Composition: Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Main cities: Novosibirsk - 1400 thousand people, Omsk - 1150 thousand people, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Tyumen.

Western Siberia stands out as the main fuel base of Russia, providing 90% of natural gas production, 70% of oil, half of coal, which goes to almost all regions of the country. Geographically, the region occupies the vast basin of the Ob and Irtysh rivers and stretches from the south to the north.

The oil and gas complex, the youngest in terms of its origin (70-80s), came out on top in the region in terms of production volume thanks to the development of the country's largest oil fields (Khanty-Mansiysk District) and natural gas (Yamalo-Nenets District). During the years of reforms, he made Western Siberia one of the world's largest exporters of oil and gas. The region began to provide the main supply of foreign currency to the country's economy.

Therefore, the bulk of oil and gas goes through pipelines to the European part and then for export to Europe, and in a smaller amount to Eastern Siberia. At the same time, a fairly large oil refining and petrochemical industry has been created in the region. In more southern cities - Tomsk, Tobolsk, Omsk, Barnaul - there are large petrochemical plants with a wide range of production facilities - from artificial rubber to artificial silk; oil refining has been established in Omsk. Large state district power plants using local fuel have been built in the cities of Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, and Novy Urengoy.

To preserve the oil and gas complex, it is necessary to accelerate the development of new reserves, because In the last decade, production has focused on old fields whose resources are being depleted. New deposits are located to the north, incl. and on the shelf of the Kara Sea, which will make their development more expensive. However, it must be started so that foreign exchange earnings into the country, the main source of which are these resources, do not stop.

The second most important is the coal and metallurgical complex, which is based on large reserves of coal, iron ore from Gornaya Shoria, and non-ferrous metals from Altai. At their base in Novokuznetsk there are two metallurgical plants, a ferroalloy plant, an aluminum plant, and a zinc plant in Belovo. Tin is smelted and various alloys are produced. Factories that produce mining, metallurgical, and energy equipment use their own metal. Hard coal goes both to the European region and to the east of the country; metallurgy, energy and coal chemistry of Kuzbass operate on it. Based on it, nitrogen fertilizers, plastics, paints, and medicines are produced in Kemerovo; semi-finished products are supplied to other cities of Siberia.

Mechanical engineering is represented by many industries, among which heavy, military, transport and agricultural industries stand out. The largest center is Novosibirsk, produces energy, mining, electrical equipment, aircraft, machine tools, instruments, and electronic devices. Omsk stands out for its accuracy. Boilers for thermal power plants are produced in Barnaul, tractors and other agricultural equipment are produced in Rubtsovsk, carriages are produced in Novoaltaisk, etc. Now all these cities are experiencing a strong decline in production, especially in industries.

On the middle Ob, timber is being harvested and processed in Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Asino, and Tyumen. The main products are lumber.

The production of consumer goods is less developed and is concentrated in several large factories producing fabrics (Barnaul), clothing, shoes, fur. Food production includes flour mills, meat factories, and sugar factories.

The region's agriculture uses forest-steppe and steppe lands of average productivity and is the basis for the grain supply of Siberia. It is most developed in the Altai Territory, where grain, sugar beets, cattle and sheep are grown.

In the north of the region, the indigenous population are engaged in reindeer husbandry, hunting, fur farming and fishing. Now these industries are developing weakly due to the attack on their lands by oil and gas fields and the general weakening of the economy of the peoples of the North. In the Altai Mountains, unique antler reindeer husbandry, honey collection, medicinal herbs; breeding goats and sheep. This is one of the most beautiful corners of Russia with untouched mountain forests, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, attracting lovers of mountain tourism.

The population of Western Siberia lives mainly in, more than 80% of it is concentrated in the southern regions of the region. The average population density here is 30-35 people/m2, and in the regions of the Ob North - 1.5-2 people. All major cities are located in the south, including Novosibirsk - the most Big city east of the Urals. The Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with dozens of institutes is located here. In the southern steppe strip, everything is located rural population, forming the easternmost area of continuous rural settlement in Russia.

The indigenous population - Khanty, Mansy, Nenets - in general constitute less than 100 thousand people. Their numbers are gradually decreasing due to their vulnerability in the face of a brutally advancing “civilization”, in the face of attempts to forcibly instill in them the norms of modern life.

The ecological situation is characterized by two global phenomena. In the North, this is the destruction of the ecosystems of the tundra, taiga and northern rivers by uncontrolled economic activity; predatory fishing and poaching of the “newcomer” population, undermining the base of the local fishing industry. In the south there is environmental pollution typical of industrial cities, the main area of which is Kuzbass - the dirtiest region of Siberia. In agriculture, the main evil is deflation - wind erosion, especially during the period of “dust storms”. And this leads to drying out of the soil, which suffers from little precipitation here. A feature of local steppe lands is the high content of salts, the fight against which is one of the elements of agricultural technology, but in general the share of saline lands is increasing.

The district's prospects are associated with two lines of development. In the North, this means maintaining oil and gas production with strict environmental restrictions, and especially the delimitation of production areas (with their minimization) and fishing and reindeer herding lands of northern peoples with compensation payments for their use and subsequent reclamation.

For the southern regions, it is important to develop civil engineering and increase the production of consumer goods, which is poorly developed in Siberia. Among them is the development civil aviation and automotive industry, production of agricultural machinery, buses, light ships, complex household appliances, computers, and modern communications equipment.

Kuzbass has good prospects both as a coal and metallurgical base for the whole of Siberia, and as a base for the production of metals and energy for export to Asian countries, but technological reconstruction of enterprises in the region is necessary.

West Siberian region

Compound, geographical position, natural resource potential. The West Siberian region includes the Altai Republic, the Altai Territory, the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions (including the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs). It occupies 2427.2 thousand km 2.

From mineral resources Western Siberia is distinguished primarily by Russia's largest fuel reserves in the flat and foothill parts of the region: 85% of the country's proven natural gas reserves, 70% of oil, 60% of peat and almost 50% of coal are concentrated here. A special feature of the West Siberian oil and gas province is a large number of very large fields (Samotlorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Salymskoye, Urengoy, Yamburg, etc.), but by now many of them have already entered the stage of declining production. The Kuznetsk coal basin has high quality coal (including coking) and relatively shallow coal, which has allowed it to become the main coal base of the country. In the mountainous part of Western Siberia, deposits of various ores are developed: iron, manganese, aluminum (nephelines), polymetallic, and gold. Significant reserves of soda and various salts are found in the lakes of the Altai Territory. Of the non-mineral natural resources, Western Siberia has large reserves of forest, water and hydropower.

The economic and geographical position of Western Siberia has both advantages and disadvantages. The first include: the presence of fuel minerals, the proximity of the industrialized Urals, good transport development of the southern part of the region, located on transit routes between European and East Asian countries. The main disadvantages: harsh natural conditions, heavy swampiness and poor transport development of most of the region's territory, its remoteness from the main fuel consumers.

Population. The population of the West Siberian economic region, according to the 2002 census, was 14.8 million people. The population density (about 6 people per 1 km2) is 1.5 times lower than the Russian average, but is maximum among the regions of the Asian part of the country. The highest population density (30 people per 1 km2) is in the Kemerovo region, while in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug it is less than 1 person per 1 km2.

The share of the urban population (72%) corresponds to the Russian average. But at the same time, in the Khanty-Mansiysk region, characterized by harsh natural conditions and industrialized Autonomous Okrug the proportion of urban residents is one of the highest among Russian regions (91%), and in the Altai Republic, which is the most backward in the region, 3/4 of the population are rural residents. The largest city in the region, Novosibirsk (1.4 million inhabitants) is the third largest city in Russia. Omsk also has more than 1 million inhabitants. 500-600 thousand people live in Barnaul, Novokuznetsk and Tyumen. Large urban agglomerations have formed in the Kemerovo region: Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Kisilevsko-Prokopyevskaya, etc.

In the 90s, a relatively small natural population decline was observed in the West Siberian region - about 4%. This is due to the young age structure of the residents, formed due to the intense migration influx in previous decades. But unlike other northern and eastern regions countries, the migration influx to Western Siberia continued in the 90s, although not as large in scale (up to 5% in some years). As a result, during the 1990s the population of the region remained almost unchanged.

Until the early 90s, the area experienced a shortage of labor resources, which stimulated the influx of population. But during the period of socio-economic crisis, many enterprises in the southern part of the region (especially coal, defense, woodworking) were forced to sharply reduce the number of employees. As a result, in all regions except the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the unemployment rate is higher than the Russian average. The highest unemployment rate in the region is in the Altai Republic, which is characterized by a general underdevelopment of the economy.

Ethnic composition population of Western Siberia is complex, since it was formed under conditions of intense migration influx from the European part of the country, which began at the end of the 19th century. The Russian population predominates in all regions. The share of Ukrainians is noticeable in the autonomous okrugs. The majority of Germans remaining in Russia live in the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions. The rare indigenous population in the north of the region belongs to the Ural-Yukaghir language family(Nenets, Khanty, Mansi), the more numerous indigenous population of the south - to the Altai family (Altaians, Shors, Tatars, Kazakhs). Slavic population Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, believing Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, Altaians and Shors are partly Orthodox, partly adherents traditional beliefs, Germans are Catholics or Protestants.

Leading industries. In accordance with the existing conditions and resources, a certain set of industries of inter-district specialization has developed in the West Siberian economic region:

- in industry: fuel, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, forestry;

In agriculture: grain growing, flax growing, cattle breeding.

More than 60% of the region's production comes from the fuel industry. The oil and gas industry of the region produces about 265 million tons of oil (70% 80% of all-Russian production) and 550 billion m 3 of natural gas (90%). Western Siberian oil is produced in the fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, where the main centers of the industry are the cities of Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Nefteyugansk, Megion, Langepas, Kogalym. About 15% of oil is produced in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Noyabrsk and other centers), the rest - in the north of the Tomsk region (Strezhevoy). Almost all the gas in the region (95%) is produced in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the main centers of the industry are the cities of Novy Urengoy and Nadym. The rest of the production is associated gas from oil fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and Tomsk Region. Oil and gas production volumes are trending downward as large fields are gradually being depleted, and there is no investment in developing new fields that are relatively small (and therefore will be less efficient) or located in even more inaccessible areas (Yamal Peninsula, Kara Sea shelf). enough funds. From the north of the region, oil and gas are transported using a powerful pipeline system laid both in the southwest direction (to the European part of Russia and further abroad) and to the southeast (gas pipelines to Kuzbass and Novosibirsk, oil pipelines to Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan). The city of Omsk is home to one of the most powerful and modern oil refineries in the country. The oil refining complex began operating in Tobolsk (Tyumen region). Processing of associated petroleum gas occurs near the largest fields in Nizhnevartovsk and Surgut, but most of this raw material is burned.

The coal industry of Western Siberia is concentrated in the Kemerovo region, where the coal deposits of Kuzbass, as well as brown coals of the Itat deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin, are actively developed. About 130 million tons of coal are mined here (almost half of all-Russian production). The main centers of the industry are the cities of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Kisilevsk, Mezhdurechensk, Belove, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Anzhero-Sudzhensk. Hard coal is also mined in the Novosibirsk region. Coal from the Kemerovo region is supplied both to Western Siberian metallurgical enterprises and power plants, and to regions of the European part of the country and for export, since it is of high quality. Currently, the Kuznetsk coal basin (like the entire industry) is experiencing difficult period restructuring, as a result of which unprofitable and emergency mines built in the 30s - 40s of the 20th century should be closed, and the bulk of production will be concentrated on large open-pit mines with low production costs.

Ferrous metallurgy produces about 7% of the region's industrial output. Industry enterprises are concentrated in the Kemerovo region: Kuznetsk and West Siberian full-cycle metallurgical plants in Novokuznetsk, a processing plant in Guryevsk. In the southern part of the same region, iron ore is mined at the Gornaya Shoria deposits (Temirtau, Tash-tagol, Sheregesh), and manganese is mined at the Usinsk deposit. A large conversion plant operates in Novosibirsk.

Mechanical engineering, which produces about 7% of the industrial output of Western Siberia, specializes in the production of coal mining equipment (Novokuznetsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kisilevsk and Prokopyevsk in the Kemerovo region), power engineering (Barnaul and Biysk in the Altai Territory), the production of agricultural machinery, spacecraft and tanks ( Omsk), freight cars (Novoaltaisk in the Altai Territory), tractors (Rubtsovsk in the Altai Territory). The largest center of mechanical engineering in the region and throughout the Asian part of Russia is Novosibirsk, where airplanes, machine tools, agricultural machinery, turbines, and various instruments and apparatus are produced. In general, we can say that mechanical engineering enterprises in the region were located with a focus on the metallurgical base (heavy engineering), the consumer (agricultural and transport engineering), qualified labor resources and the scientific base of the largest cities (precision and military engineering).

The chemical industry (about 4% of the region's production) has a practically unlimited hydrocarbon base in the north of the region and is closely combined with metallurgy and the coal industry in the south. Complexes chemical enterprises formed in the cities of Tobolsk (Tyumen region), Omsk and Tomsk, where the production of various polymers, synthetic resins and plastics was established. Synthetic rubber and tires are also produced in Omsk. Chemical fibers are produced in Kemerovo and Barnaul. Tires are produced in Barnaul and Tomsk, and nitrogen fertilizers are produced from waste from the coke industry in Kemerovo. Soda (Raspberry Lake), table salt (Burla) and Glauber's salt(Kuchuk).

The forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries (about 2% of production in the region) also have an extensive raw material base in the region. But forest areas are heavily swamped, which makes logging and wood removal difficult. Therefore, the industry is relatively poorly developed; there are no pulp and paper enterprises. Logging is carried out mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and Tomsk Region. The main centers of wood processing are Asino (timber industry complex in the Tomsk region), Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Salekhard (wood is rafted here from more southern regions along the Ob River).

The main branch of agriculture is dairy and meat (in the forest-steppe and in the south of the forest zone) and meat and dairy (in the steppe and mountainous regions) cattle breeding. Milk production is especially high (13% of the all-Russian total, most of all in the Altai Territory). Meat production is also significant (11% of the all-Russian total, most in the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions), but does not satisfy its own needs. Western Siberia ranks first in Russia for breeding reindeer (in the north of the region) and deer (in the Altai mountains).

The main direction of crop production in the region is the cultivation of spring wheat in steppe and forest-steppe areas. Western Siberia accounts for about 10% of grain harvests in Russia. The region ranks second in Russia (after Central) for flax cultivation - mainly in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region. Western Siberia accounts for about a third of the country's harvest of this crop. A special feature of the region is the cultivation of oilseed crops such as curly flax and camelina in the steppe. The Altai region stands out for the largest crops of sugar beets and sunflowers in the Asian part of Russia.

Electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy and transport are important for the functioning of Western Siberia's specialization industries. Electric power industry in Western Siberia is based on thermal power plants. The largest of them are the Surgutskaya (4 million kW - one of the most powerful in Russia) and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES, using associated petroleum gas, as well as coal-fired power plants in the Kemerovo region: Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya, Belovskaya, Tom-Usinskaya, etc. The only one A large hydroelectric power station in the region was built near Novosibirsk on the Ob River. Despite the huge reserves, peat is currently almost never mined in Western Siberia, since more efficient types of fuel are in short supply.

The region's non-ferrous metallurgy industry is diverse. In the cities of Gornyak (Altai Territory) and Salair (Kemerovo Region) polymetallic ores are mined, from which zinc is produced in Belov. There is an aluminum smelter in Novokuznetsk, built during the Great Patriotic War around large power plants Kuzbass. In Novosibirsk - on the route of the concentrate with Far East- produce tin. Aluminum ores (nephelines) are mined in Belogorsk, Kemerovo region.

The development of modern modes of transport began in the region at the end of the 19th century, when the Trans-Siberian Railway (Trans-Siberian Railway) was built, passing through the southern steppe regions. At the intersection of the highway and the largest river in the Ob region, Novosibirsk appeared, which is the youngest millionaire city in Russia. In the 30s, the Turkestan-Siberian Railway was built, connecting Western Siberia with Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the 60s - during the period of development of virgin lands - the Central Siberian and South Siberian railways were built parallel to the Trans-Siberian Railway. Construction of roads and pipelines began in the south of the region. At the same time, the northern part of the region remained completely undeveloped in terms of transport, and the main transport routes here were rivers. In the 70s, construction of pipelines to the northern part of Western Siberia began. In the 80s, the Tyumen - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Novy Urengoy railway was built. And finally, in the 90s, the construction of roads to the northern part of the region began. Currently, construction of a highway to Novy Urengoy and a railway to the Yamal Peninsula is underway. But even now, the northern part of Western Siberia remains poorly developed in terms of transport, which increases the cost of living and economic activity and complicates the development of new oil and gas fields.

The population of the area is served by light and food industry, although their products are not enough to meet local needs and have to be imported from other areas or imported. Barnaul is the main center of the textile industry in the Asian part of Russia. Everywhere in the south of the region there are butter, dairy and meat processing enterprises.

The highest value of GRP per 1 resident for 2001 is in the Tyumen region with autonomous okrugs - this is 252 thousand rubles. Such a high value is obtained due to the strong predominance of the fuel industry (oil and gas production) - almost 90% of production (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - even 96%). The leading importance of the industry will remain in the medium term. But today it is necessary to think about the development in the southern part of the region (in the Tyumen region itself) of mechanical engineering, chemical and food production, which will become leading after the depletion of deposits.

The Tomsk region has a level of development above average (GRP for 2001 - 60 thousand rubles per inhabitant). This is also achieved due to the predominance of the fuel (oil) industry - about a third of production in the region. But here, at present, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry are also relatively well developed, which in the future will become leading. The region's forestry and woodworking industries have a large and relatively conveniently located raw material base.

Western Siberia stands out for its largest reserves and production base of natural gas (85% of proven reserves and 92% of production), oil (70% of proven reserves and 68% of production) and coal (46% of proven reserves and 42% of production). Siberian oil gas

The largest oil fields are Samotlorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Priobskoye. In the West Siberian oil and gas province, there are six regions containing mainly oil resources: Priuralsky and Florovsky in the west, Sredneobsky and Kaimysovsky in the center, Vasyugansky and Paiduginsky in the east. These areas are located in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region. and partly in the Tomsk region.

The deterioration of the structure of oil reserves is one of the reasons for the constant decline in the average design oil recovery factor of the fields of Western Siberia. It should also be noted that West Siberian oil has a high sulfur content, which reduces its competitiveness relative to Middle Eastern oil.

The main gas resource and gas production region of Western Siberia (and all of Russia) is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The high degree of depletion of the fields of the Nadym-Purtazovsky region is currently the reason for the emerging tension in ensuring the planned volumes of gas production, since most of the fields, except for the Yamburg field, have already entered the stage of declining production. Increasing gas production capacity in the region is possible through the commissioning of new fields - Yubileinoye, Yamsoveyskoye, Kharvutinskoye and Zapolyarnoye.

The gas production reserve includes the fields of the Gydan region and the largest Rusanovskoye and Leningradskoye fields located on the shelf of the Kara Sea. In Western Siberia there are also over 45 trillion. m3 of predicted reserves of natural gas, mainly located in remote areas and at depths of over 3 thousand m.

In the south of Western Siberia, mainly in the Kemerovo region, there is the country's largest coal mining basin - Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). About a third of Kuznetsk coal is coking, the rest is energy. The Kuznetsk basin is distinguished by favorable natural and economic conditions for its development. The coal seams in it are thick and lie at a relatively shallow depth, which in some cases allows open-pit mining. Brown coals of the Itat deposit (Kansk-Achinsk basin) lie even closer to the surface.

It is possible to continue the exploration of coal gas reserves - methane - in the area of coal deposits in the Kemerovo region. Establishing gas production in the south of Western Siberia will avoid unnecessary costs for its transportation from the north.

Huge but little-used peat reserves are concentrated in the flat part of Western Siberia.

The iron ore base of the region is distinguished by significant deposits - Narymsky, Kolpashevsky and Yuzhno-Kolpashevsky, located in the central part of the Tomsk region, which are currently not being developed due to low content iron in the brown iron ores that occur here. Richer deposits of magnetite ores are being developed in Gornaya Shoria in the south of the Kemerovo region, but their resources are not enough to provide the local powerful ferrous metallurgical base. This problem can be solved by developing the rich magnetite ores of the Beloretskoye and Inka deposits in the Altai Territory. Usinsk manganese ore deposit in the south of the Kemerovo region. belongs to the large category, but contains poor, difficult-to-process carbonate ores and is therefore included in the reserves for the needs of the local ferrous metallurgy base.

Raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy are mined at the Kiya-Shaltyrskoye nepheline deposit (for aluminum production) in the east of the Kemerovo region, the resources of which are used to produce alumina at the Achinsk plant in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Along with alumina, soda products, potassium compounds and gallium are produced from local nephelines. A promising object for rapid development is the Rai-Iz chrome ore deposit in the Polar Urals in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

In the Altai Territory (at the Rubtsovsky mine) polymetallic ores are mined. In the Altai Republic, resources of marble, gold, mercury, molybdenum, tungsten, iron and coal have been explored and, subject to investment, can be developed. In the Tomsk region. The Tugan zirconilmenite deposit of rare earth elements is in the development stage. In the Omsk region. the construction of the Tarsky mining and processing plant for the extraction and enrichment of titanium-containing ores is planned. The Kemerovo region is distinguished by reserves of dolomites, limestones and refractory clays. Reserves of soda and other salts are contained in the lakes of the Kulundinskaya steppe of the Altai Territory.

Forest resources of Western Siberia make up a significant (12%) part of the forest fund of Russia. The total forested area here reaches about 81 million hectares, and the timber reserve is 9.8 billion m3 (third largest in the country after the Far East and Eastern Siberia). Almost 80% of timber reserves are located in the forested Tyumen and Tomsk regions. The quality of West Siberian timber is generally low, since most of the forests grow in wetlands,

The water resources of Western Siberia are very large. They are based on the flow of one of the largest river basins in the country, the Ob-Irtysh river basin, to which is added the flow of the Pur and Taz rivers, which flow into the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea.

Water availability is generally high, 1.5 times higher than the Russian average. However, in some regions there is a periodic shortage water resources: in the arid steppe part of the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk region, as well as in regions experiencing qualitative (pollution-related) water depletion (Kemerovo and Tomsk regions). In the Tomsk region. even a special Krapivinsky reservoir was built on the river. Tomis aims to dilute polluted waters.

The hydropower potential of large rivers in Western Siberia reaches 16 million kW, but cannot be used due to the threat of large floods in lowland areas. The hydropower potential of small and medium-sized, mainly mountain, rivers of Altai retains economic importance.

The region contains 16% of agricultural land and 15% of arable land in Russia. 4/5 of all arable land is located in the south of the West Economic Region, within the Altai Territory, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions, where fertile chernozem, chestnut and alluvial soils of river valleys predominate. With proper agricultural technology and optimal moisture, these soils can provide high yields.

Unique recreational resources Mountain Altai: picturesque Lake Teletskoye, rapids rivers Biya and Katun, alpine mountain landscapes attracting water tourists and climbers.

Video lesson “Western Siberia. Population and Economy" will introduce you to the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, their way of life and culture. In addition, the teacher will tell you about the largest cities in the West Siberian region and their role in political and economic life. From the lesson you will learn about the main sectors of the economy of Western Siberia, the geography of their location throughout the region.

The sectors of specialization of the economy of Western Siberia are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal production), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, as well as grain farming and livestock farming. The oil refining center is located in the city of Omsk.

Rice. 2. Oil refinery in Omsk ()

Currently, Western Siberia produces over 70% of all-Russian oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal production, and about 20% of timber harvested in the country. A powerful oil and gas production complex currently operates in Western Siberia. The largest deposits of oil and natural gas are associated with the thick layer of sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian Plain. The area of oil and gas bearing lands is about 2 million square meters. km. Unlike the West Siberian Plain, the Kuznetsk mountain region is distinguished by its reserves of coal: Kuznetsk basin hard coals accounts for 40% of the country's industrial coal reserves. The main production centers are the cities of Leninsk-Kuznetsky and Prokopyevsk. The oil refining center is located in the city of Omsk.

The largest center of metallurgy is Novokuznetsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy centers - Belovo, Novosibirsk.

Mechanical engineering centers: Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk (heavy engineering), Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Rubtsovsk (agricultural engineering), Tomsk.

Centers of the chemical industry - Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk.

Agriculture is traditionally developed in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.

The northern regions of the region are distinguished by the fact that they are engaged in oil and gas production and timber harvesting. Pipeline systems transport oil and gas to the south of the region, to the European part of Russia and Europe. Tyumen is considered the center of the northern macro-region.

Currently, a new economic development of Western Siberia is beginning. On its territory, on the border with the Polar and Subpolar Urals, there are unique reserves of iron, manganese, chromite, coal, quartz, etc. For the development and development of these territories and resources, the construction of a railway has begun through Salekhard to the Yamal Peninsula, in addition, highways are being designed on north.

Homework:

P. 57, question 1.

1. Name and find on the map the main industrial centers of Western Siberia.

2. List the peoples of Western Siberia. Name Largest cities district.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook for general education. uch. / V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 285 p.

2. Geography. 9th grade: atlas. - 2nd ed., rev. - M.: Bustard; DIK, 2011 - 56 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A. T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Test materials. Geography: 9th grade / Comp. E. A. Zhizhina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 112 p.

2. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. 8th grade / N. E. Burgasova, S. V. Bannikov: textbook. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2010. - 144 p.

3. Geography tests: grades 8-9: to the textbook, ed. V. P. Dronova “Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: a textbook for educational institutions” / V. I. Evdokimov. - M.: Exam, 2009. - 109 p.

4. State final certification of 9th grade graduates new form. Geography. 2013. Textbook / V.V. Barabanov. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2013. - 80 p.

Historically, some areas of North-Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan are also close to Western Siberia. Siberia (Tat. Siberia, Sibir) is a region in the northern part of Asia, bounded on the west by the Ural Mountains, on the east and north by the oceans (Pacific and Arctic, respectively). It is divided into Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Sometimes Southern Siberia is also identified.

The etymology of the word “Siberia” has not been fully established. According to Prof. Z. Ya. Boyarshinova, this term comes from the ethnic group “Sipyr” - the ancestors of the ancient Ugrians. There are also many hypotheses about the Mongolian origin of this word. Later it began to refer to the Turkic-speaking group living along the river. Irtysh in the area of modern Tobolsk. Starting from the 13th century, Siberia began to be called not only by the nationality, but also by the area where it lived. The name was first mentioned by Iranian authors of the 13th century; it was first indicated on a map as “Sebur” in the Catalan Atlas in 1375. In Russian chronicles of the 15th century, the region in the lower reaches of the river was called the Siberian Land. Tobol and along the middle Irtysh. But the geopolitical use of the word "Siberia" is associated with the designation of all territories lying east of the Volga. In a letter to Queen Elizabeth (1570), Ivan the Terrible calls himself this: “Sovereign of Pskov, and Grand Duke Smolensky, Tver, the lands of Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, grew... (half a word missing) and all Siberian lands." Geography of Siberia

Geographically, Siberia is often considered without the Far East, that is, only Western and Eastern Siberia, with a border from Ural mountains to the watershed of rivers flowing into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. From a historical point of view, the Far East is included in Siberia; This same point of view in geographical terms is often shared by a number of reference publications.

Having an area of 13.1 million km² (without the Far East - about 10 million km²), Siberia makes up about 77% of the territory of Russia, its area is larger than the territory of the second largest country in the world after Russia - Canada.

Basic natural areas- Western Siberia, Central Siberia, mountains of Southern Siberia (Altai, Sayan, Baikal region, Transbaikalia) and North-Eastern Siberia.

The largest rivers of Siberia are the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, and Amur. The largest lakes are Baikal and Uvs-Nur.

Largest cities: Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk.

The highest point in Siberia is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

According to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, a total of ~39,130,000 people live in the territory of the Ural Federal District, Siberian Federal District and Far Eastern Federal District, which is 26.96% of the total population of the Russian Federation.

[edit] History of Siberia (XV-XVI centuries)

History of Siberia In 1483, by order of Ivan III, a large expedition of the Moscow “ship army” was made to Western Siberia. Having defeated the Voguls (Mansi) at Pelym, the army marched along the Tavda, then along the Tura and along the Irtysh until it flows into the Ob River. As a result of this campaign, the vassal dependence of the Vogul princes on the Moscow principality was established and Ivan III received the title of Grand Duke of Yugra, Prince of Kondinsky and Obdorsky.

With the collapse of the Golden Horde ca. 1495 The Siberian Khanate is formed, in which there is a constant struggle for power between the Taibugins (descendants of the local prince Taibuga) and the Sheibanids (descendants of Genghisid Sheibani Khan). In 1555, the Siberian Khanate became part of the Russian state - the rulers of the Taibugin clan, Khan Ediger and his brother Bekbulat, turned to Ivan the Terrible with a request for citizenship, to which they received consent and began to pay tribute in furs (in addition to collecting tribute, the “official authorities”, until some time did not show themselves at all on the territory of the Siberian Khanate). In 1563, the son of the Uzbek ruler, Sheibanid Kuchum, carried out a coup d'état and seized power. At first he maintained vassal relations with the Russian state, but in 1572, after the troops of the ruler of the Crimean Khanate marched on Moscow, he broke off these relations and began military operations against the Russian state. In 1581, a detachment of Cossacks numbering about 800 people led by Ermak began a campaign; he captured the capital of the Siberian Khanate - Isker. In 1583, the commanders Prince Bolkhovsky and Glukhov with 300-400 warriors joined the detachment. In 1585, Ermak died by drowning in the river during an attack by local residents on a Cossack camp, and governors Vasily Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy were sent there with a small army. Having reached Changi-Tura, they founded the city of Tyumen in (1586). In 1585, governor Mansurov founded a town on the Irtysh, on the territory of the White Horde. In 1591, Prince Koltsov-Mosalsky finally defeated the troops of Khan Kuchum. The colonization of Siberia by the Moscow state began: fortress cities were built: Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov and Surgut (1593), Tara (1594), Tomsk (1604).

Colonization of Siberia The largest cities in the south of Siberia (interactive version) The largest cities in the south of Siberia (interactive version) Population of the largest cities in Siberia in the 20th century Population of the largest cities in Siberia in the 20th century Neutrality The neutrality of this article is questioned. The talk page may have more details.

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Main article: Colonization of Siberia

Officially, Siberia has always been considered an indivisible part of the Russian state. [source?] However, in fact, it had a number of features characteristic of a colony.

During the period of initial development in the (XVI-XVII centuries) Siberia was a classic colony [source?] of the Moscow state - pioneers came to lands sparsely populated by local tribes, and, acting here with promises and persuasion, and sometimes military force, secured territory for themselves. The tribes that accepted Russian citizenship were promised protection from warlike neighbors and a relaxation in yasak (the latter was most often quickly canceled). The local aboriginal population, although not numerous, for a long time outnumbered the Russians (Russians here mean pioneers, mostly Cossacks), but did not have modern weapons or experienced troops and military leaders. However, throughout the entire 17th century, and in some areas until the end of the 18th century (see Russian-Chukchi Wars), the Russians constantly had to face resistance from the local aboriginal population.

The basis of colonization was the creation of a system of forts - fortified settlements that served as bases for further expansion. At the same time, due to the lack of communication (for example, it took several months to get from the Ob to Moscow, and communication was not possible all year round) between Russia and Siberia, colonization was carried out along the rivers - Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei. For the same reason, the lack of constant communication with Russia, local governors had very great power and often allowed themselves arbitrariness, as a result of which the garrisons of the forts rebelled, several governors were deposed, but subsequently the rebels were severely punished. The main goal of the Russians was furs (sable), the conquered tribes had to pay tribute in furs. Mainly due to the greed of the governors, who constantly increased extortions from the local population, the latter repeatedly raided forts, monasteries and other Russian settlements. The wave of colonization that followed the pioneers - the resettlement of peasants to Siberia was carried out mainly on the initiative of the state, since the garrisons of the forts needed food, and there were no means of communication for its supply. Peasants settled next to the forts in order to protect themselves from attacks by native tribes, and this is how the first large settlements appeared, which later became Siberian cities.

From 1615 to 1763, a special Siberian order (Ministry for Siberian Affairs) operated in Moscow to manage the newly colonized lands. Later, Siberia was governed by appointed governors-general, some of whom did not even live in Siberia, but transferred control of the colony to their representatives, who often committed tyranny and outrages. At the beginning of the 19th century, N. A. Bestuzhev believed that Siberia was not a colony, but “a colonial country that was being developed by the peoples of Russia.” Decembrist Gabriel Batenkov considered contemporary Siberia to be a typical colony, pointing to the weak population and the predominant exploitation of natural resources. On the initiative of Mikhail Speransky, the Siberian Code was adopted, designed to change the management system of Siberia.

In the middle of the 19th century, Siberian regionalists considered Siberia a colony; in particular, Nikolai Yadrintsev wrote a detailed monograph “Siberia as a Colony.” After the abolition of serfdom, landless peasants began to move to Siberia, since there was free land here. The population of Siberia also grew during the so-called “gold rush”. Exiles and convicts played a major role in the increase in population - for example, during the 19th century, about 1 million people were exiled to Siberia. Despite the increase in population, Siberia at the end of the 19th century still remained insufficiently integrated into the rest of Russia, and this fact was recognized by contemporaries. Thus, in 1884, Grigory Potanin wrote: “Indeed, bringing Siberia into one whole with European Russia by establishing unity in the management system of both of these Russian territories is the first thing that is necessary in order to make Siberia not only a definitively Russian country, but also an organic part of our state organism.” Scientists from the Institute of History of the SB RAS note that “until 1917, the region continued to remain an agricultural and raw materials appendage of European Russia, an economic colony.”

The largest cities in Western Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Kemerovo. The Sverdlovsk region is a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Ural Federal District. Sverdlovsk region Sverdlovsk region

Sverdlovsk region on the map of Russia. Flag Sverdlovsk region Coat of arms of the Sverdlovsk region Flag of the Sverdlovsk region Coat of arms of the Sverdlovsk region Sverdlovsk region on the map of Russia Administrative center Yekaterinburg Square

Total - % aq. pov 18th

194,800 km² 0.4 Population

Total - Density 5th

approx. 4399.7 thousand people (2007) approx. 22.6 people/km² Federal District Ural Economic region Ural Governor Eduard Rossel Chairman of the Government Viktor Koksharov Vehicle code 66, 96 Time zone MSK+2 (UTC+5, in summer UTC+6)

The administrative center is Yekaterinburg.

It borders in the west with the Perm Territory, in the north with the Komi Republic and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, in the east with the Tyumen region, in the south with the Kurgan, Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The region received its name from its center - the city of Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), which was named in honor of Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement in the Urals, chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1917-1919. The name appeared on January 17, 1934, along with the formation of the region itself; before that, such a region did not exist. Before the revolution, Yekaterinburg was the district center of the Perm province.

Geography

The Sverdlovsk region is the largest region of the Urals. The region occupies the middle and covers the northern parts of the Ural Mountains, as well as the western edge of the West Siberian Plain.

The highest point is Mount Konzhakovsky Stone (1569 m).

Main rivers: rivers of the Ob and Kama basins (Tavda, Tura).

The climate is continental; the average January temperature is from −16 to −20°C, the average July temperature is from +16 to +19°C; precipitation is about 500 mm per year.

Vegetation: coniferous and mixed forests.

Timezone

The Sverdlovsk region is located in the time zone designated by international standard as Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT/YEKTST). The offset relative to UTC is +5:00 (YEKT, winter time) / +6:00 (YEKTST, daylight saving time) due to daylight saving time in this time zone. Relative to Moscow time, the time zone has a constant offset of +2 hours and is designated in Russia accordingly as MSK+2. Yekaterinburg time differs from standard time by one hour, since maternity time is in effect in Russia.

Story

The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous ancient human sites dating from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age have been found in the region.

The administrative unit - the Sverdlovsk region - was formed (separated from the Ural region) on January 17, 1934. Initially, the region included the territory of the modern Perm Territory and did not include several areas originally assigned to the Omsk and Chelyabinsk regions.

Population

Main article: Population of the Sverdlovsk region

The estimated population of the Sverdlovsk region as of January 1, 2007 was 4399.7 thousand people. (as of January 1, 2006 - 4409.7 thousand people) (5th place in Russia). In 2006, a decrease in population was recorded due to natural decline, which amounted to 19.9 thousand people. In 2006, the number of arrivals to the territory of the Sverdlovsk region exceeded the number of departures by 9.5 thousand people.

The population density is 22.6 people per km² (estimated as of January 1, 2007), which is almost three times higher than the average for the Russian Federation. The share of the urban population exceeds 83% (estimated as of January 1, 2006).

According to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, National composition The Sverdlovsk region was as follows: People Number in 2002, thousand.

(*) Russians 89.23% Tatars 3.75% Ukrainians 1.24% Bashkirs 0.83% Others 4.95%

Power Governor

The highest executive is the governor, who, before changes in federal legislation, was elected by direct universal suffrage for a 4-year term.

Since 1995, the governor of the region has been Eduard Rossel (member of the United Russia party).

Legislature

Legislative power is exercised by the Legislative Assembly, consisting of the Regional Duma and the House of Representatives. Regional Duma (28 deputies), the lower house, elected from party lists in the regional district; The House of Representatives (21 members), the upper house, is elected in single-member constituencies. The term of office of members of the Legislative Assembly is 4 years (of the House of Representatives until 2002 - 2 years); however, every 2 years half of the deputies of the Regional Duma are re-elected. The compliance of legislative and executive acts with the Charter of the region is verified by the Statutory Court.

Since 2004, the Chairman of the House of Representatives of the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Region is Yuri Osintsev (United Russia), and the Chairman of the Regional Duma is Nikolai Voronin (United Russia).

Before amendments were made to bring it into full compliance with federal legislation after 2000, the Charter of the region was almost identical to the Constitution of the Ural Republic of 1993.

Executive branch

The executive body is the Regional Government, consisting of ministries, departments and directorates. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the Regional Duma on the proposal of the governor, according to the same mechanism as the head of the federal government (however, the governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice).

Since June 19, 2007, the Chairman of the Regional Government is a member of the United Russia party, Viktor Koksharov (previously the Minister of Foreign Economic Relations).

[edit] Elections in the Sverdlovsk region

Main article: Elections in the Sverdlovsk region

In the 1990s, the population of the region was characterized by relatively high support for parties and candidates of the “right” and “democratic” persuasion. In the 1996 presidential election, Boris Yeltsin, a native of the region who lived in Sverdlovsk until the 1980s, received more than 70% of the vote.

Economy

The economically active population of the region at the end of March 2006, according to estimates by state statistics bodies, amounted to 2343.3 thousand people. Of this number, 2180.6 thousand people are employed in the economy and 162.7 thousand people did not have an occupation, but were actively looking for it and, in accordance with the ILO methodology, were classified as unemployed. 41.7 thousand unemployed are officially registered with the state employment service. The level of general unemployment was 6.9%, registered - 1.8% of the economically active population.

The nominal accrued average salary of one employee (for large and medium-sized organizations) in January 2007 amounted to 13,941.4 rubles ($525.4 at the exchange rate as of January 31, 2007).

Minerals

Minerals: gold, platinum, asbestos, bauxite, mineral raw materials - iron, nickel, chromium, manganese and copper. Accordingly, the basis of the regional economy is the mining and metallurgical industries.

Industry

The structure of the industrial complex is dominated by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (31% and 19% of industrial production, respectively), uranium enrichment and iron ore enrichment, and mechanical engineering.

Ural metallurgy arose in 1703. The Sverdlovsk region ranks second in Russia in terms of industrial production; enterprises such as the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, Kachkanarsky Vanadium Mining and Processing Plant, VSMPO-Avisma, Uralmash, Bogoslovsky and Ural Aluminum Smelters are located here.

The engineering industries are dominated by the “heavy military-industrial complex” (production of armored vehicles and ammunition), as well as heavy individual engineering (equipment for the mining, energy and chemical industries).

Transport

The Sverdlovsk region is an important transport hub - railway, road and air routes of all-Russian importance pass through it, including the Trans-Siberian Railway. The density of the railway and road networks exceeds the national average. Large international Airport in Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo.

Agriculture

According to the All-Russian Agricultural Census conducted in 2006, there are 829 agricultural organizations and 2,178 peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs in the Sverdlovsk region. Of these, in 2006, 499 organizations (including 302 large and medium-sized) and 893 peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs carried out agricultural activities.

For the 2006 harvest, 778.4 thousand hectares were sown by agricultural organizations, peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs- 99.4 thousand hectares.

The number of cattle in 2006 was 213 thousand heads in agricultural organizations and 12.9 thousand in peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs.

The number of poultry is 10,056.6 thousand in organizations and 18.5 thousand in peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs.

The science

About 1,000 doctors and 5,000 candidates of science work in the scientific field of the region. The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences unites 22 academic scientific institute, in the region there are more than 100 research, design, technological, engineering and other scientific institutions.

Education

At the beginning of 2006/2007, more than 1,294 day and 50 evening secondary schools, 91 state secondary specialized educational institutions, 19 state higher education institutions operate in the region. educational institutions, 34 branches and 11 non-state, 6 branches.

Technoparks: “Vysokogorsky” in Nizhny Tagil, “Uralsky” - on the basis of USTU-UPI in Yekaterinburg, technopolis “Zarechny”, with the main specialization - the implementation of scientific and technical projects for the production of high-tech, competitive and environmentally friendly products.

Administrative division

The administrative structure is determined by the region's Charter, adopted in 1994.

The region administratively consists of 30 districts, 25 cities, 4 closed administrative-territorial entities, united in 73 municipalities. On its territory there are 47 cities, 99 urban-type settlements, as well as 1886 villages and hamlets.

The largest cities in the region: Yekaterinburg (1304.3 thousand people), Nizhny Tagil (383.1 thousand people), Kamensk-Uralsky (183.3 thousand people), Pervouralsk (132.7 thousand people) .

The city of Yekaterinburg has a special status and is not included in any of the administrative districts.

0. Eastern administrative district 1. Alapaevsky district 2. Artyomovsky district 3. Baikalovsky district 4. Irbitsky district 5. Kamyshlovsky district 6. Pyshminsky district 7. Slobodo-Turinsky district 8. Taborinsky district 9. Tavdinsky district 10. Talitsky district 11. Tugulymsky district 12. Turinsky district 13. Alapaevsk city 14. Irbit city 15. Kamyshlov city

0. Southern administrative district 1. Beloyarsky district 2. Bogdanovichsky district 3. Kamensky district 4. Sukholozhsky district 5. Kamensk-Uralsky city 6. Asbest city 7. Zarechny city 8. ZATO "Uralsky village"

0. Gornozavodsk administrative district 1. Verkhnesaldinsky district 2. Gornouralsk city district 3. Verkhniy Tagil city 4. Verkhnyaya Tura city 5. Kirovgrad city 6. Kushva city 7. Nevyansk city 8. Nizhny Tagil city 9. Nizhnyaya Salda city 10. Verkh village -Neivinsky 11. Closed Administrative Administrative Unit “city of Novouralsk” 12. Closed Administrative Administrative Unit “Svobodny Village”

0. Western administrative district 1. Achitsky urban district 2. Artinsky urban district 3. Krasnoufimsky district 4. Nizhneserginsky district 5. Shalinsky urban district 6. Pervouralsk city 7. Verkhnyaya Pyshma urban district 8. Krasnoufimsk urban district 9. Polevskoy city 10. city Revda 11. urban district Staroutkinsk 12. urban district Degtyarsk

0. Northern administrative district 1. Verkhotursky district 2. Garinsky district 3. Novolyalinsky district 4. Serovsky district 5. Ivdel city 6. Karpinsk city 7. Krasnouralsk city 8. Krasnoturinsk city 9. Kachkanar city 10. Lesnoy city 11. Nizhnyaya Tura city 12. city of Severouralsk 13. city of Serov 14. Sosvinsky urban district

[edit] Settlements Settlements with a population of more than 15 thousand as of January 1, 2007 Ekaterinburg 1315.1 Sukhoi Log 35.3 Nizhny Tagil 377.5 Artyomovsky 33.7 Kamensk-Uralsky 181.6 Kushva 33.6 Pervouralsk 133 .6 Severouralsk 32.5 Serov 98.5 Bogdanovich 31.8 Novouralsk 93.4 Karpinsk 29.6 Asbest 71.9 Kamyshlov 28.3 Polevskoy 65.7 Krasnouralsk 27.7 Krasnoturinsk 62.0 Zarechny 27.5 Revda 61.8 Nevyansk 25.3 Verkhnyaya Pyshma 57.9 Nizhnyaya Tura 22.9 Lesnoy 53.0 Kirovgrad 22.3 Verkhnyaya Salda 48.9 Sysert 20.9 Berezovsky 47.7 Sredneuralsk 19.8 Kachkanar 43.4 Talitsa 18.7 Alapaevsk 42, 7 Turinsk 18.5 Irbit 41.7 Reftinsky 17.9 Krasnoufimsk 40.9 Nizhnyaya Salda 17.9 Rezh 39.1 Ivdel 17.8 Tavda 38.6 Degtyarsk 15.9

The Chelyabinsk region is a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Ural Federal District.

The administrative center of the region is Chelyabinsk. Chelyabinsk region Flag of the Chelyabinsk region Coat of arms of the Chelyabinsk region Flag of the Chelyabinsk region Coat of arms of the Chelyabinsk region Chelyabinsk region on the map of Russia Administrative center Chelyabinsk Square

Total - % aq. pov 39th

87,900 km² 0.3 Population

Total - Density 9th

approx. 3 603 339 (2002) approx. 40.4 people/km² Federal District Ural Economic region Ural Governor Sumin, Pyotr Ivanovich Vehicle code 74, 174 Time zone MSK+2 (UTC+5, summer UTC+6)

It borders in the north with the Sverdlovsk region, in the east with Kurgan, in the south with Orenbur, in the west with Bashkiria, in the southeast with Kazakhstan.

Chelyabinsk region is the southern part of the Urals. The conventional border between Europe and Asia is drawn mainly along the watershed ridges of the Ural Mountains. Not far from the Urzhumka station of the Southern Ukrainian Railway (8 km from Zlatoust), on the Uraltau pass, there is a stone pillar. “Europe” is written on one of its sides, “Asia” is written on the other. The cities of Zlatoust, Katav-Ivanovsk, Satka are located in Europe. Chelyabinsk, Troitsk, Miass - in Asia, Magnitogorsk - in both parts of the world.

The area of the Chelyabinsk region is 88.5 thousand square kilometers. The length of the region from north to south is 490 km. From west to east - 400 km. The geographical center of the region is located on the right bank of the Uy River, three km southeast of the village of Nizhneuustselemovo, Uysky district. The Chelyabinsk region ranks 5th out of 8 regions of the Urals in terms of territory and 39th in Russia. The total length of the borders is 2750 km.

The Chelyabinsk region occupies mainly the eastern slope of the Southern Urals and the adjacent parts of the Trans-Ural Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. And only a small part of the territory in the northwest extends to the western slopes of the Southern Urals.

Relief

The relief of the Chelyabinsk region is very diverse. It was formed over millions of years. Within the Chelyabinsk region there are various areas - from lowlands and hilly plains to ridges whose peaks exceed 1000 m.

The West Siberian Lowland is limited from the west by a horizontal line (elevation 190 m above sea level), which passes through the villages of Bagaryak, Kunashak and further through Chelyabinsk to the south. The lowland slopes slightly to the northeast, dropping to 130 m at the eastern border of the region. The lowland is dissected by wide river valleys.

The Trans-Ural hilly elevated plain (Trans-Ural peneplain) occupies the central part of the region and extends in a strip along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains from 50 km in the north to 150 km. On the southwestern edge of the Ural plain, which includes the Karagay Mountains and the Kubais Hills. The surface of the plain is dotted with lake basins and river plains with gentle slopes.

Minerals

There are large deposits of iron ores (Bakalskoye, Zlatoustovskoye and other deposits), copper and nickel ores, and mineral construction (especially magnesite and cement) raw materials. There are reserves of brown coal (Chelyabinsk basin).

Vegetation

The vegetation of the Chelyabinsk region is divided into three zones:

* Vegetation of the mountain forest zone, including the western and northwestern regions of the region, which includes the subzones: o mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests o light-coniferous pine and larch forests o dark-coniferous spruce-fir forests o subalpine meadows and woodlands o char (mountain tundra) * Vegetation of the forest-steppe zone, including the central and north-eastern, eastern parts of the region (from the Uy River to the north), with predominant forests of birch and aspen * Vegetation of the steppe zone (south of the Uy River), including forb-feather grass meadow steppes, shrubby vegetation along the gullies and lowlands, island forests, rocky steppes

In the Chelyabinsk region you can find almost all types of vegetation common in the temperate and arctic zones of Russia. The Southern Urals is the place of contact of three botanical and geographical regions: European, Siberian and Turanian (Central Asian).

Nature reserves and parks *Main article: Nature reserves and parks of the Chelyabinsk region

In the Chelyabinsk region, nature reserves and national parks occupy about 200 thousand hectares, hunting and botanical reserves - over 500 thousand hectares, botanical natural monuments, including 20 island and ribbon forests with a total area of 184 thousand hectares. In total, protected areas occupy about 1000 hectares - a little more than a tenth of the region. Scientists believe that in order to normalize the environmental situation, the area of protected areas needs to be increased.

Green zones have been approved around 13 cities ( total area 164.7 thousand hectares) and zones of sanitary protection districts of resorts on lakes Uvildy and Kisegach.

Cultural, educational, sports and tourism organizations make their contribution to ensuring the study and protection of natural monuments.

Specially protected natural areas are designed to ensure environmental safety, maintain ecological balance when using natural resources and create an environment favorable for human habitation.

Hydrography

Numerous rivers belonging to the Kama, Tobol and Ural basins originate within the region. Since these are mainly their upper reaches, they are therefore low-water. There are 348 rivers longer than 10 km in the region, their total length is 10,235 km.

Only 17 rivers have a length of more than 100 km. And only 7 rivers: Miass, Uy, Ural, Ay, Ufa, Uvelka, Gumbeyka - have a length of more than 200 km within the region.

Most of the region's territory belongs to the Ob basin. Most of the rivers of the Chelyabinsk Trans-Urals flow to the east, into the Tobol and its tributaries: Sinara, Techa, Miass, Uvelka, Uy, Toguzak, Kartaly-Ayat, Sintashta and others.

The Miass River originates on the eastern slope of the ridge. The Nurali flows first between the mountains to the north, and then, turning east at Karabash, crosses the forest-steppe zone and flows into the Iset beyond the borders of the region. Its length within the region is 384 km (out of 658 total length).

The flow regulators of the Miass are the Argazinskoye and Shershnevskoye reservoirs. Currently, 70-80% of the river's water. Miass passes through pipelines and only 20-30% flows along a natural channel. Miass gives four-fifths of its water to the needs of the national economy. It is planned to transfer water to the river basin. Miass from the r. Ufa. After the project is completed in Miass, the amount of water will double. The hydraulic system is being built with the Dolgobrod reservoir in the upper reaches of the Ufa River.

The Uy River originates at the spurs of the Ural-Tau and flows east, crossing the entire region. The direction of its flow almost coincides with the border between the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The total length of the river is 462 km, of which 370 km is within the region. On the left, the Uy receives a large tributary - the Uvelka. The rivers merge in Troitsk. Dams were built on Uye and Uvelka, which formed large reservoirs for the South Ural and Troitsk state district power plants.

The steppe rivers Sintashta, Kartaly-Ayat and Toguzak freeze in the most severe winters. During high water, the water in them rises to 2 m.

* See also: List of lakes in the Chelyabinsk region Population

The Chelyabinsk region in terms of population (about 3.6 million people) ranks 3rd out of 8 regions of the Urals and 9th in the Russian Federation. (2005).

The region is the most densely populated in the Urals (ranks 1st out of 8 regions of the Urals - population density 40.4 people/km²) and the second (after the Sverdlovsk region) in terms of urbanization (the share of the urban population is 81.9%). More than 4/5 of its population are city dwellers. In terms of population density, the Chelyabinsk region is the 24th region in the Russian Federation (excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg), and in terms of urbanization level it is the 9th region (excluding auto districts).

According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, the national composition of the population of the region was as follows: People Number in 2002, % (*) Russians 82.3% Tatars 5.7% Bashkirs 4.6% Ukrainians 2.14% Kazakhs 1% Germans 0, 8% Belarusians 0.56%

Administrative division

* Agapovsky district * Argayashsky district * Ashinsky district * Bredinsky district * Varna district * Verkhneuralsky district * Emanzhelinsky district * Etkulsky district * Kartalinsky district * Kaslinsky district * Katav-Ivanovsky district * Kizilsky district * Korkinsky district * Krasnoarmeysky district * Kunashaksky district * Kusinsky district * Nagaibaksky district * Nyazepetrovsky district * Oktyabrsky district * Plastovsky district * Satkinsky district * Sosnovsky district * Troitsky district * Uvelsky district * Uysky district * Chebarkulsky district * Chesmensky district

[edit] Settlements Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand as of January 1, 2007 Chelyabinsk 1091.5 Bakal 21.7 Magnitogorsk 410.5 Kusa 19.2 Zlatoust 189.4 Katav-Ivanovsk 19.0 Miass 153.6 Kasli 18.3 Kopeisk 137.4 Plast 17.3 Ozyorsk 87.2 Sim 15.5 Troitsk 82.5 Karabash 15.4 Snezhinsk 50.2 Rosa 14.5 Satka 46.9 Krasnogorsky 14.0 Chebarkul 44.1 Yuryuzan 13 ( 2003) Asha 31.9 Minyar 10.3 Yemanzhelinsk 29.6 Verkhneuralsk 10.3 Kartaly 28.9 Argayash 10.2 (2003) Ust-Katav 24.7 Coat of arms of the Chelyabinsk region Flag of the Chelyabinsk region Cities of the Chelyabinsk region[show]

Economy Main industries

In terms of industrial production in the Urals, the Chelyabinsk region is second only to the Sverdlovsk region. In the structure of its industry, ferrous metallurgy stands out sharply (about half of its output). The share of ferrous metallurgy in 1991 was 37.8%, and in 2003 it was 59.3%. In second place is mechanical engineering (up to 1/6). The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking in 1991 was 30.0%, and in 2003 it was 15.2%. These industries, together with non-ferrous metallurgy, provide almost 3/6 of all industrial output.

Ferrous metallurgy, the scale of which the region has no equal in the country, is represented by some of the largest metallurgical plants (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk), processing plants (Zlatoust), enterprises producing ferroalloys and steel pipes (Chelyabinsk). In non-ferrous metallurgy there is the production of copper (Karabash, Kyshtym), zinc (Chelyabinsk) and nickel (Verkhniy Ufaley, Rezh). Metallurgy is accompanied by the production of refractory materials from magnesite (Satka).

Mechanical engineering relies on its own metallurgical base, which determines its metal intensity, although less significant than in the Sverdlovsk region. Tractors, trucks, tram cars, technological equipment, rocket and space technology, and electrical products are produced here.

The energy base of the region includes brown coal mining (Kopeysk) and several powerful thermal power plants (Troitskaya and South Ural State District Power Plants, etc.). The share of the electric power industry in 1991 was 2.4%, and in 2003 it was 7.1%. The construction of the South Ural Nuclear Power Plant is planned.

Part of the region's territory in the 50s of the 20th century was subjected to radioactive contamination as a result of an accident at the Mayak waste processing plant. Here in Russia there are the most “atomic cities” belonging to the nuclear fuel cycle: Snezhinsk (former Chelyabinsk-70), Ozersk (former Chelyabinsk-65) and Trekhgorny (former Zlatoust-36).

Agriculture

With a clear predominance of industry, the region has developed agriculture, especially in the zone of chernozem soils. The largest areas are sown with wheat and other grain crops. Livestock farming has a meat and dairy direction. There is fine-fleece sheep breeding. Suburban agriculture is developed around industrial hubs.

Power Legislative branch

The highest and only legislative body is the Legislative Assembly of the Chelyabinsk Region.

Executive branch

Supreme executive body state power region is the Government of the Chelyabinsk region. The highest official of the region is the governor.

Pyotr Sumin, the current governor, first won the election for the head of the Chelyabinsk region in 1993, but the Kremlin did not recognize the results, and Vadim Solovyov, appointed to this post by Boris Yeltsin in 1991, remained governor.

In December 1996, Sumin defeated Solovyov in the new gubernatorial elections, and in December 2000 he was re-elected to a new term. Sumin's term was due to expire in December 2005. At the end of March 2005, the governor of the region, Pyotr Sumin, turned to Russian President Vladimir Putin with a request for reassignment for the next 5 years.

Putin supported the request, and on April 18, deputies of the regional Legislative Assembly unanimously approved Sumin’s candidacy for the next 5 years.

Nuclear pollution

The Techa River is a river contaminated with radioactive waste discharged by the Mayak Chemical Plant, located in the Chelyabinsk region. On the banks of the river, the radioactive background was exceeded many times over. The accident at Mayak in 1957 is recognized as the second largest disaster in the history of nuclear energy after Chernobyl. Known as the Kyshtym tragedy.

The Mayak production association is one of the largest Russian centers for the processing of radioactive materials. The association services the Kola, Novovoronezh and Beloyarsk nuclear power plants, and also reprocesses nuclear fuel from nuclear submarines.

The issue of radioactive contamination in the Chelyabinsk region was raised more than once, but due to the strategic importance of the Mayak Chemical Plant facility, it was put on hold each time. Today, the area of the Mayak plant (Ozyorsk), as experts note, has become the most radiation-dangerous place on the planet. The people defined the situation in their own way: the Urals have been turned into a global radioactive dump.

Kurgan region is a region in Russia, formed on February 6, 1943. Kurgan region Flag of the Kurgan region Coat of arms of the Kurgan region Flag of the Kurgan region Coat of arms of the Kurgan region Kurgan region on the map of Russia Administrative center Kurgan Square

Total - % aq. pov 46th

71,500 km² 0.4 Population

Total - Density 53rd

approx. 979 900 (2006) approx. 14/km² Federal District Ural Economic region Ural Governor Oleg Bogomolov Vehicle code 45 Time zone MSK+2 (UTC+5, summer UTC+6)

Area - 71,500 km². Length: west-east - 430 km, north-south - 290 km. Located at the junction of the Urals and Siberia in the basin of the Tobol and Iset rivers. Population - 992.1 thousand people (2005), of which 56.5% are residents of cities and urban-type settlements (2005). Population density - 14.0 people per 1 km² (2005) The administrative center of the region is the city of Kurgan. Territory: 71.5 thousand km² Contents

* 1 Industry * 2 Authorities o 2.1 Legislative power o 2.2 Executive power * 3 Administrative division * 4 Links Industry

The main natural resource of the region is its fertile land. Agricultural lands occupy more than 60% of the region's area. Forests occupy approximately a fifth of the region's territory - 1.7 million hectares.

On the basis of those evacuated during the Great Patriotic War, 16 enterprises from western regions local industry began to take shape in the country. Then there appeared a plant of woodworking machines, road machines, a wheeled tractor plant (now JSC Rusich), the Katai Pump Plant, Shadrinsk enterprises - the Automotive Unit Plant and Poligrafmash, a telephone plant and others. After the war, large enterprises were built in the region - the Kurgan Machine-Building Plant, the Corvette association, the Khimmash factories and the KAVZ bus plant and plant medical supplies"Synthesis".

The electrified Trans-Siberian railway and main oil and gas pipelines pass through its territory. It borders on the highly developed regions of the Urals - Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk, as well as the Tyumen region and Kazakhstan.

Deposits of building materials are widespread here, and reserves of iron ore (about 2 billion tons) and uranium have been discovered.

Authorities Legislative branch

The Kurgan Regional Duma is the permanent highest and only legislative body of the region. Elections of deputies of the IV convocation were held on November 28, 2004. For the first time, they were held using a mixed electoral system: 17 deputies were elected from single-mandate constituencies and 17 from party lists.

Based on the voting results, 14 deputies from single-mandate districts were elected (in 3 electoral districts the elections were declared invalid) and 17 deputies from political parties: “United Russia” - 6 people, LDPR - 3, Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 2, Agrarian Party of Russia - 2, SPS - 2 and "Russian Party of Pensioners" - 2.

The Chairman of the Regional Duma is Marat Nurievich Islamov.

Executive branch

In the gubernatorial elections on December 19, 2004, in the second round, the current governor Oleg Bogomolov defended his post (this is his third gubernatorial term). 49.1% of votes were cast for him. His rival, former State Duma deputy from SPS Evgeny Sobakin, collected 40.1%.

On the eve of the elections, Bogomolov was admitted to United Russia, and Sobakin was nominated for gubernatorial elections by the Union of Right Forces, but on the eve of the second round he also wrote an application for admission to United Russia. Sobakin was supported by the chairman of the regional federation of trade unions, Pyotr Nazarov, who took 3rd place, as well as Sverdlovsk businessman Sergei Kapchuk, a Rodina candidate who was withdrawn from the elections before the first round. One of the leaders of Sobakin’s campaign was State Duma deputy Anton Bakov, a well-known Ural politician who recently joined the Union of Right Forces.

[edit] Administrative divisions

There are 9 cities, 6 urban-type settlements, 1261 in the region locality. It is divided into 24 administrative districts and 422 rural administrations. Districts of Kurgan region

Settlements with a population of more than 5 thousand as of January 1, 2007 Kurgan 326.4 Kargapolye 8.7 Shadrinsk 78.1 Mishkino 8.5 Shumikha 18.7 Yurgamysh 7.7 Kurtamysh 17.9 Ketovo 7.1 (2003) Kataysk 14.8 Lebyazhye 7.0 Dalmatovo 14.2 Shatrovo 6.4 (2003) Petukhovo 11.7 Lesnikovo 6.0 (2003) Shchuchye 10.7 Tselinnoye 5.8 (2003) Vargashi 10.3 Ikovka 5.4 ( 2003) Makushino 9.9 Half 5.2 (2003)