The human body is a complex and fragile system. And with each new generation new diseases and mutations already known to each person are revealed. Therefore, you need to know the manifestations of the most dangerous diseases in order to take measures to enhance the organism. Among the least studied and at the same time the most common and dangerous - cancer. All kinds of this disease cause quite reasonable fear.
Melan A- dangerous disease, and it is impossible to cope with it
However, a modern person is peculiar to a certain negligence to his health, to one or another manifestations of malaise. This is due to unsatisfactory levels of medical care. Memorous health workers repeatedly pour their aggression on patients. But it is also possible to notice that complain about the illness was something from the category almost immoral actions. We are shy to show our weakness, it is afraid to be ashamed of it.
But, unlike the simple flu, it will not work on their own with cancer. Self-medication late diagnosis It is fraught with death.
Melanoma, as the first step towards terrible consequences
One of these terrible diseases, the delay in the treatment of which is unacceptable, is melanoma. According to the latest studies, more than 10% of the world's population is located in the risk area. And despite the fact that not malignant cancer Skin is occurring more often, and the diagnosis of malignant is easier, it is from melanoma a larger percentage of fatal outcomes.
Cancer itself is still not fully studied disease, and its manifestations are sometimes similar to lighter ailments. Also, the causes of melanoma are called researchers rather conditionally than specifically. Scientists allocate some reasons for the appearance of cancellation data, which is lower.
- Influence ultraviolet rays. We have been hearing a phrase since childhood that in the sun is unsafe in the afternoon. And not only because you can get a sunshine. The sun can weaken the body's protective mechanisms. The strong intermittent effect of solar radiation on pigment cells producing melanins provoke disease. At the same time, Melanoma will not necessarily hurt.
- Excessive use of bactericidal lamps without proper safety rules.
- Hereditary predisposition. If someone from close relatives had such a problem, it should be particularly carefully related to its skin.
- Availability large number Pigment stains and moles. They can be reborn faster in malignant tumors than neoplasms.
- Accommodation of white-skinned, red, blue-eyed people near the equator. It is proved that the influence of the sun on this group of people is stronger. This is the so-called "risk group" and the reason that Melanoma appears in ignorance or negligence to their health. These people should be sure to use sunglasses, wear headdresses and wear clothes with long sleeves, and also regularly inspect the body, especially if some kind of skin starts to hide or bleed - it can definitely be melanoma.
- Hormonal malfunctions. They can be determined by a number of diseases such as Addison disease, chronic hyperthyroidism, hypocituitarism, as well as pregnancy, stress, insomnia, and a psychological factor.
- Sunburn. Particularly attentive should be parents, since it is at an early age a person is most susceptible to negative environmental factors, including UV radiation.
- The presence of freckles or tendency to their manifestation may also testify to the potential danger to get sick.
- Office lifestyle. Stay indoors without sufficient natural lighting and significant proportion sunlight During the resting period, which characterizes the lifestyle of most office employees, also adversely affects the body. Injured moles and skin sites near them. This may be a consequence of banal clothing with clothing or any skin of the skin, on which the Netures are located.
- Radiation impact, X-ray radiation, viruses, injuries. If in the near future one of these types of impacts on the body are assumed, then to reduce skin sensitivity, you can cover moles with gauze bandages. This will partially save the existing non-abuses.
Diagnosis of unemmal skin cancer. It is not so easy to identify, however, if the doctor has identified such a disease in humans, then this is another risk factor for rebounding the neoplasm in a malignant tumor.
If at least one point takes place in your life, you should clearly know what to do and who to seek help.
Solar burn in childhood can provoke oncology in adulthood age
How to recognize?
Those who have the causes of melanoma, as provoking factor, are absent, it is worth learn a certain procedure for recognizing the appearance of the disease and how to distinguish it from innocuous wart and moles. After all, the presence of such a list of reasons provoking the disease, partly explains its widespread distribution.
According to WHO, among cancer, Melanoma is in second place (after the cervical cancer) in women, and on the pole - in men. In addition, the peculiarity of the disease is the age category - usually 18-39 years old.
The patient often does not recognize that melanomas began to appear on his body, the symptoms of which, due to the enormous number of worries and intensive pace of life, are invisible until the active phase of the disease, when metastasis becomes appear. Sometimes, only courses of aggressive chemotherapy can be able to help in such cases that kill not only infected cells, but also the whole organism. And the consequences of the treatment predict unable to the most qualified specialist.
Before moving on to the question, how to determine the melanoma, one should consider the object of the study in more detail. The root of the problem is melanins. Three types of them distinguish them:
- eumelanin (Eumelanin);
- feomelanins (pheomelanin);
- neuromelanin (NeuroMelanin).
Differences in color and localization in the body. Their presence in the human body, animals and plants is not by chance, they perform certain functions, which are beneficial to the body as a whole. They maintain the immune system in the tone. Visually, it is Melanin that is responsible for the color of the skin, hair, eye, etc. In pharmaceutical, melanin is synthesized for drugs. But, this is not some specific substance, but rather an amorphous synthesis of polymeric compounds. And this positive substance under the influence of detrimental factors is capable not only to harm the body, but also kill.
Melanins are responsible for skin color, but may be transformed into cancer
Types of melanoma
In order to correctly diagnose the presence or absence of a disease, it is necessary to study the nature of its manifestation in the body and on the body. How to recognize Melanoma know not only doctors, but also those who cares about their health. In view of the prevalence of the disease, even if there are no signs of signs, it will not be superfluous to understand how Melanoma is manifested in humans. At the moment, the following types of this disease are distinguished, highlighted in the skin melanoma group:
- surface: it is easiest to be detected in the early stages of the disease by visual inspection;
- aggressive: Melanoma strongly hurts, itchies, metastases are often rapidly spread, in terms of the number of patients - is characteristic of a quarter of patients;
- lentigo: It often suffers from the elderly - with melanoma of this type, the head and neck is amazed, also a common type of melanoma;
- subcast - mainly detected under the nails of large fingers.
Among other species this disease: Melanoma retina eye, mucous membranes, soft tissues.
In various sources there is a phrase that, when any signs of the disease, the disease should immediately contact the doctors. In the case of melanoma, this is a dermatologist, who, after an external examination,, if suspected a disease, sends to the oncologist and surgeon.
Melanoma is removed, after which a set of analyzes are prescribed. And what kind of symptoms should man alert? After all, throughout life, birthmarks can appear and increase, and decrease independently. Doctors have developed seven reference points that allow you to put the correct diagnosis. The first three treat the main clinical signs, the rest are secondary. We will analyze some of them separately.
- Asymmetry of the edges of moles and pigment spots. The circumference of ordinary birthplace stains can not have any other form - only a circle or oval. When identifying irregularities, you should immediately consult a doctor. If the suspicion of melanoma is justified, often the neoplasm is excised, capturing 1.5-2 cm of healthy tissue, and this material is directed to histological examination. However, you should not panic. The size of the moles and its edges are sometimes modified under the influence of mechanical factors. For example, wearing dense clothes, pinching a part of the body where the mole is located, etc.
- The size of the mole. The norm is 0.2 - 1 cm. Safe Mountain may not be more than a gum at the end of the pencil. Fuzziness, blur, irregularity of the edges - the symptom of melanoma. If a significant increase in the size of the already existing mole or neoplasia is noticeable, then it is necessary to track the dynamics independently and when accelerating its growth, immediately access the specialist.
Surface melanoma is well visible to the naked eye
Changed color - is dangerous
The usual mole of a dark brown or corporal color. The freckles have a brown color with a brown tint, however, they can darken in the sun in the summer - and it is quite normal. Melanoma manifests itself in the color itself ramiy stain. This refers to the moles already available on the body. Austion should be the fact that a new shade appears on the site of the mole:
- grey;
- the black;
- blue;
- pink-red.
And also meet melanomes having multicolored splashes. However, melanoma can develop from the neoplasm, to trace changes in the color of which is impossible.
The presence of one or all complex of symptoms indicates the problem in the human body.
In addition to external signswhich is color, shape and size, at the initial stages of melanoma may no longer manifest itself. This is dangerous. After all, most of the workable population, the most indoor Disease, does not pay attention to these symptoms. A huge problem is the fact that melanoma in men is manifested most often on the back, and in women - on the shin. These parts of the body are not always inspected by even doctors, so the patient's vigilance in this matter can have a significant role.
But still, the first three symptoms are somewhat self-diagnosis and are the basis for accessing a specialist.
20 options for dangerous changes in the color of the mole
Pregnancy and nevys
Separately, it should be said about the special state of a woman - pregnancy. In this responsible period, rapid hormonal manifestations are possible. New moles can appear quickly, and the old changes are sizes and color. Most gynecologists consider it the norm, not pathology.
The secondary clinical features include such symptoms of melanoma skin:
- roda stains over seven centimeters in diameter: exceeding this facet neules (moles) are considered as abnormal and need research;
- inflammatory process B. benign Novo-formation in the absence of mechanical damage;
- isolation: Usually it is a sucrovic, which, hard, forms crust - the manifestation is more common when contacting with clothing;
- itching, painful sensations.
However, it should be remembered that seborrheic warts, keratose, often bleed and have an incorrect form. But they do not need treatment and can be removed purely of aesthetic considerations. However, the doctor's attention should be paid to them when passing an annual survey, which is mandatory for all categories of the population, regardless of age.
If you contact experts at the moment there is no possibility, then medical practice There are also some recommendations on self-diagnosis of symptomatics melan. They can be attributed rather to observations of people belonging to the risk group. it the following symptoms, signs of melanoma:
- the presence of a large number of small pigment spots, benign papillomas and non-compatible moles (more than 50 formations is critical);
- hair loss on the plot where the mole is located;
- disappearance of skin lines in this area;
- the formation of nodules under the mole - they are easily told with palpation;
- the patient loses weight, pre-perspective states, apathy may appear;
- worsening vision, bone pain.
The last two symptoms are characteristic of patients who have already started metastasis.
During pregnancy moles can change color
Diagnosis and treatment
Do not lose attention and the fact that the disease can proceed asymptomatic. But, usually, to confirm the disease at the initial stage, it is enough to carry out self-diagnostics. After that, you should contact the doctor's examination.
If a symptom detected is confirmed by a specialist, treatment is assigned. The first thing you need to do is remove the mole surgically. They exchanger completely either by biopsy.
This biological material is directed to histological examination. Then, when confirming malignancy, the stage of the disease is determined by conducting an ultrasound, computed tomography of lymph nodes and other internal organs. The stage largely determines the percentage of survival and the ability to live a full life.
Four stages are isolated depending on the thickness, germination and propagation of the tumor.
- Approximately half of the patients detect the first and second stage, the forecast of the positive outcome of treatment in such people is the highest.
- In the third stage amazed the lymph nodesWhat is a more disturbing phase of the disease.
- The fourth stage is characterized by the spread of metastasis not only in regional, but also distant from the primary focus of melanoma lymph nodes.
Based on the results of determining the phase of the development of the disease, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy are prescribed in some cases. The result of treatment depends on the prevalence of melanoma on the body and its rooting in the body of metastases, as well as age, the overall health state.
Computed tomography is used to examine lymph nodes
Self-compliance and faith in yourself
Melanoma may appear at any person. Will the disease be a malignant character, with one hundred percent accuracy - no one will say. But experts noticed that psychology has a huge role in the process of recovery: positive thinking And a clear adherence to the instructions of doctors contributes to recovery.
If the cancer was discovered, Melanoma is malignant, and even if metastases began, faith in successful permission of the problem along with the professionalism of the attending physician and the directed efforts of the patient and his relatives are able to return health and vitality.
Some believers and spiritual patients believe that the disease, and the more so hard, as cancer, is nothing more than punishment for sins. But, the only correct thing in this may be the statement that the psycho-emotional state of a person determines its actions and indirectly affects the state of health.
Cancer is not a sentence, he is treatable. AND best optionIf the patient's actions and the doctor are agreed upon in this matter. Then the highest forces contribute to recovery.
But in order not to experience fate, arm yourself with knowledge that allows you to identify and eliminate the disease in the bud. Methods of removal of potentially unsafe neoplasms, moles and birthplace spots are quite a lot. Due to the dissemination of the problem, remove the growth has become not expensive and practically painlessly.
Do not ignore the symptoms of melanoma. Complete the examination and ask your dermatologist about the ways of preventing and eliminating moles and birthmarks, if you have found melanoma. It will be ahead of ahead even if the doctor does not consider them dangerous at the moment. Remove problem moles are also useful in aesthetic plan. You will get clean skin and partially get rid of the potential opportunity to get sick. The only thing that needs to be considered, pigment spots and moles have a property appearing again. Do not lose your vigilance in your health.
Melanoma (melanocytoma, necarcinoma) is one of the varieties of skin cancer. This oncological pathology of the skin is expressed in the formation of a dark tumor on it. This is due to the fact that tumor cells produce a pigment melanin, which affects the color of the skin cover.
The reasons for the development of melanoma.
Melanoma in comparison with other types of skin cancer is a low-prolonged pathology (no more than 15% of all cases). Usually melanoma is found on the limbs and torso of people having light skin, prone to burning, blond hair and light eyes (Blue, green, gray).
Various factors can provoke the development of melanoma, in particular the production of highly sunburn (including in solariums), trophic ulcers and scars in the fraud of the limbs. A group of risk development of the disease is the elderly, people with congenital pigment kseroderm, diseases of Pedge or Bowen, those who have in the family there were cases of illness, as well as persons who have a tendency to form moles. Often melanoma is formed against the background of the release of pigment notes (black, dark gray, dark brown), which in turn provoke injury, ultraviolet irradiation, endocrine and hereditary factors.
Melanoma is considered dangerous and very aggressive oncological disease. Diagnose the disease at an early stage is quite problematic. Complete healing is achieved at an early stage of tumor development.
Symptoms and signs of melanoma.
Melanoma is not always developing at the place of the mole or the birthmark spot. Pathological dark formation may occur on an absolutely clean surface. More often, it is observed by the rebirth of non-discontinuity in malignant neoplasm. A distinctive feature Or the main symptom at the same time is the absence of hair on nonuse. First, the formation does not rise above the surface, but as the pigment stain changes the color, and in its location area, the skin acquires a pink-red, gray or white shade.
In later stages of development cancer tumor It begins to bleed, accompanied by itching, is expressed. In addition, the pathological process begins to spread, a number of pigmented sites begin to arise next to education. Melanoma reaches size from 6 mm in diameter up to 3 cm. The growth rate and metastasis of the tumor is different. With the surface type of melanoma, a slow growth of education has been observed over several years.
In the nodal type, the disease is characterized by rapid growth, the formation of loose, the skin is prone to withdrawing at the location of the tumor.
Types and types of melanoma.
Melanoma is classified by the types and phases of development. Highlight horizontal and vertical phases of disease development. At the beginning of development, the formation is growing in a horizontal direction, while it does not apply to the epithelial layer. In the future, the vertical phase occurs, in which the tumor spreads to the lower layers of the skin. This phase occurs fast growth Melanoma and its metastasis.
Three types of melanoma are distinguished:
- Superficial type - diagnosed in more than 60% of all cases, at the initial stage of melanoma has the type of pigment stain to 5 mm in the diameter of brown or black, not towering over the skin surface. The horizontal phase can come up to seven years. During the transition this type Vertical phase, education begins his accelerated growth, towering over the surface of the skin in the form of a mushroom, nodal spherical or buggy form.
- Nodal type - diagnosed in 20% of cases, it has the shape of a mushroom, a polyp or a node of black or blue-red.
- Lentgie Melanoma - appears due to the ill-quality of the melanosis of Dubreil. The horizontal phase can last up to 10-20 years.
Diagnosis of melanoma.
The diagnosis in the early stages of the development of the disease is difficult to be lack of pronounced symptoms. When the nevus is reincarnated, there is a change in its color, size, the skin disappears. In this case, it is necessary to contact a dermatonologist specialist.
Diagnostics begins with a visual inspection and patient survey (the term of the occurrence and features of the behavior of suspicious neoplasm). Laboratory tests are then carried out - skin biopsy, microscopic examination of the scraped skin, surgical biopsy of lymph nodes, chest radiography, cT scan and magnetic resonance tomography of the whole body. Recent diagnostics are carried out with an accurate diagnosis of melanoma (based on biopsy data). Also carry out a cytological study of the imprint from the surface of the "possible" melanoma.
Stage melanoma.
The treatment prediction depends on the stage of the disease. Tumor at the I and II Development Stages - the positive outcome of treatment is up to 99% of cases; III stages - a positive outcome of up to 50% of cases, stage IV - the forecast is not optimistic. Fortunately, the disease is mainly diagnosed in the second stage of development with a tumor thickness of less than 0.75 mm. In this case surgery Successfully in more than 98% of cases.
Treatment of melanoma.
At the initial stage of the development of melanoma, treatment is a surgical excision of a malignant tumor. In this case, no more than 2 cm of the skin cutting from the edge of the formation can be removed, or up to 5 cm of the skin around the tumor. Treatment of melanoma of the first and second stage in each particular case individually.
More wide excision Tumors makes it guaranteed to remove the entire center of melanoma, but at the same time it may cause cancer recurrence in the area of \u200b\u200bthe scar formed or a transplanted area skin cover.
The nature of surgical treatment is depending on the type, stage of development, the arrangement of education and the presence of metastases. If the tumor has a deep propagation, then combined surgical treatment and immunotherapy of alpha interferon are carried out. When diagnosing several melanomes, they are deleted and conducted a course of chemotherapy, irradiation of these sites or combine methods with immunotherapy.
Preoperative radiation therapy is part of the combined treatment, it is recommended for ulcerations on tumors, bleeding and inflammation in the field of onco-formation. In the form of a separate method of treating melanoma, radiation therapy is pretty in rare cases.
Patients with remote metastases pass palliative treatment. In some cases, the removal of metastasis in the internal organs is provided. Conduct radiation and chemotherapy. Due to the inability to reliably determine the condition of lymph nodes in the melanoma of the lower extremities completely remove the patchwork lymph nodes, the upper limbs - migratic lymph nodes. Chemotherapy The treatment of melanoma with metastases according to statistics gives unsatisfactory results, so it is not used today in the treatment of this type of skin cancer.
As the prevention of people in the risk group (especially with the first and second phototype of the skin), it is recommended to limit the stay in the open sun, avoid burns.
Melanoma is a specific type of tumor malignant educationForming on the skin develops this formation of synthesizing melanin melanocytes of skin cells. Melanoma, the symptoms of which can manifest itself in patients at any age (with adolescence), recently has become a fairly common disease, in frequent cases leading to death, nevertheless, the detection of it in the early stages does not exclude the possibility of cure.
general description
Melanoma is just one of the varieties of existing pathologies of the skin of an oncological nature. The epidemiology of this disease in the countries of Central Europe as part of the consideration of annual indicators corresponds to the ratio of 10 cases of its occurrence per 100,000 inhabitants. The number of people in the southern states of America and Austria, the incidence is somewhat higher and is about 37-45 cases.
The data of one of the Berlin clinics indicate that on average in Germany, about 14 thousand cases of this disease is diagnosed annually, the ratio of incidence of morbidity indicates that women are more exposed to a greater extent - 6 thousand cases fall on men, 8 thousand - On women. The mortality from melanoma in this case is determined by 2 thousand cases of the disease, this, in turn, defines approximately 1% of the total consideration of mortality on onco-scab.
The greatest degree of incidence of melanoma is subject to patients whose age exceeds 70 years. As we initially noted, recently Melanoma became a fairly common disease, in particular there is information that during the last fifty years, world incidence rates increased by 600%.
Merolanoma is mostly focused on the body of the body and limbs in persons, the skin type of which belongs to the Eastern European. The signs of melanoma are mostly marked in blond and red-haired patients with green, gray or blue eyes, as well as with pink freckles. In addition to the genotype, the presence of atypical moles and non-love (congenital pigment spots) is distinguished as predisposing factors. In particular, the neuromes become predisposing to the development of melanoma by the background with repeated injury, as well as the location in the field of the back, foot, adapter and open areas of the body. Those melanomas that develop against the background of acquired pigmentation are much more dangerous, that is, with the appearance of spots in patients of a group of mature age. As risk factors, the impact of ultraviolet radiation, melanosis dyole, heredity and pigment kservation, the presence of more than 50 moles, a significant amount of freckles (including their rapid education) is also considered.
Despite the previously marked predisposition to the development of melanoma of white-skinned people, it should be borne in mind that this disease can develop in a person belonging to any race and with any skin color, that is, melanoma is not limited to the defeat of people with white skin.
It should also be noted that the haystone nevuses never become malignant, respectively, if when considering a pigment tumor Education Hair growth is found, it should not be filled with malignant formations.
Melanoma appears not only on previously formed pigment spots, but also on healthy skin. Melanoma in women is primarily focused in the field of lower extremities, while men have a tendency to develop melanoma mainly on the body (especially often on the back). Typical areas of the appearance of tumor education are those areas that are as far as affected by ultraviolet radiation. However, at the same time, such areas for which ultraviolet radiation cannot have almost can not, in particular, interfallated interval, esophagus, stop soles are not excluded. The incidence of melanoma infants and children is possible only as the rarest exception, a predisposing factor for the development of the pathological process, becomes in this case the transfer of solar burns in this case.
There are also certain differences in the degree of "malignancy" of the disease under consideration, here it is meant in view of the rate of development of melanoma. Accordingly, the rapidly disease is considered to be in the case of its development within a period of several months according to the "diagnosis - lethal output" scheme, and durable - during the course in a complex with appropriate therapy within a period of 5 years and more.
As a very cunning manifestation of melanoma, the early formation of metastasis is determined, which occurs in certain organs in the body, due to which the fatal outcome may subsequently come for the patient. Most often, the heart, leather, lungs, liver, brain and skelet bones are exposed to metastases. Melanoma, which did not extend to the baseline membrane in skin cells (that is, a layer located between the layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis), determine the practical exclusion of the risk of metastasis.
As for the types of melanoma, as well as the frequency of their occurrence, then their classification looks as follows:
- - characterized by slow growth, the frequency of occurrence is the highest, is 47%;
- Melanoma nodal (nodular)- characterized by its own rapid growth, in the frequency of occurrence is somewhat inferior to the previous form, determining the indicator of 39%;
- Peripheral lentigo- the frequency of occurrence is 6%, this form of the disease is determined as precantcorerosis (or predict, that is, such a pathological condition in which changes in tissues, as well as the course of processes, is naturally preceded by cancer, and the long-term existence of the disease in this form is the greatest degree of probability leads to its transition to cancer).
- Ammelnotic melanoma (acral melanoma)- diagnosed exclusively rarely, the area of \u200b\u200bconcentration in this case focuses within the framework of the plantar and palm surfaces.
Melanoma skin: symptoms
Before we turn to more detailed consideration processes and symptoms of the concomitant course of the disease, highlight the main signs of melanoma, due to which the possibility of early recognition is ensured, and there are five of them:
- asymmetry of education (irrevocability of its form);
- heterogeneity of the form of education: in some places the tumor is dark, in some bright, and in some cases it can be combined with almost black sites;
- the edge of tumor formation is arcuated and uneven, fuzzy, can be notched;
- the diameter of the tumor formation is 5 mm and more;
- the peculiarity of the location of the tumor education is that it is in a slightly elevated position compared with the surface level of the skin (more than 1 mm).
Order In 70% of cases, Melanoma from Netus (Moles) is developing, mainly that we have already noted, it focuses in the limbs, neck and head. Men more often the emergence of this type of tumor is subject to rib cage and back as well upper limbs, among women - lower limbs and chest. The greatest danger is an epidermal (or border) nevel, mainly occurring in men in the field of scrotum skin, soles or palms. As the main signs that the processes of the process occurs, an increase in size is distinguished, the color change (weakening or amplification of the color), the appearance of bleeding and skin infiltration (impregnation with a certain substance) surrounded by the nevus and under its basis.
Externally melanoma resembles a tumor node of a tight type, it can be black or aspid, in some cases with a bluish tint. Clear melanomas are somewhat less, respectively, the definition can be understood that they are deprived of the pigment, they have a pinkish shade. Regarding the size, the diameter in the range of 0.5-3 cm can be isolated. In frequent cases, the tumor formation has a bleeding erosioned surface and a slightly compacted base. Any of the listed features allow you to produce a primary self-configuration diagnosis by usual inspection (but it is necessary to use a magnifying glass).
As part of the course of early stages of the disease, malignant education externally more harmless than with further stages, therefore, it is possible to distinguish it from a pigment nevus of a benign type only to sufficient experience.
Let us dwell on the three main common forms of melanoma allocated by us earlier, or rather - on their characteristics. In particular, we are interested in the surface-widespread form of melanoma, a nodular (nodular) melanoma, as well as malignant lento.
Malignant lentigo it is characterized by the duration of the phase of the phase of its own horizontal growth, determined in the time interval ranging from 5 to 20 years, and in some cases more. Typical current cases are celebrated in older people in the field of open areas of the neck and face, which appear plaques or brown-black spots.
Melanoma surfactant develops in patients group more young age (In this case, their age is 44 years old). As for the area of \u200b\u200bthe development of tumor education, there is an identical frequency of its appearance and in open areas of the skin, and in areas closed. In women, the lower limbs are mainly affected, and in men - the top of the back. The forming plaque has an incorrect configuration, the contour of the formal, there are foci of bleaching and regression, the color of the mosaic, keratosis appears on the surface (the state of the thickening of the epidermis layer). A few years later (about 4-5), there is a formation on the plaque of the node, which indicates the transition of the process from horizontal growth to the vertical.
Melanoma nodular it acts as the most aggressive manifestation of the development of the tumor. The age of patients exposed to this type of education on average is 53 years, relative to the predisposition in accordance with the gender, the ratio of 60:40 (men / women) is indicated. Most often, the localization of the process focuses in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin of the back, head and neck, as well as the limbs. The node increases rather quickly, patients note this kind of change in it in a period of several months, is accompanied by an increase in the formation of ulcerations and its overall bleeding.
As a direct consequence of the use of non-radical measures in the treatment of melanoma, its recurrences are. Such cases are often accompanied by the detection of a remote metastase type, which occurs in parallel with the detection of relapse, and sometimes until its occurrence. Exceptionally chemotherapeutic treatment is applied in situations with common forms of the disease, with the relevance of remote metastasis. In particular, combined treatment options are used using antitumor drugs, which determines the possibility of regression of the tumors of about up to 40% of cases of the disease.
Melanoma: metastasis
The malignant melanoma is prone to a fairly pronounced metastasis, and not only the lymphogenic path, but also by hematogenic. Mostly defeat, as we have already noted, the brain is exposed, the liver, lungs, heart. In addition, there is often dissemination (distribution) of tumor nodes along the skin cover of the body or limb.
The option is not excluded in which the patient's appeal for the help of a specialist occurs solely on the basis of an actual increase in the lymph nodes of any region. Meanwhile, a thorough survey in this case can determine that a certain time ago, for example, it, as the achievement of the corresponding cosmetic effect, deleted the wart. Such a "wart" actually turned out to be melanoma, which is subsequently confirmed by the results of histological research on lymph nodes.
Melanoma Eyes: Symptoms
Melanoma, in addition to lesions of the skin, is also fairly common pathology of the eyes, at which it is manifested as primary tumor education. The main symptoms of melanoma eyes are in the appearance of photocons, progressive cattle and in impairment of vision.
Pictures in particular are such a pathological condition, in which flashing sparks, glowing points, "light flashes" and color spots appear in the field of view. As for such a manifestation, as a scotoma, it is a blind section of a limited type, which occurs in the field of view, is subjectively perceived by patients as a dark spot (in this case it is a positive scotoma), or not perceived at all (negative scotoma). Detection of cattle in a negative version is possible only when conducting special research techniques.
Often small sizes of melanoma determines the difficulties in differentiation with a pigment non-pigment, focused in the region of the vascular eye shell.
To determine the growth of tumor education, repeated research is necessary. As for the generally accepted tactics in treatment, it does not exist at melanoma. Eye enucleation and local resection, as well as radiation therapy are performed.
Melanoma: Stages
The melanoma course is determined by a specific stage, which corresponds to a specific moment the patient's condition, and there are five of them: zero stage, I, II, III and IV stages. The zero stage allows you to determine the tumor cells exclusively within the framework of the external cell layer, the germination of them to the deep-fat tissues does not occur at this stage.
Stage I Stage Determines the dimensions of the thickness of the tumor formation within the limits that do not exceed one millimeter, the epidermis (that is, the skin cover is often covered with ulcers. Meanwhile, the ulcerations may also not appear, the thickness of the tumor education can achieve the order of two millimeters, the lymph nodes that are in close proximity to the pathological process, the damage to melanoma cells are not subjected.
Stage II The tumor formation for melanoma determines the dimensions of at least a millimeter in the thickness of either 1-2 millimeters of thickness in the appearance of characteristic ulcerations. To the same stages include tumor education, the thickness of which exceeds two millimeters, with a possible ulceration of their surface or with a surface without an ulcers. At this stage, melanoma in any of these options does not apply to lymph nodes located in close proximity.
Next III Stage , it is accompanied by a lesion by the pathological process of nearby tissues, in addition, during the study, the presence of tumor cells in one lymph node or more of their quantity is detected, the affected lymph nodes are also located in the immediate vicinity of the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe skin. The possibility of the release of melanoma cells outside the boundaries of the primary hearth is not excluded, but the lymph nodes are not affected.
For IV Stage The progression of the disease is characteristic of the spread of tumor cells to lymph nodes, as well as to neighboring organs and those skin sites that are located on, outside of melanoma.
As we have already noted, the recurrences of the disease are not excluded, even with a certain and treated treatment. Return pathological process can be both in the area previously affected by damage and form in that part of the body that has not had a relationship to the former process.
Melanoma: forecast for stages
As the most important factor In this case, the clinical stage is considered, corresponding to the course of melanoma at the time of the diagnosis. Regarding survival in the framework of the I and II of the stages, in which the localization of the tumor focuses within the boundaries of the primary hearth, the survival rate for the next five years is defined about 85%. In case of III Stati The flow of the disease in which metastasisation of regional lymph nodes occurs, the survival rate for the specified 5-year period is reduced to 50% with damage to the process of one lymph node and about 20% - with a lesion of several lymph nodes. As part of the consideration of the IV stage, accompanied by remote metastasis, survival rate for the next five years is no more than 5%.
A positive point in the overall picture of the disease, directly related to forecasts on it, is that in most cases melanoma is detected in the period I and II of the stage. The forecast in this case is determined based on the thickness of the tumor formation, because the thickness indicates a mass, relevant for the tumor, the mass of the tumor determines the likelihood of subsequent possible metastasis.
With the thickness of the tumor education within no more than 0.75 mm, the forecast of successful cure due to surgical intervention is determined, as for survival within the standard period under review of 5 years, then it is relevant here in 96-99% of cases. Approximately today, it is possible to indicate that in about 40% of cases of morbidity in patients, a tumor formation is detected within its thickness to 1 mm, while the patients themselves are in this case are defined in the group of so-called low risk. In those patients who show metastases, a histological study of primary tumor education determines either its vertical growth or spontaneous regression.
With melanoma thickness, over 3.64 mm, metastasis is metastasized in almost 60% of cases, such a flow entails a fatal outcome for the patient. In most cases, tumors that have similar dimensions are highlighted significantly on the overall leather cover background, which is noticeably torn over it.
In general, the forecast directly depends on where the tumor is specifically located. Thus, the most favorable nature of the forecast is determined by the localization of tumor education in the field of the heads and the forearm, the unfavorable forecast, in turn, is determined during its localization in the field of stop, brushes, the scalp, as well as mucous membranes.
There is a certain trend on the part of the gender. So, the I and II stage are characterized by the best outlook for women than for men. To some extent, this trend is associated with the fact that mostly the tumor in women is localized in the field of the heads, where it is easier to detect when independent inspection, which, in turn, makes it possible and subsequent treatment during the early stages, in which the forecast has such a favorable nature. .
When considering the forecast on melanoma for the elderly patients, it is possible to allocate that it is less favorable, it is explained by this late detection of the tumor, as well as the high exposure to the elderly men by an acral lentigin melanoma.
The forecast for recurrence of the disease is based on general statistics, in accordance with which about 15% of cases of recurrences appears more than five years since the removal of tumor education. The main pattern here is as follows: the thicker the size of the tumor, the faster it is subject to subsequent recurrence.
As unfavorable factors for the forecast in the period I and II stages, such factors are distinguished as the ulceration of tumor education, elevated mitotic activity, as well as the formation of satellites (peculiar islands from tumor cells, in diameter reaching sizes from 0.05 mm or more). The latter focus outside the main focus of the tumor, within the framework of the grid layer of the dermis or in the subcutaneous tissue. Also, satellites in most cases melanoma arise together with micrometastasis, directed towards regional lymph nodes.
Melanoma I and II stage can also be predicted in its course and by applying another method - the method of comparison of histological criteria Clark. I The level of invasion in accordance with the Clarke criteria system determines the location of tumor education within the layer of the epidermis, II, the level of invasion indicates the germination of the tumor into the dermis (nipple layer), the III level determines the achievement of the border with a tumor between the mesh and papillary layer of the dermis, IV indicates its germination in the mesh layer, V determines its penetration directly in subcutaneous tissue. Accordingly, each of the listed levels survival is 100 and 95%, 82 and 71%, as well as 49% (for the last option).
Diagnostation
In the diagnosis of melanoma, in addition to the standard inspection, the radioisotope study is also used for this purpose, in which the detection of increased quantity in the tumor formation of phosphorus indicates that it is malignant. When skin cancer, a biopsy method or puncture is used in the diagnosis of this disease, however, with melanoma, such interference needs to be excluded, because even the slightest impact can determine injury, and this, in turn, can lead to a rapid generalization of the pathological flow of the process.
Considering these ConditionsThe only method for clarifying the diagnosis becomes a cytological study at which the imprint from the surface of the tumor is studied in the case of ulceration relevant to it. The remaining cases of the pathological process implies the diagnosis of the disease only on the basis of clinical manifestations.
In the collection of anamnesis, a special interest is aimed at symptoms, characteristic of metastases (general ailment, pain in the joints, impairment, headache, weight loss). Additionally, eliminate or confirm the presence of metastasis to the internal organs allows the use of such methods as an ultrasound, CT and radiography. Complete general examination For the relevance of melanoma, transition to the definition of its stage and appropriate treatment.
Treatment of melanoma
In the treatment of melanoma, two variants of methods are used, it is only a method surgical and combined method. The combined method is considered to be the most reasonant, because after the irradiation, the tumor education is removed ablastically. Within the framework of the first stage of such treatment, the method of near-focus radiographic influence on the tumor is applied, after which, until the moment of the beam reaction (2-3 days after the completion of the impact), or after its sink, its broadband excision is performed when capturing several centimeters of healthy skin. The wound defect arising from this is subject to skin plastic.
Considering the fact that malignant melanoma is characterized by a rapid transition to metastasis for lymph numerics located nearby, it is necessary to remove regional lymph nodes even in the absence of their increase as such. If the lymph nodes are increased and there is a suspicion of metastasis, then they are preliminary irradiated by applying a remote type of gamma therapy. Over the past years, a comprehensive approach to treatment based on the addition of radiation and surgical method Chemotherapy procedures.
It should be borne in mind that in the presence of nonsense and in particular with any changes, with them related, whether it is a change in the color, the appearance of ulcerations, an increase in size or bleeding, it is important to take measures immediately, which in this case are reduced to surgical intervention. We also note that the III and IV stages of melanoma today are incurable, because, given this, the main measures in the fight against it is prevention and early diagnosis. In the event of the appearance of symptoms indicating melanoma, it is necessary to contact an oncologist and a dermatologist.
Myopia is a pathological condition, with the progression of which a sick person begins to distinguish the items located away from him. He hardly can read the signs, see the number of cars, can even not know his acquaintance from a distance of several meters. Medical statistics are such that it is myopia that is the most common violation spectatic functionwhich is found in both adults and in children (children's myopia is a frequent phenomenon). This ailment may progress and have a different severity of the flow.
A malignant tumor arising from the atypical rebirth and reproduction of pigment cells (melanocytes). Most often affects the skin, but it can also occur on mucous membranes. It is characterized by the rapid propagation of tumor cells throughout the body. Melanoma is diagnosed according to the study of the grip-print-made made from its surface. Histological confirmation of the diagnosis is made after the removal of education. The treatment is carried out depending on the melanoma stage and may consist in surgical excision of education, removal of lymph nodes, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
In case of examination of education, its edges, density, shiftless relative to surrounding tissues are evaluated. Conduct dermatoscopy of education and its surrounding skin. To identify melanoma metastases, other sections of the skin cover are also examined, as well as regional lymph nodes. It is possible to carry out a radioisotope study. The patient accepts an empty stomach radio. Then, with the help of radiometry, the accumulation of isotope in the field of education and on a healthy skin area is evaluated.
In the diagnosis of melanoma, biopsy is not categorically applied skin EducationSince it can cause tumor growth and its metastasis. The main method of diagnostics is the detection of atypical melanocytes during cytological research Marak-imprints taken from the surface of the formation. However, the final diagnosis of melanoma can be put only after histological examination of the remote tumor.
Treatment of melanoma
The choice of the method of treatment of melanoma depends on the phase of its development, the prevalence of the process and the presence of metastasis. If the treatment has begun in the horizontal growth phase of melanoma, then its surgical excision is sufficient within healthy tissues. When deep germination of tumor is detected, surgical treatment is combined with alpha interferon immunochemistry for recurrence prevention. Metastation of melanoma into regional lymph nodes is an indication of their removal.
The detection of several melanomes requires the removal of them all and additional chemotherapy, irradiation of the affected areas of the skin or combining these methods with immunotherapy. Patients with remote metastases of melanoma conducts palliative treatment: excision of large foci of the patient who causes a pronounced discomfort. In some cases, it is possible to carry out operations to remove metastases from internal organs. It is also ray and chemotherapy.
Prediction and prevention of melanoma
Unfortunately, even at the modern level of development of medicine, every third case of melanoma ends rapidly fatal outcome. Approximately half of the patients fail to extend the life longer than 5 years.
The prevention of melanoma is to avoid the impact of provoking factors and onconvolarscence in relation to existing pigment nevids. People with light skin, especially owners of the I and II of the photo, it is necessary to avoid excessive insolation and solar burns. It is important to limit the impact of ultraviolet rays on those areas of the skin where pigment nevys are located. When appearance sharp changes In the amount, color or consistency of the nevus, it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or oncologist. Timely diagnosis and surgical excision of the melanomalic formations of the skin and often injured nevids warns their transformation into melanoma.
Melanoma - what is it? First of all, it is the most dangerous variety Skin cancer. It develops in cells (melanocytes) responsible for the production of melanin - pigment that gives the skin a certain shade. In some cases, melanoma may appear in the eyes and even in the internal organs - for example, in the intestines, the esophagus or in the urinary tract.
The exact causes of the occurrence of the tumor remain unknown, but it has been proven that the impact of ultraviolet with long-term depression under the sun or in the solarium contributes to the development of skin cancer. Accordingly, the risk decreases when restricting the time of staying under direct sunlight or other ultraviolet sources.
Cancer is often diagnosed in pure and externally healthy areas. Not always from the mole of melanoma skin.
According to statistics, most often melanoma skin is diagnosed with people over 40 years old, mainly in women. Knowledge of primary signs of cancer contributes early definition Diseases and timely treatment. It is possible to completely eliminate melanoma under the condition of early diagnosis and preventing the spread of pathology.
Symptoms
This variety of cancer affects any skin sections. Usually suffer from parts of the body, most exposed to sunlight: back, legs, arms and face.
It should be remembered that melanoma may occur in the most unforeseen places, for example, on the soles of the legs, palms, novel bed. Such hidden tumors are more often diagnosed with people with dark or
The first signs of the disease include:
- Changes in existing moles;
- The emergence of pigmented or unusual
Normal moles
Healthy moles usually have a homogeneous color - reddish, brown or black. They have clear boundaries separating them from the rest of the skin. The form is oval or round, and the size, as a rule, does not exceed six millimeters in diameter (as a round eraser at the tip of the pencil).
Most people on the body have from 10 to 45 NEVES, and many people appear only by 50 years. True, normal moles can change externally over time, and some even disappear with age.
Non-pious pigment spots
Melanoma may hide behind unusual moles (photo), the initial stage of which rarely causes suspicion patients.
The classical primary diagnosis of this disease is abbreviated as "ABCDE" and means:
- A: Asymmetric form. You should draw special attention On the mole of a strange form. As a rule, if you mentally divide them in half, the resulting halves will be very different from each other.
- B: Uneven boundaries. The tumor is characterized by a curve, a serrated or wave circuit.
- C: Changes in color. Dangerous neoplasms that combine several colors or differ in the uneven distribution of shades.
- D: Diameter. Menomanoma can occur from the mole of a diameter of more than six millimeters (photo). The initial stage is usually characterized by an increase in size.
- E: Evolution (transformation). It is necessary to observe the changes occurring over time, especially if in the amount either changes color or shape. Conversion may also mean the emergence of new symptoms. So, pathological moles begin to clamp or bleed.
Cancer (malignant) Netures are very diverse. For some, all the above features are characterized, others show only one or two signs of pathology.
Hidden cancer
Melanoma is often evolving in the bodies subjected to the minimal exposure to sunlight. This is an area between the fingers, palms, soles of the feet, the skin of the head, genitals. Such tumors are sometimes called hidden, because they arise in the least typical places. When cancer is diagnosed with dark-skinned patients, it is almost always a hidden melanoma.
Photo: Initial stage of melanoma of the fingers.
Such tumors can be discovered:
- Aklen lentiginal melanoma - what is it? This is a rare shape of the tumor, developing under the nail on the finger or legs. It is also found on the soles of the legs and palms, most often - representatives of the Nero-shaped race and other people with a dark touch of the skin;
- IN oral cavity, digestive tract, urinary trait or vagina. This type of melanoma is striking mucous membranes. In such cases, it is especially difficult to put an accurate diagnosis, since the symptoms of skin cancer at such sites are no different from the signs of other, much more common diseases.
- In eyes. This malignant melanoma is most often striking the vascular shell eyeball - layer located under the scler ( square). The tumor causes impairment and is often detected when inspection at the oculist.
You should consult a doctor as soon as possible if you notice unusual changes on the skin or the appearance of atypical neoplasms.
The reasons
Melanoma arises due to disruption of the structure of melanocytes. In a healthy person, such cells are in strict order: new outstand old to the surface of the skin, where they die and gradually exude. However, sometimes in some cells the structure of DNA is disturbed - they cease to obey the commissioned routine and, over time, form the accumulation of cancers.
It is still unknown that it is exactly damaged DNA in skin cells, and why melanoma arises because of this. What is this genetic predisposition or a whole complex of factors, including environmental and genetic? Be that as it may, doctors argue that the priority cause of cancer is the impact of sunlight and solarium equipment.
However, ultraviolet causes not all tumors. Evidence of this is the emergence of pathologies in the fields hidden from the sun (see photo melanoma). So, other circumstances may also be caused by the disease.
Risk factors
Risk factors include:
Screening
Specify from the doctor if you do not need to take periodic screening for skin cancer. Such a study is two types:
- Skin survey by a qualified specialist. During inspection, the doctor will analyze the condition of your skin from the legs to the head.
- Survey at home. Independent inspection - what is it? Melan can be somewhat, and the inspection allows you to remember the moles, freckles and other normal spots on the skin, to subsequently immediately notice any changes. Self-examination is best carried out in front of the mirror in full growth, while using a small mirror to test hard-to-reach areas. It is necessary to inspect your hands and legs from all sides, as well as check inguinal region, scalp, nails, soles of the feet and sections between the fingers of the legs.
Diagnostics
Sometimes enough to diagnose skin cancer one by one appearance Moles, however, biopsy still remains the only way to determine oncology. If such an analysis showed pathological neoplasm, it means that melanoma develops. What is this procedure? Its essence is quite simple: the doctor fully or partially removes a suspicious molem, and then a thorough study of the painted sample is carried out.
When diagnosing melanoma prescribed next species Research:
- Trepalobiopia. During this procedure, the doctor uses a round blade tool, which is pressed against the skin around a suspicious mole and remove a rounded piece of tumor fragment.
- Excision biopsy. With this procedure, the entire mole is removed along with a small area of \u200b\u200bits surrounding externally healthy skin.
- Incision biopsy. If this type of study is appointed, laboratory analysis Take only the most inhomogeneous region of the mole or neoplasm.
Usually, experts prefer the first two diagnostic options, as they allow you to completely remove the potential pathological structure. The incisional biopsy is prescribed in cases where complete removal for any reason is impossible or fraught with complications - for example, if the suspicious mole has a very large size. With a significant diameter, it is likely that the neoplasm is a melanoma of the skin (photo: initial stage).
Early Stage Treatment
Subject to early diagnosis of cancer treatment usually consists in conducting surgical operation. The melanoma of a small diameter can be removed during the biopsy procedure - and no additional manipulations will be required. Otherwise, not only the tumor is removed, but also some of the healthy skin together with the tissues below it. At an early stage of the disease, other treatment is usually appointed.
Treatment in late stages
If the malignant melanoma covered any parts of the body or organs, in addition to the skin, the following treatment methods are used:
- Surgical removal of affected areas. If the cancer spread to the lymph nodes located nearby, most likely, you will need to remove them.
- Chemotherapy. For such a procedure, specific medications, destroying cancer cells. Medicines are administered intravenously, taken inward in the form of tablets or combine both methods of adoption to ensure higher efficiency of their action.
- Radiotherapy. This treatment method implies the use of high-power directional energy, such as X-ray radiation. Radio therapy is usually prescribed after removal of melanoma and lymph nodes. Sometimes it is used in order to relieve symptoms.
- Biotherapy. Funds biological therapy increase immunity and help the body to deal with pathological processes. Biopreparations are created from natural bodily liquids or their analogues produced in the laboratory. The side effects of this treatment are similar to the signs of influenza and include chills, fatigue, an increase in body temperature, head and muscle pain.
- With such treatment use medicinal productsOnly Melanoma is aimed at specific properties and specific vulnerabilities of treatment with such drugs (the initial stage usually does not require the use of targeting therapy), and not healthy cells. The side effects are very diverse, but most often the heat, chills, dehydration and skin rashes are found.
With severe form, the following drugs are prescribed:
- "VERRAPENIB";
- "Dabrafenib";
- "Trametinib".
However, these medicines are effective only in cases where cancer is caused by a certain gene mutation. To assess the feasibility of using the following funds, produce specific analysis Cells taken from a tumor.
Prevention
You can independently reduce the risk of melanoma and other varieties of skin cancer, if we take the following measures:
The main thing is to remember that the combination of enhanced prevention and timely diagnosis - This is the only right step towards healthy skin.
Loading ...