Provideniya Bay
The Chukchi Sea is located off the northeastern shores Soviet Union. His western border goes from the point of intersection of the 180° meridian with the edge of the continental shelf (76° N, 180° E) along the 180° meridian to the island. Wrangel and further through the Long Strait and Cape Yakan, i.e. along the eastern border of the East Siberian Sea. The northern border runs from a point with coordinates 72°N, 156°E. to Cape Barrow in Alaska, further along the mainland coast to the southern entrance cape of Shishmareva Bay (Seward Peninsula). Southern border Chukchi Sea It runs along the northern border of the Bering Strait from the southern entrance cape of Shishmarev Bay to Cape Unikyn (Chukchi Peninsula) and further along the mainland coast to Cape Yakan. The Chukchi Sea also includes the Long Strait, the western border of which runs from Cape Blossom to Cape Yakan. The eastern border of the strait runs from Cape Pillar (Wrangel Island) to Cape Schmidt.
The Chukchi Sea belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Its area is 595 thousand km 2, volume is 42 thousand km 3, average depth is 71 m, greatest depth is 1,256 m.
There are few islands in the Chukchi Sea, the rivers flowing into it are shallow, and the coastline is slightly indented.
The shores of the Chukchi Sea are mountainous almost throughout. On the east coast of. Wrangel, low hills drop steeply to the sea. Low mountains stretch along the northern coast of Chukotka and Alaska, but they are usually far from the water's edge. The coastline is formed by sand spits, separating lagoons from the sea, behind which mountains can be seen. This landscape is typical for the shores of the Chukchi Sea.
Climate
The climate of the Chukchi Sea is polar marine. Its characteristic features are a small amount of solar heat and small annual fluctuations in air temperature.
In autumn-winter, the sea is influenced by several large-scale pressure systems. At the beginning of the season, it is affected by the spurs of the Siberian and Polar anticyclones and the Aleutian low. Due to this distribution of pressure systems, the direction of winds over the sea is very unstable. Winds from different directions have almost the same frequency. Wind speeds average 6-8 m/s. The air temperature drops quickly in autumn and in October at Cape Schmidt and about. Wrangel reaches –8°. From November, northwest winds begin to prevail. The hollow disappears in February low pressure. The spurs of the Siberian and North American highs over the sea approach each other, at times merging and forming a “bridge” high pressure between continents. In this regard, northern and northeastern winds predominate in the north of the sea, and northern and northwestern ones in the south. In the second half of winter, predominantly southern winds blow over the sea. Wind speed is usually about 5-6 m/s. The air temperature of the coldest month - February - averages -28° in Uellen, on the island. Wrangel –25° and at Cape Schmidt –28°. This temperature distribution is associated with the warming effect Pacific Ocean and cooling - the Asian continent. Winter is characterized by cloudy, cold weather with gusty winds, which is sometimes changed by tributaries warm air from the Bering Sea.
Bering Strait
In the warm part of the year, the Siberian and North American anticyclones are absent, the polar maximum weakens and shifts northward. In the spring, south of the Chukchi Sea, a band of low pressure can be traced, running from the Icelandic low to the east and connecting with the trough of the weakly expressed Aleutian low. By the end of the season, winds that are unstable in direction acquire a predominantly southern direction. Their speed usually does not exceed 3-4 m/s. In spring, the weather is usually cloudy, calm, dry and cool. Temperatures in April average -12° in Uellen and -17° on the island. Wrangel. In the summer, a spur of the Pacific High approaches Alaska, and the pressure is slightly increased over ice-free expanses of water. In the southern part of the sea, winds prevail in the southern and southeastern directions, and in its northern regions - in the northern and northwestern directions. Their speed usually reaches 4-5 m/s. The air temperature of the warmest month - July - is on average 6° in Uellen, on the island. Wrangel 2.5°, at Cape Schmidt 3.5°. In points sheltered from the winds on the coast it can reach 10° and higher. In summer the weather is cloudy with rain and snow. Summer is very short, and already in August the transition to the next season is planned.
Glaucous gulls over a walrus rookery in the Chukchi Sea
Walrus rookery
Water temperature and salinity
Continental flow into the Chukchi Sea is very small. Only 72 km 3 of river water per year comes here, which is about 5% of the total coastal flow into all Arctic seas and a fraction of a percent of the volume of its waters. Of this amount, 54 km 3 /year is provided by the rivers of Alaska and 18 km 3 /year by the rivers of Chukotka. Such a small coastal runoff does not significantly affect the hydrological conditions of the Chukchi Sea as a whole, but it does affect the temperature and salinity of coastal waters.
To a much greater extent, the nature of the Chukchi Sea is affected by water exchange with the Central Polar Basin and with the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. A slight increase in water temperature in the bottom horizons in the north of the sea is associated with the penetration of warm intermediate Atlantic waters here.
Submergence of Pacific waters (°C) flowing through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea Chukotka, Gulf of Anadyr
The hydrological structure of the Chukchi Sea is basically similar to the structure of the waters of other Siberian arctic seas, but it also has its own characteristics. In Western and central regions The seas are predominantly distributed in surface Arctic waters. In the narrow coastal zone, mainly where rivers flow, warm desalinated water is widespread, formed by the mixing of sea and river waters. On the northern edge of the sea, the continental slope is cut through by the deep Chukotka Trench, along which deep Atlantic waters, having a maximum temperature of 0.7-0.8°, spread at horizons of 400-450 m. These waters enter the Chukchi Sea five years after they enter the Arctic basin in the Spitsbergen area. Between the surface and Atlantic waters lies an intermediate layer.
The eastern part of the sea is occupied by relatively warm and salty Bering Sea waters. They usually move in the form of the Alaskan branch to the north and east, but in some years the Longovskaya branch of the warm current receives significant development, which penetrates through the Long Strait into the East Siberian Sea. Moving towards the Chukchi Sea, Pacific waters mix with local waters, cool and sink into the subsurface layers. In the eastern part of the sea, with depths of up to 40-50 m, they spread from the surface to the bottom. In the deeper northern regions of the sea, Pacific waters form a layer with a core located at horizons of 40-100 m, under which deep water is located. In surface Arctic and Pacific waters, seasonal layers are formed and destroyed due to intra-annual variability of oceanological characteristics.
The temperature in winter and early spring in the subglacial layer is distributed quite evenly throughout the sea and is equal to –1.6°-1.8°. At the end of spring on the surface clean water it rises to –0.5-0.7° at the edge of the ice and to 2-3° near the Bering Strait. Due to summer heating and the influx of Pacific waters with an average monthly temperature of 0.2-4°, the water surface temperature rises. The temperature in August in the marginal zone is –0.1-0.3°, in the western part near the coast its value reaches approximately 4°, east of the meridian 168° W, where the axis of the Pacific flow passes, it rises to 7 -8°, and in the eastern part of the Bering Strait it can even reach 14°. In general, the western part of the sea is colder than the eastern.
The vertical distribution of water temperature in winter and early spring is almost uniform throughout. From the surface to the bottom it is –1.7-1.8°, only in the Bering Strait area at a horizon of 30 m is it increased to –1.5°. In spring, the temperature on the surface of the water rises, but at horizons of 5-10 m it is quite sharp, and deeper it decreases more gradually towards the bottom. In summer, in the south and east of the sea, radiation heating spreads quite deeply, and at shallow depths - right down to the bottom. A surface temperature of 6-7° is also observed at horizons of 10-12 m, from where it decreases with depth and even at the bottom has values of 2-2.5°. In the central part of the sea, the influence of Bering Sea waters is less pronounced. The surface temperature (about 5°) covers a layer 5-7 m thick, then it drops quite quickly to the bottom. In the northern part of the sea in the area of the Chukchi Trench in the upper layer of about 20 m the temperature is 2-3°, then it decreases to 1.6° at a horizon of 100 m, then it rises and in the bottom layer is close to zero. This is caused by the influence of warm Atlantic waters coming from the Central Arctic Basin. In autumn, cooling spreads from the surface inward, which leads to a vertical equalization of temperature. Winter vertical circulation reaches the bottom, and in winter the temperature of all sea water is equal to the freezing point.
The values and distribution of salinity on the surface of the Chukchi Sea are influenced by the seasonally varying influx of Pacific and, in the coastal zone, river waters. Winter and early spring are characterized by increased salinity of the subglacial layer. In the west it is about 31‰, in the central and northeastern parts it is close to 32‰ and is highest in the Bering Strait area. From the end of spring and during the summer, when the influx of water through the Bering Strait increases and the continental runoff increases, the pattern of salinity distribution on the sea surface becomes quite variegated. In general, salinity increases from west to east from approximately 28 to 30-32‰. At the edge of the ice it becomes smaller and equal to 24‰, and near river mouths its values drop to 3-5‰
In the Bering Strait area, salinity remains the highest - 32.5‰. In autumn, with the onset of ice formation, a general increase in salinity begins and it levels out across the sea surface.
In winter and early spring, salinity, as a rule, changes very little in the water column almost throughout the sea. Only to the northwest of the Bering Strait, in the sphere of influence of Pacific waters, salinity increases quite significantly from 31.5 to 32.5‰ between horizons of 20 and 30 m. As you move away from the zone of influence of these waters, the increase in salinity with depth is not so great and occurs more smoothly. As a result of the spring melting of ice near the edge, it sharply increases in the 5-10 m layer from 30 to 31-32‰. Below it increases very slowly and at the bottom approaches 33‰. A similar vertical variation in salinity is observed in the coastal strip of the sea, however, the surface layer here is much more desalinated and is underlain by waters with a salinity of 30-31‰. In summer, the desalinated surface layer of the sea decreases as a result of the influx of Pacific waters and disappears completely by autumn. In the central part of the sea, where the influence of the Bering Sea waters is felt, salinity increases quite smoothly from 32‰ at the surface to 33‰ at the bottom. In the area of drifting ice and along the Chukotka coast, salinity in the surface layer 5-10 m thick is reduced, then it sharply increases (up to 31-31.5‰) in the layer 10-20 m, and then it gradually increases to the bottom, where it reaches 33-33.5‰. In autumn and especially winter, salinity increases due to salinization during ice formation. In some areas, salinity levels off in the fall, while in others only at the end of winter. In accordance with the distribution and seasonal changes in salinity and temperature, the density of water changes. In autumn-winter, when salinity is high and the water is very cool, its density is quite high. Similar to salinity distribution high density on the surface is observed in the southern and eastern parts of the sea, and to the north-west the density decreases slightly. In the warm half of the year, surface waters are desalinated, warmed up, and their density decreases. Due to the intense influx of relatively salty water from the Bering Sea at this time of year, denser waters are located in the southern and eastern parts of the sea. In the north and west, surface density is lower because upper layer The sea is desalinated due to melting ice, the influx of low-salinity waters from the East Siberian Sea and river runoff.
In winter, the density increases from surface to bottom quite evenly throughout the entire water column. In spring and summer, at the edge of the ice and in the coastal strip, the upper layer of water 10-20 m thick differs sharply in density from the underlying layer, below which the density uniformly increases towards the bottom. In the central part of the sea, density changes more smoothly vertically. In autumn, due to the cooling of the sea surface, the density begins to increase.
Winds that vary in time and space and different vertical density distributions largely determine the conditions and possibilities for the development of mixing in the sea. In spring summer time in ice-free areas of the sea, the waters are noticeably stratified in density, and relatively weak winds mix only the uppermost layers to horizons of 5-7 m. The depth of wind mixing is the same in the estuary areas. In autumn, the vertical stratification of waters weakens and the winds intensify, so wind mixing penetrates to horizons of 10-15 m. Its spread deeper is prevented by significant vertical density gradients. This picture is especially typical for the western part of the sea. The stable structure of waters begins to be destroyed by autumn convective mixing, which penetrates only 3-5 m below wind mixing. The thickness of the upper homogeneous layer increases relatively slightly (up to 5 m) due to autumn thermal convection. Only towards the end of winter at depths of 40-50 m (which occupy about 90% of the Chukchi Sea area) does the winter vertical circulation spread to the bottom. At greater depths, ventilation of the lower layers occurs when water slides down the slopes of the bottom.
Bottom relief
The bottom topography of the Chukchi Sea is quite flat. The predominant depths are about 50 m, and the maximum (they lie in the north) do not exceed 1,300 m. The isobaths of 10 and 25 m are close to the mainland.
Bottom topography and currents of the Chukchi Sea
Currents
The general circulation of the waters of the Chukchi Sea, in addition to the main factors under the influence of which currents in the Arctic seas are formed, is largely determined by the currents entering through the Bering and Long Straits. Surface currents of the sea as a whole form a weakly expressed cyclonic circulation. Coming out of the Bering Strait, the Pacific waters spread out like a fan. Their main flow is directed almost to the north. At the latitudes of Kotzebue Bay, they are joined by waters from this bay, desalinated by continental runoff. Moving further north, the waters of the Bering Sea Current near Cape Hop are divided into two streams. One of them continues to move north and beyond Cape Lisburn turns northeast to Cape Barrow. The second from Cape Khop deviates to the northwest. Meeting the Herald can on the way, this stream splits into two branches. One of them - the Longovskaya branch - goes west, to the southern shores of the island. Wrangel, where it merges with the current that goes around this island on the eastern side. The other, the Herald branch, continues to spread in a northwesterly direction and penetrates through the Herald depression to 73-74° N. Here it meets the local cold waters and turns east. The flow of water brought into the Chukchi Sea through the Long Strait flows along the coast to the southeast. With a sufficiently strong development of the Chukchi Current, it enters the Bering Strait and spreads near its western shore. When this current develops weakly, the waters of the Bering Sea Stream push it to the northeast.
As a result of the meeting of the Bering Sea and Chukchi currents in the southern and middle parts In the sea, several gyres of a cyclonic type are formed. The center of one of these gyres is located near Cape Dezhnev, the center of the other lies at the intersection of the meridian of Cape Serdtse-Kamen and the parallel 68° N. In most cases, the speed of constant currents in the sea ranges from 30 to 50 cm/s, but in the Bering Strait with tailwinds it reaches 150 cm/s. Most developed constant currents in summer. At this time of year, short-term wind currents are also noticeable. Tidal currents have speeds of 10-20 cm/s, and in some places (Rogers Bay) their speed increases to 70-80 cm/s. The direction of currents usually changes clockwise.
Tides in the Chukchi Sea are generated by three tidal waves. One comes from the north - from the Central Arctic Basin, another enters from the west through Long Strait and the third enters from the south through the Bering Strait. Their meeting line runs approximately from Serdtse-Kamen metro station to Khop metro station. When these waves meet, they interfere, which complicates tidal phenomena in the Chukchi Sea. The tides here are semi-diurnal in nature, but they differ in speed and height of level rise in different areas of the sea.
The tide level is insignificant along the entire coast of Chukotka. At some points it is only 10-15 cm. On the island. Wrangel tides are much higher. In Rogers Bay the level is full water rises above the low water level by 150 cm, since a wave arrives here, formed from the addition of waves coming from the north and west. The same tide magnitude is observed at the top of Kotzebue Bay, but here large tides are due to the configuration of the shores and the topography of the bay bottom.
Surge level fluctuations in the Chukchi Sea are relatively small. In some places on the Chukotka Peninsula they reach 60 cm. On the shores of the island. Wrangel, surge phenomena are obscured by tidal level fluctuations.
Strong waves occur relatively rarely in the Chukchi Sea. The sea is the roughest in autumn, when stormy winds cause waves of 5-7. However, due to the shallow depths and limited ice-free spaces of water, very large waves do not develop here. Only in vast, ice-free areas of the southeastern part of the sea, with strong winds, wave heights can reach 4-5 m. In isolated cases, waves have a height of 7 m.
Ice cover
Ice exists in the Chukchi Sea all year round. In winter, from November - December to May - June, the sea is completely covered with ice - motionless near the shore and floating far from it. Fast ice is insignificantly developed here. It borders a narrow coastal strip and bays and bays cut into the shore. Its width is different places varies, but does not exceed 10-20 km. Behind the fast ice there is drifting ice. For the most part, these are one- and two-year ice formations with a thickness of 150-180 cm. In the north of the sea, multi-year heavy ice is found. With prolonged winds pushing the drifting ice away from the mainland coast of Alaska, a stationary Alaskan polynya is formed between it and the fast ice. At the same time, the Wrangel ice massif is formed in the western part of the sea. Along the coast of Chukotka, behind the fast ice, a narrow but very extended (up to many hundreds of kilometers) Chukotka french clearing sometimes opens.
In summer, the ice edge retreats to the north. The Chukotka and Wrangel ice massifs form in the sea. The first one consists of heavy ice. The minimum amount of ice in the sea usually occurs from the second half of August to the first half of October. In some years, ice accumulates in the Long Strait and stretches in the form of a tongue along the Chukotka coast. In such years, navigation of ships here is extremely difficult. In other years, the ice, on the contrary, retreats far from the shores of the Chukotka Peninsula, which is very favorable for navigation. Education begins at the end of September young ice, which continues to grow over time and by winter covers the entire sea.
Economic importance
The Chukchi Sea is not rich in fish. 37 species of fish were found in it. Smelt, polar flounder, polar cod and some others are of local commercial importance.
Between the West and the East, dividing the Old and New Worlds, lies the Chukchi Sea, washing the shores of two great powers - the United States of America and Russian Federation.
Geographical position
The Chukchi Sea separates Alaska and Chukotka and is a border sea between the United States and the Russian Federation.
When you start studying information about this sea, the question arises: which ocean does the Chukchi Sea belong to? It belongs to the Arctic Ocean, being its eastern border. On the western side, the borders of the Chukchi Sea pass along Wrangel Island and the Long Strait, separating it from the East Siberian Sea. In the east, it is connected to the Beaufort Sea through the strait, and in the south, the sea’s border runs along the Bering Strait, which separates it from the Pacific waters. The northern border runs along the Chukchi Sea-Ocean line, very conditionally separating them.
Taking into account what was written above, we can answer one more question describing the Chukchi Sea. Which ocean exchanges water with it? This is mainly the Arctic Ocean, but the Pacific Ocean along the Bering Strait also participates in the water exchange of the sea.
The Chukchi Sea has one of the smallest areas among the northern seas: its area is 589.6 square kilometers. This sea can be called an example of ideal marginal seas, because Almost the entire sea area lies on the continental shelf, while the northern part remains open to the ocean. The average depth is 40-50 meters, the deepest place (about 1256 meters) is located outside the continental slope. The shores are mountainous, plunging steeply into the sea. On the Russian coast, sand spits separate lagoons from the sea. The coastline is slightly indented; there are only three large bays: Kotzebue, Shishmareva Bay and Kolyuchinskaya Bay. The rivers flowing into the sea are shallow and few in number, the largest being Amguema (Chukotka) and Noatak (Alaska). Part of the Northern Sea Route passes through the Chukchi Sea.
Bottom relief
The seabed is mostly flat, devoid of sharp elevations and depressions. This is due to the fact that the Chukchi Sea lies on a continental slope. The bottom is like a bowl, going deeper in the middle. The average depth is about 50 meters, sometimes there are shallows with a depth of 13-16 meters.
The bottom of the Chukchi Sea is cut through by two canyons: Heralda, whose greatest depth is 90 meters, and Barrow, maximum depth which reaches 160 meters. The bottom is mostly covered with a thin layer of silt, gravel and sand, the layers are not separated due to constant mixing by moving ice and currents. The heaviest sediment is found in Kotzebue Sound, which scientists believe is a flooded river system.
Coast
Approximately half of the Russian coast of the Chukchi Sea stretches a series of lagoons, separated by sand spits, which go to the mountains and are visible far from the mainland shores. The lagoons start from Cape Yakan and reach Kolyuchinskaya Bay, located on the southeastern coast of the country.
Hydrological regime
The hydrological regime of the Chukchi Sea is determined by the confluence of the cold Arctic waters of the North Sea through the Bering Strait. Arctic Ocean with the warm waters of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the regime is affected by harsh polar climatic conditions and floating ice that regularly floats in from the north.
The main current of the Chukchi Sea is the Alaskan current, which carries warm waters from the Pacific Ocean. In the middle of the sea, the current turns towards the American coast of the sea; a secondary stream separates in the area of Lisborne Island and carries water to the west.
In addition to the Alaskan one, there is another current in the Chukchi Sea, which runs along the Russian coast of the Chukchi Peninsula. Its origin lies in the East Siberian Sea, from where it carries icy Arctic waters to the Bering Strait.
In winter, the Chukchi Sea is under the influence of the Polar and Siberian anticyclones. At this time, the temperature drops to a minimum (on average -25-28 ° C), gentle winds (6-8 m/s) blow in different directions. By the end of winter, southern winds become predominant, the speed of which weakens.
In summer, these anticyclones collapse, and in the northern part of the sea the winds become predominantly western direction, the air temperature warms up to +2-8 degrees, and there is often precipitation in the form of rain and sleet.
Almost the entire year, the waters of the Chukchi Sea are covered with ice over two meters thick. In summer for 2-2.5 months South part The Chukchi Sea is freed from its icy shackles thanks to the warm waters brought by the Alaska Current.
Water temperature
In the summer months, off the southern shores of the Chukchi Sea, thanks to the warm Alaskan Current, the water warms up to +12 degrees, but as you move north, the temperature drops, and on the extreme northern outskirts, lying within the eternal ice, it does not rise above -1.7 degrees even on the warmest days. The average sea temperature in summer varies in the range of +4 - +12 degrees, and in winter it drops to -2 °C on the surface. From the end of October to the beginning of June, the Chukchi Sea is covered with ice.
The average water salinity is about 32 ppm; at great depths it can increase. The waters of the eastern part of the sea are saltier than the western ones (salinity gradually increases from 28 to 33 ppm), and the mouths of the inflowing rivers are greatly diluted with fresh water. The salinity of sea water in these areas is in the range of 3-5 ppm.
Fauna
Polar bears, which belong to one of the 5 populations of this species, live on the ice floes of the Chukchi Sea. There are also large rookeries for seals and walruses on the coast and islands. The waters are home to whales, Far Eastern saffron cod, Arctic char, grayling and polar cod. In summer, the islands are covered with numerous bird colonies, the most common being geese, ducks and seagulls.
Minerals
Oil reserves have been discovered on the continental shelf where the Chukchi Sea is located. The size of natural oil storage is estimated at approximately 30 billion barrels. Oil and gas production is underway on the American coast, while exploration of deposits is still underway on the Russian coast. In addition to oil and gas, there are industrial reserves of placer gold and tin, small volumes of polymetallic ores, mercury, marble and coal, but difficult climatic conditions and the lack of transport infrastructure make the extraction of these minerals economically unfeasible.
Islands of the Chukchi Sea
The largest islands of the Chukchi Sea are Wrangel, Kolyuchin and Herald. All three islands belong to the Russian Federation.
Wrangel Island is located about 200 kilometers from the mainland coast, but on some particularly clear days its high mountain peaks covered with airy haze are visible from the mainland. Previously, the island was ruled with impunity by poachers who hunted walruses and whales, but now the island has become a state reserve. Here are the breeding grounds of a large number of bird species, many of which are listed in the Red Book of the World. Also on the island is the largest walrus rookery in Russia.
East of Wrangel Island is Kolyuchin Island. There are no places suitable for landing on this rocky island. Its only inhabitants are birds, the number of which reaches several tens of thousands.
Herald Island is located 70 kilometers east of the island. Wrangel. This rocky island is an arctic desert. Breeding grounds for polar bears and some bird species are located here. Herald is part of the Wrangel Island nature reserve.
Attractions
Natural attractions of Alaska (USA): Cape Barrow - one of the extreme points of the country's territory, Arctic Bay, Lake Clark, Glacier Bay, Katmai, Dinari, Kenai Fjords.
Natural attractions of Chukotka (Russian Federation): Wrangel Island (state reserve); “Beringia” is a natural-ethnic park, the territory of which covers almost the entire area of the Chukchi Sea; Lake Elgygytgyn; reserves “Swan”, “Chaunskaya Guba”, “Tumansky”, “Avtotkuul”, “Tundrovy”, “Omolonsky” and “Teyukul”, created to preserve local flora and fauna, as well as to maintain the biological diversity of the region.
Cultural and historical attractions of the Chukchi Sea include the American city of Barrow and the Russian village of Uelen.
Tourism
Few dare to go on an excursion to the Chukchi Sea; the climate and difficulties with obtaining a special permit (since the border of two states runs along the Chukchi Sea) stop many travelers from traveling to this region. However, those who decide to come here can be sure that they will receive a lot of unforgettable experiences.
Extreme tours to this region include a boat trip, sightseeing, and acquaintance with the life and culture of local residents. If you're lucky, you can take part in a whale or stingray festival, try a snack made from whale meat (the main source of protein and vitamins in this region), and jump on a nalukatak - a trampoline made from seal skins. In general, there will be more than enough impressions and emotions.
Curious facts
The American city of Barrow (Alaska) is located in a permafrost zone. In some places, the soil here freezes to a depth of about 400 meters. This city was built on the site of the Eskimo village of Ukleagvik, which has more than thousand-year history. The name of this village translates as “the place where the polar owl is hunted.”
In 2012, American scientists discovered a huge “blob” of phytoplankton in the Chukchi Sea. It is noteworthy that it was previously believed that the formation of such an accumulation of this type of algae was possible only as a result of the melting of the glacier, but the “Chukchi blot” was discovered at a depth of several meters below the ice crust.
Chukotka Lake Elgygytgyn has an almost perfect round shape. Its age is about 3-4.5 million years, its diameter is about 14 km, and its depth reaches 175 meters (much deeper than most of the Chukchi Sea). Presumably the lake is a crater of an ancient volcano or a crater formed as a result of the fall of a large meteorite.
The easternmost and shallowest of the northern seas, covered with eternal ice and shrouded in severe arctic cold, is the Chukchi Sea, beautiful in its originality and uniqueness.
The Arctic Ocean is the natural border of Russia from the north. The Arctic Ocean has several unofficial names: the Northern Polar Sea, the Arctic Sea, the Polar Basin, or the ancient Russian name - the Icy Sea.
Russia is the owner of six seas of the Arctic Ocean. These include: Barents, Beloe, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka.
Barencevo sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. 1424 thousand km2. Located on the shelf; depth is mainly from 360 to 400 m (maximum 600 m). Large island - Kolguev. Bays: Porsangerfjord, Varangerfjord, Motovsky, Kola, etc. The strong influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean determines the non-freezing of the southwestern part. Salinity 32-35‰. The Pechora River flows into the Barents Sea. Fishing (cod, herring, haddock, flounder). The environmental situation is unfavorable. It has great transport importance. Major ports: Murmansk (Russian Federation), Varde (Norway). The Barents Sea is named after the 16th century Dutch navigator. Willem Barents, who made three voyages across the Arctic Ocean, died and was buried on Novaya Zemlya. This sea is the warmest of the Arctic seas, because the warm Norwegian Current comes here from the Atlantic Ocean.
White Sea- the inland sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. Area - 90 thousand km2. The average depth is 67 m, the maximum is 350 m. In the north it is connected to the Barents Sea by the Gorlo and Voronka straits. Large bays (lips): Mezensky, Dvinsky, Onega, Kandalaksha. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. Salinity 24-34.5 ‰. Tides up to 10 m. The Northern Dvina, Onega, and Mezen flow into the White Sea. Fishing (herring, whitefish, navaga); seal fishing. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected to the Baltic Sea by the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and to the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic waterway. The White Sea does not have a clear border with the Barents Sea; they are conventionally separated in a straight line from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to the northwestern tip of the Kanin Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos. External part White Sea called Funnel, internal, fenced off Kola Peninsula, - A basin, they are connected by a relatively narrow strait - the Throat of the White Sea. Although the White Sea is located south of the Barents Sea, it freezes. On the islands in the White Sea there is a historical monument - the Solovetsky Monastery.
Kara Sea marginal sea of the North. The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. 883 thousand km2. It is located mainly on the shelf. The prevailing depths are 30-100 m, maximum 600 m. There are many islands. Large bays: Ob Bay and Yenisei Gulf. The Ob and Yenisei rivers flow into it. The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia; Only near river mouths in summer the water temperature is above 0C (up to 6C). Fogs and storms are frequent. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Rich in fish (whitefish, char, flounder, etc.). The main port is Dikson. Sea vessels enter the Yenisei to the ports of Dudinka and Igarka. The main navigable strait (between the Barents and Kara seas) is the Kara Gate, its width is 45 km; Matochkin Shar (between the Northern and Southern islands of Novaya Zemlya), with a length of almost 100 km, is less than a kilometer wide in places, is clogged with ice most of the year and is therefore unnavigable.
Laptev Sea(Siberian), marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya islands in the west and Novosibirsk in the east. 662 thousand km2. The prevailing depths are up to 50 m, maximum 3385 m. Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea. The rivers Khatanga, Lena, Yana and others flow into it. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Inhabited by walrus, bearded seal, and seal. The main port of Tiksi. It is named after the Russian navigators of the 18th century, cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, who explored the shores of this sea. The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea, forming the largest delta in Russia.
Between the Laptev and East Siberian seas lie the New Siberian Islands. Although they are located east of Severnaya Zemlya, they were discovered a hundred years earlier. The New Siberian Islands are separated from the mainland by the Dmitry Laptev Strait.
East-Siberian Sea, marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. The coldest of the Arctic seas of Russia. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Salinity ranges from 5 ‰ near river mouths and up to 30 ‰ in the north. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakh Bay. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Aion. The rivers Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma flow into it. In the waters of the sea, walrus, seal and fishing are carried out. The main port is Pevek. Between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas lies Wrangel Island. The island is named after the Russian navigator of the 19th century. Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who explored the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas; he assumed the existence of the island based on many data known to him. On Wrangel Island there is a nature reserve where polar bears are especially protected.
Chukchi Sea, marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northeastern coasts of Asia and northwestern coasts North America. It is connected by the Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean (in the south) and by the Long Strait to the East Siberian Sea (in the west). 595 thousand km2. 56% of the bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The greatest depth is 1256 m in the north. Large Wrangel Island. Bays: Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Kotzebue. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Fishing (char, polar cod). Fishing for harbor seals and seals. Large port of Uelen.The ecological situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is far from favorable. Currently, the international community is faced with the problem of solving several environmental problems related to the Arctic Ocean. The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North. The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state. The third problem is the secret activities of some states related to nuclear weapons testing. It is the secretive nature of such events that makes it difficult to establish the true picture of the environmental situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
And if one of the environmental problems - the destruction of certain species of marine animals - was solved to a certain extent at the end of the 20th century by establishing bans and restrictions on their extermination, then other problems - radiation pollution, melting ice - still remain unresolved. In addition, to the existing environmental problems, another one may be added in the near future - pollution of ocean waters due to the development of the oil and gas industry in the ocean. The solution to these problems is only possible in their entirety, by changing their attitude towards the region of the entire world community, and in particular those countries that are currently busy dividing up the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
It is they, as the future owners of certain territories, who should first of all pay attention to the ecological state of the region. We observe on their part activities that are aimed only at studying the geological nature of the ocean floor in order to satisfy their economic interests.
In connection with the future economic development of the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the question of improving and stabilizing the ecological state of this region is currently being raised at the international level.
However, the solution to this problem is clearly complicated at present by the fact that some states, in pursuit of hydrocarbon deposits, are busy dividing continental shelves. At the same time, they imprudently postpone the solution of environmental problems in the waters of the Arctic Ocean for an indefinite period, limiting themselves only to stating the facts of the emergence of a threat of one or another environmental disaster.
In light of the future economic activity, aimed mainly at the development of deep deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials, the onset of another environmental problem for ocean waters is seen. After all, it has been established that ocean waters located near oil and gas production platforms are far from an ideal state in environmental terms. Moreover, such territories can be classified as environmentally hazardous. And if we take into account that by the time the process of international division of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the level of technology will already make it possible to extract oil at any depth, one can imagine how many such platforms will be built simultaneously in ocean waters. At the same time, a positive solution to the environmental issue of the activities of such platforms will remain in great doubt, because by that time the continental reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials will be practically exhausted, prices for them will rise even more, and mining companies will be chasing production volumes above all.
Russia is the owner of six seas of the Arctic Ocean. These include: Barents, Beloe, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka.
The Barents Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. 1424 thousand km2. Located on the shelf; depth is mainly from 360 to 400 m (maximum 600 m). Large island - Kolguev. Bays: Porsangerfjord, Varangerfjord, Motovsky, Kola, etc. The strong influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean determines the non-freezing of the southwestern part. Salinity 32-35‰. The Pechora River flows into the Barents Sea. Fishing (cod, herring, haddock, flounder). The environmental situation is unfavorable. It has great transport importance. Major ports: Murmansk (Russian Federation), Varde (Norway). The Barents Sea is named after the 16th century Dutch navigator. Willem Barents, who made three voyages across the Arctic Ocean, died and was buried on Novaya Zemlya. This sea is the warmest of the Arctic seas, because the warm Norwegian Current comes here from the Atlantic Ocean.
The White Sea is an inland sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. Area - 90 thousand km2. The average depth is 67 m, the maximum is 350 m. In the north it is connected to the Barents Sea by the Gorlo and Voronka straits. Large bays (lips): Mezensky, Dvinsky, Onega, Kandalaksha. Large islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. Salinity 24-34.5 ‰. Tides up to 10 m. The Northern Dvina, Onega, and Mezen flow into the White Sea. Fishing (herring, whitefish, navaga); seal fishing. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected to the Baltic Sea by the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and to the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic waterway.
The White Sea does not have a clear border with the Barents Sea; they are conventionally separated in a straight line from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to the northwestern tip of the Kanin Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos. The outer part of the White Sea is called the Funnel, the inner part, fenced off by the Kola Peninsula, is called the Basin, and they are connected by a relatively narrow strait - the Throat of the White Sea. Although the White Sea is located south of the Barents Sea, it freezes. On the islands in the White Sea there is a historical monument - the Solovetsky Monastery.
Kara Sea marginal sea Northern. The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. 883 thousand km2. It is located mainly on the shelf. The prevailing depths are 30-100 m, maximum 600 m. There are many islands. Large bays: Ob Bay and Yenisei Gulf. The Ob and Yenisei rivers flow into it. The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia; Only near river mouths in summer the water temperature is above 0C (up to 6C). Fogs and storms are frequent. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Rich in fish (whitefish, char, flounder, etc.). The main port is Dikson. Sea vessels enter the Yenisei to the ports of Dudinka and Igarka.
The main navigable strait (between the Barents and Kara seas) is the Kara Gate, its width is 45 km; Matochkin Shar (between the Northern and Southern islands of Novaya Zemlya), with a length of almost 100 km, is less than a kilometer wide in places, is clogged with ice most of the year and is therefore unnavigable.
The Laptev Sea (Siberian), a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the coast of the Russian Federation, between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya islands in the west and the Novosibirsk islands in the east. 662 thousand km2. The prevailing depths are up to 50 m, maximum 3385 m. Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea. The rivers Khatanga, Lena, Yana and others flow into it. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Inhabited by walrus, bearded seal, and seal. The main port of Tiksi.
It is named after the Russian navigators of the 18th century, cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, who explored the shores of this sea. The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea, forming the largest delta in Russia.
Between the Laptev and East Siberian seas lie the New Siberian Islands. Although they are located east of Severnaya Zemlya, they were discovered a hundred years earlier. The New Siberian Islands are separated from the mainland by the Dmitry Laptev Strait.
East Siberian Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. The coldest of the Arctic seas of Russia. Most of the year it is covered with ice. Salinity ranges from 5 ‰ near river mouths and up to 30 ‰ in the north. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakh Bay. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Aion. The rivers Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma flow into it. In the waters of the sea, walrus, seal and fishing are carried out. The main port is Pevek.
Between the East Siberian and Chukchi seas lies Wrangel Island. The island is named after the Russian navigator of the 19th century. Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who explored the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas; he assumed the existence of the island based on many data known to him. On Wrangel Island there is a nature reserve where polar bears are especially protected.
The Chukchi Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, off the northeastern coast of Asia and the northwestern coast of North America. It is connected by the Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean (in the south) and by the Long Strait to the East Siberian Sea (in the west). 595 thousand km2. 56% of the bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The greatest depth is 1256 m in the north. Large Wrangel Island. Bays: Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Kotzebue. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Fishing (char, polar cod). Fishing for harbor seals and seals. Large port of Uelen.
The ecological situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is far from favorable. Currently, the international community is faced with the problem of solving several environmental problems related to the Arctic Ocean. The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North. The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state. The third problem is the secret activities of some states related to nuclear weapons testing. It is the secretive nature of such events that makes it difficult to establish the true picture of the environmental situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
And if one of the environmental problems - the destruction of certain species of marine animals - was solved to a certain extent at the end of the 20th century by establishing bans and restrictions on their extermination, then other problems - radiation pollution, melting ice - still remain unresolved. In addition, to the existing environmental problems, another one may be added in the near future - pollution of ocean waters due to the development of the oil and gas industry in the ocean. The solution to these problems is only possible in their entirety, by changing their attitude towards the region of the entire world community, and in particular those countries that are currently busy dividing up the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
It is they, as the future owners of certain territories, who should first of all pay attention to the ecological state of the region. We observe on their part activities that are aimed only at studying the geological nature of the ocean floor in order to satisfy their economic interests.
In connection with the future economic development of the depths of the Arctic Ocean, the question of improving and stabilizing the ecological state of this region is currently being raised at the international level.
However, the solution to this problem is clearly complicated at present by the fact that some states, in pursuit of hydrocarbon deposits, are busy dividing continental shelves. At the same time, they imprudently postpone the solution of environmental problems in the waters of the Arctic Ocean for an indefinite period, limiting themselves only to stating the facts of the emergence of a threat of one or another environmental disaster.
In light of future economic activity, aimed mainly at the development of deep hydrocarbon deposits, another environmental problem for ocean waters is seen. After all, it has been established that ocean waters located near oil and gas production platforms are far from an ideal state in environmental terms. Moreover, such territories can be classified as environmentally hazardous. And if we take into account that by the time the process of international division of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the level of technology will already make it possible to extract oil at any depth, one can imagine how many such platforms will be built simultaneously in ocean waters. At the same time, a positive solution to the environmental issue of the activities of such platforms will remain in great doubt, because by that time the continental reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials will be practically exhausted, prices for them will rise even more, and mining companies will be chasing production volumes above all.
Also, the question of eliminating the consequences of nuclear weapons tests remains open, which is also an important factor in characterizing the environmental situation in the Arctic Ocean. Currently, politicians are in no hurry to resolve these issues - after all, such events, in light of their implementation in permafrost conditions, are quite expensive. While everyone is free cash These states spend money on studying the depths of the Arctic Ocean and the nature of its bottom in order to provide evidence in the struggle for continental shelves. We can only hope that after the division of the territory of the Arctic Ocean is completed, the countries to which certain areas of the ocean already legally belong will take measures to eliminate these consequences and prevent such activities in the future.
The most dangerous phenomenon from an environmental point of view in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is the widespread melting of glaciers.
To highlight this environmental problem on a global scale, you can refer to the data of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. According to the ministry's report dated June 18, 2008. - by 2030, in the north of Russia, due to global warming, catastrophic destruction may begin. Already now in Western Siberia, permafrost is thawing by four centimeters per year, and in the next 20 years its border will shift by as much as 80 kilometers.
The data provided by the Ministry of Emergency Situations is truly amazing. Moreover, the content of the report was focused mainly not on the actual environmental aspects of global warming, but on those issues that are important for the socio-economic and industrial security of Russia. In particular, it was noted that in twenty years more than a quarter of the housing stock in the north of Russia may be destroyed. This is due to the fact that houses there were not built on a massive foundation, but on stilts driven into permafrost. When the average annual temperature increases by just one or two degrees, the bearing capacity of these piles immediately decreases by 50%. In addition, airports, roads, underground storage facilities, including oil tanks, warehouses and even industrial facilities may be damaged.
Another problem is the sharp increase in flood risk. By 2015, the water flow of northern rivers will increase by 90%. Freeze-up time will be reduced by more than 15 days. All this will lead to a doubling of the flood risk. This means that there will be twice as many transport accidents and flooding of coastal settlements. In addition, due to the melting of permafrost, the risk of methane release from the soil will increase. Methane is a greenhouse gas, its release causes an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. But this is not the main thing - an increase in gas concentration will affect the health of northerners.
The situation with melting ice in the Arctic is also relevant. If in 1979 the ice area there was 7.2 million square kilometers, then in 2007 it decreased to 4.3 million. That is almost twice. The thickness of the ice has also almost halved. This has advantages for shipping, but it also increases other risks. In the future, countries with low level landscapes will be forced to protect themselves from possible partial flooding. This applies directly to Russia, its northern territories and Siberia. The only good thing is that in the Arctic the ice is melting evenly, while at the south pole the ice moves irregularly and causes earthquakes.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations is so seriously concerned about the situation that it plans to equip two expeditions to the north of the country to study the changing climate and test equipment in new conditions. The expeditions are aimed at New Earth, New Siberian Islands and the mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean. In any case, the task of ensuring the safety of the population in the northern territories is now becoming one of the priorities for the Russian government.
The Chukchi Sea is mostly flat. Only sometimes the bottom of the sea is crossed by depressions and hills. The most common depth of the sea is 50 m. The deepest places do not exceed 200 m. The central part of the sea is slightly lower than its outskirts.
The specific climate of the Chukchi Sea was influenced by the following factors: the location of the sea at high latitudes, constant contact with the basin, the proximity of two continents (Asia and America), and the close proximity of the Pacific Ocean. In general, the Chukchi Sea can be characterized as a polar sea. The Chukchi Sea area receives a small amount of solar heat. There are minor changes in air temperature throughout the year.
At the beginning of the cold season, the Chukchi Sea is influenced by the Siberian and Polar. The north is dominated by the Aleutian, which is combined with an area of low, spreading from the west. There are winds at this time various directions, their speed on average does not exceed 6 – 8 m/s. falls quickly. In October in the area of Cape Schmid it is – 8°C. In November, temperatures drop to winter levels. The wind direction becomes predominantly northwest. In February, the low pressure area disappears. The Siberian and North American highs are at a short distance at this time. Sometimes they connect, forming areas of high pressure between continents. Thus, in the northern part of the sea the wind prevails in the northern and north-eastern directions, and in the south - in the northern and north-western directions. At the end of winter, southern ones are characteristic of the Chukchi Sea. Their speed is usually 5 - 6 m/s, but by the end of winter the strength of the winds weakens.
The temperature of the coldest month varies depending on location. In February, in Uellen the temperature drops to -28°C, on the island - to -25°C, on the cape - to -28°C. Temperature differences are influenced by warm and cold air from the Asian mainland. Winter weather is generally gloomy with low temperatures and gusty winds. Only occasionally does heated air enter the Chukchi Sea.
By spring, the Siberian and North American anticyclones disappear. The polar maximum loses its strength and shifts. At this time, areas of low pressure are observed in areas located slightly south of the Chukchi Sea. By the end of spring, the wind direction becomes predominantly southern, the wind speed is 3 – 4 m/s. Spring is dominated by a calm, dry season with fairly low temperatures. In April in Uellen the average air temperature is only -12°C; on Wrangel Island the average temperature is -17°C. During the summer, the Alaska region is home to the Pacific High. As a result of its influence over the water expanses of the Chukchi Sea, a zone of several high blood pressure. On the southern edge of the sea, winds have predominantly southern and southeastern directions. In the northern parts, northern and northwestern directions predominate. The speed of these winds is usually 4 – 5 m/s.
During the warmest period (July), the air warms up in Uellen to an average of +6°C, on Wrangel Island to +2.5°C, and on Cape Schmid to +3.5°C. In some areas located near the mainland, temperatures can rise to + 10 and + 20 ° C. In summer, cloudy weather prevails, with frequent rain and sleet. Summer is very short. Already in August the temperature begins to drop.
The Chukchi Sea rarely experiences disturbances. Most often they occur in the fall, with sea waves reaching 5–7 points. Large ones do not form here, since the sea has shallow depths and almost all waters are covered with ice. Ice cover exists on the Chukchi Sea all year round. During the cold period, ice completely freezes the water, and floating ice floes are observed only far from the shore.
Chukchi Sea, swimming polar bear
A rather small amount of water enters the Chukchi Sea. On average, they bring about 72 km 3 of water per year. Continental water in the Chukchi Sea accounts for 5% of all waters entering the Arctic seas. Largest volume fresh water(54 km 3 / year) enters the sea from Alaska and much less (18 km 3 / year) is supplied by rivers. Continental runoff, due to its small number, does not have a significant impact on the waters of the Chukchi Sea.
The climate and nature of the Chukchi Sea is greatly influenced by the flow of water from the Central Polar Basin and the Pacific Ocean. The northern part of the Chukchi Sea is completely open to interaction with the cold. Communication with is carried out through a small . Every year, about 30,000 km 3 of Pacific water enters the Chukchi Sea. These waters bring heat with them, thereby warming the waters of the Arctic sea. Warm waters enter the bottom layers of water, which also slightly increases the temperature of the Chukchi Sea.
In the Chukchi Sea, fishing and hunting of sea animals are practically undeveloped. Transportation is carried out across the expanses of this sea. This is mainly transit cargo exchange, sometimes transportation is carried out through Pevek.
The Chukchi Sea is located quite far from the main large industrial centers. In this regard, no serious disturbances have been observed in the ecology of this sea. The only one strong source contaminants are pods coming from. These water streams contain a large number of aerosol materials.
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