the classic version is activated carbon). For bloating and pain, antispasmodics are used. Improvement of intestinal microflora and restoration of normal intestinal motility are provided by prokinetic and probiotic preparations, the best of which are Linex, Smecta, Mezim, Espumizan. In case of detection of serious pathologies, surgery is sometimes required.
Immediate professional treatment should be sought if:
- flatulence and bloating after eating have become chronic;
- prolonged excessive gas formation is complemented by other unpleasant phenomena (pain of any intensity, fetid belching, changes in stool, frequent bouts of nausea and vomiting, constant heartburn, dehydration of the body, general weakness);
- this symptomatology is observed in a child, a woman during pregnancy, an elderly person, including with menopause.
What can and can not be eaten?
As you know, a common technique for dealing with bloating and flatulence is the correction of the diet. For example, banana and watermelon help prevent this painful condition, and limiting sodium intake helps prevent fluid stagnation.
No diet for flatulence does not include processed foods and foods containing chemical additives and artificial components. It is also worth giving up foods that cause fermentation in the stomach: apples, beans, peas, radishes, prunes, figs, cabbage, soda, kvass. Leaning on vegetables and fruits rich in potassium and fiber, on the contrary, is recommended by specialists, because these elements relieve the body from dehydration.
It is very important to follow the diet. Ideally, you need to eat at least 4-5 times a day (preferably at the same time), while the last meal should come in the evening 3 hours before bedtime. Eating at night is strictly contraindicated.
Alternative medicine
Some folk remedies can help a woman with flatulence, for example:
1. infusion of chamomile (1 tablespoon of plant flowers is poured with 300 g of water, the temperature of which is 80-90 ° C, and is allowed to stand for 4 hours); you need to drink the medicinal liquid before meals, 30 ml;
2. a decoction of parsley root (this ingredient is taken in a ratio of 1: 5 to water, boiled for 5 minutes and languishes in a water bath for another 15 minutes); the remedy should be taken in ½ glass not earlier than half an hour before the meal;
3. refined sugar with the addition of ether (5-7 drops of aniseed or dill oil should be dripped onto the sugar); it is necessary to consume such a drug 3-4 times a day.
Self-treatment of flatulence in children and pregnant women with non-traditional methods, as well as with drugs, must be agreed with a specialist doctor.
Treatment for pneumoperitoneum consists in the introduction gas in
abdominal cavity.
testimony
can be used with localization of the process in
lower lobes, as well as with common disseminated and
fibrous-cavernous processes to eliminate lymphobronchogen-
seeding. Although pneumoperitoneum is preferable to
ding with destructive changes with localization in the lower lobes
lungs, a positive effect can be achieved with the upper
the left-hand location of the process.
In addition, pneumoperitoneum is successfully used for hemoptysis
kanye and bleeding especially in cases where it is not possible to establish
the source of bleeding or when artificial pneumothorax and
medications were not effective enough.
Pneumoperitoneum increases the frequency of closure of cavities with ela-
static walls, especially in the middle and lower parts of the lungs;
accelerates the resorption of extensive infiltrative-pneumonic
changes in hematogenous disseminated lesions, aspiration
pneumonia, fresh lympho-bronchogenic crops.
solid 2-3-week anti-tuberculosis therapy; after childbirth and
abortions on the 5-10th day.
Contraindications
Contraindications to the use of pneumoperitoneum:
pulmonary heart failure;
inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, adhesions
in it;
peptic ulcer;
hernia of the white line of the abdomen and inguinal hernia;
amyloidosis of internal organs.
Complications
Among the complications of pneumoperitoneum, there is superficial
naya subcutaneous and deep emphysema, n in which gas penetrates between
muscles and fascia, exfoliating them. In addition, medi-
astinal emphysema, when gas flows through the legs of the phrenic muscle
penetrates into the mediastinum. A characteristic feature is chest pain,
There is cyanosis of the face, swelling in the neck, on palpation
there is a "crunch" in the jugular fossa and on the neck. Sometimes gas gets into
the patient's scrotum or can get into the lumen of the intestine; in the last
case, it is removed naturally.
Serous pneumoperitonitis are rare and proceed as
usually asymptomatic. After some break in blowing
pneumoperitonitis resolves and is not further pre-
an obstacle to the continuation of treatment.
Gas embolism- the most serious complication; the mechanism of its
the flow is the same as in pneumothorax. It occurs more often during
getting up of the patient from the couch after insufflation.
90 Pneumoperitoneum Overlay Technique
The introduction of gas into the abdominal cavity is carried out on an empty stomach
The injection needle may be pneumothorax -
noah or longer (6-10 cm). Before the introduction of gas into the abdominal
the patient's cavity is offered to empty the bladder, then
laid on the back; under the lower parts of the chest lining-
roll the roller. The abdominal skin is treated with iodine or alcohol. NS rock
the abdominal wall is made two transverse fingers below and to the left of the navel
ka along the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscle; the needle is cleared man-
drained. Air is injected into the abdominal cavity through a needle connected to
pneumothorax apparatus.
Unlike pneumothorax, when a pneumoperitoneum is applied
the pressure gauge does not fluctuate, and only at the time of the introduction of gas into the abdomen-
cavity there are small (from +2 to +10) positive
respiratory fluctuations. In the absence of fluctuations in the pressure gauge, the
the correct position of the needle can be free
singing air into the abdominal cavity, the appearance of tympanitis in place of the
cohen dullness. After the end of the insufflation, the needle is quickly removed, the skin is shifted and smeared with iodine.
After the introduction of gas, the patient experiences pain in the hypochondrium, radiating along the phrenic nerves.
Aerophagia or accumulation of air in the stomach in a child or adult may indicate problems with the digestive system and the development of gastroenterological diseases. If excess air accumulates constantly, while sharp pains are felt, it is dangerous to delay a visit to the doctor. If diagnostics and treatment are carried out in a timely manner, it will be possible to get rid of the problem and prevent possible complications.
What are the causes of aerophagia?
When breathing, talking, eating, laughing, yawning, a small amount of air enters the stomach through the mouth. Some of the gases can be released through belching, and the rest is localized in the intestines and exits through the anus. In a newborn, gas in the stomach is formed due to an imperfect digestive system. A lot of air irritates the intestinal walls, so the baby often hurts and bursts the stomach. However, as the baby grows up, it becomes easier, the digestive system improves, the unpleasant feeling gradually goes away.
Discomfort after eating
Air in the stomach after eating food is not considered a pathology. To remove excess gas, it is enough to burp a couple of times, and the unpleasant sensation will pass. However, if a lot of gas collects, the patient complains of pain in the stomach, and also torments him, nausea, heartburn and a feeling as if bursting from the inside, such a symptom is not the norm and requires an immediate visit to the doctor.
Diseases
If a lot of air is formed in the intestines and stomach, the person is worried about the constant belching with an unpleasant odor, this may indicate the development of such pathologies in the body:
Excessive accumulation of gas in the digestive organ can be a symptom of the development of gastritis. - gastritis;
- stomach ulcer;
- hernia of the esophagus;
- reflux esophagitis;
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- cholecystitis;
- pancreatitis;
- pyloric stenosis;
- Zenker's diverticulum;
- diseases of the organs of the cardiovascular system;
- neurological disorders.
How to recognize a pathological disorder?
In gastroenterological diseases, belching with air is not the only symptom. The patient complains of accompanying signs, among which the most common are:
- increased formation of gas in the rectum;
- hiccups, heartburn;
- pain in the stomach and in the region of the heart;
- feeling like there is not enough air;
- distension of the abdomen;
- loud rumbling and stabbing pain;
- nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting;
- bad smell when belching, plaque on the tongue.
Diagnostic procedures
Fibrogastroduodenoscopy will help to find out the cause of excessive gas formation in the digestive tract. Before starting to treat the problem, it is important to find out what is the cause of the excessive gas formation in the stomach. To do this, it is recommended to visit a gastroenterologist, who will conduct an initial examination and collect important information. To clarify the diagnosis, the patient is given a referral to a number of such diagnostic procedures:
- laboratory tests of feces, urine, blood;
- fibrogastroduodenoscopy;
- radiography using a contrast agent;
- coprogram;
- colonoscopy;
- biopsy.
If a newborn suffers from increased gas production, ultrasound is the safest and most informative instrumental method. It will not harm the baby, but it will help to find out the reasons for the development of pathology.
How to get rid of?
Drugs
Enterol is prescribed for the treatment of gastroenterological diseases. If the air from the stomach leaves poorly due to the development of gastroenterological diseases, the following groups of drugs can help fight the problem:
- Antibacterial agents. Prescribed to patients diagnosed with gastritis or stomach ulcers. The following drugs will help to destroy the bacteria Helicobacter pylori:
- Enterofuril;
- Pro- and prebiotics. They normalize digestion, help remove unpleasant symptoms. Well proven:
- "Bifiform";
- "Acipol";
- Linex.
- Sorbents. It will be possible to expel toxins and toxic substances from the body with the help of activated carbon. No less effective are:
- Enterosgel;
- Polysorb.
- Enzymes. They normalize the functioning of the digestive system, so that a person can normally belch air. And also drugs help to reduce concomitant symptoms, such as nausea, heartburn, abdominal pain. Effective means of this group are:
- "Mezim";
- "Festal";
- Creon.
Unconventional treatments
Juicing potatoes before meals will help prevent excess gas formation. To ease the work of the stomach and prevent excess gas formation, it is recommended to consume potato juice every day before each meal, which is prepared according to this recipe:
- Peel and wash well 1 potato.
- Grate the tuber, put the cake in cheesecloth and squeeze the juice.
- Drink the finished product immediately. A new juice is prepared before each use.
To normalize digestion and save from air in the stomach, such a useful remedy is possible:
- Pour 1 tbsp. l. dried eucalyptus leaves 500 ml of boiling water.
- Cover the container with a lid, wrap it up and let the product brew for 30-40 minutes.
- Strain the infusion, take a glass 2 times a day.
Another effective and safe recipe using parsley:
- Chop fresh herbs, separate 4 tbsp. l. and pour a liter of boiling water.
- Let the product brew for 3-4 hours.
- Drink 5-6 times a day.
If aerophagia is not treated in a timely manner, the bursting stomach will press on adjacent organs, provoking the development of concomitant pathologies, such as stretching of the abdominal muscles, the formation of a hernia of the esophagus.
Pneumoperitoneum (synonymous with aeroperitoneum) is the introduction of gas (oxygen,) into the abdominal cavity. Introducing atmospheric air is undesirable.
With a therapeutic purpose, pneumoperitoneum was used for intestinal tuberculosis and. Currently, pneumoperitoneum is one of the methods of collapse therapy (see) for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Pneumoperitoneum is used for some diseases of the spleen, liver, diaphragm, cardioesophageal region, internal genital organs in women, with (see).
The position of the patient when applying pneumoperitoneum.
Pneumoperitoneum is applied on an empty stomach after emptying the bladder and cleansing the gastrointestinal tract. The puncture of the abdominal wall is performed in the patient's position lying on his back with a roller attached (Fig.). Puncture site: more often on the left in the lower quadrant of the abdomen along the edge of the rectus muscle. Gas is introduced with an apparatus for artificial imposition. The amount of injected gas depends on the readings and ranges from 300 to 2000 ml. (cm. ).
Complications of pneumoperitoneum: subcutaneous, hemorrhage in the abdominal wall and abdominal cavity, wounds of the intestines, bladder, gas, etc.
Pneumoperitoneum (pneumoperitoneum; from the Greek.pneuma - air and peritonaion - peritoneum) is an accumulation of gas in the free abdominal cavity. Pneumoperitoneum occurs when the integrity of the stomach or intestines is disturbed or due to perforation of an ulcer, as well as with traumatic pneumothorax in case of simultaneous damage to the diaphragm (with thoracoabdominal wounds). Clinically, these forms of pneumoperitoneum are recognized by the appearance of a tympanitis zone in the navel (in a patient lying on his back) and by the disappearance of dullness of the liver (in a sitting patient).
Pneumoperitoneum is created artificially by blowing oxygen into the peritoneal cavity. Therapeutic pneumoperitoneum is one of the types of collapsotherapy (see) for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum is used to contrast the abdominal organs during X-ray examination. Pneumoperitoneum is applied to the patient on an empty stomach with an empty bladder and an enema-cleared intestine. The patient is placed on his back with a slight turn to the right side; the head end of the table is slightly lowered. On the left, 2-3 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine, along the line connecting it with the navel, 1-2 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution is injected into the skin and the abdominal wall is punctured at the injection site with a thin (up to 1 mm) trocar with side hole at the end. It is necessary to roughly determine the thickness of the abdominal wall and accordingly calculate the depth of the injection in order to avoid injury to the abdominal organs. After removing the stylet, the trocar tube is slightly advanced in depth. If it goes unhindered, and the warm saline solution introduced into it with a syringe flows easily and does not flow back, then the trocar is in the free abdominal cavity and gas can be injected. The device for the imposition of artificial pneumothorax (Fig. 1) blows in an adult 800-2000 ml of oxygen, and a child of 8-10 years no more than 500 ml. Complications are extremely rare with the correct puncture technique. Injury to the abdominal organs threatens with internal bleeding, peritonitis, air embolism. The first sign of damage may be the release of blood or intestinal gases from the trocar.
X-ray picture... Accumulations of gas in the abdominal cavity are easily detected by X-ray examination, since the gas weakly absorbs X-rays. When the position of the patient's body changes, the gas moves in the abdominal cavity, always occupying the most highly located departments ("at the zenith"). In the upright position, gas is collected mainly under the dome of the diaphragm, while on the left side, in the right colic canal between the abdominal wall and the liver, etc.
X-ray examination is widely used in the clinic for pneumoperitoneum caused by a violation of the integrity of the hollow organs of the abdominal cavity, and with artificial pneumoperitoneum. In the first case, X-ray detection of pneumoperitoneum serves as evidence of perforation of the wall of the hollow organ. In therapeutic pneumoperitoneum, the radiologist determines the amount and distribution of gas in the abdominal cavity and the position of the diaphragm.
For diagnostic purposes, pneumoperitoneum is used in cases where simpler research methods are insufficient to clarify the diagnosis or it is required to clarify the morphological features of organ damage. Pneumoperitoneum acquired the greatest importance in the recognition of diseases of the diaphragm, chronic lesions of the liver and spleen, tumors of the fornix and cardiac part of the stomach, diseases of the pelvic organs of a woman.
Contraindications: serious condition of the patient, acute inflammatory lesions of the abdominal organs, decompensation of the cardiovascular system and kidneys.
X-ray examination in pneumoperitoneum is performed in different projections and at different positions of the patient's body (Fig. 2) in order to achieve gas movement in the abdominal cavity and optimal display of the studied organs on the film. Pneumoperitoneum is widely combined with tomography and contrasting of the stomach, colon, kidneys, bladder, uterus.
Rice. 2. The main positions for research in conditions of pneumoperitoneum: 1 - anterior surface of the liver, peritoneum, omentum; 2 - the right lobe of the liver; 3 - spleen, descending and sigmoid colon; 4 - liver (especially the left lobe), spleen, stomach, intestines; 5 - liver, spleen, kidneys; 6 - the front surface of the liver; 7 - diaphragm, liver, spleen, proximal stomach; 8 - diaphragm, proximal stomach, liver; 9 - internal genital organs of a woman.
On radiographs with pneumoperitoneum, all parts of the diaphragm are clearly visible. It is possible to recognize its segmental hypoplasias and hernias and distinguish them from echinococcus or tumors of the liver and spleen. Against the background of gas, all parts of the liver are clearly visible (one can judge their size, plasticity), which makes it possible to identify cirrhosis, cysts or liver tumors (Fig. 3). Splenomegaly and spleen cysts are easily recognized.
Injecting gas into the abdomen while simultaneously inflating the stomach or intestine with gas is a valuable method of detecting small tumors of the digestive tract (see Parietography). In addition, the transition of the stomach tumor to neighboring organs can be determined.
Pneumoperitoneum is of great importance in determining the location, size and surface of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries (gas pelviography). It makes it possible to recognize anomalies in the development of the internal genital organs of a woman, ovarian cysts, appendage tuberculosis. Some authors use pneumoperitoneum to clarify the diagnosis of cervical cancer (determine its stage) and monitor the effectiveness of radiation therapy.
Rice. 3. Diseases of the liver: 1 - syphilis (the liver is enlarged, deformed, compacted, welded to the parietal peritoneum); 2 - cirrhosis (the liver is reduced, hardened, its surface is uneven); 3 - echinococcus (in the right lobe - a partially calcified cyst; the liver in this area is compacted and connected by adhesions to the diaphragm).
In case if in the abdominal cavity air accumulates, which is sometimes observed during perforation of cavity gas-containing organs, with the development of putrefactive gases under the influence of gassing bacteria (pneumoperitoneum), or with artificial injection of gases in x-ray gels according to the Rautenberg method, a loud low tones are tympanic sound.
If the amount of gas is not great, then it, being distributed according to the laws of physics, in the subphrenic regions, is found along the zone of the tympanic sound above the liver or stomach and spleen, which are pushed down by the accumulated gas. In these cases, the zone of the tympanic sound between the pulmonary sound and the dull sound of the liver, resp. spleen, allows one to suspect a partial pneumoperitoneum.
On the contrary, at accumulation of large quantities of gases in the abdominal cavity, due to the displacement of large parenchymal organs (liver, spleen) from the walls of the abdominal cavity, the normal zones of dullness of the liver and spleen disappear. However, making a conclusion on the basis of percussion data on the accumulation of free gas in the peritoneum, one must be careful, since the disappearance of dullness of the liver, resp. spleen may depend on other reasons.
Bloated thin and especially the large intestines with flatulence, pressing on the lower surface of the liver, as indicated in the lecture on percussion of the liver, cause the liver to rotate about the transverse axis and cause less adherence of its upper surface to the chest (retroversio hepatis), i.e., the marginal standing of the liver and reduction in the diameter of the absolute dullness of the liver.
In the event that flatulence very large, as, for example, with peritonitis, the band of touch of the liver to the chest is so narrow that. along the front vertical lines (l. parasternal, l. mammillaris, axillaris anterior) we do not find the dullness of the liver at all, and only along the posterior axillary and scapular lines can we find a bluntness zone.
As is known, the disappearance of dullness of the liver is one of the signs of inflammation of the peritoneum, which clinicians, in case of its sudden appearance, attach great diagnostic value. But, no matter how great the paresis and swelling of the intestines with peritonitis, if there is no accumulation of gases in the abdominal cavity (pneumatosis peritonealis - with perforation of the stomach or duodenum, with ulcers, with perforation of the intestines, with typhoid fever, with trauma, with the development of putrefactive processes in exudate) always, nevertheless, it is possible to find behind the dullness of the liver; on the contrary, with significant pneumoperitoneum, it disappears, and this is a differential sign of acute peritonitis from pneumotosis.
Loading ...