There is a slit in the middle of the tongue. Why do cracks appear in the tongue - is this a serious pathology or not? Plaque and cracks in the tongue

Discomfort in oral cavity never felt for no reason. Its appearance can be triggered by both a banal bite of the tongue, and the development of a dangerous disease.

Much more worrying is the presence of cracks in the tongue. Why does the speech organ crack and hurt?

What to do to stop the pain that occurs in the oral cavity? Let's figure it out.

congenital oral fissures

It is a mistake to believe that in 100% of cases, any defects in the oral cavity were acquired in the course of life.

In fact, in many babies, doctors notice a slight crackle in the oral mucosa.

The fact is that human language naturally covered with small in-depth stripes. It is wrong to think that they cause problems. You can live with them.

Interesting fact! Often in infants, folded tongue syndrome is observed. Its characteristic is the crackling of the speech organ. This pathology does not require treatment.

If with folded tongue syndrome, a person experiences discomfort, he needs to be regularly observed by a doctor. It is recommended that you register with the local hospital.

If, with this pathology, the tongue cracked and began to bother, this is probably due to a complication. Take on your own remedial measures Not recommended.

The recessed stripes with which a person was born are not always located symmetrically on his speech organ.

Factors that provoke crackling of the tongue

The tongue and gums often bother little children who are teething. Baby crying and restless behavior is normal.

However, how to explain the presence of such a symptom in an adult? Now let's figure it out.

When an adult's tongue cracks, this is alarm symptom. Probably, its manifestation is the result pathological process.

All factors provoking the appearance of this problem can be divided into 2 groups:

Dental (local).
Other (age physiological changes, external stimuli, etc.).

Let's talk in more detail about each of these groups.

Dental factors

Of course, the causes that are included in this group have an internal etymology. Crackling of the tongue often worries people suffering from dental diseases, such as glossitis.

V this case, pain and the appearance of cracks on the speech organ - this is not the only symptom dental disease.

Dentists diagnose glossitis by the presence on the tongue white plaque. It will appear regardless of oral hygiene.

A person suffering from glossitis feels a strong tingling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tongue. This creates difficulties in speech pronunciation and swallowing.

Sometimes the pain in this part of the body is so severe that the patient is forced to take analgesics.

If time does not take therapeutic measures, then the cracks will begin to inflame. This pathology requires special attention.

Often the appearance of glossitis is a complication of other pathologies. Let's consider some of them:

Individual intolerance to certain components of dental products, such as toothpaste. It's about allergies. As practice shows, in most cases, people have an allergic reaction after using mouthwash.
Frequent injury to the oral mucosa. Language is very strong muscle, it is not so easy to damage it. However, if a person bites him, he will surely feel severe pain. It will worsen if there are microcracks in the oral cavity.

A common occurrence is the bite of the speech organ. Usually, this happens if a person is having a conversation at the table or chewing food quickly. You can also bite your tongue on a nervous basis.

Another common cause of cracking of this muscle is wearing improperly fitted prostheses.

In this case, it is necessary to contact a dentist who will correct the prosthetics.

Other factors

Not always crackling of the speech organ is provoked by the development of a pathological process in the body.

Doctors say there is great amount factors that give rise to this problem.

One of them is the age of the person. The older the patient, the higher the likelihood that he will feel oral discomfort.

Development internal pathology- the main reason that provokes the appearance of wounds in the mouth in adults. What ailments are we talking about?

Anemia. The disease is characterized by poor blood clotting and a decrease in hemoglobin levels. As anemia develops, a person's skin nutrition is disturbed. Wounds at this disease appear not only on the tongue, but also on the body.
Diseases endocrine system. In this case, the appearance of wounds in the mouth is complemented by swelling of the oral cavity.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Crackling of the speech organ is common symptom, which manifests itself in colitis and gastritis. Such ailments affect the process of digestion. Negative influence, as a result of which, absorption by the stomach nutrients getting worse.

Take care of your health!

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Teeth are normal Other diseases Cracks in the tongue: why do they appear and how to treat them?

By language, you can determine the state of human health and even diagnose some diseases. In this case, the color, structure, presence of cracks, ulcers and other damages, as well as their localization, are evaluated. What do cracks in the tongue say, what are the reasons for their formation, does such a pathology require treatment?

Clinical picture

On examination, the doctor finds depressions in the tongue, which can be located in different parts of it. Defects can also have different depths and sizes. Sometimes the cracks merge, forming deeper lesions of the mucosa. Such defects are dangerous, as they contribute to the accumulation of food residues, which eventually begin to rot and provoke the development of inflammatory processes.

Why do cracks appear?

Some diseases can be diagnosed by the tongue.

A change in the structure of the mucous membrane of the tongue signals about serious illnesses, malfunctions internal organs and systems. External adverse factors can also cause cracks in the tongue. They can be conditionally divided into 3 groups:

local,
dental nature,
systemic pathologies of the body.

Cracks may appear in the background dental disease glossitis. Small cracks form on the tongue, surrounded by plaque. In this case, the patient feels burning, itching, discomfort. Glossitis develops against the background of:

allergies to toothpaste, other hygiene products, dentures,
systematic trauma to the oral mucosa (tongue biting, uncomfortable dentures, braces).

In this case, I do not need any special treatment, it is enough just to remove the allergen and exclude the cause of injury to the tongue. There are several forms of glossitis:

Desquamative glossitis(or geographical language)

Spots appear on the tongue, outlined by a bright red rim, while the cracks are small, shallow. The spots change their location on the tongue during the day. The patient is worried about burning. The disease affects children with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, impaired metabolism, in the presence of helminths.

diamond shape

Cracks appear in the middle of the tongue. The lesion may have a bluish tinge. Pathology is often chronic in nature, the spot may disappear, and after a while appear again. Pathology in most cases is the result of gastritis with low acidity.

Folded glossitis

This is most often congenital pathology cracks are clearly visible to the naked eye. Often there is a deep crease in the middle of the tongue. The patient does not feel pain or discomfort. Therapy is carried out in case a large number deep cracks that violate the aesthetic appearance of the tongue.

Desquamative form in women and children

Cracks can have different localization.

Doctors distinguish the desquamative form of the disease, which manifests itself in children and women in the following ways: reasons:

during ,
adolescence, puberty,
period of pregnancy.

villous

It is characterized by inflammation of the papillae, which gradually harden and resemble villi. Occurs on the basis of smoking, with candidiasis and injury to the mucosa.

Gunterovsky

At the same time, the tongue is even, shiny and acquires a crimson color, while the papillae are retracted. The disease manifests itself against the background of beriberi.
7. interstitial

A complication of syphilis, in which the connective tissue replaces the muscle tissue, after which the tongue becomes scarred. If left untreated, the disease can develop into cancer.

Location of damage

Cracks may appear in different parts tongue, their location can tell a lot about the causes of the development of the disease:

Lateral parts of the tongue

Expert opinion. Dentist Petukhova T.K..: “Cracks in the tongue on the sides most often appear against the background of anemia, gastrointestinal diseases and malfunctions of the thyroid gland. With anemia, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood decreases, as a result of which the tissues throughout the body do not receive the amount of oxygen they need. In advanced forms, one of the manifestations of anemia is cracks on the lateral parts of the tongue.

Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract (colitis, gastritis), which lead to a violation of the microflora in the intestine, also often cause a change in the appearance of the tongue. If disease is the cause thyroid gland, this will manifest itself as swelling of the oral mucosa, including the tongue.

Tip

Cracks on the tip of the tongue in most cases are the result of injuries, burns, as well as disorders of the central nervous system.

middle part

Cracks may accompany the formation of plaque.

Cracks in the middle appear mainly against the background of weakened immunity. The mucous membrane dries up, resulting in cracks.

What do deep cracks mean?

Deep cracks in the tongue (deeper than 6 mm) are especially painful. They accumulate the remains of products, plaque, which gradually rot and provoke the development of inflammatory processes and the appearance bad smell. deep cracks appear for the same reasons as small ones.

Most often, deep defects appear when iron deficiency anemia. Similar changes also occur in a pathology called "geographic language"

Results

Let's summarize the above information in a table:

Which doctor should I go to?

You may need to consult a gastroenterologist.

Patients with complaints of the formation of cracks in the tongue most often turn to the dentist. Yes, the doctor can alleviate some symptoms, but not always able to cure the disease, since for this it is necessary to eliminate its cause. And if the culprit of the cracks is not stomatitis, poor-quality prostheses or other adverse factors associated with dentistry, the patient will have to visit an endocrinologist, gastroenterologist and undergo a comprehensive examination:

external examination, assessment of the condition of the mucosa,
scraping,
blood test,
study of anamnesis, chronic diseases,
A biopsy is performed to rule out cancer.

How is the treatment carried out?

If the cause of the formation of cracks in the tongue was systemic disease body (gastritis, thyroid problems, anemia), it is necessary to treat this particular pathology. After the patient recovers, the cracks will disappear, since the cause that caused their appearance will be eliminated.

Since such defects bring discomfort to the patient, in parallel with the treatment of the underlying disease, local treatment, relieving pain, burning and discomfort of the patient:

Method of local treatment	Description
Sanitation of the oral cavity	and inflammatory processes in the oral cavity will not save the patient from tongue injuries, but will eliminate the risk of progression of a secondary infection.
Diet: abstinence from hot, sour, spicy, salty foods, drinks	A diet is needed not only for patients with gastrointestinal diseases, as too spicy, sour, hot foods irritate the mucous membrane of the tongue and exacerbate the situation.
Rinsing the mouth with antiseptic solutions, decoctions of herbs	Rinses allow you to disinfect the oral cavity and accelerate the healing of injuries, relieve swelling, itching, and burning.
Painkillers	When expressed painful sensations the patient is prescribed anesthetic gels containing lidocaine. Children are prescribed Kamistad, Kalgel, Betsbi Doctor.
Healing agents	For the regeneration of damaged tissues, a solution of vitamin A is used, sea buckthorn oil, drug Carotolin.

Complications

Cracks in the tongue do not pose a particular health hazard, but such formations cannot be ignored. If you start the pathology, they can develop complications:

due to increasing swelling, breathing problems may occur,
swallowing difficulties,
it becomes difficult for the patient to speak,
development risk concomitant diseases oral cavity,
accession of a secondary infection,
development oncological diseases oral cavity.

It is not every day that we pay due attention to our own language, including not only hygiene procedures, but also keeping track of it appearance. However, the condition of this organ is extremely important, as it is a kind of indicator of the health of the body as a whole.

For example, if the tongue covers are clean, without flaws and are distinguished by a calm pink tint, then this indicates normal functioning organism. While cracks in the tongue, plaque or ulcers signal disturbed metabolic processes, the presence of infections and other life disorders.

Reasons for the appearance

There are many reasons why cracks appear on the tongue. One of them is crashes. hormonal background in organism. The lack of vitamins in the body (especially A and B) leads to the same deplorable result.

Often the cause of the appearance of cracks in the tongue are diseases that affect the activity of the gastrointestinal tract - stomach ulcers, its pre-ulcerative conditions, gastritis, colitis, pancreatitis, and so on. Sometimes the tongue can become cracked and due to some blood diseases, including different types anemia.

Most often, cracks in the tongue indicate violations of metabolic processes in the body.

People with various disorders nervous system(insomnia, chronic fatigue, stress, etc.) usually the tongue is loose with cracks. In some cases, the lingual covers can be injured by the sharp edges of poorly placed prostheses or as a result of unprofessional orthodontic treatment.

There are other more specialized reasons why the tongue is cracked, glossalgia and glossitis. Glossalgia is a disease of a cracking tongue that has turned into a complicated form, during which dryness, swelling of the internal integument, pain and burning, and loss of taste sensitivity appear in the mouth.

Glossitis is a disease that leads to the appearance of a crack in the tongue in the middle, as well as on the sides due to the ingestion of an infection that lowers immunity. Glossitis has 3 subspecies, namely:

bacterial;
viral;
fungal.

Glossitis is quite easy to distinguish from other causes of tongue cracking: it is accompanied by a sharply developing swelling, reddening of the integument, the formation of bubbles on the mucous membrane, and an increase in work salivary glands and body temperature. Often, glossitis is closely related to the appearance in the body of diseases such as syphilis, lichen, erythema, and so on.

Deep vertical cracks in the tongue indicate a malfunction of the circulatory system

Glossitis of the tongue develops due to infection of a bacterial, viral or fungal species

Therapeutic activities

Correctly carried out diagnosis of the causes of cracks in the tongue allows you to assign effective therapy against disease. Therefore, when the appearance characteristic symptoms ailment - white plaque, burning, pain and other things, it is better to consult a doctor without delay.

The specialist will correctly assess external signs diseases, prescribe certain tests and determine how to treat cracks in the tongue. The delivery of analyzes in this case is extremely important, since it is in this way that you can accurately determine real reason cracking of the tongue covers, because this phenomenon most often develops against the background of ongoing violations of internal vital processes.

In almost all cases therapeutic measures begin with the treatment of cracks that have appeared with disinfectants. If the disease has developed due to trauma to the tongue with dentures, fillings, and others, then the cause of the injury must be eliminated.

Treatment of a crack in the tongue in the middle, which appeared due to disorders of the nervous system, begins with the appointment sedatives and means, the action of which is aimed at stimulating the work cerebral circulation and increased blood flow to the head (including the tongue).

In more advanced cases, the doctor may prescribe more intensive therapeutic measures - galvanization, electrophoresis and phonophoresis. To combat cracks, the doctor can offer and already become traditional treatment in the form of hirudotherapy, and leeches are placed directly on the cracked tongue.

During treatment, the dentist also corrects the patient's diet, namely, all foods that can irritate the mucous membrane of the tongue are excluded: sour (most often citrus fruits), spicy (pepper, mustard, horseradish, garlic, etc.), too hot and cold (ice cream, etc. .). The patient is given a strict ban on smoking and drinking alcohol.

Congenital cracks in the tongue are horizontal and do not require treatment

A small category of patients are those who have cracked tongues from birth. Most often, this disease is asymptomatic and is characterized by the presence of transverse cracks. Congenital fissures are physiological features and do not require therapy.

If a person is healthy, then his tongue is always clean and has no cracks. If they appear, then this indicates the appearance of violations.

Such changes may take place different reasons. In some people, they are determined by genetics. There are patients in whom cracks appear due to metabolic disorders in the body.

Scientific cracks in the tongue, difficult to treat, called glossalgia. This disease is manifested by changes in the surface of the tongue in the form of cracks of various sizes.

Congenital fissures in the tongue

As mentioned above, in some people the tongue is naturally cracked. However, they do not cause any problems. That's what it is congenital fissures or folded tongue syndrome. This pathology is called scrotal, and doctors believe that it does not require treatment, because it does not provoke discomfort and does not interfere with food intake. Cracks in scrotal pathology can be located both in the transverse and in the longitudinal direction. However, they are always symmetrical. This is clearly seen in the photo on the Internet.

Causes of the appearance of cracks in adulthood

In adults, cracks in the tongue indicate serious problems in the functioning of internal organs. Sometimes they appear under the influence external factors. Because of this, all the reasons for the formation of cracks are divided into two groups:

Dental or local.
Are common. These include internal illnesses, age-related changes and others.

Dental

Why do they appear minor damage? Most often this is due to a disease that dentists call glossitis. The disease is manifested by cracking of the tongue and the appearance of plaque. Cracks are small, and plaque has White color and is focal. These lesions are enough for the patient to feel a strong tingling in the tongue during and after eating. Very quickly, small cracks become a source of inflammation. Pathology requires mandatory treatment.

Glossitis manifests itself against the background of the following pathologies:

Allergy to various dental products: toothpaste, antiseptic rinse, etc.
Multiple injuries of the oral cavity. It's not about serious injuries but for minor damage. For example, when the patient is nervous, he involuntarily bites his tongue. Also, damage can occur due to improperly selected prostheses.

Dental or local causes of cracking are easy to remove. All you need is remove the source of tissue irritation.

Exists the following types glossites:

Desquamative. Cracks in the tongue are almost invisible. However, swelling appears in their place. Further, the patient begins to feel a burning sensation. Gradually, the affected area begins to grow. It is very important to start treating glossitis at the earliest stages, otherwise it will go into a neglected form. Desquamative glossitis most often affects pregnant women and adolescents.
Rhomboid. This type of glossitis got its name due to the fact that the affected area has the shape of a diamond. Most often, the disease occurs in chronic form and may not worry for years painful sensations. A disease appears, as a rule, due to gastritis with low acidity. Treatment will be effective after getting rid of stomach problems.
Folded. This glossitis is manifested by the appearance of many cracks running in the longitudinal and transverse directions. It is characterized by acute soreness and the formation of many abscesses that merge into ulcers. Folded glossitis is deep and superficial. deep form difficult to treat and causes much suffering to the patient.

Common Causes

Doctors to determine the exact cause of cracked tongue must take into account many factors. One of the most important is age. For example, in children, language damage can occur under the influence of the following factors:

In adults, the surface of the tongue is more often damaged due to the development of pathologies of internal organs. And the fastest cracks appear due to gastritis, cholecystitis, ulcers.

Doctors have long noticed the dependence of the localization of cracks in the tongue with one or another internal disease.

Side parts crack for the following reasons:

Anemia. This disease is manifested by a pronounced decrease in hemoglobin in the blood. As a result, tissue nutrition is disrupted. V running form cracks appear not only on the tongue, but also on the nails.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In terms of the defeat of the tongue, gastritis and colitis manifest themselves most actively. They impair the absorption of nutrients, which leads to rapid change bacterial composition of the intestine.
Diseases of the thyroid gland. Such a lesion is easy to recognize. The fact is that along with the appearance of cracks, swelling of all tissues of the oral cavity comes. Treatment of pathology is possible only after the elimination of the underlying cause.

With the localization of cracks on the tip of the tongue, doctors suspect the following internal issues:

Weakening immune system. In this condition, it is enough to damage the tongue a little so that the damage quickly develops into a deep crack.
Disorders in the work of the central nervous system. Even ordinary overwork can provoke the appearance of cracks on the surface of the tongue.
Stomatitis. As you know, this disease manifests itself inflammatory process in the oral cavity, which eventually passes to the tip of the tongue and becomes a source of tissue cracking.

cracked tongue in the middle due to weakened immune system and drying of its surface. Cracking in the middle is most often due to rhomboid and folded glossitis.

Causes of deep cracks

It is no secret that tissue damage cracks can vary not only in size, but also in depth. Most of all, the patient is suffering from cracks with a depth of more than 6 mm. Why? Because with such damage, food residues literally accumulate in the recesses and become a source of putrefactive changes in the tissues.

Deep cracks, as a rule, appear for the same reasons as minor damage. The only difference is that the source of the problem is severe. For instance, severe form of iron deficiency anemia very quickly leads to a deep lesion not only of the tongue, but of the entire oral cavity. This is due to the fact that the body is weakened.

The body becomes vulnerable to the formation of deep damage to the surface of the tongue in the following periods:

During teething in children.
During puberty.
During pregnancy.

When deep cracks appear, doctors talk about such a disease as "geographic tongue". However, doctors still do not know what causes this pathology.

Rare Causes

Very rarely cracking occurs due to Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. With this disease, paralysis develops in parallel with damage to the tissues of the oral cavity. facial nerve and swelling of the lips.

It is also quite rare for the tongue to crack in children with Down syndrome. A similar pathology is detected in approximately 50% of children with this chromosomal disease.

First of all, you need to go full examination body to identify the cause of tissue cracking, and then concentrate on combating it. As for the elimination of the cracks themselves, here we can give the following general recommendations:

Deep cracks in the tongue

Any external examination a general practitioner cannot do without a request: "Show your tongue." And all because the pathology of the internal organs can be suspected if you carefully examine the tongue. The cracks seen in the tongue indicate the onset of development or the chronic form of certain pathological processes.

Why is the tongue cracked

The location of the cracks in the tongue correspond to a specific organ.

The reasons for the formation of cracks can be different:

Diseases gastrointestinal tract;
Availability helminthic invasions in organism;
Avitaminosis;
Diseases of the blood system;
The presence of fungal diseases caused by the pathogen of the genus Candida;
Hormonal disorders;
Worm infestations;
Intoxication of the body with heavy metals;
Dysfunctional disorders of the central nervous system;
dental diseases;
Allergic reactions to toothpastes, conditioners;
Mechanical injury of the tongue.

Dental causes of cracked tongue

Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) is the result of the presence of inflammatory, infectious or viral processes, lack of oral hygiene, allergic reactions on prostheses or implants.

Symptoms of glossitis:

Cracks and spots on the surface of the tongue;
Pain, burning, tingling at the tip of the tongue.

Glossitis, accompanied by microcracks and cracks:

On the tongue, the cracks are located in various places, due to which certain diseases can be suspected.

All tongue cracked. May have plaque yellow color or white. With gastritis, peptic ulcer stomach, pathologies of the biliary tract and liver;
On the side surfaces torn and uneven edges language). The causes of such localization are disorders of the gastrointestinal tract or with diseases of the thyroid gland, lack of iron in the body (iron deficiency anemia);
in the middle. The reason is low immunity. May be accompanied by dryness of the surface of the tongue, due to which deep folds form;
at the tip. In most cases, due to mechanical trauma to the tongue.

What do deep cracks in the tongue say

Deep cracks in the tongue fill with pieces of food, which leads to suppuration.

Deep cracks are grooves that have a depth of more than 5-6 mm, bring severe discomfort their owner.

The tongue hurts, is covered with a white coating, comes from the mouth fetid odor(food remains in the cracks fester), the furrows can bleed.

How to treat cracks in the tongue

First of all, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease, due to which the defect appeared, with specialized doctors.

To do this, you need to pass a list of laboratory tests.

Together with general therapy perform local treatment in the oral cavity:

For destruction pathogenic microorganisms antiseptics are used in the oral cavity. Assign rinses using medicinal herbs: chamomile, oak bark, sage, etc., they have an excellent anti-inflammatory effect;
Elimination of irritants is necessary: spicy, hot, sour and salty foods, and smoking should be minimized or completely abandoned for the duration of treatment;

The use of medicines:

anesthetics - to relieve pain;
drugs that tone the autonomic nervous system;
disinfectants ( weak solutions manganese and furatsilina);
vitamin complexes;
drugs that favorably affect cerebral circulation;

Keratoplasty- drugs that have a pronounced wound healing effect.

These include such drugs:

Vitamin A in oil solution;
Sterile sea buckthorn oil;
Carotolin, etc.

After the treatment of cracks, it is necessary to carefully monitor the hygiene of the oral cavity and teeth, brush your teeth regularly and properly, use antibacterial rinses.

Treatment of cracks with folk methods at home

Before you self-medicate, you need to consult a specialist so as not to harm own health. If cracks in the tongue due to mechanical injury, and there are no diseases of the body that could provoke inflammation, you can resort to traditional medicine recipes.

Some examples of recipes for folk remedies:

A decoction of oak bark: mix 20 g in a metal bowl oak bark and half a liter of water, put on a slow fire and bring to a boil, cool and strain. The finished solution should be thoroughly rinsed with an oral cavity 5-6 times a day, one minute each;
Chamomile decoction: use the flowers of the plant in the amount of one tablespoon, pour boiling water in a thermos, leave for a couple of hours. Rinse your mouth three times a day. For enhanced anti-inflammatory action, it is possible to add calendula, celandine or sage to chamomile;
Oil lotions. Apply sea buckthorn and olive oil. It is necessary to take sterile gauze wipes and moisten in boiled oil, wring out and attach to the surface of the tongue for 10 minutes. Oils will help remove discomfort in the language;
Rinse with H2O2 solution. After each meal, rinse your mouth with peroxide at a concentration of up to 1.5%. Such measures will help get rid of pathogenic microorganisms located deep in the cracks;
Beekeeping products. Before going to bed, it is recommended to take a piece of propolis and chew for a couple of minutes. After that, do not drink or eat anything until the morning;
Compress from potato juice. fresh potatoes grate and squeeze the juice with gauze. Without removing the potato cake from the gauze, apply on the surface of the tongue for 15 minutes. Use squeezed juice to rinse your mouth a couple of times a day.

To treat cracks in the tongue can be different folk ways, but only after visiting a doctor and clarifying the diagnosis.

Having found cracks in the tongue, the question immediately arises: “Which doctor should I contact?”. First of all, if you do not feel any discomfort from the internal organs, contact your dentist. He will be able to confirm or reject a dental cause.

Without dental reasons, you need to contact your family doctor or therapist, who may further redirect you to narrow specialists - a nephrologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, gynecologist, andrologist, etc. If this kind of problem occurs in children, you should immediately show the child to a pediatrician.

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