In a cytological study, tissue samples taken from the cervical canal or vagina are examined under a microscope to determine the typicality of the cells. This diagnostic method began to be used 50 years ago.
And still it can be safely attributed to one of the most inexpensive and effective. The transcript of the pap test, which is given by the attending physician, will tell you about the absence or presence of deviations.
Seeing the results, the cytological picture becomes clear to him. You can define up to five types of cell changes.
And the doctor has a chance to find out reliably about the presence of precancerous diseases, cancer female organs, or about inflammatory processes.
Oncocytology is microscopic examination biopath taken with a smear from the cervix and cervical canal.
It is conventionally divided into 2 forms:
- Simple - in this case, the biopath is taken on a special brush, and when laboratory analysis smeared on laboratory glass.
- In liquid oncociology, a smear with a butted biomaterial is placed in a bottle with a special reagent liquid. It is she who allows you to get more accurate and reliable data.
Features of oncocytology during pregnancy
During the period of bearing a child immune defense women are reduced to prevent rejection of the fetus. Therefore, the mother's body is more often exposed to bacterial and viral infections, cancer.
In order to timely identify most pathologies, women are recommended to take general clinical tests every month.
Mandatory tests include a smear for oncocytology. The examination is carried out after registration with a gynecologist in the antenatal clinic, each subsequent trimester.
Preparation for analysis
It is necessary to postpone a cytological examination if an acute inflammatory process occurs in the genital area, there is abundant discharge, itching, and also until the end of menstruation.
The fact is that in these situations it will not be possible to assess the presence of atypical cells, since leukocytes and erythrocytes will be present in the collected material and they will "hide" pathological cells.
Pregnancy is not a contraindication to this procedure.
Taking a smear for oncocytology while carrying a child is carried out once upon registration.
It is taken for one purpose - to conduct an accurate assessment of the state of the cells of the cervix, the size and quality of the latter, excluding pathological neoplasms and changes. Analysis for oncocytology of the cervix allows you to identify:
- Irregular division and growth of atypical cells. With this result, a second smear is performed after 3-4 months or sent to additional diagnostics, biopsy or colposcopy.
- Allows you to determine the course of the inflammatory process - this analysis will allow you to determine the causative agent of the pathological process.
A smear for oncocytology - what does it show? Conducting a laboratory smear to determine oncocytology is a very necessary measure and allows timely detection of cervical cancer.
If oncology is detected in the early stages of the course of the pathology, timely measures taken will allow to cure the cancer and prevent death.
A smear for oncocytology can have a negative result if there are no pathological changes in the cells, pathogenic microorganisms, cellular structures are not disturbed.
Positive result research involves the identification of atypical cells in the mucous layer of the cervix, which differ in shape and type.
Important! Smear picture healthy women may vary significantly. Therefore, in the direction, it is necessary to take into account the patient's age, phase menstrual cycle, gestational age, radiation or chemotherapy.
The attending gynecologist is engaged in decoding the results of oncocytology as part of the next scheduled examination. However, even after consulting a doctor accurate diagnosis may remain unknown.
Oncocytological examination allows to determine only the presence of changes in the structure of cells. However, the cause of such abnormalities can only be established with the help of ultrasound, biopsy and colposcopy.
The study does not guarantee an accurate result if the study was carried out against the background of an inflammatory process. It is recommended to take it after treatment and not during menstrual bleeding.
Collapse
Women after 30 years old often face pathologies of the reproductive system. It is possible to identify the cause of the disease with the help of diagnostic measures. One of these studies is cervical oncocytology. It is prescribed to women during pregnancy or performed during the next visit to the gynecologist.
In the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment, deviations in reproductive system lead to consequences such as infertility or oncology. These problems are difficult to treat, especially when it comes to advanced forms.
Why is oncocytology performed?
What is the research done for and what is it? Oncocytology is microscopic analysis cells taken from the cervix. The main purpose of the procedure is to identify abnormalities of an oncological nature.
Thanks to oncocytology, it is possible to detect cervical cancer at the initial stages of development. Due to this, the likelihood of a complete cure for benign and malignant tumors increases.
Analysis reveals precancerous conditions:
- Leukoplakia.
- Erythroplakia.
- Polyps on the cervix.
- Dysplasia.
The structure of the cells collected for analysis is two-layered. Thanks to this, the cervical cavity is protected from the penetration of harmful microorganisms from external environment... Two-layer cells - the best option for oncocytology.
A change in the structure of the cervical epithelium suggests that pathological processes occur in this area that can lead to the appearance of a cancerous tumor.
Research methods
There are 2 ways to carry out oncocytology:
- Simple. It is used in public health facilities and antenatal clinics... This method is called the Leishman method.
- Liquid. The research is carried out mainly in private clinics. This method is considered the most reliable.
In the first case, the material is applied to sterile glass and sent for further study. A smear is taken only from a specific area. The results of analyzes according to the Leishman method are prepared for 10-14 days.
In the second case, the biological material is placed in a liquid medium that retains the original properties of the cells. The analysis results are prepared for about 5-10 days. 
There is another way to perform oncocytology - the Rar test or the Papanicolaou technique. The method is practiced in private medical institutions. The biological material is placed as in easy way on a special glass slide. The difference between the Papanicolaou test and the Leishman method lies in the method of staining epithelial cells before examination under a microscope.
How is the research done?
Oncocytology is not accompanied painful sensations and for this reason does not require the administration of pain relievers before taking a smear. After the study, there is no damage to the epithelium and no changes in its structure. 
The smear is collected by a gynecologist. First, the specialist inserts an expanding mirror into the vagina, then, using a spatula, removes the epithelial cells from the cervix. If necessary, the doctor collects material samples from the cervical canal. 
After the procedure, you may experience bleeding from the vagina. After a few days, the bleeding goes away on its own without treatment.
The collected biological material is placed on a sterile piece of glass or in a liquid medium. Epithelial cells are treated with fixing compounds and staining solutions. The conclusion is issued by a morphologist who examines the material under a microscope.
Based on the results of this conclusion, the gynecologist draws up an appropriate therapy regimen.
Indications for the procedure
Analysis for oncocytology of the cervix must be done for all women who are sexually active. The study is performed not only with suspicion of pathology genitourinary system but for the prevention of cervical cancer. 
Oncocytology is prescribed necessarily if cancer is suspected. The indication for taking a smear is also:
- pregnancy (2nd or 3rd trimester);
- damage to the cervix after giving birth to a baby;
- age over 30;
- irregular menstrual cycle;
- papillomavirus infection;
- genetic predisposition to cancer.
Several times a year, the procedure is recommended for women who have bad habits suffering from genital infections and immunodeficiency. After 30 years, screening for cervical cancer will be performed once a year. The timing of the survey must be strictly observed. Otherwise, the identified cancer cells will be difficult to eliminate.
The study is not performed with inflammation of the organs of the reproductive system. The pathogenic flora that provoked the pathology will distort the informative picture.
How to prepare for oncocytology?
The accuracy of the results largely depends on preparatory activities... A smear for oncocytology is not given during menstruation. The best time for research - before the start of menstruation or immediately after their end.
A few days before the event, a woman must refuse:
- from sexual relations;
- from using tampons;
- from douching;
- from the use of vaginal suppositories;
- from taking a bath;
- from taking antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Research results
A cytogram is considered normal if no abnormal cells were found in the test results. A positive result does not indicate a precancerous or cancerous condition with 100% accuracy.
Of the 100 swabs taken, about 50 are considered uninformative, since the conditions for preparing for the procedure were violated or an insufficient amount of material was received by the laboratory. In this case, oncocytology is repeated.
The reasons for obtaining an unreliable result include the infection of a woman with the following sexually transmitted infections:
- gonococci;
- chlamydia.
The papilloma virus also causes changes in the structure of the epithelium and the formation of benign eminences on its surface - genital warts... For this reason, women suffering from HPV should undergo oncocytology 2 times a year.
The decoding of the results by class is presented in the table
| Class | Characteristic | Recommendations |
| 1 | No abnormal cells were found. All elements of biological material have normal structure and shape | No treatment required |
| 2 | Single abnormal structures were revealed, indicating the development of the inflammatory process. No cells found indicating the presence of tumors | Additional diagnostic measures using other techniques |
| 3 | Revealed a small number of anomalous elements | Regular diagnostic measures are required to study the results over time. |
| 4 | Cancer cells found in smear | Additional diagnostic measures are required, followed by drug treatment |
| 5 | It is noted a large number of cancer cells | The patient needs treatment in an oncological dispensary |
The diagnosis is made finally only after comprehensive diagnostics... A few months after treatment, tests are repeated.
With a positive cytogram, women are prescribed:
- Colposcopy. The study allows you to study in detail the state of the cervix and vaginal mucous membranes.
- Biopsy. The study is assigned only when malignant cellular structures are detected.
- Histological analysis.
Conclusion
Oncocytology is indicated for all women over 18 years of age. The analysis is especially necessary for women after 30 years and patients with cycle problems. The main goal of the study is to diagnose in time developing cancer cervix. It is recommended to undergo oncocytology regularly in order to notice and cure problems on early stage.
← Previous article Next article →According to statistics, cervical cancer is one of the leading places among malignant oncological pathologies in patients. Prevalence: 20 women out of 100,000. Age category, which is more at risk, is from 35 to 60 years old, in girls under 20 years old - the disease is extremely rare. A smear for oncocytology will allow you to diagnose this disease at an early stage.
As a rule, with local cervical cancer, more than 80% of women live for more than 5 years, and in the presence of metastases, this figure does not exceed 13%. It is important to carry out annual control and timely take an analysis for oncocytology. Timely screening, detection of precancerous and cancerous conditions, as well as adequate treatment tactics will help to avoid disability, disability and death.
Oncocytological diagnosis is the examination of a smear under a microscope by a doctor to diagnose the presence or absence of pathological changes in the cells of the mucous epithelium. A smear for oncocytology of the cervix is assigned to all girls who have reached the age of 18, at least once a year.
What is a smear for oncocytology for?
A procedure to assess the state of the mucous membrane of the cervix, identify the inflammatory process, as well as for the timely detection of the formation of precancerous or tumor cells.
If according to the data laboratory diagnostics Since the presence of an infectious agent of a viral, bacterial or protozoal nature has been established, a smear for oncocytology is important to determine the body's response to their presence. Besides, this method allows you to identify signs of proliferation, metaplasia or other modification epithelial tissue.
In addition, a smear for cervical cancer also allows you to establish factors that contribute to the change in epithelial tissue, among them:
- pathogenic microflora;
- exacerbation of the inflammatory process;
- pathological reactions of organism to the intake of hormonal and other medications;
- development of dysplasia.
Such a wide list of indicators that can be established with this type of diagnosis makes it one of the most important in identifying visible pathological conditions of the mucous membranes on the cervix, and in a comprehensive screening examination.
Varieties
Currently, there are 3 main varieties:
- cytological diagnostics with Leishman stain is the most common type, which is most often used in state antenatal clinics;
- Rar test (Pap smear) - widespread in private laboratories and abroad. It is believed that the level of reliability of this type of diagnosis is significantly higher than the previous one. The analysis mechanism differs in the degree of complexity of staining the smear;
- liquid cytology is one of state-of-the-art techniques diagnostics, equipment for which there is in single laboratories. It occupies a leading position in terms of information content and reliability. With this type of smear for oncocytology, the biomaterial is introduced into a special liquid medium for research. Then the cells are cleansed and concentrated, forming a thin, even coating. The mucous epithelium prepared in this way does not dry out during transportation to the laboratory for microscopy, which greatly increases the accuracy of the data obtained.
Analysis for oncocytology of the cervix
The procedure for taking a smear for oncocytology is completely painless and does not cause discomfort. This is a standard procedure when visiting a gynecologist. The algorithm for taking a smear for oncocytology consists of the following stages:
- the introduction of a gynecological speculum into the vagina;
- sampling of biomaterial (smear; scraping) with a special spatula or cytobrush;
- additional collection of cell samples from the cervical canal with a cotton swab.
The taken biomaterial is spread evenly in a thin layer on the slide. Then the drug is stained according to Leishman or Papanicolaou, after which it is examined in detail under a microscope. In the case of the liquid cytology technique, the slide is first placed in a special liquid.
In rare cases, taking a smear for oncocytology is accompanied by subsequent not abundant bleeding, lasting no more than 2 days. Such manifestations are a variant of the norm and do not require a visit to a doctor.
Important: inflammatory processes of the internal genital organs are a limitation for this type of analysis.
This fact is due to the possibility of obtaining distorted and unreliable results, which will entail an incorrect diagnosis and appointment wrong treatment... Therefore, the cause of the inflammatory process in the body is first diagnosed, followed by its relief. Only after this is it allowed to cytologically examine the cervix.
How much is a smear prepared for oncocytology
The duration of the preparation of the cytogram varies from 3 days to 2 weeks, excluding the day of taking the biomaterial, depending on the workload of the laboratory. In private clinics, results are usually issued within 3-4 working days. Ready results liquid cytology are issued for 10-14 days.
Smear for oncocytology - decoding and normal indicators
Analysis of the mucous epithelium located on the cervix is extremely informative for the practitioner. However, often the gynecologist does not issue a complete transcript to each patient individually.
Normal values typical for healthy patients are presented in the table.
| Indicators | Normal values | ||
| V | WITH | U | |
| Leukocytes | 0-10 | 0-30 | 0-5 |
| Squamous epithelium | 5-10 | ||
| Gonococci | — | — | — |
| Trichomonas | — | — | — |
| Key cells | — | — | — |
| Yeast | — | — | — |
| Microflora | The predominant number of Dederlein gram-positive sticks | — | — |
| Slime | Moderate amount | Moderate amount | — |
When is it possible to get erroneous results?
This situation is possible:
- in young girls under the age of 20, against the background of global hormonal changes that affect and modify the mucous epithelium;
- taking material for research was carried out during menstruation. In this case, the finished product is represented by the prevailing number for the endometrium and blood;
- contamination of the finished product (sperm, medications, candles or cream, as well as lubricant for ultrasound);
- if the patient underwent a bimanual vaginal examination, due to which talcum powder from gloves remained on the cervix;
- in case of ignoring the standards and rules for the collection of biomaterial;
- in case of improper preparation and staining of the finished product.
When and how often do you need to take a smear for oncocytology?
From the age of 18, each girl must undergo one given view diagnostics. The frequency of the analysis increases for women who are at risk:
- age exceeds 35 years;
- tobacco abuse, psychotropic drugs and alcohol;
- long-term use of oral contraceptives;
- girls who had sex very early;
- frequent change of partner;
- positive status of HIV and HPV;
- STDs;
- when erosion or endometriosis is detected;
- often recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease;
- often recurrent genital herpes or cytomegalovirus infection;
- identification of oncological episodes in the pedigree;
- if the menstrual cycle fails.
Oncocytology for pregnant women
During pregnancy, the frequency of testing may increase to three times... This fact is due to the need early detection pathological processes that can threaten mother and child.
Important: the procedure is carried out only if normal flow pregnancy and the patient's full health.
If pathological conditions are detected, the study is postponed until complete recovery.
With the correct implementation of the biomaterial sampling technique, the procedure does not harm the woman, is painless and does not affect the course of pregnancy.
Oncocytology for older women
It is a mistake to believe that postmenopausal women have a lower risk of getting sick gynecological diseases... Oncology affects people at any age. Moreover, in the background concomitant diseases the risk of pathologies of the internal genital organs increases. That is why women over 55 are recommended to take this analysis at least twice a year.
The procedure for collecting material for research and the algorithm for conducting the research itself is similar to that for young girls. This does not cause any discomfort or pain to elderly patients. Timely diagnostics any pathological condition will allow you to start treatment as early as possible, achieving the most favorable outcomes, up to full recovery.
Summarizing
In summary, the following important points should be emphasized:
- the study is recommended to be done at least 5 days from the start of the menstrual cycle, as well as no later than 5 days before the expected start;
- before taking a smear, it is necessary to give up sexual intercourse for at least 1 day, and from lubricants, tampons, douching procedures, the use of medicinal suppositories and spermicidal preparations - for 2 days;
- in the presence of acute infectious process it is necessary to stop it first, and then take a control analysis in at least 2 months;
- false negative results and erroneous assignment of the studied material to class 1 are allowed, which is why it is important to conduct a control examination annually.
Cancer diseases are diagnosed in last years in younger patients. Girls who rarely take a smear for oncocytology are at particular risk. This becomes the reason for the late detection of pathology, which is difficult to cure on last stages.
A smear for oncocytology is a way to identify cancerous and any abnormal cells in the cervical region. It helps to detect precancerous conditions in time and prescribe treatment in a timely manner.
If carried out correctly, it detects dysplasia, cancers and any atypical cells... Indicates inflammatory processes occurring in the pelvic area and detects violations in the structure of the epithelium.
Indications for a smear
A smear for oncocytology is taken every 12 months, as this ensures timely detection serious pathologies... In order to prevent, every girl who has reached the age of 18 should undergo a full gynecological examination.
Cancer cells are tested more frequently under the following conditions:
- Irregular menstrual cycle.
- Regular pain in the lower abdomen.
- Long-term hormone therapy.
- Human papillomavirus of high oncogenic type.
- Urogenital infections.
- Suspected inflammatory process.
- The presence of relatives who have had cancer.
- Frequent change of sexual partners.
- Upcoming production intrauterine device.
- Infertility.
Even in the absence of complaints, one should not refuse the examination, since some diseases are asymptomatic. Cancer diagnosed on initial stage is successfully treatable. The quality of life does not suffer, and when late diagnosis the likelihood of death increases.
How often and when do you need to have a smear?
A smear for oncocytology is an annual study when there are no serious complaints from the woman and no violations have been identified. If HPV is found in the body, it is advisable to undergo the procedure every 6 months.
An examination is mandatory if you want to have a child even at the planning stage, with frequent inflammatory processes and any discomfort in the pelvic area.
If atypical cells are found, additional methods diagnostics. Reanalysis is often required to rule out false results. The interval between smears is 1-2 months, depending on the information received and the general history.
Oncocytology for the elderly
There is a persistent opinion among ordinary people that oncocytology is necessary only for young women of childbearing age. Because of this, many patients who have reached menopause refuse this type of diagnosis.
When they accidentally get an appointment with a gynecologist, the disease is already in its final stages. In order not to endanger life, a smear is given every year, regardless of age. The epithelium often changes during menopause when hormones are not produced well.
Oncocytology and pregnancy
Pregnancy is a huge burden on a woman's body, so you should prepare for this process in advance. Be sure to go through the full gynecological examination to rule out the presence of any inflammation and abnormalities.
Diseases due to stress can be exacerbated, so it is important to treat them before conception. If you neglect the analyzes, there is a threat to the fetus, especially during formation internal organs and systems. The risk of spontaneous abortion is also increased.
If all processes are stable, it is advisable to check for oncocytology three times. When the likelihood of a miscarriage is high, the procedure is canceled. The decision is made by the attending physician, taking into account the patient's condition, the presence of concomitant diseases and other conditions.
Types of oncocytology
There are two types of oncocytology: simple and liquid. The simple one shows changes in cells, but does not display their number. It detects any atypical cells, but is not informative enough. Particles of the epithelium are placed on a special glass, and then treated with reagents.
Liquid is considered the most reliable. The material is immediately placed in a liquid medium, where all cells are evenly distributed. The specialist identifies all changes - from inflammation to neoplasms. You can also find HPV, after which the woman is picked up additional research... If violations are found, a colposcopy or biopsy is performed.
Preparation for analysis
In order for the results of the study to be reliable, it is necessary to properly prepare for the procedure. For two days you should refrain from intimacy, use vaginal suppositories and tampons. Before taking the material, it is not recommended to go through a routine gynecological examination and undergo other manipulations in the genital area.
1-2 days before the smear, it is better not to take a bath, but to carry out hygiene procedures with the help of a shower.
If a woman has bloody issues or menstruation is in progress, the survey data will be unreliable. It is better to have a smear before the start of the cycle or at the end of your period.
Inflammation in the genitourinary system distorts the data, therefore, it is better to refuse oncocytology in the presence of itching and discomfort in the vaginal area. Instead of a smear, the gynecologist conducts an examination, selects the treatment, and after its completion, in the absence of contraindications, he takes the material.
How is the smear taken?
A smear for oncocytology is a manipulation performed by an obstetrician-gynecologist in a gynecological chair. Cells from the surface of the cervix are taken with special instruments: a spatula and a brush. The procedure is completely painless, and the woman experiences only slight discomfort.
A smear for oncocytology is done by an experienced obstetrician-gynecologist. For 1-2 days, bloody discharge is possible, passing on its own without taking medication. When carrying out simple oncocytology, the material is smeared on laboratory glass, after which it is placed in a special environment. The cells are examined with a microscope, and then a conclusion is given.
Due to uneven application, false results are sometimes obtained, therefore liquid oncocytology is preferable. The process of collecting cells is similar, but the material is placed in special solution... In it, it is stored longer, which allows additional types of research to be carried out without an additional visit to a specialist by a woman.
How much analysis is done?
The speed of analysis depends on the workload of the laboratory and its remoteness from the place of sampling. In ordinary clinics, glasses are collected to the required amount, and then sent for research. When the laboratory is at the clinic, the results can be obtained in 1-3 days.
In some cases, the conclusion is issued within 24 hours when carrying out urgent diagnostics.
When liquid oncocytology is used, and the laboratory is located in another city, patients have to wait up to two weeks. The compensation for waiting becomes a high information content and a low risk of false conclusions.
Decoding of results, norms of indicators
A woman receives a form in her hands, where her name, the time of collection of the material and other information are indicated:
- the type of drug used and the type of oncocytology;
- the quality of the drug is adequate or inadequate;
- description of the sample - negative or list of changes.
If pathologies are found, they sign. When inflammatory processes are detected, the type of bacteria that provoked the changes is indicated. Malignant cells are marked with abbreviations - ASC or AGS. ASC are atypical flat cells, AGS are atypical glandular cells. The degree of dysplasia and other characteristics of the existing changes must be indicated.
There is also another version of the interpretation of information:
- Norm. All cells are fully consistent with the indicators.
- The presence of inflammation that distorts the results.
- Dysplasia of 1-3 degrees. There are single atypical cells, and colposcopy and biopsy are required for additional information.
- Single cells with signs of malignant transformation were found.
- A large number of malignant cells, the risk of cancer is high.
Even if you receive a positive conclusion with a large number of malignant cells, one should not despair. An additional examination is required, after which a final diagnosis is made and a treatment is selected.
In case of first-degree dysplasia, you should not immediately agree to a biopsy, since the diagnosis may be false. It is recommended to repeat the procedure after 3-6 months, and only then take further actions.
The smear is normal
A smear for oncocytology is normally a unit, which indicates the absence of pathological processes. No signs of dysplasia or cancer cells were found, and the immune system works stably.
For this, atypical cells should not be detected, and leukocytes in the field of view do not exceed 15. In the area of the vagina, cervix and urethra contains no more than 10 elements.
In the form, the subject receives information of the following nature:
- The genital cleanliness level corresponds to 1 or 2, which means normal microflora.
- C - smear results from the cervical canal, U - from the urethra, V - from the vagina.
- The number of cells of epithelial tissue, which normally should not be more than 10 units.
- White blood cell count.
- Sexually transmitted diseases requiring urgent therapy.
- The amount of mucus that is contained in the minimum amount for each girl.
- Epithelial cell count different types... When abnormal, each type of abnormal cell has its own abbreviation.
Oncocytology table
When issuing a conclusion in the laboratory, special designations are used. HPV shows neoplasia, CIN I shows first degree dysplasia, and CIN III shows third degree dysplasia.
More detailed interpretation presented in the table:
| CBO | There are no visible changes. A slight deviation from the norm of leukocytes. Indicates vaginosis or leukocytosis. |
| Coilocytes | Presence of human papillomavirus |
| Leukoplakia | Detection of abnormal cells that are not cancerous |
| Proliferation | Inflammation accompanied by active cell division |
| Metaplasia | Replacing cells with other structural formations is sometimes the norm |
| Leukocyte infiltration | Excessive white blood cell count |
A more complete interpretation can be obtained from a specialist, since the state of the microflora should be taken into account. If urogenital infections are detected, the pathogen is necessarily identified, undergo therapy and then a second smear is done.
Swab during inflammation
Inflammatory process in the genital area can influence the conclusion of specialists. In such cases, a study of the microflora is carried out, the pathogen is identified and treatment is prescribed.
Only after that, an examination for oncocytology is performed, since foreign cells reduce the accuracy of the conclusion. The cytologist often pays attention to the microflora, as it reflects the cause of the inflammation, which is nonspecific and specific.
Nonspecific inflammation is divided into 2 groups:
- Sharp. It is manifested by an increased number of neutrophilic leukocytes.
- Chronic. In the preparation are present in increased amounts leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages. In this case, the usual accumulation of leukocytes should not be perceived as an inflammatory process.
Specific inflammation is caused by various pathogens that provoke disturbances in the functioning of the genitourinary system. Such microorganisms include tubercle bacillus, Trichomonas, candida, gonococcus and chlamydia.
Most of these infections are sexually transmitted, so after any unsecured contacts should be checked for pathogens and undergo an appropriate examination. When detected late, the disease affects not only reproductive health, but also disrupts the functioning of the urinary system.
Negative results
A smear for oncocytology is a study that shows the presence of atypical cells, but does not always indicate the development of cancer. After obtaining such results, the specialist recommends repeating the study, as well as going through a colposcopy and biopsy. If the diagnosis is confirmed, effective treatment, which corresponds to the stage of the disease.
The earlier the pathology is detected, the greater the chances of recovery.
At the same time, practice shows that cervical cancer is not so common, and a large number of women receive a negative smear conclusion. Because of this, it is recommended not to panic, but to go through full examination... Ideally, you should retake the analysis in various clinics in order to get a reliable picture of your own health.
Reasons for positive and negative responses
Distortion of results is due to improper preparation for the procedure, as well as for the following reasons:
- due to hormonal changes in young girls under 18 and in women during menopause;
- if menstrual blood gets into the sample;
- due to manipulations in the vaginal area when talcum powder from medical gloves or ultrasound lubricant gets in;
- contamination of the material with sperm, the remains of vaginal suppositories and other substances;
- in case of violation of the rules for taking a smear;
- due to neglect of the preparation and coloring of the finished material.
Diseases of the genitourinary system, hormonal fluctuations and low level qualifications of a gynecologist. Because of this, it is recommended to visit reliable specialists, and if discomfort in the vaginal area appears, it is imperative to take all tests.
Research cost
You can take a smear for simple oncocytology in any medical institution at the place of residence. However, in such clinics, analyzes are put on stream, therefore, the risk of receiving a false conclusion increases.
Because of this, women undergo unnecessary examinations or do not receive assistance in a timely manner. In order not to risk it, it is better to contact reliable medical centers and take a smear for liquid oncocytology.
The cost of research in different cities is presented in the table:
The cost of a smear for oncocytology can vary significantly even in the same city. It all depends on the research method, the drugs used and the qualifications of the specialists. It is better to have a swab several times in different clinics than to waste precious time and put your life at risk.
Article design: Lozinsky Oleg
Video about smear for oncocytology
What is a smear for oncocytology and how to take it:
The difficulty of diagnosing diseases of the genital organs in women often leads to the loss of time required for successful treatment... Often, the development of cancer cells is asymptomatic, and to identify dangerous disease can only be a special examination. A smear for cytology or a pap test in women allows you to determine cancer at an early stage and start treatment on time.
Cytological examination of cervical tissue in women allows you to determine 5 types of changes in the cells. Cytology smear is inexpensive and effective method diagnostics used in medicine for over 50 years. It is recommended to conduct a study for all women between the ages of 21 and 65 at least once a year. Decoding the Pap test gives a complete picture of the presence or absence of any deviations.
Cytological smear(pap test, Pap smear, smear for oncocytology) is performed during a gynecological examination. The doctor examines the vagina, the entrance to the cervical canal and the cervical mucosa using a mirror. If there is a suspicion of an anomaly, cells are taken with a special brush from 3 areas: from the walls of the vagina, the cervical canal, the entrance of the cervix. The procedure is comfortably tolerated, painless and does not require any special preparation.
The mucus is evenly applied to the slide, dried and sent to the laboratory.
The laboratory assistant uses reagents to stain the smear, examines it through a microscope. This method determines the indicators:
- cell structure;
- cell size;
- the shape of the epithelium;
- mutual arrangement;
- the number of cells per unit area;
- pathological changes in the structure of cells.
A smear for cytology allows you to determine the majority of inflammatory diseases, precancerous pathologies of the epithelium (dysplasia), malignant tumors... After taking a smear, spotting is often observed for 2-3 days, which is the norm. Extremely rare - severe bleeding, abdominal pain, chills, fever. In this case, an urgent examination by a gynecologist is required.
When an analysis is prescribed
Ideally, every woman can undergo cytology tests regularly, without special instructions doctor. A routine gynecological examination can reveal the presence of inflammatory processes in the cervix and cervical canal. The cytological smear is only a method of confirming the diagnosis. Therefore, it is better to adhere to the recommendations of the gynecologist - if there are no indications for analysis, then you should not worry ahead of time.
Nevertheless, a study for cytology should be carried out for women under the age of 40 - once a year, for older women - 2 times a year or more often. Cases in which a cytological examination is prescribed in mandatory:
- with violations of the menstrual cycle;
- with inflammatory processes of the cervical canal, cervix, etc., especially chronic;
- in violation reproductive function;
- during pregnancy planning;
- front surgical intervention and others medical procedures;
- before installing the intrauterine device;
- taking hormone-containing drugs;
- obesity 2, 3 degrees;
- diabetes;
- the presence in the body of the papilloma virus, genital herpes;
- active sex life women with frequent partner changes.
How to prepare for analysis
To ensure the maximum degree of cleanliness of the smear, you should adhere to the rules before going to the gynecologist:
- Do not apply medications local action (vaginal tampons, suppositories, ointments).
- Do not douch.
- Wait until the end of your period.
- At inflammatory diseases with abundant discharge secret must first be carried out general treatment... After a control smear confirming recovery, you can proceed to the analysis for cytology.
- You cannot urinate 3 hours before the cytological analysis.
- It is better to abstain from sexual intercourse 2 days before taking a secret.
Compliance with these rules will allow you to avoid unnecessary anxiety and repeated visits to the doctor.
If the doctor prescribed a smear for oncocytology, this does not mean that the doctor has put terrible diagnosis and waits for its confirmation.
Remember: prevention is better than cure.
What cytological analysis can reveal
How to decipher a smear for oncocytology? Decryption of data obtained in the laboratory is available for understanding only by a doctor. And the gynecologist does not always give a detailed picture of the disease, not wanting to waste time on explanations. 
In the process of research, you can get 5 results:
It is important to remember that a smear shows only the degree of cell change, the presence of inflammation, infections, but does not exactly determine the cause that causes them.
On the basis of only a study for cytology, the gynecologist does not make a diagnosis; this requires a comparison with other analyzes.
2, 3, 4 type of changes identified in the study for cytology may be a sign of diseases:
- ectopia (erosion) of the cervix;
- papillomavirus infection;
- genital herpes;
- parakeratosis of the cervix;
- bacterial vaginitis;
- cercivitis;
- vaginal candidiasis, etc.
Decoding the result
Deciphering the analysis results for a doctor is a simple matter, for a patient these are incomprehensible letters and terms.
If atypical cells are found in the smear, in the conclusion the laboratory assistant will write about this, and also determine the type of changes. Therefore, if the decoding of the smear for cytology does not contain special notes, then, most likely, no pathologies were found. 
The time for a smear for cytology is from 1 to 5 days. Pathological change cells of the cervical canal and cervix on the way to the diagnosis "cancer" goes through several stages, and not in 1-2 days. Cytological examination allows you to identify atypical cells at the initial stage and begin treatment, which in most cases leads to complete recovery... Therefore, cytological research is universally introduced in medical practice as a quick, painless and inexpensive way to diagnose cancer cells at an early stage.
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