Admiral A.V. Kolchak - unknown pages of biography. Political and economic goals of Kolchak

There was a need for speedy mechanization, but the country did not have its own factories. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in rural areas, V.I. Lenin signed the corresponding decree “On a unified tractor farm” in 1920. Already in 1922, small-scale production of domestic models “Kolomenets” and “Zaporozhets” began. The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-powered, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises.

"Russian" firstborn

Russia has always been famous for its inventors, but not all ideas could be put into practice. Back in the 18th century, agronomist I.M. Komov raised the topic of mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the 19th century, V.P. Guryev and then D.A. Zagryazhsky developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, F.A. Blinov made and tested the first steam tractor on caterpillar tracks. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily bulky. However, the official year of birth of the Russian tractor industry is considered to be 1896, when the world's first steam-powered caterpillar tractor was publicly demonstrated at the Nizhny Novgorod fair.

At the threshold of the 20th century, designer Ya. V. Mamin (a student of Blinov) invented a compressor-free high-compression engine running on heavy fuel. It was suited like no other for use in wheeled tracked vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine, which received the patriotic name “Russian”. After modernization, a more powerful engine appeared on it - 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about a hundred units were produced.

In addition to Balakovo, piece tractors were produced in Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvenkovo, Kichkass and a number of others settlements. But the total production of all tractors at domestic enterprises was so small that it had virtually no effect on the situation in agriculture. In 1913, the total number of this equipment is estimated at 165 copies. But foreign agricultural machinery was actively purchased: by 1917, Russian Empire 1,500 tractors were imported.

History of tractors in the USSR

On Lenin’s initiative, the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery was given Special attention. The principle of a single tractor economy implied not only the production of “iron horses,” as tractors were called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, and open courses for craftsmen, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor was produced in the USSR in 1922. The project manager was the founder of the national tractor building school, E. D. Lvov. The wheeled vehicle was named “Kolomenets-1” and symbolized the beginning of a new era in the countryside. Lenin, despite serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success.

In the same year, the Krasny Progress enterprise produced the Zaporozhets tractor in Kichkass. The model was imperfect. There was only one rear wheel driving. A low-power 8.8 kW two-stroke engine accelerated the “iron horse” to 3.4 km/h. There was only one gear, forward. Hook power - 4.4 kW. But this vehicle also greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, USSR tractors were replenished with models of the “Dwarf” family:

Three-wheeled "Dwarf-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km/h.
Four-wheeled "Dwarf-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to launch production of foreign equipment under license. In 1923, the Kharkov plant put into production the tracked "Kommunar", which was the successor German model"Ganomag Z-50". They were primarily used by the military to transport artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" from the Fordson company. Old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders superior in performance to both the Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. The carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km/h, and the power at the hook was 6.6 kW. The gearbox is three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technology.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors it was necessary to build specialized factories combining science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip the new enterprises with modern equipment and mass produce cheap and reliable wheeled and tracked models.

The first large-scale production of tractors in the USSR was established in Stalingrad. Subsequently, the capacities of the Kharkov and Leningrad plants were significantly expanded. Large enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul and other cities of the USSR.

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became the city where the first large tractor plant was built from scratch. Thanks to its strategic location (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the presence of an army of qualified labor, it won competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a decree was adopted on the construction modern enterprise, and in 1930, the legendary STZ-1 wheeled tractors of the USSR rolled off the assembly line. Subsequently, a wide range of wheeled and tracked models were produced here.

TO Soviet period relate:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).
SHTZ 15/30 (wheeled, 1930).
STZ-3 (tracked, 1937).
SHTZ-NATI (tracked, 1937).
DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
DT-75 (tracked, 1963).
DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, Volgograd Tractor Plant (formerly STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

DT-54

Crawler tractors of the USSR became widespread in the mid-20th century; they outnumbered wheeled ones in the number of models. An excellent example of general-purpose agricultural machinery is the DT-54 tractor, produced in 1949-1979. It was produced at the Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai factories total number 957,900 units. He “starred” in many films (“Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands”, “It Was in Penkovo”, “Kalina Krasnaya” and others), and was installed as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The D-54 engine is in-line, four-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled, rigidly mounted on the frame. Engine speed (power) is 1300 rpm (54 hp). The five-speed three-way gearbox and main clutch are connected by a cardan drive. Operating speed: 3.59-7.9 km/h, traction force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction of KhTZ named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, it took 15 months to build the giant. The first tractor left the assembly line on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model from the Stalingrad plant SHTZ 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic Caterpillar-type tractor with a capacity of 50 horsepower. Here, the team of designer P.I. Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit that could be installed on all tracked tractors of the USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized tracked model based on SHTZ-NATI. The main innovation was a more economical and at the same time more productive diesel engine.

With the beginning of the war, the enterprise was evacuated to Barnaul, where the Altai Tractor Plant was created on its basis. After the liberation of Kharkov in 1944, production was resumed at the previous site - the legendary USSR tractors of the SHTZ-NATI model went into production again. The main models of HZT of the Soviet period:

SHTZ 15/30 (wheeled, 1930).
SKHZT-NATI ITA (tracked, 1937).
KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).
KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
DT-14 (tracked, 1955).
T-75 (tracked, 1960).
T-74 (tracked, 1962).
T-125 (tracked, 1962).
In the 70s, a radical reconstruction was carried out at KhTZ, but production did not stop. The emphasis was placed on the production of the “three-ton” T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (tracked). During tests in the USA (1979), the energy-rich T-150K showed the best characteristics among world analogues, proving that tractors from the USSR were not inferior to foreign ones. At the end of the 80s, the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 models were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150 series and 50% more productive.
T-150
USSR tractors were famous for their reliability. So the universal speedster has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, and agricultural sectors. It is still used to transport goods over difficult off-road conditions, in field work (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), on earthworks. Capable of transporting trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. A turbocharged 6-cylinder diesel engine in a V-shaped configuration with liquid cooling was specially developed for the T-150 (K).
Technical characteristics of T-150K:
- Width/length/height, m. - 2.4/5.6/3.2.
- Track width, m. - 1.7/1.8.
- Weight, t. - 7.5/8.1.
- Power, hp - 150.
- Maximum speed, km/h - 31.
Minsk Tractor Plant
MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered perhaps the most successful enterprise at the moment that has retained its capacity since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the Belarus brand. By the time the Soviet Union collapsed, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.
- KD-35 (tracked, 1950).
- KT-12 (tracked, 1951).
- MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).
- TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).
- MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).
- MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).
In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction of the Minsk plant began. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, the designers worked on the introduction of promising tractor models: MTZ-50 and the more powerful MTZ-52 with all-wheel drive. They went into production in 1961 and 1964, respectively. Since 1967, a tracked modification of the T-54B has been produced in various versions. If we talk about unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton-growing MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and increased ground clearance, which were produced since 1969, as well as the steep-slope MTZ-82K.
The next stage was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974) - the most popular in the world, and special modifications MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered technology of over one hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini-tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. With.
KD-35
The caterpillar row crop tractor is characterized by its compact size, ease of operation and repair. Widely used in agriculture in the USSR and in the Warsaw Pact countries. Purpose - work with a plow and other attachments. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, characterized by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.
The fairly powerful D-35 engine produced 37 hp. s., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: the average diesel fuel consumption per 1 hectare was 13 liters. The fuel tank was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model was equipped with a modernized D-40 power unit (45 hp) and an increased speed (1600 rpm). The reliability of the chassis has also increased.
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war
When talking about tractors in the USSR, it is impossible to ignore the history of the Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War became a forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field far from highways using picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build it was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningrad GIPROMEZ began work on the plant project. The design of ChTZ was carried out taking into account the experience of American automobile and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.
From February to November 1930, a pilot plant was built and put into operation. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, entered the line of readiness. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now these are retro tractors of the USSR, and in the 30s the S-60 model was almost twice as superior in characteristics to the analogues of the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants.
In 1937, having simultaneously mastered the production of S-60 diesel engines, the plant switched to the production of more economical S-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest award “Grand Prix” at an exhibition in Paris, and was also used for the filming of the cult Soviet film “Tractor Drivers”. In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled guns, engines, spare parts.
Post-war history
Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite work. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the USA during the war years, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the American tractor models is the D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.
Two years later, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the plant, on January 5, 1946, the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed; 20-25 units of tracked vehicles were produced per day. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on creating a new, more powerful S-100 tractor and continued work to increase the durability of the S-80 tractor.
- S-60 (tracked, 1933).
- S-65 (tracked, 1937).
- S-80 (tracked, 1946).
- S-100 (tracked, 1956).
- DET-250 (tracked, 1957).
- T-100M (tracked, 1963).
- T-130 (tracked, 1969).
- T-800 (tracked, 1983).
- T-170 (tracked, 1988).
- DET-250M2 (tracked, 1989);
- T-10 (tracked, 1990).
DET-250
At the end of the 50s, the task was set: to design and manufacture prototypes of a 250 horsepower tractor for testing. From the very first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned traditional and well known paths. For the first time in the practice of Soviet tractor manufacturing, they created a sealed and comfortable cabin with air conditioning. The driver could operate a heavy vehicle with one hand. The result was an excellent tractor DET-250. The Committee of the Council of the VDNH of the USSR awarded the plant a Gold Medal and a 1st degree Diploma for this model.
Other manufacturers
Of course, not all tractor factories are represented on the list. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and are being produced in Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.

The brainchild of the Minsk Tractor Plant, MTZ-50, is one of the most successful and most widespread tractor designs in the USSR. This model and its modifications were produced from 1962 to 1985 - more than 20 years!

This is why the general-purpose wheeled tractor had such a name and was so in demand because it could be used for plowing light and medium soils, pre-sowing treatment, sowing and harvesting grain crops, processing row crops and transport work. The layout of the vehicle was traditional for the entire MTZ family: front location engine, semi-frame design with supporting housings of transmission units, front wheels - guides, reduced diameter, rear - drive, increased diameter.

History of the creation of MTZ-50

From the very beginning of the production of their branded universal row-crop tractor - MTZ - the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant were constantly improving it. In the 1950s, modernized versions were released one after another: MTZ-5 and MTZ-7. However, in parallel, work was underway on a new basic model of Belarus.

The department of the chief designer of the Minsk Tractor Plant, together with the Scientific Automotive and Tractor Institute, developed a technical specification for the design of a new row crop tractor - MTZ-50. On April 6, 1956, the technical specifications were reviewed and tested by the technical department of the Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering of the USSR and the Main Directorate of the Tractor Industry (Glavtractoroprom).

The technical design of the tractor was completed in 1957 and approved by the head Scientific Automotive and Tractor Institute. A year later, the experimental workshop of the Chief Designer Department produced several prototypes of the tractor under the MTZ-50 brand. The tests took place at state machine-building stations, on the collective farm named after Kirov in the Voronezh region and on the collective farm named after the 20th Congress of the CPSU (Ukrainian SSR). Based on the test results, the scientific and technical council of the VO "Selkhoztekhnika" recommended the wheeled universal row-crop tractor class 1.4 "Belarus" MTZ-50 for mass production.

Based on the MTZ-50 tractor, the plant's design team developed a high-cross-country modification with four driving wheels - MTZ-52. This machine complemented the basic model and expanded its scope of application in agricultural and transport work, especially in conditions of high soil moisture.

Success at international exhibitions

The new machine has become highly competitive in the world market. At international exhibitions and fairs in 1965-1969, the MTZ-50 tractor and its modifications were awarded five gold and several other medals, as well as diplomas. Pakistan and Mexico organized the production of the MZ-50 tractor. Belarus MTZ-50 and MTZ-52 tractors were exported to more than 70 countries: Vietnam, Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Pakistan, France, Finland, Italy, Belgium, Sudan, Greece, Algeria, England, USA, Canada, Denmark , Australia, Norway, Sweden, etc.

Advantages of the new model

The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine. pp., the weight of the machine has decreased by more than 400 kg compared to the MTZ-5ML. The tractor transmission used a 9-speed gearbox, 4-way, with direct drive and gearbox. The speed range from 1.65 to 25 km/h made it possible to use engine power more efficiently. The tractor was equipped with a separate-unit hydraulic mounted system, a hydraulic additional loader of the drive wheels, with the help of which part of the mass of mounted machines can be transferred to the rear wheels, thereby reducing slipping when performing energy-intensive work; power steering; hydrated hook.

For aggregating a tractor with wide complex agricultural machinery and transport trailers with active axles, it is equipped with rear, front and side power take-off shafts. The rear and front shafts have independent drive. In addition, the rear shaft is equipped with a synchronous drive, which makes it possible to work with semi-trailers with an active drive axle. The tractor is equipped with a removable cabin.

Launch into production

The Minsk Tractor Plant managed to switch to the production of Belarus MTZ-50 tractors without stopping production. This is a true indicator of well-coordinated work. Restructuring production, switching to new products in an enterprise where tens of thousands of machines are produced annually is a matter of extraordinary complexity. For the first time in the industry, power steering was developed and introduced.

The Design Bureau (KB) of hydraulic systems was headed by P. Ya. Pritsker, Ph.D. technical sciences, first deputy chief designer of the Minsk Tractor Plant, laureate of the State Prize. The aggregation design bureau, which was headed by design engineer B.B. Khina, carried out a technical and economic analysis and calculations on the efficiency of each unit. Together with the All-Union Institute of Agricultural Engineering (VIASHM) and the Scientific Automotive and Tractor Institute (NATI), special calculation methods were developed that could be applied to computers in the future.

The design bureau for electrical equipment and instruments was headed by experienced engineer L. Ya. Trembovolsky, who arrived from the aircraft plant. Specialized engineering calculations were performed by engineers N. Z. Semenov, I. N. Ruzhanskaya, I. L. Peskina, B. Dovgal, V. Ya. Rubenchiki etc. The enormous preparatory work carried out at the plant, bold organizational and technical decisions, despite some shortcomings, made it possible to quickly increase the rate of tractor production immediately after the transition to a new model and make up for the inevitable losses.

How this happened is evidenced by the average daily production of cars by month in 1962: January - 40 units, February - 103, March -137, April and May - 151 each, December - 191. For comparison: when the American automobile company General Motors, during the transition stopped production for a month and a half to produce a new car model, it lost 420% of the monthly production of cars.

MTZ-50 family

A family of unified modifications has been created based on the MTZ-50 for various purposes: cotton-growing (MTZ-50X), steep-slope, half-track, tracked - vineyard (T-54V), forestry (T-54L) and beet-growing (T-54S).

In 1960, the plant was working on the design of the MTZ-50 on a half-track. The tractor was equipped with rubber-metal tracks. The effectiveness of the half-track has been confirmed by tests carried out in various regions of the country. The half-track was assigned to be manufactured by a branch of MTZ, the Bobruisk Plant of Tractor Engines and Assemblies.

The MTZ-50X tractor was intended for cultivating and harvesting cotton in a four-row machine system with row spacing of 90 cm. It was fundamentally different from the MTZ-50 in the design of the front axle (it had one drive wheel). The final drive assembly with additional gearboxes was also changed. Serial production of the MTZ-50X tractor, which began in 1969, continued until 1977, and then was transferred to the Tashkent Tractor Plant.

Tracked options

Three tracked modifications were created on the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, and the unit unification with the MTZ-50 tractor was more than 62%. In 1967, the basic version of the T-54V tractor was put into production in two modifications: T-54V-S1, with a track width of 950 mm, for cultivating vineyards with row spacing of 1.8 m or more, and T-54V-S2, with a track width of track 850 mm, for cultivating vineyards with row spacing of 1.5 m.

In 1968, production of the T-54L tractor for forestry work began. It was equipped with protective devices that protected the cab, radiator, engine crankcase and transmission from damage when working in the forest. The T-54S tractor (beet growing model) was released in 1971-1972. All three tracked models were produced by the Chisinau Tractor Plant.

November 4, 1950 was noted in the chronicle of the labor exploits of Belarusian tractor builders as the day the serial production of KD-35 tractors began.

Tractor "KD-35"

The first-born of Minsk tractor builders enjoyed great and well-deserved success among field workers. The KD-35 tractors were equipped with 4-cylinder diesel engines producing 37 hp. the engine was distinguished by significant efficiency. Thus, for one hectare of plowing under average conditions, it consumed 13 kg of fuel. The tractor's fuel tank contained fuel for 10 hours of uninterrupted operation. Prototypes of the machine plowed up to 6 hectares of land in 10 hours.
The tractor was not produced by the plant for long, only 9 months, until August 1951. During this time, 406 cars rolled off the assembly line. The production of diesel and starting engines for the KD-35 at the plant did not stop. They were supplied to the Lipetsk Tractor Plant. Subsequently, this engine was used on a wheeled universal row-crop tractor, on which factory designers had been working since 1948.

MTZ-1 and MTZ-2

The Belarus universal wheeled tractor was designed to work with mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural machines. The design of the tractor was made in two modifications: MTZ-2 - for inter-row cultivation of low-stem crops with matching tracks of the front and rear wheels and MTZ-1 - for processing high-stem crops with close front wheels. The tractor was designed to operate on two wheels: rubber cylinders low pressure and wheels with rigid steel rims and spurs. The tractor had an independent power take-off shaft drive, a hydraulic system for lifting mounted implements, and was equipped with a removable adjustable tow hitch.
July 18, 1949 became a significant day for all tractor manufacturers. The first Belarusian factory-designed wheeled tractor emerged from the gates of the experimental workshop. A prototype of a wheeled tractor subsequently became the basis for the creation of the MTZ-2 serial machine.
In 1949, 7 prototypes were produced and underwent lengthy factory tests.
A historical date for the plant’s staff was 1953, when on October 14, the assembly of the MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 tractors, created by the plant’s designers, was completed on the main conveyor. These machines determined the entire further specialization of the plant in the production of wheeled universal row-crop tractors.

KT-12 and KT-12A

In the spring of 1951, the MTZ team received a very important government task - to master the production of skidders, which were in great demand in the logging industry.
The KT-12 gas generator tractor is a special tracked vehicle designed for forest skidding. It appeared in the USSR in the first post-war years. There were no analogues to it in any country in the world. Previously, skidding was carried out by horse-drawn vehicles, manual or mechanical winches. The KT-12 tractor was created by designers of the Kirov plant in Leningrad in collaboration with scientists from the Leningrad Forestry Academy. The KT-12 tractor was produced at the Kirov plant until 1951. Now it was necessary to establish its production at the Minsk Tractor Plant. Only three months were allotted to resolve all organizational issues. So for short story During its existence, MTZ had to develop a second (after the KD-35) machine, and, moreover, not of its own design.
On August 15, 1951, the first batch of KT-12 skidding machines rolled off the main conveyor belt of the tractor assembly shop. During the production process, the tractor underwent modernization aimed at improving the performance of the machine. In a short period of time, factory designers, by changing a number of components and parts, increased the warranty period of the machine by 1.5 times.

TDT-40

In the early 50s, the USSR Ministry of Forestry Industry stated that the KT-12A with its gas generator installation did not meet the increased requirements.
Considering the disadvantages of the tractor, the ministry decided to abandon this machine altogether and raised the question of creating a new, more reliable skidder with a power of 60 hp instead.
Having analyzed the situation, the designers and management of MTZ recognized the feasibility of creating a more powerful skidder, but also expressed the opinion that one powerful class of tractor for all zones in all forestry operations would be uneconomical. It was necessary to design a medium-power skidder that could be created on the basis of the KT-12A by installing a diesel engine of a Belarus wheeled tractor on it.
In 1954, they developed the design of such a tractor, giving it the brand TDT-40. The tractor was intended for transporting logs directly from the cutting area. In addition to timber skidding, it was indispensable in logging and in all kinds of transport work in off-road conditions. Based on the results of operational tests in 1955, the interdepartmental commission stated that the TDT-40 tractor was very necessary for the USSR Ministry of Forestry Industry and it was advisable to establish its production in a short time. By decision of the USSR Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering, serial production of TDT-40 diesel tractors began at MTZ in May 1956. By the end of the year, their number reached 3,430. In the same year, design work was completed and the first experimental D-50 diesel engines for the promising tractor were manufactured. The new engine exceeded the power of its predecessor by 10 hp, was smaller in size and 350 kg lighter.

TDT-54 and TDT -60

For work in forest areas of the Urals, Siberia and Far East more powerful skidders were required than the TDT-40. The Ministry of Automotive Industry instructed the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant to develop a project for such a tractor in conjunction with the Scientific Research Autotractor Institute (NATI) according to the technical requirements of the Ministry of Forestry Industry of the USSR. Initially, the tractor was given the brand TDT-54. To increase productivity, a D-54 diesel engine with a power of 54 hp was used. tractor DT-54 of the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
After the skidder TDT-54 received the go-ahead state commission For mass production, a detailed analysis of each unit was carried out. As a result, it was decided to modernize most of its components. In addition, the D-54 diesel engine was boosted to 60 hp. and as a result, the tractor received a new name TDT-60. In 1956, four of its prototypes passed all control state tests under production conditions at the Vakhtansky timber industry enterprise in the Gorky region.
The simultaneous production of two tractors, MTZ-2 and TDT-40, completely different in design and purpose, put the plant in a difficult position. The plant did not have the opportunity to simultaneously develop two different productions: the production of the MTZ-2 tractor, an urgently needed agriculture, and the TDT-40 tractor, in which the USSR Ministry of Forestry Industry was interested.
Technical and economic calculations showed that the Minsk Plant needs to specialize in the production of wheeled universal row-crop agricultural tractors.
The plant management submitted a proposal to the ministry - to stop production of the TDT-40 tractor at MTZ, transferring it to the plant in Karelia, and the developed TDT-60 model to the Altai Tractor Plant. By decree of the USSR government of January 30, 1956, the Onega Machine-Building Plant in Petrozavodsk was transferred to the Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering of the USSR for the production of TDT-40 tractors. Before that, it was under the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Forestry Industry. In 1957, without stopping the production of TDT-40 at MTZ, the development of the tractor began at the Onega Tractor Plant. In total, until 1958, MTZ produced 12,977 TDT-40 tractors. In 1957, the TDT-60 tractor was put into serial production at the Altai Tractor Plant. This was the end of the history of skidders at MTZ, where for 7 years they were produced in parallel with wheeled ones.

MTZ-5

Time passed, and with it the requirements for the manufactured MTZ-2 tractor grew. It had a low transport speed (13 km/h) and an insufficient number of gears. The tractor began to lag behind in terms of fuel efficiency and material consumption. It was necessary to increase the reliability and service life of the machine. Having summarized the experience of operating MTZ-2 tractors, taking into account the state and level of tractor manufacturing, the plant’s design team in 1955-1956. carried out work on a radical modernization of the machine. This made it possible not only to eliminate existing shortcomings, but also to expand the scope of application of the machine and improve technical and economic indicators. This is how new models of the Belarus tractor appeared: MTZ-5 (1956 model). MTZ-5M and MTZ-5L (samples of 1957). MTZ-5, possessing great versatility, had an independent power take-off shaft drive, a more powerful and economical engine, and a hydraulic linkage system with remote cylinders.
MTZ-5S

In 1959, after design improvements, production of the MTZ-5LS and MTZ-5MS tractors began. The letter “C” in the designation meant “high-speed”. Engine power was increased to 48 hp. (instead of 45) by increasing the speed to 1600 rpm (instead of 1500). The operating speed range was set within 5-10 km/h. The number of working gears in the gearbox was increased from four to five. Otherwise, there were no fundamental differences from the MTZ-5L and MTZ-5M tractors. Production of high-speed cars began in 1959.

MTZ-7

In 1958, the design was finalized, prototypes were made, tests were carried out, and drawings for the MTZ-7 all-terrain tractor with four driving wheels were issued in preparation for production. The first tractor design was developed using the front drive axle from the military all-terrain vehicle GAZ-67, did not have an adjustable track width of the front wheels and therefore did not provide for row-crop work. Due to the insufficient strength of the GAZ-67 bridge, the tractor did not pass the tests. The problem was solved after a GAZ-63 drive axle was installed on the tractor. The production of cabins for Belarus tractors began. The design of the removable cabin made it possible to use it completely on the tractor. closed and in the form of an awning. With the use of such a cabin, the working conditions of the tractor driver have significantly improved.

MTZ-7M

In 1959, the MTZ-7M, MTZ-7MS and MTZ-7LS tractors were put into mass production, although not for long, since the main goal was to gain more information about how good tractors with four driving wheels are in various climatic and soil conditions. In the same year, the plant produced 169 tractors, and in 1960 - 1277.
A total of 279 MTZ-7 tractors were produced. Their production ceased in 1961.

MTZ-50

Until 1959, MTZ had the capacity to produce only 18,000 wheeled tractors of the MTZ-2 type, 6,000 TDT-40 tracked skidders and 40,000 D-40 engines.
Serial production of the MTZ-5, MTZ-5M, MTZ-5L tractors was still underway, work was carried out to modernize them, and in 1956 the designers basically designed a new diesel engine for the future MTZ-50 tractor. There was great interest in the creation of a new promising row-crop tractor not only at the plant, but also in the country. The technical design of the tractor was completed in 1957 and approved by the Main Scientific Automotive and Tractor Institute.
In 1958, the experimental workshop produced several prototypes of the tractor. Based on the test results, the scientific and technical council of the VO "Soyuzselkhoztekhnika" recommended the wheeled universal row-crop tractor class 1.4 "Belarus" MTZ-50 for mass production. The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the weight of the machine was reduced by more than 400 kg. The tractor transmission was equipped with a 9-speed gearbox, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km/h.

MTZ-52

In 1959, based on the results of state tests, the design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and put into preparation for production. Based on the MTZ-50 tractor, a modification of the all-terrain tractor with four driving wheels, the MTZ-52, was developed. Due to lower slipping losses, the fuel efficiency of the MTZ-52 tractor is higher at all operating limits than the MTZ-50 tractor.
On November 14, 1959, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution “On the organization of specialized production of wheeled tractors, motorcycles and engines for them at enterprises of the BSSR.” One of the points in the document stated:
2. Oblige the Council of Ministers of the BSSR to ensure:
c) production of Belarus MTZ-50 tractors starting in 1961 and MTZ-52 tractors starting in 1962, increasing the production of tractors of these brands to 75,000 units per year in 1965.
The Council of the National Economy of the BSSR, by its decision of December 19, 1961, decided:
3. For a non-stop transition to a new tractor model, provide for the phased introduction of the MTZ-50 tractor, for which: - approve for production at MTZ for 1961-1962 the transition model MTZ-50 PL tractor on the MTZ-50 tractor chassis with a serial D-48 engine Submarine boosted to 50 hp. - production of MTZ-50 tractors with the D-50 engine will begin in the fourth quarter of 1962.
1960 The plant is under reconstruction. New equipment was installed in the workshops and outdated equipment was replaced. The design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and put into preparation for production. Based on the MTZ-50 tractor, the plant's design team developed a modification of the high-cross-country tractor with four driving wheels MTZ-52. This machine complemented the basic model and expanded its scope of application in agricultural and transport work, especially in conditions of high soil moisture.

MTZ-50X

In 1963, the design development was completed and prototypes of the MTZ-50 cotton-growing tractor were produced. The tractor is designed for cultivating and harvesting cotton in a four-row machine system with a row spacing of 90 cm. The MTZ-50X tractor was fundamentally different from the MTZ-50 tractor in the design of the front axle - it had one guide wheel. The final drive assembly with additional gearboxes was also changed. All necessary tests of the tractor were completed in 1966, after which preparations began for its mass production by factory services. Production of the MTZ-50X tractor lasted eight years: from 1969 to 1977. Then production was transferred to the Tashkent Tractor Plant.
Three tracked modifications were created on the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, and the unit unification with the MTZ-50 tractor was more than 62%. Tracked modifications were unified by 95-98%. In 1967, a version of the T-54V tracked tractor was put into production in two modifications: T-54V-S1 with a track width of 950 mm for cultivating vineyards with row spacing of 1.8 m or more, and T-54V-S2 - with a track width of 85- mm for cultivating vineyards with row spacing of 1.5 m.
In 1968, production of the T-54L tractor began.

MTZ-80

In 1966, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 606 was issued on the creation of a universal row-crop tractor with a power of 75-80 hp. traction class 1.4. The designers created such a tractor by modernizing the MTZ-50 tractor, assigning it the MTZ-80/82 brand. In addition to increasing the power of the serial engine, a significant number of improvements were made to the design of this tractor.
In 1972, state tests of the MTZ-80/80L tractor (with electric starter and starting engine) were completed. Tests have shown that the number of machines and implements mounted with the tractor has increased to 230 items. High speed (up to 35 km/h) made it possible to use the tractor more efficiently for transport work.
In 1974, the plant began serial production of the MTZ-80. The tractor was conceived as a base one, taking into account the development of a new family of unified energy-rich tractors, both wheeled and tracked. The main differences between the MTZ-80 tractor and the MTZ-50 tractor were the following:
A reduction gear was installed in the gearbox, doubling the number of gears - 18 forward gears and 4 reverse gears;
Damping springs were introduced into the clutch coupling, the design of the flywheel was changed - it became flat, which improved ventilation of the entire clutch compartment and cleaning the cavity from wear products of rubbing surfaces;
A creeper has been introduced - a gear reducer, which ensures an expansion of the tractor's speed range. Its use allowed the tractor to move at speeds of up to 1.3 km/h;
The automatic differential lock of the rear axle has also undergone changes. Now the blocking could be carried out while the tractor was moving;
A change in the design of the rear PTO drive made it possible to obtain two rotation speeds instead of one;
The hydraulic suspension system has also been modernized. It is equipped with a hydraulic adhesion weight increaser (GSV), a force and position regulator. The system's load capacity has been increased to 2000 kg (instead of 1500) by increasing the pressure in the system from 130 to 160 kg/cm2;
The Minsk Motor Plant was involved in modernizing the engine. The engine had two modifications with electric start. The crankshaft speed was raised to 2200 rpm.

MTZ-82

MTZ-82 is almost identical to the 80, but has all-wheel drive, like the MTZ-52. Experience in operating the MTZ-80 in various regions of the country has revealed the need to create modifications of this machine, intended for a specific range of agricultural and other work. The most popular modifications of the MTZ-82 tractor were: rice-growing MTZ-82R, low-clearance MTZ-82N, steep-slope MTZ-82K.

MTZ-100, MTZ-102

MTZ-100, MTZ-102 are identical to the MTZ-80 and MTZ-82 tractors, but they are equipped with a more powerful turbocharged diesel engine. Now, in my opinion, they have been discontinued and replaced with more modern models.

1. T-28 - brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Vladimir Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1964

2. DT-20 - brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1969

3. HTZ-7 - a universal garden tractor, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1950 to 1956. The first Soviet small-sized tractor

4. T-5 (I couldn’t find information about the model)

5. T-38 - a universal row-crop crawler tractor produced from 1958 to 1973 (including the T-38M modification) by the Vladimir and Lipetsk tractor plants

6. KD-35 - a row-crop crawler tractor produced from 1947 to 1960 by the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, since 1950 by the Minsk Tractor Plant and since 1951 by the Brasov Tractor Plant (Brasov, Romania). KD stands for "Kirov Diesel"

7. DT-75 is a general-purpose tracked agricultural tractor. The most popular caterpillar tractor in the USSR (today more than 2.7 million copies). In 2008, the Volgograd Tractor Plant celebrated the 45th anniversary of the start of production of the DT-75. The tractor has acquired a good reputation thanks to a successful combination of good performance properties (simplicity, efficiency, maintainability) and low cost compared to other tractors in its class

8. LTZ-120 - wheeled universal row-crop tractor. LTZ - Lipetsk Tractor Plant

9. SHTZ 15/30 is a brand of wheeled tractor produced since 1930 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and since 1931 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. 390 thousand tractors were produced. Production ended in 1937

11. T-150 and T-150K brands of universal high-speed tractors produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. The T-150 tractor has a tracked drive, and the T-150K has a wheel drive. Historically, the wheeled version (T-150K) of the tractor was made later and based on the tracked one, but became much more widespread

13. Homemade tractor and T-16 (in the background). T-16 was often used in the housing and communal services sector

14. DT-54 - general-purpose tracked agricultural tractor. The tractor was produced from 1949 to 1963 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, from 1949 to 1961 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant, from 1952 to 1979 by the Altai Tractor Plant. Total 957,900 units built

15. T-74 - Soviet tracked tractor with a traction class of 3 tons, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. Created by modernizing the DT-54, T-75 tractors. The tractor is designed to perform agricultural and transport work in regions with a temperate climate. Produced from April 1962 to November 24, 1983

16. MTZ-50 “Belarus” - a brand of general-purpose wheeled tractors produced by the Minsk Tractor Plant from 1962 to 1985

17. T-4, T-4A, T-4AP - brands of tracked tractors produced by the Altai Tractor Plant. The T-4 tractor was produced from 1964 to 1970

18. Fordson-Putilovets is a wheeled tractor produced at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad since 1924 under license from the Ford company. It was a copy of the American Fordson-F tractor

But I didn't know he was that good. The museum is gradually developing and getting better every year. Already now you can familiarize yourself with a large amount of historical material. But the main asset is the restored tractors of the last century. There will be a post about them next time. In the meantime, let's walk through the museum itself.

2. The museum is located near the “Agregatny Zavod” stop. If you stand facing the plant, the museum will be with right side(you need to walk a couple of hundred meters)

3. On one side of the building, in an open area, there are “modern” tractors that were produced at the Cheboksary Industrial Tractor Plant (ChZPT). The plant began operations at the end of 1974

4. The museum purchased two radio-controlled toy excavators. A “testing ground” (something like a children’s sandbox) will soon be built for them.

5. Price list for museum visitors

6. The inspection begins from the second floor. Where would we be without Tolstoy?

8. Steam tractor (model)

9. The first crawler tractor with an internal combustion engine

10. The world's first mass-produced tractor with a diesel engine "Stalinets" (S-65). It's a pity that it's only a model

11. Model T-330. It was this tractor that was the first to leave the ChZPT workshops in the fall of 1975

12. Third hall (and fourth in the background)

13. Kuznetsk workshop and metalworker

14. Unfortunately, I don’t know the tractor model

15. Modern foreign tractors

16. All-terrain vehicle "Chetra" (model)

17. Tractors of the future: dreams of science fiction writers

18. There are a lot of models in the museum. Children will love it

20. This is only a small part of the models

22. There are working tractors in the yard

23. You can climb into every tractor (except one)

24. Inside the T-4 "Altai" tractor

25. View of the hall from the bottom point

26. If you wish, you can make yourself a token from a metal blank

Ending