Composition: Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions, federal city of St. Petersburg.
Area - 196.5 thousand. km 2.
Population - 7 million 855 thousand people.
The area is characterized by favorable EGP, since it is located on the border between Eastern Europe and Russia; The northern part of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the rivers and lakes of this swampy forest region. The emergence and flourishing of Mister Veliky Novgorod and the founding of the new capital - St. Petersburg - are associated with an advantageous transport and geographical position. On the territory of the region there are ancient centers of the Russian Orthodox Church.
For 2 centuries, St. Petersburg was the official capital of the Russian Empire, which enhanced the development of the entire region. Currently, the North-Western region is located between the Eastern European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central and Northern economic regions of Russia. This position between the economically developed territories and the resource and raw material base of the Northern region has great benefits for the Northwestern region. Its access to the Baltic is also important.
Natural conditions and resources
The territory of the Northwestern region was greatly influenced by repeated glaciations. On its low-lying plains, a rugged moraine-glacial topography with various moraine hills, lake depressions and hollows of glacial meltwater runoff is clearly expressed. The area is heavily swamped; there are about seven thousand lakes of various sizes. The largest are Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, and Ilmen. The river network is dense, but the rivers are relatively short and young; Among them, the Neva stands out - one of the most abundant rivers in the European part of the country.
The climate of the area is characterized by high humidity and varies from temperate maritime on the coast to temperate continental. The soils are mostly podzolic; peat-bog soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch, etc.) has been heavily cut down (by 50%) and modified. In the northeast, forests are better preserved.
Significant mineral resources include refractory clays, quartz sands, oil shale, phosphorites, limestones, salt springs, and bauxites.
Population
The population of the district is about 6% of the population of the Russian Federation, the average density is about 40 people. per 1 km 2, but in peripheral areas only about 2-4 people. per 1 km 2. In the rural areas of the Pskov and Novgorod regions there is the oldest population in all of Russia, therefore the average size families here number only 2.8-2.9 people (the average in Russia is 3.2 people).
The majority of the population is Russian. Urbanization rate - 87%. About 5 million people live in the northern capital of Russia.
Farm
The North-West is an industrial region with a powerful manufacturing industry complex, which is mainly focused on imported raw materials and fuel.
Branches of specialization - mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, light.
The mechanical engineering complex is characterized by the development of industries requiring skilled labor. Power engineering, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building, and tractor manufacturing are represented. Modern automation equipment and turbines are also produced in the region.
The main centers of mechanical engineering are St. Petersburg (generators and turbines for hydroelectric power stations, state district power stations, nuclear power plants, shipbuilding, instrument making, radio engineering, electrical engineering, electronics), as well as Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Russa, Vyborg, Kaliningrad.
In the North-Western region, on local Tikhvin bauxite, the first production of aluminium, in Russia, arose. Metallurgical plants are also located in Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksito-gorsk and Pikalyov (alumina plants).
The chemical industry is developed, primarily in St. Petersburg, which became a pioneer in the production of polymers and plastics, and is also a major pharmaceutical center.
In Kingisepp (modern Kuresaare), mineral fertilizers are produced from local phosphorites.
Light industry is historically highly developed. The shoe and textile industries stand out.
The district's agro-industrial complex specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, and the production of vegetables and potatoes. In the south and southwest, flax is grown, which serves as raw material for factories and combines in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
The fuel and energy complex of the region operates mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). Electricity is generated by powerful thermal power plants in St. Petersburg and Kirishi.
Low and medium power hydroelectric power stations have been built on numerous rivers in the region.
One of the largest nuclear power plants in Russia, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (with a capacity of 4 million kW), operates in the region.
Transport. The transport hub of the St. Petersburg agglomeration is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. St. Petersburg is the largest foreign trade seaport in Russia. The Volga-Baltic Canal provides connections between the region and other regions of the country, and the White Sea-Baltic Canal provides access to the White and Barents Seas.
Construction of three new Russian ports is currently underway in the Gulf of Finland, which is associated with the need to restore its position in the Baltic after the loss of trade and military bases in the now sovereign states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
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Plan
Introduction
1. Composition of the North-Western economic region
2. Natural resource potential
2.1 Mineral resources
2.2 Forest resources
2.3 Water resources
2.4 Fuel and energy
2.5 Hydropower
2.6 Recreational
3. Population and labor resources
4. Structure and location of leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Mechanical engineering
4.2 Chemical industry
4.3 Forestry and pulp processing industries
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
4.5 Light and food industry
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
5. Transport system of the region and economic relations
6. Intra-district differences by region
6.1 St. Petersburg
6.2 Leningrad region
6.3 Novgorod region
6.4 Pskov region
6.5 Kaliningrad region
7. Main prospects for the development of the North-Western economic region
8. Map of the area
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Long before Peter I “cut a window to Europe”, even in the early Middle Ages, large cities already existed on the northwestern edge of the Russian Plain - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod. The greatness of the trade and craft Veliky Novgorod was ensured by its economic and geographical position - on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” connecting northern and southern Rus', Scandinavia and Byzantium. Ships from the Baltic Sea traveled along the Neva, Lake Ladoga, Volkhov and further south along lakes and rivers to the main watershed, where they were dragged into the watercourses of the Dnieper basin. Only during the Time of Troubles did the Swedes close access to the Baltic Sea. After the return of the Neva lands to Russia as a result Northern War, On May 27, 1703, St. Petersburg was founded. Soon becoming the capital of the empire, i.e. Having taken commanding heights, he himself subsequently improved his already strong (successful) economic and geographical position. For example, for communication with deep Russia, instead of inconvenient portages, channels were built. As a result, the city became the final coastal point of a huge lake-river network through which goods were delivered from the Russian hinterland. The new city became a port, a center of shipbuilding and military industry. He has retained these functions to this day. Unlike Moscow, which naturally grew out of its surroundings, St. Petersburg was built in an economic “desert” (“from the darkness of forests, from the swamps of blat”, “on the shore of desert waves”). Therefore, it rises above its surroundings much stronger than Moscow. Essentially, Northwestern economic region- this is St. Petersburg and the territory serving it. The northern capital eclipsed the former centers - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod, which became cities dependent on it. This is not surprising, because Moscow itself faded in front of the new capital. St. Petersburg industry worked mainly on imported raw materials (metal, coal, cotton, rubber, raw cane sugar, tobacco). Only after the revolution, the city’s external ties weakened, and its internal Russian ones strengthened.
1.Composition of the North-Western economic region
The division into economic regions has been used since the 1930s to the present day. There are 11 economic regions on the territory of Russia (before 1986 there were 10). The North-Western Economic Region includes: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Leningrad Region, Novgorod Region, Pskov Region. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region, previously located in the Baltic economic region of the USSR, was included in the region.
Population: 8.5 million people (2007). Area: 210.8 thousand km². The economic and geographical position of the region is coastal and favorable. The North-Western economic region, which ranks second in the country in terms of development, is one of the smallest regions of Russia in terms of area. It is located in the north-west of the European part of the country and occupies 1.2% of the territory, concentrating 5.4% of the population of Russia. The region is distinguished by its convenient transport and geographical position, high degree of population, weak natural resources and rich historical and cultural base, the presence on its territory of the second capital of Russia - St. Petersburg, as well as developed transport and social infrastructure. western population industry transport
The region is located between developed European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Region (with its rich resource base). Currently, the North-West acts as a large industrial region, specializing in the production of high-tech products, primarily complex and precision engineering, production of chemical and forestry products, and consumer goods. The presence of a developed port economy (St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad) determines the export-import functions of the region on the Baltic Sea.
In 2001 The region provided 5.2% of the all-Russian GRP and industrial production, the production of 9.2% of consumer goods, concentrated 14% of foreign investment, 5.4% of tax and fee revenues into the budget system of the Russian Federation. For most indicators characterizing the socio-economic development of the territory, with the exception of foreign trade turnover and the volume of paid services, the region is inferior to the Russian average. A significant gap in the level of development of individual regions of the North-West is due to the unification within the region of both rapidly progressing (Leningrad region) and depressed (Pskov region) territories. The economic potential of the North-Western region is determined by the powerful industry of St. Petersburg, the presence of highly qualified personnel, and a large scientific base.
2. Naturalresource potential
The Northwestern region is located on the Russian Plain, which is a lowland with traces of glacier activity (moraine-ridge, hilly terrain). Low-lying areas of the relief are occupied by numerous lakes and peat bogs. Climatic conditions are characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winters and cool summers, which is explained by the influence of the Atlantic. The soils are mostly podzolic; peat-bog soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch, etc.) has been heavily cut down (by 50%) and modified. In the northeast, forests are better preserved.
2.1 Mineral resources
In the west of the Leningrad region, oil shale is mined underground (Leningradskoe deposit in the Slantsev area), and peat is widespread. In the Novgorod region (Borovichi) there is a brown coal deposit. The Tikhvin bauxite deposit is exploited southeast of St. Petersburg. Phosphorites (Kingisepp deposit in the Baltic basin) are mined in the west of the Leningrad region. In the Novgorod region in 1984, diamonds were discovered in the valley of the Msta River. Amber reserves are concentrated in the Kaliningrad region.
Mineral building materials are quite widespread: building stone and crushed stone, clays (raw materials for the production of refractory products) - in the north of the Novgorod region (Borovichsko-Lobytninskoye deposit), cement and flux limestones (Pikalevo), in the Leningrad region - facing stones, granites, quartzites , marbles (Kaarlahtinskoye or Kuznechnoye granite deposits in the Priozersk region); deposits of mineral paints (umber, ocher, Prussian blue) are located near Vsevolozhsk.
2.2 Forest resources
Forest resources are important. Forests occupy 45% of the region's territory. In the northern part of the region, coniferous species (spruce, pine) predominate, in the southern part - mixed species. The main forest areas are located in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, where forested areas account for 50%.
2.3 Water resources
Inland waters include numerous rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, artificial reservoirs, soil moisture, as well as glaciers and permafrost. All of them are closely interconnected by the water cycle and constitute an important natural resource, since fresh water is necessary for the existence of living organisms. The North-Western region has significant water resources - underground and surface. The rivers are high-water (Neva, Narva, Luga, Volkhov), with a total flow in an average year of 124 cubic meters. There are many large lakes in the area - Ladoga, Chudskoye, Ilmen, Pskovskoye. There are more than 3,700 lakes in the Pskov region, the largest of which is Pskov-Chudskoye Lake, whose area is 3,521 square meters. km. Over 30 rivers and rivers flow into the lake, and the river flows out. Narva. Most lakes are in the southern part of the region.
The Leningrad region has significant water potential. Large rivers: Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Luga, Vuoksa, Syas. Numerous lakes, especially on the Karelian Isthmus. The Gulf of Finland stretches from west to east for 420 km, its area is 29.5 thousand km2. Salinity is low - 3-6% (large influx of water from the Neva River). In the region there are more than 1800 lakes, Ladoga and Onega are the largest reservoirs of fresh water.
2.4 Fuel and energy complex
The reserves of fuel and energy resources in the region are small - 6 billion tons. standard fuel. The lion's share of resources comes from peat, which is used in agriculture and as fuel for power plants. Deposits are developed near large cities. The region has reserves of oil shale - 1.8 billion tons. - raw materials for the chemical industry and agriculture. The region's energy sector is developing both on local resources - peat, shale (part of the Baltic shale basin), oil and gas (Timan-Pechora oil and gas basin), coal (Pechora coal basin), hydraulic resources, and on imported fuel. The region's fuel shortage and the import of large volumes of expensive Kuznetsk and Pechora coals make the problem of using nuclear fuel increasingly urgent. In the western part of the region, due to the lack of these resources, two nuclear power plants (Murmansk and Leningrad) were built. Electricity production is concentrated at large state district power plants and thermal power plants located in St. Petersburg and other centers. In the region there are hydroelectric power stations of small and medium power, built on the rivers Volkhov (Volkhovskaya HPP), Svir, etc. St. Petersburg, with its population of almost five million, and its powerful industry require a lot of energy and fuel. In addition to thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant operates in the region - one of the largest in the country. There is already a project to introduce new capacities there.
In Kirishi, which is located on the path of a powerful pipeline, there is an oil refinery. The laying of new oil pipelines in the region and proximity to export terminals stimulate the expansion of oil refining. “Surgutneftegaz” plans to build a new refinery “Kirishi-2” next to the existing one, “Rosneft” - in the city of Slantsy.
2.5 Hydropower resources
Potential hydropower reserves in the region amount to 11.5 billion kilowatt-hours, technically possible - 6 billion, and economically possible - 4.7 billion kilowatt-hours. Construction in 1921-1926. The Volkhov hydroelectric power station, large at that time, with a capacity of 66 MW, according to the GOELRO plan, marked the beginning of the rapid development of the domestic hydropower industry. The annual electricity generation at the Volkhov hydroelectric station is 0.4 billion kilowatt-hours. A cascade of two small hydroelectric power stations was built on Svir. The Narva Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Narva River; Due to the flat nature of the flow, a large reservoir had to be created for its operation. There are small hydroelectric power stations in the north of the Karelian Isthmus.
2.6 Recreational resources
In Russia only the famous " Golden ring"can be compared with the North-West in the number of wonderful historical places and architectural masterpieces. The most ancient Russian museum cities of Novgorod (859), Pskov (903), Belozersk (862), Orthodox monasteries on Valaam and Kirillov, wooden architectural ensembles of Vologda and Kizhi , Pushkin's places in Trigorskoye and Mikhailovskoye are just the beginning of a long list of places tempting for travelers. The brightest diamond of the tourist collection of the North-West is St. Petersburg and its environs. The residences of Russian autocrats are so different and therefore always so attractive to tourists: Petrodvorets - grandeur and amazing fountains, Pavlovsk - the sophistication of the park ensemble, Gatchina - park lakes and the similarity of the palace with a knight's castle, Tsarskoye Selo - the luxury of the Catherine Palace and Alexander Park, the glory of the Pushkin Lyceum, Oranienbaum - an ancient shady park and an elegant "Chinese" palace... And St. Petersburg itself, a huge city at the mouth of the Neva, the northern capital of Russia, encased in granite banks, the wide and deep Neva with its branches and canals, bridges thrown across them, is a true decoration of the city, which is rightly called the Venice of the North. The countless treasures of St. Petersburg's museums and palaces attract tourists to their quiet, luxurious halls.
3. Population and labor resources
In the North-West region, according to the 2007 census, there are 8.5 million people. The population density is about 40 people per 1, which is 5 times higher than the Russian average. At the same time, among other economic regions of Russia, the North-Western region stands out very high concentration residents in one of the regions - about 60% of its population lives in St. Petersburg. The share of the urban population is 87% - the highest level of urbanization among the country's regions. The high share of the urban population is associated with the presence in the area of St. Petersburg - the second most populous city in Russia (4.7 million inhabitants), leading an urban agglomeration with a population of more than 5.5 million people. The Novgorod and Pskov regions are relatively poorly urbanized. In the 90s, the North-Western region combined a natural population decline (more than 10%, i.e. the maximum among all regions of Russia) and a migration influx in all regions, but less significant ( up to 7% in the whole region). In previous decades, the Novgorod and Pskov regions were characterized by intense migration outflow of residents, which led to the formation of a very old age structure of the population in these regions. People came to St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, but the birth rate in the city and its surroundings is traditionally the lowest in Russia (it was here that the demographic transition began earliest in the country), so the age structure of the population is also old. The Pskov region stands out among all regions of Russia with the maximum mortality rate (up to 23%) and the maximum natural population decline (up to 15%).
Population size is one of the most important demographic indicators. From the data below it follows that the population in this economic region is declining.
Table 1. Population, thousand people.
The population size can be influenced by various negative and positive factors: birth rate, mortality, population migration, the dynamics of which, in turn, depend on the economic and political situation in the region and in the country, the peaceful or military situation in the region, etc. The decline in the total number is also influenced by the unfavorable environmental condition environment in many regions of Russia.
Table 2. Natural population growth, per 1000 people
|
Mortality per 1000 people |
Saint Petersburg |
Leningrad region. |
Pskov Region |
Novgorod region |
|
|
We give birthawn on1000 people |
|||||
Table 3. Summary data for the North-West region
The labor resources of the region, primarily St. Petersburg and its agglomeration, are distinguished by a high level of qualifications. This is due to the fact that from the very beginning of its foundation as the capital of the Russian Empire, the city was the largest scientific, cultural, and industrial center. He retained this meaning in Soviet period- after the return of the capital to Moscow, although on a smaller scale. High potential social economic development allows us to maintain a relatively low unemployment rate in St. Petersburg. Whereas in the Pskov region, which was characterized by a maximum decline in production in the 90s, this level is constantly higher than the Russian average. In all regions of the North-Western region, the Russian population predominates. The indigenous Finno-Ugric peoples (Vepsians, Izhorians, etc.) were almost completely assimilated, which was facilitated by their initial small number and the long-standing spread of Orthodoxy. In St. Petersburg, as in any large city with an intense migration influx for many decades, there are numerous diasporas of peoples from all over the world. former USSR: Ukrainian, Tatar, Jewish, Estonian, etc.
Table 4. Ethnic composition population,%
There are also intraregional differences in population dynamics: for the Leningrad region, the main source of population growth is the influx from the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as from other economic regions. And the regions of the region are characterized by a low birth rate and a constant outflow of population to the capital. But in Lately There has been a tendency to stabilize the number of residents in these regions. Currently, there has been a re-emigration of the population to rural areas due to the worsening economic situation and the influx of refugees and internally displaced persons.
4. Cstructure and location of leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Mechanical engineering complex
The North-Western region specializes in the production of industrial products, which require deep specialization in combination with numerous and diverse connections for intra- and inter-industry production cooperation and skilled labor. The leading role in specialization belongs to the machine-building complex. The machine-building complex is multidisciplinary. Historically, heavy engineering has developed without a metallurgical base. The peak of development of the mechanical engineering complex occurred in the 1930s - 40% of mechanical engineering comes from the St. Petersburg industrial hub. Mechanical engineering is characterized by a great need for labor in mass professions (energy, agriculture, printing engineering). Mechanical engineering enterprises focused on highly qualified labor, metal-intensive (radio electronics, instrument making, electronics).
Mechanical engineering in the North-Western region has the following stages:
1) production of machine bodies;
2) production of components and parts, spare parts;
3) iron and steel casting;
4) assembly.
Leading branches of mechanical engineering:
1) shipbuilding;
2) electrical engineering;
3) power engineering;
4) tractor engineering;
5) agricultural engineering;
6) instrument making;
7) machine tool industry;
8) electronics industry.
Most of our country's electricity is generated by turbines and generators produced in the city on the Neva. Domestic nuclear icebreakers were built by Leningrad shipbuilders. Since the times of Peter the Great, the city has been distinguished by military-industrial complex enterprises.
The bulk of machine-building enterprises are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Production associations have been created on the basis of most enterprises.
The largest machine-building enterprises are the Elektrosila plant (production of powerful generators for thermal and hydraulic power plants), the Kirov plant (production of powerful tractors), the Admiralty and Vyborg plants (unique ships, fishing vessels, tankers), the Nevsky Metallurgical Plant (piece, small-scale machines, equipment for nuclear power plants, powerful excavators), the LOMO association (optical-mechanical products), Svetlana (electronic equipment), as well as machine tool associations, precision engineering factories, radio electronics, computer technology and instrument making.
Nowadays, there has been a revival of mechanical engineering in the North-West based on the automotive industry, which is new to the region. A Ford passenger car assembly plant already operates in Vsevolozhsk (with a capacity of 75 thousand cars per year). Car assembly production in St. Petersburg has been established by the largest corporations: Toyota (in 2007, with a capacity of 20 thousand per year, it is planned to expand production to 200-300 thousand), General Motors (in 2008, while working in test mode, when reaching the design capacity it is capable of producing 70 thousand cars per year). The assembly of small batches of Yarovit trucks has been established in the workshops of the Leningrad Metal Plant. Suppliers are also joining the assembly plants. Tire production has been established in Vsevolozhsk (4 million per year), and an auto glass plant is being built in St. Petersburg. Canadian Magna intends to open an auto components plant. Plans to create automobile factories were announced by Nissan (50 thousand per year), Hyundai, and Suzuki (30 thousand, with the prospect of expansion to 100 thousand). True, due to the global economic crisis, the world's auto giants are now adjusting their production programs in Russia.
Our northern capital attracts auto giants with its qualified workforce, developed infrastructure, coastal location, which ensures easy transportation of auto components, and a capacious consumer market. The pre-crisis production program of all automakers in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is quite comparable with the capacity of AvtoVAZ (728 thousand cars - sales volume in 2008).
4.2 Chemical complex
One of the leading places in the industry of the North-Western region is occupied by the chemical complex. The production of rubber products, tires, synthetic resins, fertilizers, plastics, paints and varnishes, acids, reagents, and chemical and pharmaceutical preparations has greatly developed in the region.
The production of phosphate fertilizers was established in St. Petersburg and Volkhov. In Kingisepp, phosphate rock is produced from local phosphate rocks (the Phosphorit association); at the Novgorod plant, nitrogen fertilizers are produced using natural gas; production of double superphosphate was mastered at the Volkhov plant.
The Red Triangle chemical production association, which produces tires, rubber shoes and other rubber products, is widely known. The chemical industry is represented by shale processing (Slantsy). In general, the chemical industry tends to reduce production that is particularly environmentally harmful.
4.3 Forest complex
A forestry complex has also been developed in the area, including timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The complex's timber needs are met both by local logging and, to a large extent, by raw materials from neighboring Karelia and other regions of the North.
Lumber, plywood, fibreboard (Fiberboard) and particle board (Particleboard), furniture, cardboard, paper and other types of products are produced in almost all areas of the region. But their production is especially developed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The largest pulp and paper mills are: Svetogorsk, Kamennogorsk PPM, Priozersky, Sovetsky on the Karelian Isthmus. The production of plywood and furniture is developed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Plywood is also produced in the Novgorod region. The main direction of development of the forestry complex is deep processing of wood, improving the quality of its products, and restoration of forests.
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is hampered by the tension in the fuel and energy balance and the poverty of the raw material base. Its share in the total volume of industrial production will gradually decrease. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises producing aluminum raw materials (Severonezhsky bauxite mine, Pikalevsky, Boksitogorsky alumina refineries), aluminum plants (Volkhovsky, Nadvoitsky, Kandalaksha), mining of copper-nickel ores, production of concentrates and nickel smelting (Nickel, Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk), etc.
4.5 Light and food industry
In the complex of light industry sectors, the leading place is occupied by the textile, leather and footwear, porcelain and earthenware industries. The development of the textile (in particular, cotton, silk, wool) industry was facilitated by the region's great need for fabrics, as well as the concentration of highly qualified personnel in St. Petersburg. The main center of the textile and knitting industry is St. Petersburg. The linen industry is developed in Pskov, the production of shoes is in St. Petersburg (Skorokhod association), porcelain and earthenware products are in the Novgorod region. The glass and porcelain-faience industry is one of the oldest industries in the Leningrad region. Glass factory in the village. Druzhnaya Gorka produces chemical laboratory glassware and instruments.
Among the industry enterprises that appeared in the post-Soviet period, we note the Baltika brewery in St. Petersburg - the leader of the Russian beer market, the large Russian Standard distilleries in the northern capital and Veda in Kingisepp. Accordingly, containers were required for alcoholic products. In 1998, a plant for the production of aluminum cans (with a capacity of almost 1 billion pieces per year) began operating in Vsevolozhsk, and in 2003, a glass container plant began operating in Kirishi.
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture occupies a central place in it. It plays an important role for the region. Its goal is to meet the food needs of the population of the North-West. The structure of agricultural production is dominated by dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, potato growing and flax growing. The focus on meeting intra-regional food needs determined the territorial organization of agriculture. Dairy, pig, poultry, and vegetable farms are concentrated near large cities. Potato growing is developed in suburban areas, and flax growing, which is of interregional importance, is developed in the Pskov and Novgorod regions. Agricultural land makes up 1/5 of the entire territory. More than 1/2 of the crops are occupied by grain crops, the main areas of these crops are located in the Pskov region. This same region is also distinguished by its developed livestock farming - it accounts for 45% of the total cattle population in the region, and the bulk of the pig population.
All agricultural products are intended for domestic consumption, and only flax and its products are exported outside the region. The food needs of the region's population (except for eggs and vegetables) are satisfied to a large extent by imports from other regions.
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-West, the growth of production is associated with the strengthening of interregional ties, the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, the diversity of forms of ownership, especially farms and personal subsidiary plots, as well as the creation of a network of processing enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. Dramatic changes can be expected provided there is a significant increase in farms and their agricultural land areas. This process in the region is possible, since the reserves of agricultural land are significant, especially in the Pskov and Novgorod regions, and the problem of labor resources in the agro-industrial complex can be solved by the influx of population here from other regions and CIS countries.
5.Transport system of the region and economic relations
The North-Western region has all types of modern transport. It accounts for a significant share of sea and river transport. Currently, the transport system is focused on solving three main tasks:
Access to the Baltic through Moscow to the entire southern and southeastern part of Russia and adjacent CIS countries,
Access to the Baltic Sea for Belarus and Ukraine and the connection of the Baltic basin with the Black Sea,
Connection with the Baltic of the northern regions of Russia.
It is the solution of these three tasks that makes the North-West the most promising zone of Russia’s world economic relations.
St. Petersburg is the largest port in the country and the world, but the prospects for further development of the port are very limited by the fact that it has grown “in the body” of a large city, mass transit through which is impractical. And the resources of the urban area are also limited. Therefore, the estimated capacity of the St. Petersburg port after its expansion is estimated at 25-30 million tons of cargo turnover per year. And Russia’s needs in this region are estimated in the future at 100-120 million tons annually. Therefore, the creation of a system of Russian ports in the Baltic has begun. It is planned to expand existing small ports in Vyborg and Vysotsk and build new large ports at the mouth of the Luga River and in the area of the city of Lomonosov.
The leading mode of transport is railway. The area is one of the first in the country in terms of railway network density. 12 directions of roads to Moscow, the Urals (via Cherepovets-Vologda), Belarus and Ukraine (via Vitebsk-Orsha-Kharkov) originate from St. Petersburg. Railways connect the North-West with the North (St. Petersburg-Petrozavodsk-Murmansk and through Vologda and Kotlas with Syktyvkar and Vorkuta), the Baltic states (St. Petersburg-Tallinn, St. Petersburg-Pskov-Riga, St. Petersburg-Pskov- Vilnius and further - to Kaliningrad).
Table 5. Operating length of public railways, km:
All these roads are of particular importance because they connect almost all of Russia with the Baltic. This is also where the Mariinsky water system is “introduced” into the Baltic, providing a direct connection between Russia’s northern seas and its southern seas. Currently, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned in the North-Western region. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya Mainline are being designed.
The region's railways transport timber products, metal, fuel, equipment, machinery and other products. Exports are dominated by products from the mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Imports include fuel and energy resources, timber, metal, building materials, food. IN last years Pipeline transport has developed. The region is characterized by a significant predominance of imports over exports, which is a consequence of the region’s specialization in the manufacturing industry. The closest ties have developed with the Northern region. Economic ties with the Central Economic Region have been developed.
The geopolitical position of the region deserves a significantly new assessment. After the collapse of the USSR, this region became for Russia practically the only direct access to the Western (Atlantic) sphere of the world market. And it immediately became clear that this outlet was completely insufficiently equipped for the successful fulfillment of its new role - the preferences of previous years were affecting it (in terms of the number of ports, land routes abroad, infrastructure support, arrangement of the state border). But the problem will inevitably have to be solved, since no matter what sea ports, Russia cannot seriously count on the ports of the Baltic states. It must be especially emphasized that creating a full-fledged sea access for Russia to Europe is an extremely important task not only for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, but for all of Russia. But the main role, of course, should be played by the Russian Federation itself. It is possible that this is the most important development resource in the future.
It should also be noted that in the near future (within the next 5-10 years) the global economic importance of the Northern Sea Route may noticeably increase. There are a lot of ambiguities in this issue, but in general the trend is that scientific and technological progress and the polarization of the world market into western and eastern zones with epicenters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific will require more intensive and large-scale development of the Northern Sea Route zone. The controversial problem of developing the Northern Sea Shelf is clearly visible. The North-West will inevitably have to participate in solving both problems.
Currently, the region's transport, especially sea transport, which cannot cope with the volume of export-import traffic, is experiencing great difficulties. Therefore, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned here. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, the reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya Mainline is being designed.
In the plans for creating a regional intersectoral transport system, great importance is given to the construction of a ring highway around St. Petersburg (this will free the city from a significant part of freight vehicles), the reconstruction of Pulkovo airport and the construction of a new modern airport. Finally, the construction of pipelines (primarily from the Kirishi Oil Refinery) should take on a significant scale. Road transport plays a very important role both in intra-district transportation and in inter-district and foreign transportation. Also, a significant part of population movements, both within the region and outside it, occurs by cars and buses. As already mentioned, the construction of a ring road around St. Petersburg is being prepared, which will greatly facilitate travel to the northern countries of Europe.
Table 6. Density of public roads with hard surface, km of roads per 1000 sq. km of territory
6.Intra-district differences by region
6.1 St. Petersburg
Geographical position
The territory of St. Petersburg is 1439. The city is located in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
St. Petersburg is located within the flat Neva Lowland, slightly inclined towards the Gulf of Finland and the Neva River. Much of the urban area is at risk of flooding.
Climatic conditions
The city's maritime climate with frequent changes in air masses determines the instability of the weather throughout the year. Winters are mild, summers are moderately warm, the average temperature in January is -7.8°C, in July - +17.8°C. Most of the annual precipitation (620 mm) falls in the summer months, and fog is frequent.
Population
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of St. Petersburg was 4,669 thousand people. The economically active population is 2,468 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 0.9%.
Age structure of the population: 61.6% of the population is of working age, 14.8% is younger than working age, 23.6% is older than working age.
The city is home to (according to the 1989 census) a population of more than 120 nationalities. The bulk of the population is Russian (89.1%). Ukrainians (1.9%), Jews (2.1%), Belarusians (1.9%), Tatars (0.9%) and others also live here. St. Petersburg is divided into 13 administrative districts. In addition, 8 cities are under its control: Kolpino, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk.
The average age of the population is 38.5 years.
Transport system
The transport system of St. Petersburg is represented by all types. There are 12 railway lines and 11 highways going in different directions; it is Russia's largest seaport on the Baltic and a major river port; the Volga-Baltic waterway ends here. An international airport has been built in Pulkovo.
The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. Transport routes radiate from this city in different directions. St. Petersburg is currently one of the largest foreign trade seaports in Russia. The Volga-Baltic waterway provides connections with other economic regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. The White Sea-Baltic Canal opens access to the White and Barents Seas.
Key Resources
Hydro resources. Surface fresh waters are concentrated in the catchment area of the water system “Lake Ladoga - Neva River - Neva Bay - Gulf of Finland”. There are 40 rivers, branches, channels and canals flowing within the city, their total length is 217.5 km. The largest are the Bolshaya and Malaya Neva, Bolshaya, Srednyaya and Malaya Nevka, Fontanka, Karpovka, Okhta, Zhdanovka, Moika, Chernaya Rechka and Obvodny Canal.
Environmental conditions
St. Petersburg is a city with a difficult environmental situation. To improve the environmental situation, it is necessary, first of all, to take measures to disinfect water runoff into the Neva River, dispose of sludge from treatment facilities, build additional centralized and local treatment facilities, and expand the use of water supply systems.
The leading industries of St. Petersburg are mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the food industry. Their share in industrial production is 68.3%.
Food industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 34.9%. Leading enterprises in the industry: CJSC Confectionery Factory named after. N.K. Krupskaya", JSC Petmol, JSC Parnas-M, JSC St. Petersburg plant "Piskarevsky", JSC Liviz, JSC Nevo-tabak, JSC Petro, JSC Baltika Brewing Company, JSC "Combine named after. Stepan Razin", JSC "Vena".
.
The share of the engineering industry in industrial production is 33.4%. Compared to 2001, the growth was: in mechanical engineering for the light and food industries - 122.9%, diesel engineering - 119.8%, production of electric welding equipment - 118.9%, hoisting and transport engineering - 113.8%, sanitary production -technical and gas equipment - 108.2%. The largest machine-building enterprises: OJSC Izhora Plants, OJSC Leningrad Metal Plant, OJSC Kirov Plant, OJSC Nevsky Plant, OJSC Elektrosila.
St. Petersburg is the center of shipbuilding in Russia. OJSC Baltic Shipyard, FSUE Admiralty Shipyards, OJSC Shipbuilding Firm Almaz build various types of vessels: nuclear icebreakers, tankers, refrigerators, hovercraft, racing and cruise yachts.
Electric power industry.
The share of electricity in industrial production is 11.7%. The city's power supply system is represented by the generating capacities of city thermal power plants that are part of the structure of JSC Lenenergo, small installations of individual industrial enterprises, high-voltage lines and transformer substations of the JSC Lenenergo system.
Metallurgical industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 4.7%. The largest enterprises are: Metallurgical Plant CJSC, Neva-Met CJSC, Stal CJSC, LST Metal CJSC, Splav CJSC, Kermet JSC.
Woodworking, pulp and paper industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 2.4%. Production volume in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001. In 2003-2005. growth is expected at 9-10% per year. The largest enterprises: OJSC Ust-Izhora Plywood Mill, OJSC Lenraumamebel, OJSC MKO Sevzapmebel, OJSC Svetoch, CJSC PO Parus.
.
The industry's share in industrial production is 1.2%. Production volume in 2002 increased by 7% compared to 2001. The largest enterprises: OJSC NPF "Pigment" (paint and varnish industry), OJSC "Red Triangle" (rubber products), CJSC "Petrospirt" (products of basic organic synthesis) , JSC "Plastpolymer" (plastic products).
6.2 Leningrad region
Geographical position
The territory of the Leningrad region is 84.5 thousand km2 (excluding the city of St. Petersburg). This is the largest region in the North-West by area (85.9 thousand km2): its length from north to south is almost 300 km, and from west to east - more than 400 km. The region is located in the northwestern part of Russia. In the north-west it borders with Finland, in the west - with Estonia, in the south-west and south - with the Pskov and Novgorod regions, in the east - with the Vologda region, in the north - with the Republic of Karelia. The region has an advantageous transport and geographical location. The region's great military-strategic position, where the main naval bases of the Baltic Fleet are concentrated, and its proximity to the countries of Western Europe contributes to the rapid integration of the economy with the countries of the Baltic region, which includes the Leningrad region. The city of St. Petersburg has a huge impact on the development of the regional economy.
Climatic conditions
The Leningrad region is located in a zone with a temperate continental climate.
The average long-term air temperature in January is -10°C, in July +17°C. The average annual precipitation is 550-850 mm.
Population
According to preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of the Leningrad region was 1671 thousand people. The average population density is 19.8 people/km2. The economically active population is 764 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 6.9%.
Age structure of the population: 62.1% of the population is of working age, 16.3% is younger than working age, 21.6% is older than working age.
Population of the largest cities in the Leningrad region (thousand people, 2002): Gatchina - 82.9, Vyborg - 78.6, Tikhvin - 66.6.
Transport system
In the transport system of the Leningrad region, maritime transport is becoming increasingly important, ensuring the expansion of connections between Central Russia and the countries of Western Europe and America. The construction of new ports in Ust-Luga, Batareinaya Bay near the city of Lomonosov, and in Primorsk facilitates the solution of this problem. River transport carrying out navigation along the Volga-Baltic waterway is of great importance. Railway transport has a length of 2780 km. The transit function of the region, which provides access to many areas of the European part to the Baltic ports, and the structure of its industrial production determined the traditional list of imported (oil, coal, machinery, equipment, food, consumer goods) and exported goods (paper, cardboard, electricity, engineering products ).
Key Resources
The main natural resources of the Leningrad region are bauxite, phosphorite, oil shale, molding and glass sands, carbonate rocks for metallurgy and cement production, refractory and cement clays. A total of 26 types of minerals have been explored, incl. 20 types of non-metallic minerals used for the production of building materials and organic fertilizers. The state balance of reserves includes 173 deposits of solid minerals, of which 46% are being developed.
The groundwater. There are 3 known deposits of mineral waters, which are not yet used. The region has a high supply of groundwater of suitable quality for domestic and drinking use.
Forest resources. The forest fund area is 6.1 million hectares. The following species predominate: pine - 37%, spruce - 29%, birch - 26%. Wood reserves in 2002 amounted to 647 million cubic meters. m. The annual volume of timber harvesting (without damage to forestry and the ecological state of forests) is 12.3 million cubic meters. m.
Environmental conditions
There is a tense environmental situation in the region: there are more than 16 thousand sources of emissions of air pollutants, but only 16% of stationary sources are equipped with gas and dust collection units. Significant emissions into the atmosphere were noted in Kirishi and Slantsy; the largest share in the total volume of dust emissions (36%) comes from enterprises in the city of Slantsy, sulfur dioxide (60%) - in the city of Kirishi, fluoride compounds (80%) - in the city of Volkhov.
Nine sources of groundwater pollution have been identified in the region. Typical types of pollution are agricultural, municipal and industrial. The main pollutants are ammonia, petroleum products, phenols, nitrates, lead, ammonium.
Industrial production by main industries
The leading industries of the Leningrad region are: food, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, fuel industry, and electric power. Their share in industrial production is 71.4%. For the period 1998-2002. as a result of sustainable growth in industrial production, total output increased by 1.9 times.
The basis of the region's industry is made up of about 300 enterprises, most of which are joint stock companies. Many regional industrial enterprises were formed as branches of enterprises in St. Petersburg.
Food industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 25.3%. The largest enterprises: CJSC Philip Morris Izhora (tobacco products) and CJSC Veda (alcoholic beverages), CJSC Gatchina Feed Mill, OJSC Kingisepp Bread Factory, LLC Maleta, OJSC Sosnovsky Dairy Plant, LLC "National Wine Terminal".
Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries. The industry's share in industrial production is 17.4%. The timber industry complex of the Leningrad region consists of technologically interconnected sub-sectors - logging, wood processing and pulp and paper.
Fuel industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 17.1%. The largest enterprises are: PA Kirishinefteorgsintez LLC, Leningradslanets OJSC, Slantsy Plant OJSC. The increase in production in the industry in 2002 compared to 2001 was 1.6%.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The industry's share in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises: Vyborg Shipyard OJSC (shipbuilding), Burevestnik OJSC (production of fittings for ships and the fuel and energy complex), Pirs OJSC (production of equipment for the coal, mining and chemical industries), CJSC Instrument Maker (instrument making), Helkama Forste Viipuri LLC (refrigeration equipment production), Luga Abrasive Plant OJSC (abrasive tool production), Caterpillar Tosno LLC (road construction equipment production), Krizo Plant OJSC ( production of marine electrical power equipment), OJSC ToMeZ (production of municipal and road equipment), CJSC Ford Motor Company (production of automobiles), CJSC TZTM Titran (production of tractors, metal structures).
Non-ferrous metallurgy. The industry's share in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises are: OJSC Boksitogorsk Alumina (production of alumina, hydrate, coagulant for water purification, grinding materials, refractories), OJSC Metallurg, which includes branches Pikalevsky Aluminum and Volkhov Aluminum (production of aluminum and chemical products).
Chemical and petrochemical industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 5.7%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 was 8.3%. The chemical and petrochemical industry of the Leningrad region is represented by 150 large and medium-sized enterprises, including: PG Phosphorit LLC (production of mineral fertilizers, feed additives, other chemical production), Henkel-Era JSC (production of synthetic detergents), JSC Volkhovsky Chemical plant" (Production of goods household chemicals), JSC "Khimik" (solvent production), State Unitary Enterprise "Plant named after. Morozov" (production of organic silicate paint, military products), CJSC "Production of polymer footwear", CJSC "Polymer-Faro" (production of rubber coatings, rubber products) and others. Chemical production has also been created at PA Kirishinefteorgsintez LLC (production of raw materials for the production of detergents), the Volkhov Aluminum branch of OJSC Metallurg (production of fertilizers, additives for metallurgical production, raw materials for the production of detergents (polyphosphate, aluminum sulfate) and other enterprises.
Construction materials industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 4.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 amounted to 31.4%. The production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, cement, ceramic tiles for interior wall cladding, and non-metallic building materials has increased. The region's building materials production complex includes: quarries for the extraction of natural building materials (ceramic and refractory clays, limestones and dolomites, crushed stone, sand, gravel); factories for the production of cement, asphalt, lime, clay, building ceramics, slate, soft roofing, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures, building parts (more than 50 factories). Enterprises of the building materials industry of the Tosnensky district produce (of the total production volume in the region) 60% of building bricks, 100% of tiles for internal wall cladding and ceramic tiles for floors.
Light industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 0.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 amounted to 16.1%. The production of knitted products, fabrics, and non-woven materials has increased. The main enterprises in the industry: OJSC Fanema, CJSC Luga Knitwear, LLC Komatso, CJSC Volkhovchanka, CJSC Finskor, CJSC Nika, OJSC Scanvokware, OJSC Uzor.
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Introduction
1. Territory of the district and its administrative composition
Economic and geographical position of the Northern economic region and its assessment
Natural conditions and resources of the Northern economic region, their economic assessment
Population and labor resources of the Northern economic region
Characteristics of the economy of the Northern economic region
Internal differences and cities of the Northern Economic Region
Economic relations of the Northern economic region
Problems and prospects of the Northern economic region
Conclusion
List of sources used
INTRODUCTION
Regional economics is a branch of economic science that studies the territorial organization of production. It describes economic phenomena and processes associated with the market development of the economy of individual regions and their inclusion in a single economic space. Therefore, the goal of researchers is, on the one hand, to determine the common features inherent in the regions, on the other, to identify the specifics of each of them and, based on the results obtained, to develop a specific program for their further comprehensive development.
The purpose of the functioning of the regional economy is to ensure a high level and quality of life for the population of the corresponding region. The regional economy should be based on the use of three basic principles: first, careful consideration of the needs of the region's population, the state and dynamics of emerging markets, the interests of the state and individual enterprises; secondly, creating conditions for maximum adaptation of the regional economic structure to internal and external factors; thirdly, the active implementation of regional interests.
Economic zoning is the basis of territorial management of the national economy of Russia. The system of economic regions is the basis for constructing material and other balances at a territorial level when developing targeted and regional programs. Economic zoning serves as a prerequisite for improving the territorial development of the economy and is of paramount importance for the organization of regional economic management. This is especially important now, when Russian regions have gained economic independence.
Economic zoning, inextricably linked with the specialization of regions in certain types of production, is one of the factors in increasing the productivity of social labor and the rational and efficient placement of productive forces.
A modern economic region is an integral territorial part of the country’s national economy, which has its own production specialization and other internal economic ties. The economic region is inextricably linked with other parts of the country by the public territorial division of labor as a single economic whole with strong internal ties.
The purpose of this test is to study and review data from the Northern Economic Region.
1. Territory of the district and its administrative composition
The Northern Economic Region includes six federal subjects, namely two Republics: Karelia (capital - Petrozavodsk), Komi (Syktyvkar) and three regions: Arkhangelsk (including Nenets autonomous region), Vologda and Murmansk. (Fig. 1)
Figure 1 - Territory of the Northern Economic Region
The area is distinguished by its vast territory, the area of which is 1476.6 thousand square meters. km. generally.
Table 1 Areas of subjects of the Northern Economic Region
Subject of the Northern Economic RegionArea, km² % of the Russian Federation Arhangelsk region<#"justify">According to Table 1, the largest area of the Northern Economic Region is occupied by the Arkhangelsk Region (589,913 sq. km), and the smallest area by the Vologda Region (144,527 sq. km).
2. Economic and geographical position of the Northern economic region and its assessment
The Northern economic region is distinguished by its considerable length along the Arctic Circle and extreme natural conditions (only the Vologda region is not included in the Northern zone).
The northern region is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Important ports of the Russian Federation are located here - Murmansk (non-freezing), Arkhangelsk. Part of the Barents Sea, warmed by a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, does not freeze.
The Arkhangelsk region is located in the north of the East European Plain<#"justify">- in the south it borders with the Central Economic Region, as well as with Finland and Norway, which are markets for the extracted raw materials;
the timber industry is developed (42% of all paper is produced here);
the presence of huge natural resources (coal, oil, gas);
The disadvantages of the economic and geographical position of the Northern Economic Region include harsh, in the Arctic regions - extreme, climatic conditions, which reduce the comfort of living and working activities of the local population, significantly increasing the cost of technical and economic indicators of almost all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the Northern economic region is relatively different low level development and population, low density and underdeveloped industrial and social infrastructure, as well as environmental problems.
3. Natural conditions and resources of the Northern economic region, their economic assessment
The northern region is an important fuel and energy base of European Russia: it concentrates more than 1/2 of its fuel resources (oil, gas, coal, peat, shale), 1/2 of the forest and 40% of the region's water resources. Large reserves of mining chemical raw materials (apatite on the Kola Peninsula and salts in Komi). There are significant resources for non-ferrous metallurgy (nephelines, kyanites, bauxites, copper-nickel ores), the building materials industry and ferrous metallurgy (Karelia, Kola Peninsula). Large reserves of diamonds (Lomonosov deposit) and vanadium ores were discovered near Arkhangelsk in southern Karelia.
In the Vorkuta area, maintaining workers costs, compared to Central Russia, 2 - 2.5 times more. The development of natural resources is carried out in conditions permafrost, swampiness and harsh climate. All this limits the development of a number of manufacturing industries and open-field farming in the North.
In the European North there are two zones of resource concentration. The main share of fuel resources, along with reserves of salt and light metal ores, is concentrated in the Timan-Pechora territory in the northeast of the region. Oil and gas reserves are especially large on the coast and shelf of the Barents Sea.
The largest resources of phosphorus-containing raw materials, significant reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals, iron ore, and mica are concentrated in the north-west of the region - the Kola-Karelian territory. Forest resources and peat reserves are widespread everywhere, with the exception of the Far North.
The northern region differs in mineral composition in the west and east. In the west: iron ores, copper-nickel ores, apatites, nephelines, forest resources. In the east: gas, oil, coal, bauxite, forest resources.
Forest is one of the main natural resources of the North. The economic region belongs to the main forested regions of the country. Its forested area occupies 69.2 million hectares, which is 9.7% of the area of Russia. Total wood reserves amount to 6.9 billion cubic meters. (8.5% of the reserves of the Russian Federation), including mature and overmature plantings 4.9 billion cubic meters. (9.8% of Russian reserves). A characteristic feature of the forests is the predominance of valuable coniferous species (spruce, pine), the proportion of which is 81% of the forested area. The main forest resources are located in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region (more than 80%). The forests of the region contain significant reserves of berries, mushrooms, and medicinal raw materials. The disadvantages of using forest resources include significant losses of wood raw materials during procurement, transportation and processing, low recovery rates, poor use of deciduous wood, an insufficiently developed road network, low level of development and implementation modern technologies for more rational use of wood.
Recently there has been talk about the possibility of mining ores of various non-ferrous metals in the east; the Kholmogory diamond deposit in the Arkhangelsk region has been prepared for exploitation. In the west of the region, the hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited. The area is most promising for the construction of tidal power plants.
The development of agriculture is hampered by the short growing season and poor soils.
A large area of the region is characterized by difficult northern conditions, the influence of many natural and related economic factors that increase the cost and complicate economic development.
northern economic region resources economy
4. Population and labor resources of the Northern economic region
The population of the region according to the 2010 census is 4 million 725 thousand people. (the smallest region in Russia by population).
Since 1991, there has been a trend towards a reduction in the total population, which is due to the peculiarities of the demographic situation in the region. In 1995, 5.9 million people lived in the region, or about 4% of the country's population.
All regions and republics of the district belong to the depopulation territories of Russia, and the natural increase in 1995 was 5.5%, the birth rate here reaches 8.7%, and the mortality rate - 14.2%.
Since the late 80s. return migration from the Northern region began, associated with the removal of numerous benefits and incentives with “northern money”, which previously contributed to the influx and consolidation of the population, especially since the development of the North was considered a national problem. The current policy towards the North is currently operating in the diametrically opposite direction: in just three years the region has lost 103.6 thousand people.
Special place occupies the departure of the Russian-speaking population from the Republics of Karelia and Komi. For 30-35 years, these republics were characterized by a positive migration increase of Russians. However, since 1989, the Komi Republic began to lose residents of Russian nationality. In Karelia, the influx of Russians continues (about 2 thousand people per year). The exception was the 70s, when more than 14 thousand Russians left.
The nature of settlement in the region is determined by differences in natural conditions and the level of socio-economic development of individual territories. The average population density is almost 2 times lower than the all-Russian one and is 4 people/sq. km, the minimum is in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.3 people/sq. km), the maximum in the Vologda (9.3 people/sq. km) and Murmansk regions (7.2 people/sq. km).
The area has a high level of urbanization. In 2010, the urban population accounted for 75.8% of the total population, with the highest figure in the Murmansk region, where there is practically no agricultural production - 92.1%, the lowest in the Vologda region - 67.6%. There are 62 cities and 165 urban-type settlements in the region. However, large cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people. here is not, and about 63% of the urban population lives in large cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants, 13% - in medium-sized ones (from 50 to 100 thousand inhabitants) and 24% - in small cities (less than 50 thousand inhabitants). residents) and urban settlements.
National composition The population is heterogeneous. Karelians and Komi live in the territories of their republics, Nenets - in the Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Arkhangelsk region, Sami - in the Murmansk region, Vepsians - in the Vologda region and Karelia.
There is high employment in public production. The national economy employs 83.6% of the labor force, of which 67.8% is in material production sectors and 32.2% is in the non-production sphere. The economically active population in 2010 was 2.9 million people.
However, in the context of the ongoing decline in production, the problem of unemployment is sharply worsening, especially in the extractive industries in the Komi Republic and the Murmansk region, the level of which is 4.5 - 7.6% in various territories.
Currently, the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level is 19.2% of the total population of the Northern Economic Region.
5. Characteristics of the economy of the Northern economic region
The leading place in the economic complex of the Northern Economic Region is occupied by industry, which accounts for almost 4/5 of total production and industrial production assets, as well as 2/3 of those employed in material production sectors. Second place goes to transport; Agriculture mainly serves the internal needs of the region.
The development of the productive forces of the European North is traditionally based on the use of resource potential, which implies a high share of the mining industry, which is influenced by extensive factors of industrial development. Oil and gas production continues to move to undeveloped northern and subpolar regions, which are difficult to develop and exploit, oil production begins on the Barents Sea shelf, production is created on the basis of the North Onega and Sredne-Timan bauxite deposits, deposits of titanium and rare earth metals, which is accompanied by a constant increase the cost of extracting raw materials. The more accessible and rich resource base is gradually being depleted, and the mining, geological and environmental conditions for the development of mineral deposits are deteriorating.
The significant share of such industries in the region’s economy worsened the already difficult economic situation. Over the past 5 years, the volume of industrial production has decreased by almost 40%; the crisis has most affected the fuel, energy and metallurgical complexes, the chemical industry, and the production of consumer goods.
The concentration of the most valuable natural resources in the Northern region determines the specifics of its national economy, based on the development of fuel and energy, mining, forest chemical and fish processing complexes.
The metallurgical complex produces about 30% of the region's industrial output and includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The region produces 16% of cast iron and about 16% of Russia's steel. The iron ore plants of Karelia (Kostomuksha GOK) and the Kola Peninsula (Kovdorsky, Olenegorsky GOK) account for almost 20% of the all-Russian production of commercial iron ore. Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Cherepovets full-cycle metallurgical plant (Vologda region) - the only plant in the north of the European part of the country. This is one of Russia's largest suppliers of rolled sheets for automobile and shipbuilding, dynamic steel for electrical engineering and sheet blanks for pipe rolling production. Cherepovets metal is mainly used in machine-building plants in St. Petersburg.
In the production of non-ferrous metals, the primary stages predominate - the extraction and enrichment of nephelines, bauxites, and titanium ores. In Kandalaksha (Murmansk region) and Nadviotsy (Karelia), aluminum is smelted from alumina coming from the Leningrad region. Copper, nickel, cobalt and a number of rare metals are produced using local raw materials and imported ore concentrates in Monchegorsk and Nikel.
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) ensures the production of coal, oil, natural gas and gas condensate, oil and gas processing, as well as the production of electricity and heat. In the sectoral structure of industrial production in the region, these industries account for more than 23%.
The leading place in the fuel and energy complex belongs to the coal industry. Coal production in the Pechora coal basin is constantly declining. The complication of mining and geological conditions, insufficient technical equipment and weak social infrastructure suggest the further liquidation of unpromising coal mining enterprises and low-profit auxiliary industries.
Industrial oil production in the region is carried out at the fields of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, and the Usinskoye and Vozeiskoye fields until recently provided up to 80% of all oil produced in the region. The volume of oil production is also falling, so the exploitation of the Ardalinskoye field is becoming of great importance, in the development of which the American company Conoco invested about $400 million - the largest single investment by a foreign company in the Russian oil industry.
Natural gas production also decreased significantly, which is associated with a drop in production at the Vuktylskoye field, which determines the economic indicators of the industry. The oil and gas processing capacities at the Ukhta Oil Refinery and Sosnogorsk Gas Processing Plant do not meet the needs of the region, which requires major economic decisions to create a powerful oil and gas complex in the Komi Republic with the involvement of foreign investors.
The region's electric power industry is focused mainly on its own fuel resources in its eastern part and hydro resources in the western part. In the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. The Komi Republic is dominated by thermal power plants, in Karelia and the Murmansk region - hydroelectric power plants built on rapids rivers. On the Kola Peninsula there are nuclear power plant and an experienced tidal one (Kislogubskaya). Small but efficient power plants are integrated into the energy system of the region, and some of them in the Murmansk region and Karelia are already connected to the North-West energy system.
One of the leading industries is the forestry industry, which accounts for more than 20% of the region's industrial output. It is distinguished by a high level of specialization and completeness of timber production cycles. The timber industry has received the greatest development in the Arkhangelsk region, the Republic of Karelia, where it accounts for more than 1/2 of the industrial output of these territories, and the Komi Republic.
Recently, the volume of timber harvesting in the region has been declining; logging has shifted from traditional areas from the banks of the Northern Dvina and Onega rivers to surplus forest areas - to the basins of the Pinega, Verkhnyaya Pechora, and Mezen rivers. Large sawmills are located in Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Kotlas, plywood production is represented in Karelia (Sortavala). The North accounts for more than 4/5 of commercial timber production, 1/6 of lumber, and over 2/5 of paper in the Russian Federation.
A distinctive feature of the industry in the region is the deep processing of wood, which is carried out at large pulp and paper mills in Kondopoga, Segezha, Kotlas, Arkhangelsk, and Novodvinsk. Currently, the existing level of production of the timber industry complex of the region does not meet the needs of the national economy, which contributes to an increase in the shortage of forest products, although they are still exported to many European regions of Russia, countries near and far abroad.
The development of the chemical industry is of an extensive resource nature and the share of this industry in the industrial output of the North is small. However, the region is the main producer of phosphorus-containing raw materials in Russia. The Murmansk region produces 100% of apatite raw materials, which are used by superphosphate plants in the European part of the country. Production volumes are declining, which is due to the deterioration of mining and geological conditions of deposit development and the quality of ore, lack of comprehensiveness in the use of raw materials, outdated equipment and technologies requiring replacement. Phosphorus losses during the extraction, processing and transportation of apatite mined on the Kola Peninsula are constantly growing.
In addition to mining chemistry, the production of basic chemical products is also developing rapidly. The region produces phosphate fertilizers from its own raw materials and nitrogen fertilizers using coke oven gas produced in one of the workshops of the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant. At the Severnickel plant, sulfuric acid is produced from non-ferrous metallurgy waste; the region produces more than 1/6 of this product in Russia. Soot production is being developed in Sosnogorsk using natural gas.
Among the branches of the food industry, the fish industry is of national importance. In the Northern Basin and in the regions of the North Atlantic, cod and herring fish are fished, the processing of which is carried out at fish factories in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The region produces 1/5 of the country's fish catch, ranking second in terms of the level of development of the fishing industry after the Far East.
The traditional branch of specialization is the butter industry, the production of condensed and powdered milk, which is developing in the south of the region and primarily in the Vologda region (Belozersk, Totma, Sokol).
Among the integrated industries of the Northern region, mechanical engineering, light industry and the production of building materials stand out. They ensure the functioning of the main national economic elements and the internal needs of the region.
Mechanical engineering is one of the dynamically developing industries, providing the production of skidders, paper-making equipment (Petrozavodsk), sawmill frames (Vologda), and ship repairs (Murmansk, Arkhangelsk). The production of bearings (Vologda), various measuring instruments, radio electronics and machine tool products, construction and road equipment begins to develop.
The share of light industry in the total volume of commercial products in the republics and regions of the region fluctuates and tends to decrease, which is due to the limited raw material base and shortage of labor resources. The main sub-sectors are linen (Vologda, Krasavino) and knitwear.
The mica industry and the extraction of decorative stones in Karelia are becoming increasingly important.
The role of the agro-industrial complex due to natural and climatic conditions is small. Agriculture does not meet the region’s own needs, the balance the most important species food products in the region have a negative balance for all types, with the exception of fish.
The region is characterized by a low level of arable land; agricultural land makes up only 1/5 of the total land area of the region, of which more than half is concentrated in the Vologda region, and the rest in the south of the Arkhangelsk region, Karelia and Komi. In the southern zone of the region, feed and grain crops (rye, oats, barley), fiber flax, potatoes, and vegetables are grown. In recent years, growing vegetables indoors has become increasingly common, especially in areas with extreme natural conditions.
Livestock farming dominates the structure of agriculture, accounting for 78% of the industry's gross output. In the south of the region the livestock is dominated by large cattle dairy and meat production, as well as pig and poultry farming. Reindeer husbandry holds a special place in the Far North. Reindeer pastures, where 17% of Russia's reindeer population is concentrated, occupy more than 1/5 of the total land area of the region.
The transport infrastructure of the region was formed under the influence of the marginal location of the region, the presence of direct access to the seas of the Northern Basin, the carrying capacity of the products of the extractive industries, and it determined the specifics of transport and economic relations. The main cargo flows are in the southern and southeastern directions. Timber and timber products, oil, gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, apatite ores, cardboard, paper, fish and fish products are exported from the region, and food, consumer goods, machinery and equipment are imported.
All types of transport are developed in the area, but the most important are railway, sea and river. Almost 70% of freight turnover is provided by railway transport; meridional highways predominate: Volkhov - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk, Vologda - Arkhangelsk, and latitudinal ones affect only the south of the region (St. Petersburg - Cherepovets - Vologda).
The role of water transport is significant. Using inland waterways and canal systems (the Northern Dvina, Pechora, Ladozhskoe, Lake Onega, White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Baltic canals), river transport is actively developing. Maritime transport provides coastal transportation along the Northern Sea Route, which is especially important for the economic functioning of the northern territories, including the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. In addition to the icebreaker fleet, a fishing fleet is also based in Murmansk, and a timber fleet is based in Arkhangelsk. In modern conditions, the export-import orientation of the seaports of the Northern region is intensifying.
6. Internal differences and cities of the Northern Economic Region
Arhangelsk region.
The Arkhangelsk region is the most economically developed and most promising part of the Northern region. The main sectors of market specialization are forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, fishing and mechanical engineering, especially shipbuilding. In the near future, oil and gas production on the continental shelf and diamond mining will develop. In agriculture, the Arkhangelsk region specializes in dairy farming. The established industrial centers of the region are Arkhangelsk and Kotlas. The leading place in their industrial structure is occupied by sawmilling, wood chemicals, pulp and paper production, and standard house building. Based on the development of the North Onega bauxite deposit, a large industrial center arose - Plesetsk with alumina, oil refining, woodworking and forest chemical industries, as well as a new cosmodrome.
Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
As part of the Arkhangelsk region, there is a subject of the Federation - the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in which such sectors of the economy as reindeer husbandry, fishing, fur hunting of arctic foxes, foxes, etc. are developed. Cattle are bred. In the capital of the district, Naryan-Mar, sawmilling using timber imported along the rivers, fish processing, and processing of deer skins are developed. The Nenets District has enormous development prospects, since a new oil and gas bearing area has been discovered on its territory, on the mainland and the sea shelf.
Murmansk region.
The Murmansk region is distinguished by its developed fishing industry, nepheline and apatite mining, copper-nickel and iron ore industries, and shipbuilding. Large industrial centers have formed in the region - Murmansk, Pechenga, Apatity, Monchegorsk. Murmansk is an ice-free port, a support base of the Northern Sea Route, occupying one of the leading places in Russia in terms of cargo turnover.
Vologda Region.
The Vologda region specializes in the production of ferrous metallurgy, forestry and woodworking industries, the production of linen fabrics, and lace weaving. The largest Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant and the Cherepovets Steel Rolling Plant operate in the region. Cherepovets is also home to a large chemical enterprise - the Ammophos production association and a nitrogen fertilizer plant.
Agriculture specializes in flax growing, dairy farming, and potato growing. In the largest center of the region, Vologda, mechanical engineering, woodworking, linen fabric production and the food industry are developed.
Republic of Karelia.
The Republic of Karelia is the most important industrial region of the North. The republic has developed pulp and paper industry, standard house building, various mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, and production of building materials. Together with Finland, a large Kostomuksha mining and processing plant was built, producing high-quality iron ore concentrate. Agriculture specializes in dairy and meat livestock farming, poultry farming, and sheep farming. A significant amount of fish is caught in the lakes and rivers of the republic, which is processed by enterprises. Fur farming has developed.
The largest industrial center of the Republic, Petrozavodsk, is a center for mechanical engineering, the production of skidders, equipment for the forestry industry, a center for the production of building materials and forest chemical products. Large industrial centers of Karelia are Kondopoga and Segezha, specializing in the pulp and paper and engineering industries. Sawmilling, shipbuilding and fish canning industries developed in the cities of Belomorsk and Medvezhyegorsk.
Komi Republic.
The Komi Republic is distinguished by such industries as coal, oil, gas, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper. There are deposits of titanium ores, bauxites, rock and potassium-magnesium salts, on the basis of which their extraction and processing are carried out. The main branches of agriculture of the republic are: in the north, reindeer husbandry, in the rest - mainly along the valleys of the Vychegda and Sysola rivers - dairy farming and the cultivation of rye, oats, barley, vegetables and potatoes.
The capital of the republic and a major industrial center is Syktyvkar. A large timber industry complex has been created here, with the pulp and paper industry especially notable. Other industries are also developed - leather and footwear, food industry. The main centers of the coal industry are Vorkuta and Inta, and the oil industry is Ukhta.
7. Economic relations of the Northern economic region
The diversified specialization of the region predetermines the widespread development of interdistrict and interstate economic relations. The European North accounts for almost 4% of Russia's foreign trade turnover, including about 5% of exports and 2.6% of imports.
The Northern Economic Region is the largest supplier of fuel, energy and mineral raw materials, products of the metallurgical, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and construction materials in the European part of the country. Oil, gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, apatite ores, cardboard, paper, and fish are also exported from the region. The main cargo flows are in the southern and southeastern directions.
The North receives most of its food products from the Russian regions, industrial consumer goods from the CIS republics and the Baltic countries, imports of equipment for the extractive industries and the forest chemical complex, and vehicles.
The North has all the necessary prerequisites: raw materials and energy base, production facilities, transport infrastructure, as well as qualified labor resources for the large-scale promotion of goods, both to the domestic market and to the markets of the CIS countries, near and far abroad. Participation of foreign, primarily Scandinavian and North American companies in the operation of the Northern Sea Route on the basis of technical re-equipment of the fleet and navigation aids.
An important direction for improving the region’s external economic relations is its market integration with neighboring regions - Northwestern, Central, as well as with neighboring countries - Finland and Norway.
8. Problems and prospects of the Northern economic region
In the context of the emergence of market relations for the Northern Economic Region, the most important are structural changes in the economy, the conversion of the military-industrial complex, the formation of a new market space and an increase in export potential.
Comprehensive intensive development of the unique natural resources of the region in the near future is possible subject to the attraction of foreign investments and the latest technologies for the extraction and processing of raw materials, the creation of joint enterprises with foreign companies, and the organization of SEZs. Among the promising projects is the creation, based on the raw materials of the Kola mining and industrial complex, of enterprises for the production of alumina, soda ash, potash, rare metals, heavy oil at the Yaregskoye field in the Komi Republic, and diamond mining in the Arkhangelsk region.
Particular attention should be paid to the problem of conversion of the defense industries of the North, which account for a significant share of the region’s production and intellectual potential. As a result of the conversion of shipbuilding enterprises in the city of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region, production and supply to the market, including the world market, of various types of vessels and offshore platforms for oil and gas production at shallow and medium depths can be established.
In conditions of an undeveloped market and instability of inter-republican relations, there is a greater focus of the Northern region on the import of necessary products from the regions of Russia, as well as on imports provided by direct, including barter, supplies to foreign markets of energy resources, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products.
The prospects for the development of the Northern region are primarily related to the development of unique natural resources and the creation of a large oil and gas production area on the continental shelf of the Barents Sea. Offshore production platforms will be built for oil and gas production, attracting investments from foreign countries, in particular Norway. Will be used innovate experience companies producing oil and gas in the North Sea, in particular experience in the construction of platforms. Pipelines will be laid along the seabed to the coast. The Varandey-Sea area is very promising. Currently, two wells have already been drilled there and an industrial flow of oil has been obtained. The reserves of the Varandey Sea are estimated at approximately 36 million tons. The development of the Shtokman field is planned with the involvement of foreign companies. Negotiations are underway with the Americans, French, Norwegians, and Finns.
The prospects for the development of the Northern region are also associated with the development of diamond deposits.
The region will continue to occupy one of the most important places in the development of fishing and the fish processing industry, as well as in the development of the timber industry.
Currently, as in other regions of Russia, the economy of the Northern region is experiencing a crisis, a decline in production, which is caused by the severance of economic ties, a sharp increase in energy prices, ever-increasing transport tariffs, wear and tear of production equipment, and the loss of large government orders for defense products. \
In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, the most important task is structural restructuring, conversion of defense enterprises, and their reorientation to produce products for the industries of market specialization in the region and for the population.
The most important task in the development of new unique resources is caring for the vulnerable northern nature, preventing the destruction of the ecosystem, developing and implementing special program environmental measures for the protection of natural resources and rational environmental management.
No less important tasks are reforming forms of ownership in all spheres of the region’s economy, developing entrepreneurship, creating a competitive market environment, attracting investment in the development of promising industries, and comprehensive development of production and social infrastructure.
Conclusion
For the Northern economic region due to specific natural, economic conditions and the uniqueness of the transport and economic situation important factor The transition to the market is the comprehensive improvement of the use of natural resource potential, the development of the transport network and the expansion of transit export functions, the creation of international business centers, exchanges and other market infrastructure facilities. In this regard, there is a need for widespread comprehensive development and rational use, based on environmentally friendly technologies, primarily of oil and gas resources identified in the shelf zone of the Barents Sea, as well as diamonds, apatite nepheline, titanium and iron ores, bauxite, forest resources, etc.
The specific regional prerequisites for the region's transition to market relations are the development of business activities associated with the integrated development of various minerals and other natural resources, including the most valuable natural resources contained in industrial waste (nephelines, apatite raw materials, non-ferrous and rare metals). Reserves for the development of entrepreneurial activity also include forest resources, various wood waste and wood lost during rafting, small deposits of various building materials, and fish resources of freshwater reservoirs. An incentive for the development of diverse small businesses is the organization of infrastructure services for emerging forms of entrepreneurship (farming, small enterprises). In the context of the transition to the market, priority development should be given to the electric power industry, focused primarily on gas and nuclear fuel. The development of the machine-building complex will be determined both by the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, and by the conversion of defense industries. The transition to market relations will also require new approaches to solving socio-economic problems. Therefore, it is very important to widely use various forms of economic development with the broad involvement of foreign capital, technology and equipment to create a network of new joint ventures with foreign companies, in particular those exploiting and processing natural resources, to create a variety of industry, inter-industry and regional free economic zones.
List of sources used
1.Vidyapina V.I. Regional economics: textbook / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapin and M.V. Stepanova. - M.: Publishing house INFRA-M, 2007-666 p.
.Granberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economics: a textbook for universities / A.G. Granberg; State University - Higher School of Economics. - 4th ed. - M.: Publishing house of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2004 - 495 p.
.Kistanov V.V. Regional economics of Russia: textbook / V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov. - M.: Publishing House Finance and Statistics, 2009 - 584 p.
4.Electronic resource:
Electronic resource:
Tutoring
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NORTHWEST RUSSIA
The purpose of the lesson:
To introduce students to the TPK of North-West Russia,
Improving the skills of analyzing economic maps.
Explain the new concept of “free economic zones”.
Equipment: I.K. - North-Western Russia I-8kl-13, map of the North-Western economic region (physical, social, economic), atlases.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. ORGANIZATIONAL POINT.
II. ANNOUNCEMENT OF GRADES FOR THE TEST.
Work on mistakes.
III STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
FGP, EGP. Composition of Northwestern Russia.
Northwestern Russia is the smallest region of the Russian Federation in terms of territory (212 thousand km2).
Administrative-territorial units of North-Western Russia:
Leningradskaya,
Pskovskaya,
Novgorod region,
St. Petersburg is a city of federal significance,
The Kaliningrad region is an enclave.
Modern integration ties with the Central (Moscow) region allow us to consider it part of the inter-regional complex - Central Russia.
The population of the region (8.9 million people) is 6.2% of the total population of Russia.
Profitable EGP on the Baltic Sea and waterways(the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”) determined the early settlement of the region, the formation of Novgorod Rus, and in 1703 the founding of the new capital of St. Petersburg.
Benefits of EGP - district of one city(what the North-West used to be) - increased after the creation of canals in place of portages, and later - the railway system.
Currently, the EGP is the largest Russian ports in the Baltics: St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. The North-West, in addition to the border with Finland, now has new sections of the state border with Estonia and Latvia.
Natural resource base:
The territory of the region with marine glacial relief is not rich in natural resources.
Shales - phosphorites
Construction materials - peat.
The region is provided with water resources (high-water rivers, 7 thousand lakes, including Ladoga and Onega).
Population of Northwestern Russia:
86% urban population
65% of the district's population lives in St. Petersburg - mostly Russians living in cities.
The North-Western region has a predominantly urban population (its share is the highest in Russia—86%). 65% of the district's urban population lives in St. Petersburg. There are many ancient cities among them: Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Russa.
5. Housekeeping.
♦ Specialization - diversified mechanical engineering related to the defense complex. In the cities of Chernyakhovsk, Gusev, S-P
Products: - sea vessels,
Optical and electronic equipment,
Turbines, generators,
Equipment for nuclear power plants.
Non-ferrous metallurgy and ferrous metallurgy processing plants are closely related to mechanical engineering.
Developed chemical- S-P.
Lesnaya-pulp and paper industry in Gvardeysk, Neman, Sovetsk, Kaliningrad.
easy - S-P.
food industry in Kaliningrad, S-P .
The fuel and energy complex uses oil and gas from the European North, the Volga region, Western Siberia. Electricity is generated at low-power thermal power plants, hydroelectric power stations, and nuclear power plants (Gulf of Finland).
The agro-industrial complex specializes in dairy and meat farming, flax farming and suburban agriculture (vegetables and poultry farming)
Free economic zones- these are independent territorial-geographical enclaves, partly isolated from the rest of the country. They are provided with benefits (customs, tax) to attract the activities of foreign companies and funds for organizing highly efficient production with the latest technologies. Several thousand of them have been created in the world.
6. Messages from students about St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad..
IV Consolidation.
1. Remember and clarify what new ports are proposed to be created on the Gulf of Finland. Why did the question arise about their creation?
2. What is the area of the North-Western hub region?
3. Population of the area?
4. “Urbanization” what is it? And how much is it in the area?
V Homework: pp. 250-257, complete the task on p. 257 “Attention! Problem!"
City of St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad regions.
Economic-geographical location
The area is characterized by a coastal location near the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gulf of Finland or close to them. The ancient trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the rivers and lakes of the North-West, on which Novgorod Rus' arose.
This is a compact area (196 thousand km 2). The main city, St. Petersburg, occupies a central position.
In 1990 St. Petersburg was designated a “free enterprise zone”.
The Kaliningrad region, formed in 1946, occupies a special place in the North-West. on the territory of the former East Prussia, which was transferred to the USSR after the Great Patriotic War (an area of only 15 thousand km2). Kaliningrad is one of the most important ports of Russia, a center of marine fishing and foreign trade.
Natural conditions and resources
The area is characterized by a moraine-glacial topography with hills and ridges. There are especially many moraine hills at higher elevations, where they alternate with lake depressions. The North-West of the Russian Plain is a lake region: there are about 7 thousand lakes. The largest are Ladoga (area 18 thousand km2), Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen. The river network is dense. The relatively short Neva River (74 km), flowing from Lake Ladoga into the Gulf of Finland, is one of the most abundant in Russia.
The climate of the region is temperate continental, on the coast it is maritime. The Baltic Sea does not freeze only near Kaliningrad. The entire territory is characterized by podzolic and peat-bog soils. Forests occupy slightly less than half the area of the region, and in the northeast the forest cover reaches 70%.
Minerals: refractory clays, oil shale, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones, salt springs (in the Staraya Rusa area), bauxite (Tikhvin).
Population
The population of the region is 8.3 million people; the average population density is 42 people per 1 km 2, but in peripheral areas the rural population density is only 2-4 people per 1 km 2. The majority of the population is Russian. Urbanization rate - 87%.
Farm
The main socio-economic factors for the development of the region: profitable EGP, qualified personnel, development of science and culture, developed experimental design base.
The North-West is an industrial region with a developed manufacturing industry complex with a high share of mechanical engineering. Focuses on imported raw materials and fuel.
Industries of specialization- qualified mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industry.
The region's mechanical engineering industry has developed intra-industry connections: energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument engineering, machine tool manufacturing. The region is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors.
Power equipment: production of generators and turbines for hydroelectric power stations, state district power stations, nuclear power plants (St. Petersburg Elektrosila plant, Izhora nuclear reactors);
Shipbuilding: “Admiralteysky”, “Baltic” factories in St. Petersburg - nuclear icebreakers, ocean-going bulk carriers, etc.
High-tech industries are represented by instrument engineering, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering - a wide range and narrow specialization, close production ties (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Velikie Luki, Staraya Rusa).
Radio and television equipment and video recorders are produced in Novgorod, Pskov, Vyborg, and Kaliningrad.
The chemical industry of St. Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, materials for semiconductor technology, and the pharmaceutical industry.
Light industry (shoe, textile, food) is developed in the area.
A number of industries are based on local natural resources. This is the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mineral fertilizers from them (Kingisepp, modern name - Kuressaare), the production of fire-resistant bricks from local clays (Boroviki), the extraction and production of building materials, the extraction of shale (Slantsy).
The North-West is the birthplace of the aluminum industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy using local Tikhvin bauxite - Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina refineries).
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, vegetable and potato production. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and southwest of the region. Flax is processed in numerous factories and large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
Fuel and energy base The region focuses (in addition to local) mainly on imported raw materials - oil, gas and coal from the Komi Republic. The country's largest oil refinery and state district power station are located in Kirishi. The electric power industry is represented by thermal and hydroelectric power plants (Volkhovskaya is the first hydroelectric power station in the country). One of the largest nuclear power plants in Russia is the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.
Transport. The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. Transport routes radiate from this city in different directions. St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad are the largest seaports in Russia through which foreign trade is carried out. The Volga-Baltic Waterway begins in St. Petersburg; and the White Sea-Baltic Canal gives access to the Baltic Sea.
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