Name: Ivan Krusenstern (Adam Johann von Krusenstern)
Age: 75 years old
Activity: navigator, admiral
Family status: was married
Ivan Krusenstern: biography
Ivan Kruzenshtern is known as a navigator, discoverer and writer. He was a member of scientific societies and foreign academies, author of the updated Atlas of the South Sea, traveler and director of the Naval Cadet Corps.
Ivan Kruzenshtern led the first trip around the world and documented on the map a large part of the coast of Sakhalin. He was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. In the name of this scientific and statesman a strait on the Kuril Islands, a passage between the islands in the Korea Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, islands located in the Tuamotu archipelago and in the Bering Strait are named.
Childhood and youth
The real name of the admiral and navigator is Adam Johann von Krusenstern. The future explorer and representative of the ancient German family Krusenstern was the 7th child in the family. The boy was born in November 1770. His father is Judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenstern, and his mother is Christina Frederica von Toll.
The family of Russified Germans gave Europe several prominent figures. Among them are diplomat Philip Krusius and Admiral Moritz-Adolf Krusenstern, Ivan's uncle. Adam received a new name thanks to his peers, who remade it in the Russian manner. And he inherited dreams of the sea from his uncle, whose stories he often listened to.
The boy read books about naval battles and dreamed of sailing on a ship. After receiving his education at the Revel city school, he entered the Naval Cadet Corps, located in Kronstadt. The educational institution was distinguished by ascetic living conditions for its students, and it was not easy for a future sailor from a noble family to come to terms with them. However, for his efforts in 1787, Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipman.
Fleet and expeditions
The training ended in 1788, as Russia entered the war with Sweden. The young man was sent to a ship called Mstislav. On this ship, Kruzenshtern distinguished himself in the Battle of Hogland and the Battle of Eland. In 1790, the young man received the rank of lieutenant and recognition of his achievements in naval battles. In 1793, together with Yuri Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern left Russia by appointment of the leadership and went to England.
He served there for 6 years. On a British ship, the conqueror of the seas visited the coasts of North and South America, visited Suriname, Bermuda and Barbados. The sailor's return to Russia in 1799 was marked by a project related to trade with India. The traveler saw a round-the-world expedition as a viable option for testing the waters in this matter. But Kruzenshtern’s request to the Admiralty was refused.
The state, which had military relations with France, did not have finances, and the discoverer himself was unknown to anyone. The navigator's request was granted in 1802 on the initiative of higher authorities, who were guided by the interests of.
The expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyansky lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806. The ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” passed along the established route. The ships left the port of Kronstadt and entered the Atlantic Ocean, then went around Cape Horn, explored Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. In his travel journal, Kruzenshtern noted Interesting Facts, features of the geography of the places visited and descriptions of the coast, the culture and economy of the lands where he visited.
Ambassador Nikolai Ryazanov was officially listed as the head of the expedition. Together with the ship's guest Fyodor Tolstoy, he caused a lot of trouble for Krusenstern. The eccentric Count Tolstoy brought the situation to the point that he was landed in Kamchatka. Ryazanov filed a complaint against Kruzenshtern in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and it was satisfied.
Scientific and government activities
Returning from a trip around the world, Kruzenshtern devoted himself to a different direction in his work. Since 1811, he served as an inspector of classes of the Naval Cadet Corps and at the same time led scientific activity. The researcher prepared instructions for a trip around the world, planned for 1815-1816. Ivan Fedorovich did everything in England necessary purchases, preparing the leader, Otto Kotzebue, for the voyage, while he himself took leave to write the Atlas of the South Sea. Kruzenshtern prepared a collection of commentaries for it, explaining his works.
In 1827, the navigator became director of the Naval Cadet Corps and held this position for 16 years. He was also accepted into the Admiralty Council, and a year later, a member of Moscow University. Kruzenshtern made an invaluable contribution to the development of maritime and research. Thanks to his initiative, new disciplines appeared in the cadet corps, and libraries were replenished with up-to-date materials and study aids. An officer class was opened.
The biography of the scientist and admiral is firmly connected with the sea. Even after leaving for his estate in 1842, he continued to be active, establishing the Russian Geographical Community with his partners.
Personal life
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was an enviable groom. At the age of 30, he fell in love with Julia von Taube der Issen, who was 10 years younger than the admirer. The orphan and incomparable beauty was blessed with the attention of the officer, since she had no dowry. The union might not have taken place, since the relatives intended the girl to be the wife of a wealthy landowner with a thorough approach to life, and not a traveler living by the sea.
Personal life Krusenstern turned out well. Mutual feelings flared up between him and his chosen one, and, despite all the obstacles, the wedding took place on September 14, 1801. A year later, the wife gave birth to Kruzenshtern’s son Otto, whose family name was Nikolai. This event coincided with the appointment of a man as the leader of a round-the-world expedition. The authorities had high hopes for Ivan Fedorovich. After leaving his family, Krusenstern named one of the ships “Nadezhda” to console his wife.
Subsequently, Julia and Ivan had 5 more children: Alexander (nee Julius), Pavel (Paul), Plato (Emil) and 2 daughters, Julia and Charlotte. All of them lived together on Cape Ass, in an Estonian estate that belonged to the Lääne-Viru County ensemble. The admiral's sons became pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Each one built an interesting career and became the pride of their father.
Ivan Fedorovich was very fond of pets; his spaniel often became the admiral’s travel companion. The ritual of scratching a pet's ears supposedly brought good luck in swimming.
Kruzenshtern was a patriot and a generous man. Despite his modest fortune, he donated a third of it to create a militia during Patriotic War 1812.
Death
Ivan Kruzenshtern died in August 1846 while on his estate. The cause of death turned out to be quite natural: the admiral was at an advanced age - 75 years old. By decree of the sovereign, he was buried in Reval, in the Tallinn Dome Church.
The scientific legacy he left behind serves as the basis for the study of maritime affairs in modern specialized universities. Portraits of the traveler can be found in textbooks today.
His son Pavel and grandson Pavel Pavlovich followed in the footsteps of their famous relative and also became sailors. Their merit was the exploration of the Asian coast, the Ob North, the islands of the Pechersk Territory and the Caroline Islands.
Today, the icebreaker, named after Ivan Kruzenshtern, cruises waterways between St. Petersburg and the Baltic Sea, clearing the passage for ships.
Awards
- Order of St. George, IV class;
- Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree;
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
- Diamond signs for the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
- Order of St. Anne, 2nd class,
- Prussian Order Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste.
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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - biography of the famous Russian admiral
Kruzenshtern was born on November 8, 1770 into the family of the German noble family of Krusenstern (the founder of the family in Russia was Ivan’s great-grandfather, Philip Krusius), his father was a judge. When he turned 12 years old, the young man entered a church school, where he studied for two years, and after that he entered the Naval Cadet Corps. He completed his studies in 1788 due to the outbreak of the war between Russia and Sweden.
There are many interesting facts in the life of Ivan Fedorovich, for example, it is known that he went in for sports even on his ship (he exercised daily with 2-pound weights), he loved animals very much, and one of his favorites always swam with him. It was a spaniel, and they say that before each departure from the port the crew tore the dog's hand. long ears– people were convinced that after this “rite” the voyage should be successful. And in fact it was so. Also, the well-known cat Matroskin (from the cartoon “Prostokvashino”) claimed that his grandmother sailed under the command of Krusenstern, and a minute later the admiral was completely confused with Santa Claus. And also Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern - a man and a ship!
From the start of his service in the navy, he was assigned to the battleship Mstislav, on which Kruzenshtern fought in the Battle of Hogland in 1788, and a year later he proved himself in the Battle of Öland. And a year later, in 1790, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant for a number of important victories in naval battles this year.
Meanwhile in the world...
Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern is born
Battle of Patras between the Russian and Ottoman Empires
The most interesting thing for you!
In 1793, Kruzenshtern, together with his future round-the-world travel partner Yuri Lisyansky, was sent to England, where he stayed for 6 years. In the service of the English King, he managed to fight with the French, visit the coasts of both American continents and Africa. During these long voyages, he carefully studied the routes, looked for access for Russian ships to East Indian waters, and looked closely at sea routes for trade with China.
Upon arrival in his homeland, in 1799, Kruzenshtern came to St. Petersburg to Alexander I and asked permission to conduct an expedition to study in more detail the routes that were taken on English ships. But the sovereign refused to sponsor this event, delaying the first Russian trip around the world for 3 years. But in 1802, the Russian-American Company (RAC) made similar proposals, and the emperor approved the company, at the head of which he put Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, and thus he became captain of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
On August 7, 1803, two sloops “Nadezhda” (ship commander Ivan Kruzenshtern) and “Neva” (ship commander Yuri Lisyansky) sailed from Kronstadt to the applause of a crowd of mourners. After returning in 1806, Ivan Fedorovich described the progress of the expedition in detail and presented unique maps. By the way, the modern sailing frigate Nadezhda is named after the aforementioned sloop. In 1811 he was appointed inspector of the Naval Cadet Corps, and 16 years later became its director. But in this time period, Kruzenshtern created the so-called “Atlas of the South Sea,” which included many hydrographic records. The Naval Cadet Corps, during the reign of Ivan Fedorovich, received an incredible amount of new literature, the museum was significantly expanded and a number of new and relevant disciplines were introduced. He died on August 12, 1846, and was buried in Tallinn (Dome Cathedral). And 27 years later, in 1873, a monument to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was erected in St. Petersburg opposite the Naval Cadet Corps.
Four-masted training sailboat Kruzenshtern
Famous four-masted bark Kruzenshtern is currently a training sailing ship, named after the famous navigator Ivan Kruzenshtern. Based in Kaliningrad. The bark's service life is currently over 85 years.
"Kruzenshtern" was launched in 1926 German city Bremen. The customer was the company of Ferdinand Lajes, it needed new ships for the Kapgornovskaya line. The barque's first name was invented by the shipowner's daughter, who named it “Padua”. In those days, there was a tradition that the names of the ships built for the Lajes company were invented by women from the shipbuilder’s family, and these names had to begin with “P”.
The Padua set off on its maiden voyage under the command of Karl Schuberg. The bark could load a cargo weighing up to 4100 tons, while maximum speed reached 14 knots. The sailing armament consisted of 31 sails, the total area of which was 3500 square meters. The total displacement of the sailing ship is 6000 tons. In the first 15 years of its existence, the barque made 17 voyages, most of which were transoceanic.
The most interesting thing for you!
The ship became the property of the USSR after the end of World War II. In 1946, the naval trophies of Germany were divided between the victorious countries, as a result of which the naval banner of the Union was raised on the ship. And immediately after this, the ship received a new name “Kruzenshtern”. And at the beginning of 1959, the barque “Kruzenshtern” had to undergo a major overhaul at one of the Russian shipyards.
During her time under the banner of the USSR, the bark carried out a number of successful explorations in the Atlantic Ocean region, while also performing another useful task, which was training young sailors. From 1972 to 1983, the Kruzenshtern regularly changed captains, of whom there were a total of 7 people. In 1983, the command of the Baltic Fleet transferred the bark to the Estrybprom company, which was engaged in fishing, so the port of Tallinn became the center of the ship’s deployment. And only in the first half of 1991 the bark "Kruzenshtern" was transferred to the engineering maritime school city of Kaliningrad.
Nowadays, the barque is used in educational purposes. He often takes part in various regattas, so in 1992 “Kruzenshtern” became the champion in sailing the route from Boston to Liverpool, realizing its excellent speed potential - the maximum speed reached 17.8 knots.
Bark Krusenstern: long navigation 2014
The legendary bark Kruzenshtern never stays at the pier for long. For several decades now, it has been doing difficult work, serving as a training ground for future sailors.
This year, the sailing ship made 3 large voyages, departing from Kaliningrad on December 25, 2013, and returning to the port just now, October 3, 2014. The sailing barque “Kruzenshtern” spent as many as 283 days on the sea expedition. During this time he successfully passed 22 thousand 652 nautical miles, visiting the ports of Germany, France, Morocco, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Belgium. In total, the ship visited two dozen ports in 15 countries.
During the cruises, the ship managed to visit the Olympic Sochi, and also took part in the naval parade in honor of Victory Day, held in Sevastopol.
During the 2014 navigation, more than 360 cadets from various Russian and foreign educational institutions had the opportunity to undergo training on the Kruzenshtern.
First flight: Kaliningrad-Sochi (12/25/2013-02/25/2014)
Preparations for this year's navigation began in an unusual way - with an extensive school excursion. On December 24, 2013, the day before sailing, the bark was visited by Kaliningrad sixth-graders, who were given the opportunity to study this proud ship inside and out. Well, on December 25, after the ceremonial formation at the 24th berth of the Kaliningrad sea fishing port, the sailing ship set off.
The route of the first flight is Kaliningrad-Sochi. The Kruzenshtern was supposed to be in its final port during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Well, the first port the ship entered during this navigation was the German Bremerhaven, where the cadets and the crew (almost 200 people) celebrated the New Year.
The next stop was in warm Morocco - at the port of Tangier. Here the cadets were able to relax a bit and explore a new culture through excursions to the local market, mosques and museums. Before Sochi, the ship had 2 more stops - in the Italian Bari and the Greek Patras, after which it headed for the Russian, Sochi shores.
In Sochi, the Kruzenshtern moored strictly on schedule - on the morning of February 6. Here the ship remained until February 25, fulfilling the honorable mission of the landmark, and 50 of the 113 cadets who passed special training and received the appropriate certificates, worked as volunteers at the Olympics.
With completion Olympic Games The main mission of this year's Kruzenshtern was completed, and it began to carry out other tasks.
Second flight: Sochi-Sochi (26.02.2014-17.05.2014)
The second voyage took place between the ports of Cherny and Mediterranean seas, and was even more eventful with various events.
From Sochi, the bark this time went to Moroccan Agadir, then visited French Sete and arrived in Bulgarian Varna. There, Kruzenshtern attended the opening ceremony of the SCF Black Sea Tall Ships Regatta 2014, which was held for the first time in the Black Sea. In addition, the bark itself became a participant in the Black Sea STI Regatta, which was hosted for the first time by the Russian ports of Novorossiysk and Sochi. In addition to the Kruzenshtern, Russia was represented there by the Vladivostok sailing ship Nadezhda and class “A” training ships - the sailing ship Mir, as well as the world famous sailing ship Sedov. In total, 50 riders from two dozen countries took part in the race. The colorful participants were Pakistani and Dutch vessels.
During the break between the stages of the regatta, Kruzenshtern took part in the most important event of this flight - a festive naval parade in Sevastopol in honor of Victory Day, after which, on May 17, he returned to Sochi.
Third flight: Sochi-Kaliningrad (18.05.2014-3.10.2014)
The last third flight this year is the return of their Sochi home. During this transition, Kruzenshtern, like his crew with new cadets, went through both common joys and anxieties, which made the trip even more valuable for acquiring important maritime experience youth.
From Sochi the sailing ship departed on May 18 for France, visiting Cannes and Le Havre. Already in July, the ship moored in the German ports of Bremerhaven and Kiel. The next port of visit was the Dutch Harlingen, after which the Kruzenstern went to the Norwegian cities of Fredrik-Stadt and Bergen.
But then, as a result of an unpleasant incident, the sailing ship suddenly became an increased object of media attention - after visiting the Danish port of Esberg, upon leaving it, the sailing giant accidentally sank the tugboat Diver Master, which subsequently, allegedly, resulted in Krusenstern’s refusal to participate in the English regatta This raid vessel was supposed to help the Russian four-masted vessel leave the waters of Esberg, but the tugboat crew failed to make ends meet in time, which is why the Kruzenshtern rolled it onto the left side and pulled it under water. The crew, fortunately, was not injured, and the port administration did not make any claims against the Russians, so the Kruzenshtern continued sailing to Rostock, Germany.
From Germany, our sailing ship moved to the Polish port of Gdynia, and then made another crossing to the British Falmouth. It was while stationed in this city, on August 29, that the Kruzenshtern cadets celebrated Vest Day. From the very morning it was announced on the ship's broadcast unusual shape clothes - formal trousers and vest. On this day, everyone on the ship was dressed exactly like this, there was also a ceremony, a concert and lectures regarding the history and significance of the vest in the Russian fleet.
Already on September 16, the Kruzenshtern entered the English Channel, heading to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. It was on this day that the crew received unexpected entertainment - a dumpling rush was announced. This old tradition of this ship, according to which the entire crew devotes one day of each autumn voyage to making dumplings. 172 people took part in the fun, and in two shifts they managed to make as many as 9,097 pieces. True, it was not possible to make a supply, since most of what was prepared was eaten that same evening.
After dumplings and a visit to Zeebrugge, the sailboat headed for the last port before returning home - the Polish port of Szczecin, which the ship entered on September 26. Here the sailors took part in the solemn wreath-laying ceremony at the memorial “To Those Who Didn’t Return from the Sea.” After a short rest, on September 28, Kruzenshtern left Szczecin.
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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern dreamed of becoming a military sailor since childhood. And his dream was destined to come true. But, having served only a short time on naval warships, he realized that his real calling was to explore the vast and mysterious expanses of the ocean.
Childhood and youth
The future famous navigator was born in 1770 in Reval into a family of Russified German nobles. None of his family before him had been connected with the sea. But it attracted Ivan from the very early years. Therefore, when he turned 16, he, without hesitation, entered the naval cadet corps.
Due to the outbreak of war with the Swedes, young Krusenstern is released early with the rank and takes part in naval battles. But they all took place near his native Baltic shores, and the young man was already drawn to distant sea voyages.
Having no other opportunity to fulfill his dream, Ivan Fedorovich enlisted in the British Navy in 1793. For six years he plied the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on English ships. It was at this time that the idea of the first round-the-world sea expedition was born.
Circumnavigation and scientific activities
Returning to Russia, Kruzenshtern developed and presented a project for creating a sea route from the Baltic ports to Alaska. He is initially rejected. But then, when the question of a round-the-world expedition arises, Ivan Fedorovich is assigned to lead this matter.
In 1801, on two ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the leadership of Krusenstern, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped and set sail. However, it cannot be called simply a circumnavigation. It lasted two and a half years and was of great scientific importance. During this time, it was possible to map many still undiscovered islands and clarify some unaccounted island lands. Also, 1000 kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were explored and the cause of the glow of the northern sea was clarified.
After completing his round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern is engaged in scientific work. In 1809-1812, he published the three-volume “Journey Around the World,” which was translated into 7 European languages, and the “Atlas of the Sea Traveler.” In 1813, Ivan Fedorovich was elected a member of the largest European academies and scientific societies.
For a long time, Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps. At this educational institution, on his initiative, a higher officer rank was created, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. Due to his advanced age, he no longer participates in sea expeditions, but provides all possible support to famous sailors and travelers.
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich, biography.
The biography is published according to the polar encyclopedia of the schoolchild "The Arctic is my home", volume "History of the development of the North in biographies famous people" (M., 2001).
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich(1770–1846), navigator, explorer of the Pacific Ocean, hydrograph scientist, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Born in Northern Estonia into a poor noble family. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps ahead of schedule. In 1793–1799 he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea. Upon his return, Kruzenshtern twice presented projects for direct trade connections between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
In the summer of 1803, he left Kronstadt on two sloops - “Nadezhda” (on board was a mission to Japan led by N. Rezanov) and “Neva” (captain Yu. Lisyansky). the main objective navigation - exploration of the Amur estuary and adjacent territories to identify convenient bases and supply routes for the Pacific Fleet. The ships rounded Cape Horn (March 1804) and dispersed three weeks later. A year later, Kruzenshtern on the Nadezhda, having “closed” the mythical lands southeast of Japan along the way, arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Then he took N. Rezanov to Nagasaki and, returning in the spring of 1805 to Petropavlovsk, described the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay. In the summer he continued filming work, for the first time filming about 1000 kilometers of the eastern, northern and partly west bank Sakhalin, mistaking it for a peninsula. At the end of the summer of 1806 he returned to Kronstadt.
The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to science by removing a non-existent island from the map and clarifying the position of many geographical points. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured the temperature of water at depths of up to 400 meters, determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in the waters of the World Ocean.
Krusenstern's circumnavigation of the world.
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Krusenstern donated a third of his fortune (1000 rubles) to the people's militia. Spent almost a year in England as part of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1809–1812 he published the three-volume “Travel Around the World...”, translated in seven European countries, and the “Atlas for Travel...”, which included more than 100 maps and drawings. In 1813 he was elected a member of the academies and scientific societies of England, France, Germany and Denmark.
In 1815, Kruzenshtern went on indefinite leave for treatment and scientific studies. Compiled and published the two-volume Atlas of the South Sea with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1827–1842 he was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, and initiated the creation of a higher officer class, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, the round-the-world expedition of O. Kotzebue (1815–1818), the expedition of M. Vasiliev - G. Shishmarev (1819–1822), F. Bellingshausen - M. Lazarev (1819–1821), M. Stanyukovich - F. Litke was equipped (1826–1829).
Kruzenshtern put the good of Russia above all else. Without fear of consequences, he boldly condemned the serfdom in the country and cane discipline in the army. Respect for human dignity, modesty and punctuality, extensive knowledge and talent as an organizer attracted people to the researcher. Many outstanding domestic and foreign sailors and travelers turned to him for advice.
13 geographical objects are named after Kruzenshtern various parts planets: two atolls, an island, two straits, three mountains, three capes, a reef and a lip. In St. Petersburg in 1869 a monument to Krusenstern was erected.
Bark Krusenstern.
The training sailing ship “Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, named after the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (German: Adam Johann von Krusenstern). The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad.
A well-known German shipowner from Hamburg, the company of Ferdinand Layesch, ordered a large steel sailing ship - a four-masted barque for the Kaphorn line - from the J. Tecklenborg shipyard in Gestemünde near Bremerhaven in 1925. It took less than a year to build the building.
According to a long-standing tradition, the names of ships built for the F. Laeizs”, were given by women from the large family of the head of the company, and these names had to begin with the letter “R”. This time, such a high honor went to the daughter of one of the shipowners, Eric F. Lajes, eleven-year-old Christina Lajes. The girl’s hand did not tremble, the bottle of champagne broke on the forged stem of the ship. A sonorous child's voice said: “I call you Padua.” It’s unlikely that anyone could have imagined then that the new sailing ship was destined for a long and glorious fate.
"Padua" entered the top ten largest sailing ships in the world. Its greatest length is 114.5 m, width – 14.02 m, draft along the structural line – 7.2 m, total displacement – 6400 tons.
General view of the four-masted barque "Kruzenshtern".
1 - foresail; 2 - lower fore-topsail; 3 - upper fore-topsail; 4 - lower fore-bramsel; 5 - upper fore-bramsel; 6 - fore-bom-bramsel; 7 - grotto; 8 - lower mainsail topsail; 9 - upper mainsail; 10 - lower mainsail topsail; 11 - upper mainsail; 12 - main-bromo-bramsail; 13 - grotto II; 14 - lower topsail of the II mainsail; 15 - upper topsail of the II mainsail; 16 - lower bramsel of the II mainsail; 17 - upper bramsel of the II mainsail; 18 - boom-bramsel II of the mainsail; 19 - boom jib; 20 - middle jib (middle jib); 21 - jib; 22 - fore-staysail; 23 - mainsail-staysail; 24 - main-top-staysail-staysail; 25 - staysail of the II mainsail; 26 - top staysail of the II mainsail; 27 - upsel; 28 - cruise-staysail; 29 - lower mizzen; 30 - upper mizzen; 31 - gaff-topsail; 32 - forecastle; 33 - waist; 34 - boat deck; 35 - navigation bridge on the chart room; 36 - machine burl; 37 - radio room; 38 - steering station.
In its four holds with tweendecks, the ship could take 4,000 tons of cargo. The Padua's sailing rig was simplified. On the deck near the masts there were topsail, topmost and topsail winches; along the sides there were manual mechanical capstans for working with the sheets of the lower sails. All this allowed the smaller crew to cope with the huge sail and heavy spar. total area sails, which the ship could carry on 4 masts 56 meters high, ranged from 3400 to 3800 sq. meters. The weight of the entire spar is 200 tons. By all accounts, the Padua was a classic and, as it would turn out years later, the last windjammer - a wind squeezer.
On the first voyage of the Padua, Karl Schuberg was appointed captain. From 1926 to 1941, the sailing ship made a total of seventeen voyages, fifteen of which were transoceanic, to the Chilean ports of South America and Australia. The windjammer circled Cape Horn twenty-eight times, tens of thousands of tons of cargo were transported in its holds.
After the end of World War II, it was decided to divide the German fleet between the victorious countries: the USSR, the USA and England. In January 1946, the Soviet naval flag was raised on the “Padua”, and in February the ship received the name “Kruzenshtern” - in honor of Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of 1803 - 1806, a hydrographer scientist, and educator of a whole galaxy wonderful Russian sailors. In 1959 - 1961, the Kruzenshtern underwent major repairs and additional equipment at the Kronstadt Naval Order of Lenin Plant.
After repairs for five years, the expeditionary oceanographic vessel "Kruzenshtern" consisting of large group other vessels carried out research work in Atlantic Ocean according to the program of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time provided maritime practice for naval educational institutions. The sailing ship was commanded by Captain 1st Rank Pavel Vasilyevich Vlasov.
In June 1967, the training sailing ship Kruzenshtern left the port of Riga on its first voyage under the pennant of the USSR fishing industry fleet. 
The beginning of the next repair of the bark “Kruzenshtern” at the Kronstadt Marine Plant dates back to 1968. It was carried out according to the rules and under the supervision of the USSR Maritime Register.
In January 1972, there was a change of captains: P.V. Vlasov transferred his powers to senior assistant G.G. Savchenko-Osmolovsky. Then Ivan Grigorievich Schneider was appointed captain of the ship.
In 1977-1983, the Kruzenshtern captains changed every 2-3 voyages. I.G. Schneider retired and was replaced by a former colleague military service on the EOS "Kruzenshtern" Vladimir Trofimovich Roev. Then Vladimir Aleksandrovich Tolmasov, a sailing sailor from Murmansk, stepped onto the bridge. In 1978, Jan Anufrievich Smelteris, a former naval sailor who served for several years on the Kruzenshtern EOS at the same time as I.G., was appointed captain of the ship. Schneider. Later he was replaced by Alexey Borisovich Perevozchikov.
In 1983, the Kruzenshtern UPS was transferred from the Baltic detachment of training ships in the port of Riga to the production association of the fishing industry "Estrybprom" in the port of Tallinn. The captain on the Kruzenshtern at that time was Gennady Vasilyevich Kolomensky. In 1991, it happened, one might say, historical event for the training four-masted bark "Kruzenshtern". According to the order of the Ministry of Fisheries No. 113 of March 25, 1991, the ship was transferred from the Estrybprom association in Tallinn to the Kaliningrad Higher Engineering Marine School (KVIMU) in Kaliningrad.
Today the bark "Kruzenshtern" belongs to the Baltic State Academy Russian fishing fleet and is used for training purposes. Bark regularly participates in international sailing regattas.
Kruzenshtern achieved its greatest success in international regattas in 1992 in the regatta dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America. Kruzenshtern won the race from Boston to Liverpool. During this race, he reached a record speed of 17.4 knots (32.4 km/h).
Already in the Soviet Union, the bark “Kruzenshtern” under the command of captains P.V. Vlasov and N.T. Shulga made voyages from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. From 1976 to 1984, the captain of the ship was I. G. Schneider, then G. V. Kolomensky, then Oleg Konstantinovich Sedov. Today is captain Mikhail Vyacheslavovich Novikov.
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August 24 marks 170 years since the death of the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (birth name - Adam Johann von Krusenstern) was born on November 19, 1770, died on August 24, 1846. This is the famous Russian navigator, admiral. Kruzenshtern became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition; he first mapped most coast of Sakhalin Island, became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Today, a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, a passage between the island of Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago bear his name.
Without a doubt, Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern was unique historical figure, was one of the founders of Russian oceanology. He had a significant influence both on the history of Russian sea expeditions and on navigation in general. His short biography is found in all textbooks today, and is taught in all special educational institutions in Russia. Today this is a name that is familiar to every educated person in our country without exception. It is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern comes from the Baltic nobles. He is a descendant of the Russified noble family of Krusenstern, the great-great-grandson of the founder of Russia, Philip Crusius von Krusenstern, the son of judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern (1724-1791) and Christina Frederica, née von Toll (1730-1804). After five daughters, Karl Friedrich (1769-1847) was born in their family, and, finally, Adam Johann himself, who became the seventh child in the family.
From the age of 12, Kruzenshtern studied for three years at the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Reval (modern Tallinn), and then continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1787 he was promoted to midshipman. It should be noted that from childhood, the future navigator and admiral dreamed of circumnavigating the entire globe by sea. This is a rare case when a childhood dream really came true, although it was not possible to realize it right away.
In 1788, due to the outbreak of war with Sweden, he was released early from the Naval Cadet Corps and promoted to midshipman, having been assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. On July 6, 1788, in the Gulf of Finland, 50 kilometers west of the island of Gogland, a meeting took place between two squadrons - Russian and Swedish. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. At the same time, the movement of ships was seriously hampered due to the lack of wind. In fact, Russian and Swedish ships targeted each other for several hours.
The Russian squadron lost more than 300 people killed and more than 600 wounded in this battle. The 74-gun ship Mstislav suffered the most in the battle. This ship almost lost control, the ship was severely damaged by Swedish cannon fire, but remained in service until the end of the battle. Both sides took credit for the victory in the Battle of Hogland, although their losses were approximately comparable. The 60-gun ship Prince Gustav surrendered to the Swedes; in the Russian squadron the flag was forced to lower the flag of the 74-gun Vladislav, whose crew lost 260 people. If we talk about the strategic outcome, the victory here was for the Russians. The Swedish fleet was forced to retreat and take refuge in the Sveaborg fortress. Swedish war plans were frustrated already in the first naval battle.
The seriously damaged Mstislav also took part in the pursuit of the Swedish fleet and the blockade of Sveaborg, which lasted until late autumn. Almost all the officers on the ship were killed or wounded, so midshipman Krusenstern was appointed assistant commander of the Mstislav. Having distinguished himself in the Battle of Hogland, already in 1789 Kruzenshtern took part in the Battle of Eland. Among the few losses of the Russian squadron in this battle, the most difficult was the death of the commander of the 74-gun "Mstislav" - Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, who was preparing to make the first trip around the world in the history of Russia, which was later destined to be made by Kruzenshtern, who served on the same ship. In 1790, Ivan Kruzenshtern took part in naval battles at Revel, Krasnaya Gorka, and Vyborg Bay. After these battles, he was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 19.
In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, among 12 excellent Russian officers, was sent to England to improve maritime affairs and skills. At that time, England firmly held the title of the greatest naval power. Kruzenshtern went to the shores with the British North America, where he participated in battles with the French. During this trip with the British he visited Barbados, Bermuda and Suriname. To explore East Indian waters and open trade routes to the East Indies for Russia, Krusenstern visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with neighboring China, which was carried out from Okhotsk by land route to Kyakhta, Ivan Fedorovich decided that if trade was carried out directly by sea, it would be much more profitable. He also planned to establish direct relations between the metropolis and the Russian possessions located in America in order to be able to supply them with all the necessary supplies. In 1799 in St. Petersburg, Ivan Krusenstern presented his vision, but his project was rejected. At the same time, in 1802, the main department of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal; this proposal was satisfied Russian Emperor Alexander I. To carry it out, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. This is exactly how Krusenstern’s childhood dream came true.
In total, the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which forever entered the history of our country, included two ships: “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. “Nadezhda” was personally commanded by Kruzenshtern, “Nevay” was commanded by another famous Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The circumnavigation of the world began on August 7, 1803 with the departure of ships from Kronstadt. Their path ran across the Atlantic; on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. From the Russians and their neighboring lands in the North Pacific Ocean, the participants of this expedition drew Special attention to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The circumnavigation of the world ended in Kronstadt on August 19, 1806.
During the expedition, Kruzenshtern conducted a large amount of various research, the results of which can be summarized as follows:
Were significantly corrected geographic Maps; deep-sea studies of the World Ocean were carried out (determining the specific gravity and salinity of water, measuring temperature at different depths, determining the speed of currents, etc.);
It was marked on the map West Coast Japan, east coast and South part Sakhalin, part of the Kuril Islands has been explored;
Installed new way to Russian possessions located in Kamchatka and Alaska.
Ivan Fedorovich not only discovered and mapped many islands, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean and compiled its first atlas, but also became one of the founders of oceanological research. The round-the-world expedition under his leadership collected rich ethnographic, botanical, zoological collections, and also conducted a large number of astronomical observations. In his notes about trip around the world Kruzenshtern told a lot of new and interesting things about what he saw during the voyage, especially about the character and life of savages. For its time, the atlas of the Pacific Ocean he compiled was magnificent; it was replete with plans, maps and drawings. Lisyansky, who controlled the second ship of the expedition, the Neva, sometimes sailed separately from the Nadezhda. In his book about the same trip around the world there was detailed description shores of Kodiak and Sitka.
According to Ivan Fedorovich’s contemporaries, he stood out quite strongly in his environment. Kruzenshtern was distinguished by his athletic build, and with his heroic chest and shoulder girdle he surpassed all participants in the round-the-world expedition. It is interesting that while swimming, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, he carried weights with him and worked out with them every day. The navigator's favorite exercise was the press press. Kruzenshtern exercised with two-pound (32 kg) weights every day, devoting approximately 30-40 minutes to these exercises.
In 1811, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed inspector of classes of the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1814, he developed detailed instructions to conduct a round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818 under the command of Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first Russian circumnavigation. Kruzenshtern also visited England in order to order the instruments necessary for the expedition. Returning back to Russia, he received an indefinite leave, devoting it to the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea. His work, which was published in Russian and German languages, was soon translated into French, and then into all European languages without exception. This work of Krusenstern was awarded the full Demidov Prize.
A curious detail is that at the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kruzenshtern, being a poor man, donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. At that time it was a large sum - a thousand rubles. Also in 1812, Kruzenshtern published a three-volume set of his own work, “A Journey Around the World...”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and academies around the world, including in England, Germany, Denmark and France.
In 1827, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps and became a member of the Admiralty Council. As director of this educational institution, which he himself once successfully completed, he spent 16 long years. His activities at this time were marked by the introduction of new subjects into the training courses of the Naval Corps, the enrichment of the library and museum of the educational institution with numerous teaching aids. It was also during this period that the Higher Officer Classes were created and approved, which were later transformed into the Naval Academy. Under Ivan Fedorovich, corporal punishment of students was completely abolished in the Naval Cadet Corps.
In 1842, with the rank of admiral, Ivan Krusenstern resigned. After leaving service, he went to his estate, but here the famous navigator continued to work. In 1845, together with such Russian scientists as: F. P. Wrangel, F. P. Litke and K. M. Baer, Kruzenshtern took a direct part in the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. After some time, this society became one of the largest centers of geographical sciences not only in Russian Empire, but also all over the world.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern passed away on August 24, 1846 on his Ase estate at the age of 75. The navigator was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorod (Dom) Church. But his work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and then by his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. They both became famous travelers, who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.
Based on materials from open sources
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