Complete and incomplete fracture. Types of fractures. Open and closed bone fractures. There are two types of clavicle fracture

Fracture of the lower limb belongs to the category of traumatic violations of the integrity bone tissue arising after traumatic mechanical impact from the outside. Moreover, the intensity of exposure should exceed the limits that the bone is able to endure. Development is not only due to mechanical damage, the presence of concomitant systemic pathology also plays a role, leading to increased fragility of bone tissue and a predisposition to fractures.

The severity of damage in a lower limb injury directly depends on the location of the damage, the condition of the bone tissue and the nature of the damage. If the fractures are multiple after a massive impact, the general condition of the body can suffer, the temperature rises and general intoxication develops. After a fracture, massive blood loss with the development of shock is possible. Treatment and rehabilitation in such cases are very complicated.

IN medical practice accepted to distinguish between a number of classifications. Lists are built based on the location of the injury, the nature of the damage and the state of the tissues after the traumatic impact. Below are the common types of fractures, the classification of which is of practical importance.

Compression fractures lower extremities are minor cracks that develop after prolonged exposure to the legs of a traumatic object. This type of injury is typical for people who are professionally involved in sports.
Fracture of the bones of the lower limb or pelvic bones without displacement of bone fragments. With this type, there is no deviation of bone fragments from the common axis of the limb. Damage to the surrounding soft tissues of the leg is determined.
Fracture with displacement of bone fragments. In this situation, the broken part of the bone is displaced relative to the other part and relative to the axis of motion. The described violations are easy to identify when viewed from the characteristic deformity of the lower limb. Rehabilitation for injuries is long. When the bone fragments of the lower leg are displaced in a child, the needle is not used, instead of introducing the needle, patch traction is performed.
A splinter fracture is characterized by fragmentation of the bone into separate pieces.
An open fracture is accompanied by damage to soft tissues, a violation of the integrity of the skin and protrusion of a bone fragment. With such a fracture, an infection quickly joins, the temperature rises, signs of general intoxication appear. Trauma can lead to rupture of a large vessel and the development of massive bleeding. Large blood loss can lead to hemorrhagic shock.

In a child, an injury to the tubular bones of the lower leg sometimes proceeds without damage to the periosteum. the child received the name "like a green branch."

Common characteristic features of fractures

After exposure to a traumatic agent of a different nature, characteristics and symptoms:

All of these signs are recognized as relative, may have a different clinical explanation. Similar symptoms are possible with a bruise. Then a splint is applied to the patient, painkillers and rest are prescribed. For the diagnosis of the foot and pelvic regions, a number of absolute diagnostic criteria. In this case, painkillers are prescribed, a splint is applied and symptomatic therapy. When the fragments are displaced, knitting needles are used for proper fusion.

In a child with damage to the lower leg, thigh or pelvic bone, the general condition worsens - the temperature rises, general weakness develops.

Absolute signs

The absolute criteria for diagnosing a fracture of the lower extremities are clinical signs that are characteristic exclusively for a bone fracture. With a bruise, such phenomena are not observed.

The limb takes the wrong position, takes on an unnatural appearance.
Mobility develops in uncharacteristic areas of the lower leg or thigh, where it is normally absent. With this type of pathological mobility, nearby joints are not involved.
On palpation in the region of the lower leg or in the region of the pelvic bones, characteristic crepitus is felt. It is caused by friction against each other of fragments of the bones of the lower leg. Similar symptoms occur when the integrity of the pelvic bones is violated.
At open type fragments of the bones of the lower leg or foot are visible, protruding through the wound on the leg. In this situation, it is recommended to apply a sterile dressing and stop bleeding. The splint with an open fracture is superimposed on the intact side of the limb.

Foot injury

Requires special care and attention. The foot is anatomically a large number individual bones interconnected with each other and with other bones of the leg. If one fragment is damaged, the same will inevitably be reflected in other parts. With improperly fused or untreated foot injuries, there is a risk of developing flat feet or arthrosis.

Happens in metatarsal, tarsal region and phalanges of fingers.

Any type of damage involves a duration of treatment within 2 weeks, or three weeks for complicated forms of violation of the integrity of the bones. A plaster splint is applied to the limb, the patient is instructed to move around using crutches. In the future, rehabilitation will be required.

General signs of a violation of the integrity of the foot include similar symptoms as in another variant: pain in the affected area, swelling, dysfunction. Painkillers relieve the condition only for a short time.

characteristic clinical picture after damage to the metatarsal bone or one of the tarsal bones of the leg, it consists in pain on palpation or when trying to stand on the leg, swelling of the plantar part of the leg and deformity of the foot. Edema may develop and the local temperature will increase in ankle joint. When you try to turn the leg in the joint, you feel sharp pain. The foot is noticeably deformed, which can be seen on examination.

A displaced foot injury in a child reveals a number of characteristic clinical signs. Pain is expressed in the area of destruction of the bone fragment. The foot is very swollen and deformed. Edema in a child is especially pronounced on the first day. Possible heat and signs of general malaise.

What is found during additional examination

Apart from clinical manifestations X-ray examination will finally help to determine the diagnosis. The damaged limb looks in two projections.

After the operation and the installation of the spokes, a control study is carried out.

If there are no clear data on the radiograph (often happens with an injury in a child), after it is performed, it is possible to perform magnetic resonance imaging, especially often the study occurs with injuries to the small bones of the foot. If the patient cannot be placed on the scanner for a certain reason, it is possible to study using computed tomography. This happens with trauma to the pelvic skeleton. The examination of the child is usually carried out under general anesthesia.

Magnetic resonance imaging often reveals signs of injury where x-rays show nothing.

credible diagnostic study serves as osteoscintigraphy. However, the research method has a number of contraindications for use. In particular, in the elderly, due to a decrease in the intensity of metabolism, the picture becomes fuzzy and unreliable, or gives a false negative result. Relative contraindication is child age.

It happens that the patient is shown surgical intervention. Then a full examination is required, including clinical tests and an electrocardiogram. An indispensable condition must be a satisfactory general condition and normal temperature. Otherwise, surgery is postponed until normalization general condition.

A fracture is a common type of injury in which there is a violation of the integrity of the bone. Fractures are divided into complete and partial (cracks), as well as closed, when they remain intact. skin, and open - when a gaping wound formed by bone fragments appears at the fracture site.

A fracture is a serious injury and always requires medical intervention, so in all cases where a fracture is suspected, medical attention should be sought. The goal of pre-hospital first aid for fractures is to ensure rest of the injured area (in order to prevent damage to muscles and tendons), to alleviate pain if possible and to get the victim to the hospital as soon as possible to provide qualified medical care.

Signs of a fracture

The main signs of a fracture that has occurred are intense pain, swelling, and abnormal mobility in the injured area. There are additional signs that depend on the type and location of the fracture, but in order to suspect a fracture, three main ones are enough, and sometimes even one - severe pain. The fact is that swelling is not always noticeable to an inexperienced eye. For example, in people with a dense physique, it can be difficult to detect, and in some cases it may not be too pronounced. As for pathological mobility, it also cannot always be detected, for example, if the fracture is located close to the joint.

The doctor will be able to accurately determine the presence of a fracture after an x-ray, and for first aid, it will be correct to consider any bone injury that is accompanied by severe pain that increases when you try to move as a fracture. If later it turns out that the injury is less serious, for example, a bruise or dislocation, and first aid is given as for a fracture, this will not bring any harm to the victim, while underestimating the severity of the injury can lead to very serious complications.

First aid measures for fractures

First aid for a fracture is immobilization, i.e. immobilization of the injured part of the body, and the speedy delivery of the victim to medical institution. When carrying out immobilization, it is important to follow the general rules:

No need to try to give the injured bone the correct shape. This may lead to pain shock, as well as additional (secondary) trauma to soft and hard tissues;
If the fracture is open and broken sections of the bone are visible, you should not try to "push" them into the soft tissues. At comminuted fractures no need to try to remove or set the fragments. It is necessary to immobilize in the position in which the affected area is located at the time of first aid;
You can not transport the victim with multiple injuries, including multiple fractures, as well as fractures of the spine and pelvis. First aid for fractures of this type is provided on the spot, and an ambulance is involved in delivery to the hospital;
With intensive pain syndrome you can give the victim painkillers. Paracetamol, Analgin or any other over-the-counter pain reliever will do;
In the cold season, it is necessary to ensure that the victim does not get cold, including that the injured limb does not get cold. To do this, you can throw some warm clothes or a blanket on her, and give the victim hot tea to drink (if possible).

Immobilization rules for various fractures

Before transporting the victim to the hospital, the affected area must be fixed so that movements in this area do not aggravate the injury.

Fractures of fingers and toes:

In case of fractures of the fingers or toes, for immobilization, it is enough to bandage the injured finger to the next one.

Limb fractures:

In case of fractures of the limbs, a splint is applied. The splint can be made from any material at hand that is strong enough to keep the limb stationary.

It is necessary to apply a tire, observing the following rules:

The tire is installed in such a way as to fix at least two joints - located above and below the fracture site;
There must be a tissue layer between the tire and the skin;
The tire must be firmly fixed, it is unacceptable for it to hang out, because. in this case, instead of a means of immobilization, it turns into an additional traumatic factor.

Rib fractures:

In case of fractures of the ribs, the victim needs to apply a tight, pressure bandage on chest, the purpose of which is to apply sufficient pressure so that a person breathes more due to the abdominal muscles - this will provide fixation and reduce pain, since the chest moves when breathing. You should not talk to the victim, as speech also leads to increased soreness.

Fractures of the spine and pelvis:

In case of fractures of the spine and pelvis, as well as multiple fractures, the victim should not be moved, this should be done by people with sufficient qualifications. However, if this is not possible, in order to provide first aid for fractures of this type, it is necessary to make a stretcher with a solid base, observing the maximum precaution, transfer the victim to them. It is necessary to put a cloth roller under the knees (you can use folded clothes), then fix the patient on a stretcher with wide bandages or tissue replacing them and transport them without allowing sudden movements.

First aid for open fractures

First aid for open fractures generally consists of the same measures as for closed ones, however, in this case, it is necessary to stop the bleeding, since large blood loss is more dangerous than the most complex fracture. To stop bleeding, a bandage should be applied, and if necessary, a tourniquet (see "First Aid for Bleeding"). It is desirable to treat the surface of the wound with an antiseptic (alcohol, iodine), but scraps of tissue, fragments, etc. should not be removed from the wound.

Necessary signs that help differentiate true bone damage from severe soft tissue contusion. Signs are conditionally divided into absolute, that is, obvious and not subject to doubt, and relative, that is, indicative. The absolute symptoms of a fracture are characteristic and immediately confirm the fracture, indicative ones may indicate possible injury bones, but may also be signs of other, clinically similar lesions.

What are the symptoms of a fracture?

Fracture symptoms are relative:

Pain is present, which may be aggravated by stress on the fracture site. If the lower leg is broken, tapping on the heel will increase pain in the area of injury;
Edema may form at the site of the fracture, but it does not always develop quickly and cannot serve as direct evidence of a fracture, on the contrary, it is rather evidence of a bruise or sprain;
A hematoma may not form immediately if the hematoma is pulsating, this indicates an extensive hemorrhage into the subcutaneous tissue;
Limitation motor activity, movement causes pain;
Damaged bone, limb may look atypical (fracture radius, shins, etc.).

Fracture symptoms are absolute:

A clear uncharacteristic position and appearance limbs;
Excessive mobility in areas where there are no joints;
On palpation, a characteristic crunch is felt - crepitus, crepitus is heard with a phonendoscope, sometimes with the naked ear;
Open wound and bone fragments open form fracture.

Reliable symptoms of a fracture are pathological, uncharacteristic bone mobility at the site of injury, open wounds, changes in the ratio of joints, crepitus. The probable symptoms of a fracture are edema, single or multiple hematomas, and pain.

A fracture is diagnosed as standard - examination, palpation, percussion (in case of a fracture of the spine), determination of finger mobility, x-ray. Attention is also drawn to the skin in the peripheral areas of the injury, their color and shade are studied. Bluish-pale skin, sometimes with a marble pattern, indicates damage to the nerve endings and blood vessels of the limb. Also alarm signal serves as a weak pulse or its absence in characteristic metas, where the pulse was always felt ( radial artery, rear of the foot, popliteal zone). It must be determined whether there is a violation of blood flow in the peripheral zones of the upper or lower extremities. most accurate and reliable method diagnosing fractures of any localization and types is a radiograph. As a rule, it is carried out in several projections to see the state of nearby joints. An x-ray of an intact paired limb may also be ordered to determine the asymmetry and ratio of landmarks. skeletal system. X-ray provides specific information about the nature and severity of the fracture, the possible displacement or presence of bone fragments.

Fracture symptoms and types

Symptoms of an ankle fracture

Such injuries are conditionally divided into four groups:

Isolated, isolated ankle (ankle) fractures;
Fracture with the turn of the foot inward - adduction;
Fracture with rotation of the foot from the outside - outward - abduction;
Fracture of two ankles with damage to the tibia.

If both ankles are injured, then the fracture is accompanied by a dislocation. Clinical symptoms fracture - swelling, growing rather quickly, often a hematoma at the site of injury, severe pain.

Symptoms of a broken leg

Such traumatic injuries are very common and account for up to 30% of total fractures. The clinical symptoms of a fracture are typical, however, with an injury to the lower leg, hemarthrosis (accumulation of blood in the joint cavity) often occurs. Visually, the lower leg is displaced either outward or inward. The knee does not function, its lateral movements are impaired.

Hand fracture symptoms

Hands lead by number general injuries, it is most commonly associated with household reasons. Such symptoms of a fracture are characteristic as: the presence of swelling, severe pain at the fracture site, pain is especially felt in the area elbow joint. Sometimes a hand injury is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, which may indicate a severe hemorrhage at the site of injury (combined fracture of the forearm). Deformation of the hand is noticeable only with a fracture with displacement; crepitus is also uncharacteristic. A crunch appears only in the case of a multiple, fragmentary fracture of the bone.

Symptoms of a spinal fracture of varying severity

The symptoms of a fracture of this kind are very characteristic and, as a rule, are not in doubt. Spinal injuries are considered the most disturbing and dangerous, sometimes not only for health, but also for the life of the victim. With a fracture, there is a strong compression of one of the main hematopoietic organs - spinal cord. Such an injury is fraught with complete immobility, paralysis. In addition to the typical signs that are characteristic of all fractures, a spinal injury is manifested by severe deformity, protrusion or drowning of the vertebrae. Present sharp pain, especially on palpation of the damaged area. Often, a spinal fracture is accompanied by immobility, loss of sensation in the area below the waist. Such a loss of control lower half body leads to incontinence of urine and feces, or their retention.

The symptoms of a fracture are almost always obvious, they can only be confused with a severe bruise. In any case, before seeking medical help, it is necessary to provide the victim with immobility, immobilize the injured area. The final diagnosis can be made by the surgeon with the help of examination, palpation and X-ray.

A fracture occurs when the integrity of a bone is broken due to injury. Many types and signs of fractures are easy to detect on the spot, without the help of a specialist, however, some of them are insidious in that the victim may not immediately understand that he has a fracture and is urgently needed health care: he continues to lead a former lifestyle, experiencing minor pain and limited movement, believing that there was bad bruise.

Let's see what signs of a fracture speak about themselves in the very first minute after the injury, and which ones only indicate that the bone is probably damaged.

Clinical signs of fractures

Depending on the type of fracture, its signs can be divided into reliable - those that leave no doubt that the bone was deformed by impact, and relative - those that may raise doubts: there is a fracture or bruise.

Reliable signs of fractures:

Unnatural position of the arm or leg (if we are talking about signs of a fracture of the limb).
Mobility of the broken part in the place where there is no joint.
Hearing a crunch.
With an open fracture, bone fragments are visible in the wound.
Shortening or lengthening of the injured area.

If at least one of these symptoms is confirmed, then we can say with 100% probability that there is a fracture. However, the presence of these signs does not deprive you of the obligation to do an x-ray examination.

Relative signs of a fracture:

Pain at the fracture site when immobilized or during movement. Also, if you make an axial load, then the pain intensifies (for example, if you knock on the heel area during a fracture of the lower leg).
Swelling at the fracture site can occur quickly (within 15 minutes of injury) or develop over several hours. Along with this, such a symptom has an insignificant role in determining the fracture, because it accompanies other types of damage.
Hematoma. It may be absent, but often still occurs at the site of the fracture, and not always immediately. If it pulsates, then the bleeding continues.
Restriction of mobility. As a rule, the damaged part cannot function either at all or partially. If there was a fracture not of a limb, but, for example, of the coccyx, then the person will feel difficulty in walking, i.e. there is not only a limitation in the function of the damaged part, but also those that come into contact with it.

The presence of these signs cannot speak with 100% probability of a fracture, but many of this category accompany any fracture (pain, swelling, restriction in movement).

Signs of a closed fracture

All fractures are classified into open and closed. The latter are much easier to diagnose than the former without x-rays and the help of a specialist.

A closed fracture is not accompanied by damage to soft tissues: in this case, bones and joints suffer, which can change position (the so-called fracture with displacement) or simply lose integrity: split (the so-called comminuted fracture), while maintaining the same position.

The first signs of a fracture are pain in the area of injury and swelling. The movements are limited, cause pain, and there may also be movement of the bone not in the joint area (depending on the location of the injury). Often a hematoma forms.

It is possible to make sure that there is a closed fracture only with the help of x-rays.

Signs of an open fracture

An open fracture is a more severe injury than a closed one, because. in this case, in addition to damage to the bone, the tissues also lose their integrity. This may come from external influence(during an accident, or getting a limb into a moving mechanism at work) or due to the fact that a broken bone itself damages tissues.

Based on this, the main signs of an open fracture are a wound, bleeding, the appearance of a broken bone or its fragments, pain and swelling. If the damage was very severe, then the victim may experience traumatic shock.

Violation of the integrity of the bone under load. Fractures can occur both due to trauma and due to various diseases that occur with violations in the characteristics of bone tissues.

The severity of the general condition in case of damage depends on the extent of the injury. Numerous fractures tubular bones can cause severe bleeding and shock. Patients with this disease recover for a long time, usually it takes more than one month.

Varieties and classification of the disease

Fractures can be:

Congenital- This is a rather rare type of damage that develops with various genetic ailments of the skeleton, causing a decrease in its strength.
Acquired- meet most often and in turn are subdivided into traumatic and pathological.

Pathological fractures develop in diseases that affect the natural composition of the bone - neoplasm, osteitis, some hormonal disorders, periostitis, osteoporosis. In this case, injury can occur at the slightest impact or for no reason. Pathology can be "get" even during sleep. This type of fracture is noted with neurogenic dystrophy, that is, with a violation of the innervation of the organ. Excessive bone fragility is observed in Engel-Recklinghausen disease and the "crystal man", osteitis deformans and other skeletal pathologies.

Traumatic a fracture is associated with external influence on the bone, it can be an accident, a fight, etc. In case of fractures, along with traumatization of the bone itself, the integrity of the tissues around is violated. If a wound is formed during damage, this is open a fracture that is infected in any case, and when the skin is not injured - closed.

Open fractures are:

Primary open- while the force from the outside directly affects the fracture site, it is typical for a comminuted fracture.
Re-opened- if the bone from the inside injures the tissues around.

According to the severity of the lesion, full(with and without offset) and incomplete(breaks and cracks) fractures.

Open fractures are classified depending on the degree of trauma to the skin, neurovascular system, tendons and muscles. At first degree tissues are damaged from within second- outside, and the third degree includes severe injuries up to amputation.

According to the shape and nature of the fracture, fractures are: compression, helical, wedge, T- and V-shaped etc.

Simple the fracture consists of two fragments, under the influence of a damaging force, it is possible to break off more than two or two parts along the bone, then fragmentary fractures occur. If, due to trauma, the bone consists of many fragments over a long period, this indicates fragmented type of disease.

Full fractures are usually associated with displacement in different sides parts of the bone. The "divergence" of bone fragments also contributes muscle contraction. More common for children incomplete fractures or fractures without displacement.

According to complications, fractures are complicated And uncomplicated. Most often, the bones of the thigh, shoulder and lower leg are broken.

There are also inside, around And extra-articular fractures. Fractures inside the joint can take place with a displacement of the surface of the joint - dislocations. Such injuries are called fracture-dislocations. Most often they are observed in injuries of the hip and shoulder joints.

Until the age of 16, there are special types of fractures in which there is a displacement in the area of non-ossified growth cartilage. One of the options for such a pathology is osteoepiphyseolysis, in which the fracture affects and cartilage tissue. In the future, this may lead to shortening or curvature of the limb. Injuries in children, especially the hands, collarbones, usually disappear with severe soft tissue edema.

In older people, most fractures occur due to increased fragility and fragility of bones. The disease appears, as a rule, with a slight fall. Long tubular bones, such as the radius and other bones of the limbs, are most susceptible to fractures. In old age, a callus is formed at the site of injury, which has low strength.

Common types of the disease have names - after the name of the author who described it. For example, Monteggia fracture- upper third fracture ulna combined with nerve damage and dislocation.

After a fracture, the recovery process consists of 4 main stages:

1. Autolysis - development of edema up to 4 days;
2. Proliferation and differentiation - active regeneration of bone tissue;
3. Restructuring - microcirculation is restored, a compact substance is formed;
4. Full recovery.

At the site of the fracture, 4 types can form callus: periosteal, endosteal, intermedial And paraossal.

Symptoms and signs

To the most significant symptoms fracture includes tissue swelling, pain, crunching and pathological bone mobility, dysfunction, in some cases deformity of the arm or leg. Fractures within the joint are characterized by hemarthrosis and pathological bony prominences.

Bleeding and the presence of a wound are the main signs of an open fracture, they can be expressed in varying degrees. With complex fractures, traumatic shock often develops.

With the displacement of bone fragments, a forced position of the limb, bruising, deformity with deviation from the axis and swelling are observed. When probing, there is a sharp pain at the site of injury, unnatural mobility and crunching of bone fragments. It is not necessary to specifically install crepitus in a patient, since it is possible to injure the surrounding tissues, nerves, blood vessels, and displace fragments.

The load and movement of the injured limb causes a sharp increase in pain in the area of the fracture. There is also a shortening of the limb, natural bony protrusions change position. With a fracture of the joint, there is a weakening of its contour, growth in size as a result of hemarthrosis. Flexion and extension of the joint cause pain, due to which movements are sharply limited. With impacted fractures or without displacement of fragments, some manifestations are absent, so the disease can be mistaken for a severe bruise. Often, with an impacted injury to the femoral neck, a person actively moves, which ultimately leads to displacement of the bone parts.

An x-ray is mandatory, for example, in case of fractures of one of the parallel bones (metatarsal, radius, fibula or tibia), the main symptoms may be absent. If an injury is suspected, the length of the limb is determined: lower - from greater trochanter to the outer ankle, forearm - from the olecranon to the styloid process.

Complications

Complications arising from fractures may be associated with rupture of blood vessels and nerves, damage internal organs, muscles and brain tissues. It is worth noting that sometimes they develop not during an injury, but with incorrect assistance to the patient. Complications can also develop with improper treatment, with incorrect fusion of parts of the bone, the development of excess bone callus or a false joint. Infection of the fracture site leads to the formation of a purulent process, sepsis or osteomyelitis.

During improper treatment and non-compliance with the duration of immobilization, complications may develop:

Increased thrombosis, thromboembolism;
pneumonia;
bedsores due to skin compression plaster cast;
paralysis with nerve damage;
bleeding;
joint stiffness, muscular atrophy;
traumatic shock;
fat embolism due to the appearance of demulsified fat droplets in the blood.

With an injury, bleeding develops, which is very difficult to stop, since the vessels are in the mineral part, as a result, a hematoma and edema form.

Causes of fractures

Bone tissue contains organic, mineral components and water. Minerals provide strength, and collagen (an organic component) provides elasticity to bones. tubular bones very strong along their axis, and spongy ones are not so strong, but equally stable in any direction.

Contributing factors:

Pregnancy, elderly age;
mechanical damage;
diseases affecting the state of the skeleton;
avitaminosis, deficiency of minerals in the body.

Diagnostics

A patient with symptoms of a fracture or suspected of having a fracture is sent for an x-ray. It is with its help that you can accurately determine the type of damage and the position of bone fragments. And with cracks, fractures of the feet and wrists, it is impossible to determine the type of injury without X-ray diagnostics. Via x-ray with the image of the bone in two projections (lateral, direct, sometimes oblique or atypical). Usually this type of diagnosis is sufficient to establish accurate diagnosis.

Treatment

First aid for an injury largely depends on the location of the fracture. Damage to the jaw, more often the lower one, can occur as a result of fights, road accidents, hitting a horse, medical error when removing a molar, falling from a height. In this case, it is important to fix the jaw with a sling bandage, clean oral cavity from blood clots and apply cold.

Spinal fractures are facilitated by blows to the back and falls from a height. When providing first aid, the main thing is to anaesthetize and ensure transportation on a flat, hard surface. Most severe manifestations observed in fractures of the cervical vertebrae. When the base of the skull is fractured, the patient develops "glasses" around the eyes, cerebrospinal fluid "leaks" from the nose, he is worried about weakness and nausea. The consequence of the injury can be sudden and manifest in cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Brief interesting data
- Fractures of bones in vertebrates and humans do not have significant differences.
- "Bone-setters" have existed since ancient times, for example, in the study of 36 Neanderthal skeletons with bone fractures, only 11 were treated incorrectly. This proves that primitive people knew about fractures and knew how to treat them.
- according to statistics maximum amount fractures occur between the ages of 20 and 40. Fracture of the coccyx is characteristic in most cases of older people, and most often the bones of the hand break.

A fracture of the ribs is manifested by pain when breathing, first of all, you need to apply a tight bandage on the chest. When fingers are injured, plaster is often not applied, limited to fixation with a polymer bandage. Nose fracture appears heavy bleeding and bruising under the eyes. The main thing is not to lift your head, apply cold to your nose, in case of deformation, doctors carry out a reposition.

First aid for a fracture:

summon ambulance or, if there are no contraindications, deliver the victim to the first-aid post on a stretcher with a solid base;
Anesthetize (ketorol, indomethacin);
Stop the bleeding;
With an open fracture, apply a sterile bandage;
Immobilize the injured area, apply a splint (for example, a pneumatic splint for a pelvic fracture).

First aid can be provided both on the spot and in an emergency room or hospital. At this point, the volume is determined further treatment. The fight against complications (bleeding, shock), immobilization of the damaged area is carried out. Surgery may be needed for complex comminuted fractures. Further, the effectiveness of regeneration and reposition is regularly evaluated. If the restoration of the bone after treatment has not occurred, repeated reduction is allowed.

Rehab is necessary to recover normal functioning injured part, it includes: exercise therapy, CPM-therapy, therapeutic exercises, massage, physiotherapy. This period may take several months. Sick leave in case of a fracture, it is issued for the entire period of disability.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of "acquiring" a fracture, you must:

Eat a balanced diet;
give up bad habits;
lift weights correctly
to prevent osteoporosis;
take your time, be careful, avoid falls;
maintain normal body weight;
spend at least 15 minutes in the sun;
go in for sports;
take vitamins and minerals;
warm up before exercise.

Folk methods of treatment

Traditional medicine for faster bone fusion and speedy recovery recommends:

Add millet porridge, rice, corn, replace sugar with honey to the daily diet. It is also recommended to consume berries, dairy products, sesame, meat, herbs, fish, rose hips and apples.
After removing the plaster, add a few drops of thyme, fir, marjoram, lavender or rosemary oil to the water before taking a bath.
Boil the egg, peel the shell by removing the film. Grind to powder and pour over the juice of one lemon. Store in a dark, cool place. There are 1 tsp. morning and evening.