Many swimming enthusiasts often wonder, is it possible to be underwater without goggles? In order to answer this difficult question, it is necessary to consider what kind of water it is: sea water or from a tap? Of course, if the water contains impurities harmful to the eyes, for example, high content chlorine, it is better to use for swimming special glasses.
Is it possible to open your eyes in tap water?
Tap water is disinfected by chlorination, so chlorine is present in small quantities. If you swim in such water without glasses, then if it gets into the eyes, some people sensitive to chlorine may experience reactive conjunctivitis or irritation.
If, due to worn water pipes and insufficient disinfection, pathogenic bacteria enter the water, they can cause inflammatory eye diseases. This is why it is not recommended to be underwater with with open eyes, but for washing tap water quite suitable.
Chlorinated pool water
As a rule, swimming pools use the same tap water, but with increased content chlorine Due to the high concentration of this substance, you cannot open your eyes under water.
There may also be bacteria that are not sensitive to chlorine. Contact of such water with the mucous membrane of the eyes can lead to the development of reactive conjunctivitis and other inflammatory diseases. That is why, when going to the pool, do not forget to take your glasses with you.
Sea water
The seas have different concentrations of salt. For example, in the Black and Baltic Seas, this indicator is suitable for diving with open eyes. The person will not experience any unpleasant sensations. If there is a high concentration of salt in the sea, it is better to use special swimming goggles. Otherwise, burning and tingling in the eyes may occur.
The human eye is not designed for prolonged contact with an aquatic environment, be it tap water or river water. From prolonged contact with water, the eye loses its protective layer of tear film, after which the process of inflammation of the cornea can begin. In general, it is not dangerous if contact with water is not too long.
Rivers and freshwater bodies
As a rule, freshwater contains high concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms. Even ordinary swimming in such conditions is associated with a high risk of infection. In addition, the water in freshwater bodies is usually cloudy, so few people have the desire to open their eyes when diving. Of course, there are clean rivers and reservoirs, but they, as a rule, are not within the city limits and it takes a very long time to get to them.
Contact lenses
People who are forced to wear contact lenses, they must be removed when swimming. If a person dives with his eyes open, they will simply be washed away with water and then he will have to buy new lenses. It’s better to wear special swimming goggles and then you can dive to your heart’s content and admire the underwater landscape.
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There are unchanging traditions that are sacredly revered by all the parents of the world and carefully handed down from generation to generation. For example, such eternal hits as “don’t look at welding - you’ll go blind”, “don’t wear other people’s glasses - you’ll go blind”, “don’t sit in front of the TV for a long time - you’ll go blind”.
We are in website decided to check the most common concerns of parents regarding blindness. Is all this really true?
- It is better not to get carried away with diving in the bath. Chlorine, which is used to disinfect tap water, and worn pipes (if the house is old), due to which the water may contain harmful microorganisms, may cause irritation or lead to reactive conjunctivitis.
- You should wear a mask when diving in the pool. This is because there is even more chlorine in the water of public swimming pools than in tap water.
- The situation with freshwater bodies is twofold: in clean reservoirs of natural areas you can open your eyes completely calmly, but in rivers and lakes within the city it is better not to. The water in such places usually contains increased concentration pathogenic bacteria that can “give” you an unwanted infectious disease.
- IN sea water you can open your eyes However, the comfort of this process depends on the level of salt concentration in individual seas. For example, in the Baltic and Black Sea it is much easier to open your eyes, but in the Mediterranean and Red Sea it will be uncomfortable, you need to open it gradually ( like this).
Have you ever watched gamers? They blink approximately once every 2 minutes, when the norm is once every 15–20 seconds. When sitting in front of a screen, we do the same thing without even noticing it. Due to infrequent blinking, the tear film is renewed less frequently, the cornea of the eye constantly dries out, and we complain of fatigue, eye strain, headache and blurred vision. And this is so far the only identified harm to the eyes that comes from modern screens.
If you are concerned about this problem, just use moisturizing drops, do eye exercises (); Properly position and adjust device monitors and, of course, take breaks periodically.
It is also a misconception that poor eyesight is inherited. Predisposition to diseases can be transmitted, but this does not mean that it is. It depends on your lifestyle, profession, bad habits and visual stress. In general, if your parents have vision problems and you are afraid of their development in you, contact an ophthalmologist in order to stop this possibility.
Many people believe that glasses are a sign that you have lost the battle. poor eyesight and resigned himself to his fate. In fact, optics only help to adjust the eye to the desired clarity. That is, glasses are not a simulator, not a medicine, but just a tool to see with the vision defect that you have right now. People get used to a clear image with glasses and become unaccustomed to the dim world without them, which is why they think that glasses only make the situation worse, which is not the case at all.
Many people believe that if constantly throwing blueberries and carrots, then your vision will be perfect. This is true if you eat about 6 kg of carrots and several buckets of blueberries per day. Therefore, it is better to give preference to vitamins that are made from concentrates of these products.
“If you close your eyes to your nose, and at that moment they scare you, you will remain like this forever” - a familiar imperishable childhood saying? Now, this is not true. By bringing your eyes together in this way (by the way, this even has a scientific name - convergence), you will only cause discomfort, which are usually attributed to eye fatigue. You may not notice it, but when you look at something up close, your eyes always move slightly towards your nose. And whether you scare me or not, they won’t stay that way.
Quite recently, a curious case was described in a medical journal: 2 girls complained of a temporary deterioration in vision in one eye. It turned out that before going to bed, they both lie in the dark with their gadgets in such a way that one of their eyes is already “sunk” in the pillow, and the other is looking at the screen. Therefore, one eye was more adapted to the light, while the other always had to get used to changes in lighting. But this habit did not generally affect eye health.
It can be concluded that in general this is not bad habit, but in order to avoid unnecessary eye strain, it is better to look at TVs, computers and other gadgets with at least minimal lighting.
Can. A recent study even found that people prone to myopia progress more slowly when reading while lying on their back.
Maybe once upon a time, long ago, we were inhabitants of aquatic environments and came out of the water. There's no point in arguing. The main thing is that now a person exists on land, there is not liquid around, but air, and our vision is adapted to work in air conditions, and not in liquid ones. But interest in water, with all its features and unusual features, remains. After all, we encounter this substance all the time; it plays an invaluable role in our lives.This article will help those interested in understanding underwater vision. Everyone understands from childhood that it is somehow different. But why? Some know the answer for sure, others don’t even think about it, others intuitively guess, but cannot describe it in words.
Here you will find answers to the questions that interest you, you will understand why water distorts the image of objects, why we see some strange picture in liquid.
You will also learn how fish see and whether all fish see the same, what is the main difference between the structure of the visual organs of fish and humans.
In addition, you will find lengthy discussions by the author on the topic of how our eyes would evolve if we immersed ourselves in living under the surface of the water.
Why do we see things differently underwater than in air?
Let's start by answering this fundamental question. It would seem that water is a transparent substance, just like air. And it should not interfere with getting a good picture. In fact, as most of us know, it interferes, makes the image unusual, unclear, and not as we would like. Why? Let's try to figure it out quickly and simply.
Let us first remember what refraction is. This is when light waves, falling from one medium to another (in our case from air to water) change their direction. It is because of refraction that the picture under water is significantly different from the picture on land.
The fact is that the refractive index of water (the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium) is 1.34, vitreous, the cornea (elements of the human visual organs) has the same indicator - 1.34, and for the lens, the biological lens in our eye - 1.43.
As you can see, there is either no difference between the indicators or it is minimal. If they were completely identical, then, probably, we would not be able to see anything at all under water.
But there are still minimal differences. They are the ones who influence the fact that the image is not focused on the retina, as happens in people with good eyesight in conditions familiar to humans, but behind the retina, like in farsighted people.
On the retina itself, the image turns out cloudy and unclear. Water seems to be a dispersing biconvex lens.
Interestingly, people with myopia, which is when the image is formed not on the retina, but in front of it, see several better persons with good eyesight. IN in this case it turns out that moisture with its refractive abilities, as it were, corrects myopia, allowing the image to focus not in front, but on the retina itself.
What about the fish?
Here are fish, they spend their entire lives under water. For them, moisture is a familiar environment where they hunt, reproduce, spend free time, if they have it. We can say with confidence that they see in the liquid what they need. Surely nature took care of this. But why? What's wrong with their eyes?
We answer. The fact is that in fish the lens has a very convex shape, reminiscent of a ball. Its refractive index is the highest when compared with the lenses of humans and all known animals.
It turns out that the difference between the refractive indices of moisture and the lens increases (the lens has a larger one), as a result of which the image in fish is focused on the retina, they get a fairly clear, high-quality picture.
It should be emphasized that different fish have different visual abilities. For example, daytime predators are the most vigilant. These are asp, pike, trout. They are able to detect food mainly through their eyes. Fish that eat plankton and bottom organisms can see quite well.
But, for example, such freshwater inhabitants as burbot, pike perch, catfish, and bream most often go hunting at night. Nature has endowed them with a special structure of their visual organs, which allows them to look for their victims at dusk.
In the eyes of night hunters there is a so-called tapetum. This is a special layer of guanine crystals, whose task is to concentrate the light that has passed through the retina and send it back to the retina.
It turns out that the same beam of light is used twice.
The tapetum is not only about fish that hunt in the dark. This element of the visual organ is present in terrestrial nocturnal predators.
And that is not all. Pisces can see objects in water at long distances. This happens thanks to a special muscle (falciform process), which is capable of retracting the lens.
But in general, fish are myopic. Most often, they are able to clearly see the picture at a distance of 1 - 1.5 meters.
Underwater predators have the sharpest vision. If the water is clear and calm, they can see objects at a distance of 10 - 12 meters.
We are sure you will be interested to know that some fish are able to illuminate the space around them themselves. It's all about the light energy that they produce. Thanks to this, we can observe an amazing phenomenon - luminous creatures swimming in the darkness of the underwater depths.
It should be noted that fish, like animals, are very, very different. Each species has its own living conditions, its own food, its own interests and habitat. Accordingly, fish also have some differences in the structure of their visual organs, which allows them to live in precisely such conditions.
In general, the role of vision as a source of information in aquatic inhabitants is very significant. This is not only the search and capture of food, but also orientation in space, preservation of the flock, and reproduction...
Factors affecting quality human vision under the water
Everything is clear with refraction. This main reason, which we see rather poorly when underwater. But she's not the only one. Even if we assume that the refractive index of moisture is different, we still would not get the same picture as in air.
Why? Let's think together.
First. Water is not natural environment habitats of the human visual organs.
Remember, for example, how you dive in a river and open your eyes. You're not very comfortable, are you?
Of course, you can get used to everything. But it is a fact that those who like to swim underwater with their eyes open often emerge with reddened eyes. Human eyes lack something defense mechanism, which would protect the mirrors of the soul from discomfort.
Second. Water composition.
Even ideal life-giving moisture would not be suitable as a comfortable environment for our visual organs. But nothing is ideal!
We encounter, for example, river water. First of all, it is not very transparent. And that's putting it mildly. Secondly, it is full of impurities that can further irritate the mucous membrane of the eyes. The result is an even fuzzier, blurry picture.
Or the life-giving moisture of the sea. Some argue that it is somewhat more comfortable for human eyes compared to fresh liquid, because it contains a certain amount of salts, and their concentration is similar to the concentration of salts in our bodies. This is partly true.
The fact is that in different bodies of water the concentration is different. For example, the most salts are in the Red and Dead Seas. And least of all about the inland seas, such as the Baltic and Black.
It turns out that the closer the level of salt concentration in water is to the same level in humans, the more comfortable we will feel when opening our eyes under water. The winners here are the Black and Baltic Seas. You can safely swim and dive in them without fear of irritation of the mucous membranes.
Things are completely different in saltier bodies of water. There, a person runs the risk of getting quite serious irritation of the mucous membranes. Even the skin, if it is too delicate, can suffer from the effects of salts.
In any case, you should approach swimming with your eyes open sea conditions carefully. It is recommended to get used to it gradually.
By the way, there are also bodies of water that look safe, but swimming in them with open, unprotected eyes is not advisable. These are therapeutic mineral pools with a high content of hydrogen sulfide. This component irritates the mucous membranes, as evidenced by a fairly strong pain.
But we went very far, to rivers and other bodies of water. Meanwhile, you can immerse yourself in the life-giving moisture and open your eyes in it right at home, in the bathroom. This is what most children do during the required bath, which we have no doubt about.
Here, completely different impurities can negatively affect the organs of vision, and the main one is chlorine. It is this substance, which is, in fact, poison, that negatively affects the mucous membrane, causing quite serious redness and irritation. It is clear that in this state the eyes are unlikely to be able to get nice picture while underwater.
How can you improve your vision under water?
So, we have already discussed why our picture is unclear underwater, and also what can make it even worse. Now we need to focus on the following: how can we improve the quality of the resulting image? How, when immersed, can you see the maximum of everything?
The answer to this question is quite simple. We need some kind of transparent partition between the eyes and the liquid. And such a partition becomes underwater goggles and underwater masks. People actively swim in them, orient themselves in space, and see far enough and with high quality. Now all that remains is to find out why this happens.
Remember, we wrote that water does not have the same refractive index as air. And that’s why our picture during diving is bad. Everything changes when a layer of air appears between the water and the eye, i.e. familiar environment. Underwater masks and goggles provide just that, making the underwater world clear and attractive to humans.
Of course, additional devices will not solve the problem of turbidity of life-giving moisture, which can significantly limit the view. It is clear that snorkeling in the river and in the sea are two different things. But still…
Miracles of Refraction
In an article about vision under water, we cannot fail to mention the wonders of refraction, how objects that are in water change.
It turns out that most children at a certain period of life are puzzled by the question (approximately): why are the sizes of the same ball on land and in a container with water different? There are similar questions about why a body immersed in a full bath becomes large. Or why a pencil that is not completely lowered into a glass of water appears to be broken.
All these are miracles of refraction, which are not miracles at all, but the result of physical laws. Here, for example, is the increase in objects.
Yes, indeed, it is so. If we take, for example, a children's cube and, having previously measured it with a ruler, lower it into a glass vase with thin walls, we will observe the following. When measured, the side of the cube will become approximately 33% larger (plus the walls of the vessel will play a small magnifying role).
Clearly, the point is not that the cube is saturated with moisture and swells. The refraction of light is to blame. It makes our legs look strange when we lie in the bathtub. It makes objects underwater appear closer than they actually are, by about 25%.
In general, moisture, as we have already written, is a kind of lens, therefore the image is obtained approximately like after a biconvex lens.
What if…
Many people are interested in how a person’s organs of vision would change, how they would evolve, if he were forced to live in the depths of water. Let's try to think about the answer to this question together.
Firstly, the lifestyle that a person would lead is important.
If he swam closer to the surface, it would be one thing, but at depth, where there is much less light, it would be another. Therefore, a tapetum would probably appear in the structure of the organ of vision, i.e. a layer of crystals that collect light.
Secondly, the human eye is now quite sensitive in water, the liquid can cause irritation and redness.
Therefore, if you change your habitat to aquatic, you need to acquire special protective films that would limit the impact of moisture on the elements of the visual organs.
Thirdly, the issue of light refraction.
Even if liquid is not a medium where you can, in principle, see as well as on land. But some fish can see at 10 - 12 meters. And all thanks, among other things, to the convex lens. It would not hurt for a person like him to have the image focus not behind the retina, but on it, and be accurate and of high quality.
Fourthly, coverage of the territory.
It wouldn't hurt to enlarge it either. Yes, a person’s head actively moves, but will this be enough in the underwater world? Is not a fact. Therefore, it is likely that the organs of vision will increase somewhat and move out of their orbits somewhat, will rotate more actively and will be able to capture more information. It is also possible that the location of the eyes will change - they will move somewhat to the sides.
So far, life-giving moisture for a person is only a temporary environment in which he feels relatively comfortable. Need long and long years evolution so that we, our organs of vision, are able to live in water as comfortably as on land.
Is it possible to open your eyes underwater?- a question that is asked sooner or later most of humanity, from small children trying to do this while bathing in the bathtub, to novice divers mastering the technique of putting on a mask when diving. It would seem that it is easier to answer this question - since all life is on Earth, and according to Darwin’s theory, man is the top link the entire evolutionary chain came out of the water, then plunging into the water means only returning to the origins.
But not everything is so simple; to answer this question, which is so pressing for many, we first need to decide in what kind of water we will open our eyes.
Opening your eyes in fresh water
Tap water
In general, tap water in our country corresponds sanitary standards, but it is disinfected by chlorination, and the residual products of this process remaining in the water can cause mild irritation, and even cause reactive conjunctivitis in people sensitive to chlorine. Again, in case of insufficient disinfection or due to worn-out water pipes, especially in old areas, tap water may contain pathogenic microorganisms that, if they come into contact with the mucous membrane of the eyes, can cause the development of inflammatory diseases.
Therefore, advice on opening your eyes in tap water is best formulated this way: When opened briefly and for small amounts of water, such as when washing, tap water is quite acceptable to the eyes. It is strongly not recommended to stay under water with your eyes open for a long time (as children especially like to do while taking a bath)..
Pool with chlorinated water
The vast majority of swimming pools open to public access contain the same, but with a higher chlorine content for neutralization huge amount microorganisms that get there from bathing people. High concentrations of chlorine are clearly dangerous for the mucous membrane of the eyes, since they very often lead to the development of reactive conjunctivitis. And given that many bacteria are insensitive to chlorine and remain functional in pool water, the risk of developing conjunctivitis if pool water gets into the eyes becomes even higher. It should be borne in mind that it is not at all necessary to dive in the pool to cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes; often it is enough just to get splashed while swimming.
So there can only be one piece of advice regarding swimming pools - Be sure to wear swimming goggles when swimming in the pool and never dive with your eyes open unless they are protected by goggles or a mask.
Eye opening in freshwater bodies
As a rule, water in rivers and lakes located near large cities contains high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria - coli, streptococci, staphylococci. Therefore, even simple bathing in it is associated with high risk get sick with one thing or another infectious disease. And the water in such reservoirs is usually cloudy, even with a mask or diving goggles (which significantly improve visibility under water) you can’t see much in it and you won’t get much pleasure. But there are also clean rivers and lakes in our country. True, to get to them, you will have to spend quite a lot of time.
Therefore, when swimming in fresh water, it is better to follow the following rule: Do not open your eyes under water under any circumstances. This can only be done if you are 100% sure that the water of this reservoir is clean and safe for human health.
Is it possible to open your eyes in sea water?
Often in popular scientific literature and in doctors' recommendations for the population, you can find the thesis that the concentration of salt is equal to its content in the human body. But if you think about this phrase, then questions immediately arise - after all, the concentration of sodium chloride varies greatly in different reservoirs of our planet - from 15-17 g/l or ppm, as you like, in the inland Baltic and Black Sea, to 35-39 in seas that are closely connected to oceans, such as the Caribbean, North and Mediterranean. In the Red Sea and especially the Dead Sea, this figure exceeds 41 ppm.
So, for human body the closest indicator is the Black and Baltic seas, and when diving with open eyes in these bodies of water there should not be any unpleasant sensations in the form of burning or tingling. The water of the Mediterranean and Red Seas causes irritation of the mucous membranes and lacrimation from the eyes. Another aspect is that due to the closeness of the refractive index of water and the lens of the eye, the image visible to the naked eye during diving will be blurry and indistinct (I think most people know this from personal experience and there is no point in talking much about this topic), so diving with a mask or glasses for swimming is much more comfortable.
Experts advise that if it is still necessary open your eyes in sea water, do this gradually and, even if you feel an unpleasant sensation in the form of pain, try not to blink, since this action will drive sea water into the tear ducts and cause severe lacrimation. If you endure the first moments, the sensations will dull and you will be able to swim further with your eyes open.
Let's summarize - in the clean sea water of the Black and Baltic seas you can open your eyes, in saltier waters it is better without emergency don’t do it, but if you have to, open it very slowly, gradually and don’t blink.
Water and contact lenses
It remains to consider only one more case of opening the eyes under water, which is quite relevant in our time - is it possible for people wearing contact lenses to do this? Specialists from the well-known Voronezh online store of eye products “Point of View t-zr.ru” are categorical: “Under no circumstances! The lenses will simply be washed away by the flow of water and you will have to buy new ones!” I think further comments are unnecessary here.
Moreover, when diving, it is also recommended not to use contact lenses, especially at great depths (deeper than 10-15 m). For this purpose, special diopter masks for scuba diving have been developed, which are very convenient for myopic people.
But the answer is without any justification, simply personal experience: I always dive when I swim, and I always open my eyes to see where I'm swimming. In the pool it is quite painful: the cornea becomes cloudy and red. In salt water, as a rule, it hurts from the salt, although if the sea is not very salty, then it is normal (in Cherny, for example). Most of all I swim in fresh water- I live on the Volga. Every summer many, many times I dive into the Volga and open my eyes. On the contrary, they tingle because the eye is saltier than water, but in my opinion this is the least discomfort. And in all these years nothing bad has happened to my eyes.
In my opinion, in any water this is very unpleasant - open eyes, like dry, rough underwear, discomfort, and besides, you can’t really see anything, where is the top and the concrete block on the way to the ascent (they won’t hit you on the way...)? then it’s probably worth it, but something is already creeping me out from thinking about such underwater unpreparedness, I need a minimum of comfort - glasses for my eyes, and a bag of buffer air to my mouth for breathing... even breathing in a 2L bag for a minute or two is noticeably easier psychologically than hold your breath for the same time (relying on self-control, which is not omnipotent in this mechanism...). Carbon dioxide, accumulating in the lungs, persistently and irritably makes respiratory center“report on the current inhalation and exhalation”, if you don’t have time to surface while you have enough strength not to breathe, you will inhale by itself - reflexively, like sneezing... barely taking a sip of water, the brain goes into StandBy Mode of resource saving, turning off itself and its own (the most significant) " salary", in favor of other organs that continue to work, the brain turns off (like a coma), the swimmer turns out to be unconscious, breathing is stopped so as not to aggravate the trouble - the savings in glucose and oxygen are large, the heart has enough at least. After a few more minutes, the brain makes an attempt to “start up”, in case it was thrown ashore by a wave, and by clearing your throat in the air, you can come to your senses.
during ventilation (inhalation-exhalation) of the lungs, even 50% vol. carbon dioxide (and this is unlikely to be inhaled) saturated in a bag (gas holder), although breathing is uncomfortable (it seems that you are not really breathing, but it’s still easier than not breathing anything), discomfort at the level of “about to vomit”, where fast breathing exhausted air is like chewing gum, distracting from the inevitably growing nausea; in fact, the danger of taking a sip of water at the same time is less than passing out, and usually everyone chokes much earlier than they could remain conscious when floating up...
(Sold for 100 rubles in the FP store:) A 10-liter polyethylene corrugated bucket (folding like a round accordion of clowns) will be just super, especially if you fill it with oxygen and not air before diving,
at a depth of 10 meters the pressure will reach 1 + 1 atmospheres (+1 atm = 2 atm, that is, the pressure will double), 10 liters of gas in the buffer (a corrugated bucket is 10 liters) will be compressed to a 5-liter size, at 20 meters under water the pressure is 1 + 2 atm = 3 atm, the water will compress the chest and a bucket, the bucket will shrink to 3.3 liters of gas mixture, and it will be easy to breathe as on land, while the air hose from the land descending down, with land air, a pressure of 1 atm, will not be possible to inhale chest in which +2 atmospheres of 2 * 10-meter depth of water column, as if in a hose “double vacuum” - you can’t suck anything into your mouth without a pressure recuperator machine, which even the special services do not yet have.
why do we take “oxygen compressed 200 times” in the form of 50% hydrogen peroxide (it costs 150 rubles per liter in a chemical store, be careful!, it leaves unpleasant burns on the skin (if there was nothing to wash it off with immediately) that feel something like “ dry ice", pinching for half a day then "biting" the white spots on the hands..., it seems not deep and not fatal, but you need to take care of your eyes)
you need to pour 10 ml (generally 50 ml per 10 liter of oxygen release, but you can’t do it all at once - it will tear the bucket with water vapor, I poured it in portions through the tap) into the “bag” (buffer corrugated bucket) of 50% concentrated hydrogen peroxide, also 100 ml of water, a teaspoon of baking soda, and a pinch of potassium permanganate, you can put it inside wrapped in film (then shake to unwrap it) or inside a small bottle or capsule. , which (potassium permanganate starting) is better to add through the tap (there is one on the lid) into an already closed lid, equipped with peroxide and soda (soda removes and turns off the vinegar from the peroxide - an inhibitor additive, which stabilizes the peroxide, protecting it from decay, without soda it is slower by an hour - two hisses the mixture releasing all the oxygen...) a “corrugated bucket” (for example, starting potassium permanganate (you can drop a pharmaceutical iodine tincture into the tap) add inside the bucket that has been shrunk for now - through the tap on its lid, dropping iodine into it or water solution potassium permanganate (any amount is enough), and opening it for a moment (a pinch or drops of a solution of potassium permanganate or iodine tincture (iodine crystal will not work, the tincture contains important... - there is potassium iodide) - the splashes fall inside the corrugated bucket into the moment you open the “samovar” cone tap, and immediately the bucket inflates, in a second, it becomes hot - like boiling water - you need to let it cool before inhaling
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