Which of the following drugs is a regulatory peptide. What are peptides and bioregulators. Peptides and violations of the protective function of the skin

Peptides- this is a whole class, which includes a very large number of substances. These include short proteins. That is, short chains of amino acids.

The class of peptides includes:

food: products of protein breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract;
peptide hormones: insulin, testosterone, growth hormone and many others;
enzymes, eg digestive enzymes;
"regulatory" or bioregulators.

Types of peptides and their effect on the body

"Peptide bioregulators" or "regulatory peptides" were discovered in the early seventies of the last century by the Russian scientist Khavinson V. Kh. and his colleagues. These are very short chains of amino acids, the task of which in any living organism is to regulate the activity of genes, that is, to ensure the implementation of the genetic (hereditary) information contained in the nucleus of every living cell.

So if you hear the word peptide, this does not mean that you are dealing with bioregulator.

In our time, in the arsenal of mankind there is a huge range of compounds with amide (peptide) bonds.

The unique discovery of Russian scientists is the discovery of the very fact of the existence of these substances and the fact that they are absolutely the same in all mammals and are strictly organ-specific, that is, they are directed precisely at the organ from which they were isolated.

There are two types of peptide bioregulators:

Natural - these substances are isolated from the organs of young animals.
Artificial (synthesized) peptide compounds.

leadership in creation artificial regulatory peptides also belongs to Russia.

It has been scientifically proven that the physiological role of regulatory peptides is to ensure the expression of genes or, in other words, the activation of DNA, which is inactive without the corresponding peptide.

Simply put, they are the keys to the genes. They trigger the mechanism of reading hereditary information by regulating the synthesis of proteins specific to the tissue of a particular organ.

Effect of age on protein synthesis

With age, as well as under the influence of extreme environmental factors, the rate of metabolic processes in every cell of the body slows down. This leads to a deficiency of bioregulators, which, in turn, leads to an even greater slowdown in metabolic processes. As a result, accelerated aging occurs.

It has been clinically and experimentally proven that replenishing the deficiency of regulatory peptides slows down the aging process, and thus life can be extended by more than 42%. This effect cannot be achieved with any other substances.

History of creation

The history of the discovery is the history of the search by scientists for ways to combat aging, with premature aging.

The study of the composition of protein extracts led to the discovery of the existence of bioregulators in wildlife.

Based on this technology, 2 dozen natural compounds and a huge number of artificial analogues were created. For almost 50 years, these substances have been used in Soviet and Russian military medicine. More than 15 million people have participated in clinical trials. In the course of many years of use, regulatory peptides, both natural and artificial, have shown the highest efficiency in the treatment of various pathologies, and most importantly, their absolute physiological adequacy. After all, for the entire time of their use it is not registered no one side effect or overdose. That is: peptide compounds are absolutely safe to use. Everything ingenious is simple as always - by making up for the deficiency of regulatory peptides that has arisen for any reason, we help cells normally synthesize their own "endogenous" compounds.

How to take peptides

Taking bioregulators is useful at any age, and for people over 40, it is necessary for a normal and fulfilling life.

Regulatory amino acid compounds are present in food products; it is not for nothing that folk wisdom says: “what hurts is what you need to eat.” However, the concentration of these substances in products is too low and unable to cure accelerated aging syndrome.

Long-term use of bioregulators has ranked these substances according to the power of the revitalization effect. Isolated from the tissues and organs of young, healthy mammals, they are the most powerful geroprotectors - these are drugs that slow down the aging process the most.

Artificial analogues have a slightly lower revitalization effect.

Peptide bioregulators have no contraindications and side effects. They allow, due to tissue restoration, to maintain the functioning of the human body systems at an optimal level, reduce biological age, and achieve the maximum therapeutic effect.

Peptides in cosmetology

Due to their physiological adequacy and small size, peptide compounds easily penetrate the body through the skin and are widely used in anti-aging cosmetology. At the same time, metabolic processes in skin cells are normalized. So, cartilage peptides improve the production of their own elastin and collagen - this leads to a powerful lifting effect.

Conclusion

It is clear that the discovery of peptides is one of the greatest milestones in human history. These compounds have a great future and, thanks to them, our future generations will live rich and productive lives for as long as our genes allow.

However, it is necessary to understand that their use is not a panacea for old age, it is the removal of the aging rate to a natural genetically determined level. And it allows you to live up to 100-120 years, while a person will maintain his activity and activity.

Regulatory peptides

macromolecular compounds, which are a chain of amino acid residues connected by a peptide bond. R. p., numbering no more than 20 amino acid residues, are called oligopeptides, 20 to 100 - polypeptides, over 100 - proteins. The majority of R. the item belongs to polypeptides. The total number of R. p. opened by the beginning of 1991 is over 300.

The classification of R. p. takes into account the chemical structure, physiological functions, and origin of R. p. One of the main difficulties in classifying polypeptides is their polyfunctionality, as a result of which it is impossible to single out one or even several main functions for each substrate. Significant differences are also known in the physiological activity of R. p., which are similar in chemical structure, and, conversely, there are R. p., close in function, differing in their chemical structure. Since R. p. are contained and formed in almost all tissues and organs, the place of predominant formation of the peptide is also taken into account when classifying R. p.

Based on the above criteria, more than 20 families of R. p. ; opioids, which include both proopiomelanocortin derivatives - beta-endorphin (β-end), gamma-endorphin (γ-end), alpha-endorphin (α-end), met-enkephalin (met-enk), and prodynorphin derivatives - dynorphins (din), ley-enkephalin (ley-enk), as well as proenkephalin A derivatives - adrenorphin, ley-enk, met-enk, casomorphins, dermorphins, subgroups FMRFa and YGGFMRFa; melanotropins - () and its fragments, α-, β-, γ-melanotropins (α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH); vasopressins and oxytocins; so-called pancreatic peptides - neuropeptide Y, peptide YU, PP peptide; glucagon-secretins - vasoactive peptide (VIP), histidine-isoleucine peptide,; cholecystokinins, gastrins; tachykinins - substance P. substance K, neuromedin K, cassinin; neurotensins - neurotensin, neuromedin N, xenopsin; bombesins - bombesin, neuromedins B and C; - bradykinins, kallidin; angiotensins I, II and III; atriopeptides; calcitonins - , calcitonin-gene-related peptide.

Regulatory peptides affect almost all physiological functions of the body. Monofunctional R. items are not known. Separate functions are regulated by several R. items simultaneously, however, as a rule, there is a qualitative originality of the action of each of the peptides. R.'s number of the item is closely connected with mechanisms of training and memory. First of all, these are fragments of ACTH (ACTH 4-7 ACTH 4-10) and which accelerate learning and are stimulators of attention and the process of memory consolidation (transition of short-term memory into long-term memory). Cholecystokinin-8 has proven to be a powerful means of suppressing food cravings in hungry animals. TRH, CCT, CRH, bombesin, neurotensin and some others also suppress food, and neuropeptide Y significantly enhances the manifestation of this function. Some opioids also have a stimulating effect on food-procuring behavior. Endogenous inhibitors of pain perception (endogenous opiates) include opioid peptides (β-end, din, ley-enk, dermorphin, etc.), as well as neurotensin, simatostatin, cholecystokinin-8, and some other non-opioid peptides. The participation of a number of peptides in the mechanisms of stress and shock (β-end, growth hormone, etc.) has been proven. Regulatory peptides are involved in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system. The role of angiotensin II and vasopressin in the occurrence of arterial hypertension has been established. Powerful vasodilating, hypotensive, and diuretic (including natriuretic) properties are possessed by some atriopeptides, ACTH, and others. It was revealed that R. p. neurotensin, etc.). A number of peptides have been suggested to be involved in the development of tumors.

In addition to a direct effect on various functions of the body, R. p. have diverse and complex effects on certain R. p. and other bioregulators, on some metabolic processes, etc. All this served as the basis for the emergence of a hypothesis about the existence of a functional continuity (continuum) of the system of bioregulators. This apparently ensures the formation of complex regulatory chains and cascades.

More and more researchers are attracted by the speed of the body's reaction to the introduction of R. p. Those peptides that are known as ACTH, somatotropic hormone, vasopressin, have been widely used. However, the use of peptides in clinical practice is difficult primarily because of the polyfunctionality of R. p. and their rapid cleavage by proteases of the gastrointestinal tract, blood, cerebrospinal fluid and other biological media, as well as due to the manifestation of long-term secondary effects and the lack of a strict dependence of the effect from the dose.

Significant progress has been made with the use of vasopressin and oxytocin. In particular, vasopressin is used as a stimulant for remembering and overcoming some amnesias, it also reduces and improves well-being. Particularly favorable results have been achieved with the use of a desglycinamide analogue of vasopressin and deamino-D-arginine vasopressin, which have much less pronounced hormonal effects than vasopressin itself. Despite the significant structural similarity between the molecules of vasopressin and oxytocin, the latter has the opposite effect on memory: it causes amnesia effects, has a positive effect in the treatment of depressive, hysterical and psychopathic reactions with vegetative-vascular disorders.

Thyroliberin is used as an antiparkinsonian and antidepressant in the clinical setting. Its one-time intravenous administration improves, reduces the feeling of fear, and reduces the symptoms of a manic state. The effect of thyroliberin on, with alcoholism, etc. is being studied. The use of thyroliberin is limited by the manifestation of its endocrine effects: the release of a number of hormones - thyrotropin, prolactin, etc.

Of considerable interest are the materials of clinical trials on the study of the antipsychotic, hypotensive, antiulcer and analgesic effects of endorphins and enkephalin analogues. So, in the treatment of some forms of schizophrenia, des-tyrosyl-gamma-endorphin is promising, and in peptic ulcer and hypertension, some analogs of enkephalins are promising.

Much attention is paid to the study of immunostimulants - tuftsin and its fragments, as well as a number of pineal peptides: thymopoietins, thymosins, etc. If tuftsin and its analogues are considered as stimulants of predominantly nonspecific immunity, then the second group of these R. p. causes stimulation of specific immunity. Of considerable interest are materials on the anti-stress activity of tuftsin, delta sleep peptide, and substance P.

The diuretic and natriuretic action of atriopeptyl 1-28 was studied. With its introduction, natriuresis also increases tenfold and can be compared with the effect of furasemide, a non-peptide diuretic. However, the effect of the latter is achieved with the introduction of doses hundreds of times greater than with the introduction of the peptide, and is accompanied by an increase in kaliuresis, in contrast to the predominant natriuresis caused by atriopeptide.

Bibliographer.: Ashmarin I.P. Prospects for practical application and some fundamental research of small regulatory peptides, Vopr. honey. Chemistry, vol. 30, c. 3, p. 2, 1984; Ashmarin I.P. and Obukhova M.R. Regulatory peptides, BME, v. 29, p. 312, 1988; Klusha V.E. - regulators of brain functions, Riga, 1984.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Regulatory peptides" are in other dictionaries:

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The gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system is a department of the endocrine system, represented by endocrine cells (apudocytes) scattered in various organs of the digestive system and peptidergic neurons producing peptide ... ... Wikipedia

PROTEINS, high-molecular organic compounds, biopolymers, built from 20 types of L a amino acid residues, connected in a certain sequence into long chains. The molecular weight of proteins varies from 5 thousand to 1 million. Name ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from neuro ... and peptides), biologically active compounds synthesized mainly in nerve cells. They participate in the regulation of metabolism and the maintenance of homeostasis, affect immune processes, play an important role in memory mechanisms, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (neurotransmitters) (from lat. mediator mediator), chemicals whose molecules are able to react with specific receptors of the cell membrane and change its permeability for certain ions, causing the occurrence (generation) ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

I Proteolysis (proteins [ins] (Proteins) + lysis decomposition, decay) enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins and peptides, catalyzed by proteolytic enzymes (peptide hydrolases, proteases) and plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism in the body. WITH … Medical Encyclopedia

Informons, or regulins, ergons are the general name for specialized substances that transfer information between the cells of the body. Together with utilizons, substances that provide non-specialized forms of intercellular control, and ... ... Wikipedia

- (Greek gaster stomach + Latin intestinum intestine) a group of biologically active peptides produced by endocrine cells and neurons of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas; have a regulatory effect on secretory functions, ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

The preparations of TD Peptid Bio LLC have been on the Russian market for more than 10 years. All this time they are available for purchase in pharmacies and can be recommended for use in preventive and complex therapy for a wide range of consumers. Our peptide bioregulators are preparations based on the latest generation of Khavinson peptides. They are intended for oral use, are well suited for inpatient and outpatient use, are conveniently packaged, and are affordable.

Peptide bioregulator for the heart and blood vessels

Peptide bioregulators - why are they needed

Peptides - stable molecular forms of small size. Due to their small size, they are able to penetrate the cell and stimulate certain processes in it. Not all of these substances are peptide bioregulators, which were created specifically for the purpose of influencing certain organs and tissues to stimulate renewal processes in them. The main job of peptide bioregulators is to attach to the free anchor sections of the damaged protein chain, thus restoring it and maintaining its integrity.

Since protein cells are constantly attacked by the external environment, during their life they are repeatedly forced to recover or die. Damaged cells that do not have enough materials to stimulate their renewal die. The problem of regeneration in the human body under 40 is not very acute - because all functions are balanced and work in the optimal mode set by nature. Closer to "middle age" a fracture occurs. It is expressed in a decrease in the production of growth hormones, inhibition of regeneration functions and a gradual decrease in immunity. Prevent premature aging Khavinson's peptide bioregulators help.

Vladimir Khavinson - scientific leader of the group
on the creation of peptide bioregulators

Preparations based on peptides - against aging

Scientists have not yet created models of such ideal conditions under which it would be possible to prolong the life of any creature by two or three times or completely stop the aging process. Peptide bioregulators are just the first step, investigated by scientists, in understanding the process of reprogramming the human body for a longer life.

For its life activity, any creature on Earth consumes:

air;
water;
proteins;
fats;
carbohydrates;
vitamins - to catalyze chemical reactions for the processing of all these substances into the energy of life.

The efficiency of any living organism depends on the quality of the substances it consumes.- their purity, the amount of foreign impurities and % slag. The worse the quality of the substances, the faster the working fabrics wear out.

Approaching a certain age limit, a person begins to quickly become decrepit and after a while dies. But it is possible to delay the onset of old age by using preparations based on peptides - peptide bioregulators. They are parts of protein cells, therefore they are able to replace their damaged areas, thereby restoring the possibilities for recovery and further division.

By joining the anchor sections of the protein chain, peptide bioregulators restore broken bonds and help cell regeneration.

Peptides for oral administration

Each of the body systems has its own sets of peptide bioregulators. It is important to understand this when planning to use peptide-based drugs for preventive purposes or in courses of complex therapy for diseases.

Body systems:

Digestive.
Respiratory.
Cardiovascular.
Musculoskeletal.
Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system.
Endocrine.
Immune.
Reproductive.
excretory.

Each organ regenerates using its own peptide bioregulators. It is useless to use these substances without a clear program and goals. After all, their creation is based on a very specific function - "regulation". In order for the effect of the intake to be noticeable, it is necessary to use only peptide bioregulators-the namesakes of the organs for which they were created in prevention and complex therapy.

Live long and be healthy!

In biochemistry, peptides are usually called low molecular weight fragments of protein molecules, consisting of a small number of amino acid residues (from two to several tens) connected in a chain by peptide bonds -C (O) NH -

According to an article published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, peptides modulate or signal most of the body's natural processes. In other words, they are information agents, "messengers" that carry information from one cell to another, carry out the interaction of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. At the same time, their activity is manifested in very low concentrations (about 10 mol per l), their denaturation is impossible (there is no tertiary structure), and synthetic peptides are also resistant to the destructive action of enzymes. This means that with a small amount of the injected drug, the peptides will perform their function for a long time and with high efficiency. Peptides have another important feature: their physical properties, toxicity, ability to penetrate the skin, efficiency - all this is completely determined by the set and sequence of their amino acids.

The role of peptides in the human body

All body cells constantly synthesize and maintain a certain, functionally necessary level of peptides. When there is a failure in the work of cells, the biosynthesis of peptides (in the body as a whole or in its individual organs) is also disturbed - it either increases or weakens. Such fluctuations occur, for example, in a state of pre-illness and / or illness - when the body turns on increased protection against functional imbalance. Thus, for the normalization of processes, the introduction of peptides is necessary, due to which the body turns on the mechanism of self-healing. A prime example of this is the use of insulin (a peptide hormone) in the treatment of diabetes.

The biological action of peptides is varied. For the synthesis of peptides, our body uses only the 20 most common amino acids in nature. The same amino acids are present in peptides with different structures and functions. The individuality of a peptide is determined by the order of alternation of amino acids in it. Amino acids can be considered as the letters of the alphabet, with the help of which, as in a word, information is recorded. The word carries information, for example, about the subject, and the sequence of amino acids in the peptide carries information about the construction of the spatial structure and function of this peptide. Any, even minor changes (changes in the sequence and number of amino acids) in the amino acid composition of peptides often lead to the loss of some and the emergence of other biological properties. Thus, relying on information about the biological functions of peptides, seeing the composition and a certain sequence of amino acids, we can say with great confidence what the direction of its action will be. In other words, each type of tissue has its own peptide: for the liver - liver, for skin - skin, immunological peptides protect the body from toxins that have entered it, and so on.

Among currently existing peptides, regulatory peptides (low molecular weight oligopeptides) play a special role in the human body. This is one of the most important systems of regulation and maintenance of "homeostasis". This term, introduced in the 30s of the last century by the American physiologist W. Cannon, means the vital balance of all organs. The most valuable among regulatory peptides, according to scientists, are short peptides that have no more than 4 amino acids in the molecule. Their value is due to the fact that they do not form antibodies and thus they are absolutely safe for health when used as medicines.

The mechanism of action of bioregulatory peptides on the cell

Regulatory peptides are one of the types of informons (specialized substances that carry information between body cells). They are metabolic products and constitute an extensive group of intercellular signaling agents. They are polyfunctional, but each of them is highly specific for certain receptors, and they are also able to regulate the formation of other regulatory peptides.

Regulatory peptides have a direct effect on the ratio of dividing, maturing, functioning and dying cells; in mature cells, peptides maintain the necessary set of enzymes and receptors, increase survival and reduce the rate of cell apoptosis. In fact, they create the optimal physiological rate of cell division. Thus, an important difference between these peptides is their regulatory action: when the function of the cell is suppressed, they stimulate it, and when the function is increased, they reduce it to a normal level. Based on this, preparations made on the basis of peptides carry out physiological correction of body functions and are recommended for cell rejuvenation.

Peptides in anti-age cosmetology

Since peptides, in addition to their main functions, are actively involved in the control of inflammation, melanogenesis and in the synthesis of proteins in the skin, their use in cosmetology, in our opinion, is an indisputable fact. Let's look at this with specific examples.

dipeptide carnosine- antioxidant peptide (discovered in 1900).

It is part of the body's natural antioxidant system. It is able to neutralize free radicals and bind metal ions, thereby protecting cell lipids from oxidative stress. In cosmetic preparations, it functions as a water-soluble antioxidant.
Accelerates wound healing and controls inflammation. Thanks to its action, wounds heal "qualitatively", without scarring. These properties of carnosine are actively used in cosmetic preparations, the action of which is aimed at solving the problems of damaged and inflamed skin (for example, in the treatment of acne), intended for rehabilitation after traumatic procedures (fractional ablative photothermolysis, peeling, etc.).
It is an effective proton buffer that can be used in acid peeling products. By adding carnosine, you can not reduce the concentration of acid (and therefore maintain the effectiveness of the product) and at the same time increase the pH, making the peeling less irritating.

Matrikina- peptides with lifting effect

They are formed during the destruction of the structural proteins of the dermal matrix (collagen, elastin and fibronectin) at the stage of natural wound cleansing before it begins to heal.
They are autocrine and paracrine peptides for instant messaging between cells and tissues, thereby triggering and regulating the sequence of all stages of the wound healing process. In other words, they signal to fibroblasts about the destruction of collagen, elastin, fibronectin, as a result of which fibroblasts begin to synthesize new proteins to replace the destroyed ones. It is very important that these processes occur not only during skin damage, but also during its natural renewal.

Stimulates collagen synthesis in the skin.
Accelerates the process of wound healing and scar treatment:

increases the level of antioxidants in the wound, binds some toxic products of lipid peroxidation, limits undesirable manifestations of inflammatory reactions, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress, preventing their damage;
stimulates fibroblasts to produce components of the extracellular matrix of the skin, and other cells to form blood vessels in the damaged area;
has anti-inflammatory activity.

Helps skin cells communicate better with each other by exchanging signaling molecules.

Stimulates the synthesis of water-retaining molecules of the dermis - glycosaminoglycans.

Regulates remodeling (reconstruction) of the skin by activating the activity of enzymes that destroy the skin matrix and substances that these enzymes inhibit.

When combined with methods of controlled skin damage (peelings, fractional ablative photothermolysis, etc.), it activates the natural processes of its restoration and remodeling, and also reduces the risk of side effects.

Peptides of natural origin have their synthetic counterparts, which are now being actively introduced into the practice of a cosmetologist. What is their advantage?

Synthetic peptides may be shorter (fewer amino acids per chain) than their natural counterparts. But at the same time, they retain their characteristic properties and efficiency. And the smaller the peptide molecule, the easier it is to penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and the narrower its action will be with the absence of undesirable systemic effects.
Many synthetic peptides, unlike their natural counterparts, have a fatty acid residue in their composition, due to which they become lipophilic and easily pass through the lipid barrier of the skin, penetrating into its deeper layers.
Synthetic peptides are more resistant to the destructive action of peptidases. And that means they last longer.
Synthetic peptides have a clearly defined recipe, that is, there is no need to blindly sort out combinations of amino acids. It is sufficient to purposefully use a peptide with a predetermined biological activity.

Skin aging processes and principles of their correction using peptides

Skin aging is a natural, genetically programmed process based on biological changes at the cellular level. At the same time, we all know that, in addition to genetics, the skin aging process is greatly influenced by a number of other factors: lifestyle and nutrition, stress, environmental factors, ultraviolet radiation, concomitant diseases, etc. And no matter what factors will play the role of a "trigger", the aging process, in the skin they will proceed approximately according to the same scenario. Namely: a change in the number of functioning cells, a decrease in their activity and, as a result, a decrease in the synthesis of peptides, a violation of metabolic processes, a decrease in the sensitivity of the receptor apparatus of the cell, a change in the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, etc. For example, at 55 years old, the number of peptides decreases 10 times compared to 20 years.

Today, in anti-age cosmetology, there are two approaches to influence this scenario: the first is the introduction of new healthy young cells (fibroblasts, stem cells) - difficult and expensive, and the second - the use of factors that normalize the functions of existing cells, regulatory peptides (cytokines), which, in our opinion, maximally physiologically stimulate the mechanisms that are suppressed with age.

Peptides and extracellular matrix

Peptides stimulate youth cells - fibroblasts - to produce components of the extracellular matrix of the skin (collagen and elastin fibers, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans, etc.). It is the matrix that plays a key role in maintaining the firmness and elasticity of the skin.

The main peptides that solve the problems of the "aging", damaged matrix are:

Copper-containing tripeptide (GHK-Cu). Moreover, this peptide not only stimulates the synthesis of new proteins of the intercellular matrix, it also activates the destruction of large collagen aggregates that disrupt the normal structure of the matrix. In sum, all these processes lead to the restoration of the normal structure of the skin, improving its elasticity and appearance. This peptide is also called a stabilizer of the skin's own protective potential at all levels. Its synthetic counterpart is Prezatide Copper Acetate.
Matrikines are stimulators of the synthesis of dermal components. Its synthetic analogue is Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3). It activates the synthesis of type 1,4,7 collagen.
Deraksil (Palmitoyl Oligopeptide) - stimulates the synthesis of elastin.

Peptides and photoaging

UVA radiation is the main cause of photoaging. It is it that can lead to the oxidation of melanin, skin lipids to toxic products with the production of free radicals. Here, peptides with antioxidant action come to the aid of the skin. One of them is the above dipeptide carnosine.

Peptides and skin pigmentation disorders

The main cause of skin pigmentation disorders is a failure in the synthesis and breakdown of melanin, i.e. violation of the process of melanogenesis. According to recent studies, the leading role in its regulation is played by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (by its nature, it is a peptide), which is produced directly by epidermal keratinocytes. This peptide hormone enhances skin pigmentation under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, thereby protecting the skin from the damaging effects of free radicals. But when there is a failure in the process of melanogenesis, then the same peptide hormone can contribute to the appearance of hyperpigmentation. In other words, peptides, together with skin cells, are a "skin analogue" of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which implements the mechanism of regulation of melanogenesis at the local level. It is also known that peptide conjugates are able to enhance the effectiveness of non-peptide substances that block melanogenesis. For example, adding a tripeptide to kojic acid increases its inhibitory effect on the tyrosinase enzyme by 100 times.

To date, synthetic peptides have been developed and actively used in cosmetology to correct skin pigmentation disorders. They are called regulators of melanogenesis.

Peptides are melanol-stimulating hormone agonists. They activate receptors for MSH. They enhance the production of pigment under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, but at the same time reduce the production of inflammatory mediators: melitime (Palmitoyl Tripeptide 30), melitan (Acetyl Hexapeptide-1).
Peptides - antagonists of melanostimulating hormone - interfere with the synthesis of melanin: melanostatin (Nonapeptide-1).

Peptides and violations of the protective function of the skin

Peptides play a key role in the regulation of the protective immune response of the skin in response to exposure to substances of bacterial, viral and fungal origin. They are able to influence all stages of inflammation, which is triggered as a universal defense mechanism in case of skin damage of any origin. For example, beta-defensins are polypeptides that are produced by keratinocytes in response to the stimulating effect of "agents" of a bacterial nature. At the same time, the main job of peptides is to accelerate the processes of wound healing by enhancing the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes to the site of injury. Insufficient production of beta-defensins makes the skin vulnerable to infections, for example, in individuals suffering from atopic dermatitis, acne.

Synthetic analogues of peptides - regulators of the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (immunomodulators) are:

Rigin (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) - reduces the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin-6 by basal keratinocytes.
Thymulen (Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2) is a biomimetic (analogue of the thymus peptide thymopoietin), compensates for the natural age-related loss of T-lymphocytes - improves skin immunity, improves the regeneration of epidermal structures.

Peptide-stabilizer of the skin's own protective potential at all levels:

Peptamide-6 (Hexapeptide-11) is a peptide isolated from the enzymatic lysate of Saccharomycetes yeast (an analogue of B-glucan) - an activator of macrophages (increased ability to swallow foreign bodies, production of cytokines leading to activation of lymphocytes, release of growth factors - epidermal and angiogenesis).

Peptides and mimic wrinkles

To date, modern cosmetology for the correction of mimic wrinkles is actively using preparations containing botulinum toxin type A. The mechanism of action and effectiveness of which are well studied and described in detail in the world literature. Also, the literature describes cases when it comes to individual primary (noted in 0.001% of cases in women and in 4% of cases in men) or secondary insensitivity to botulinum toxin type A. At the same time, there is also a list of contraindications to drugs containing botulinum toxin type A. In all these situations, it is advisable to use peptides - blockers of muscle contractions.

The first cosmetic "analogue" of botulinum toxin was the hexapeptide Argireline® (Lipotec), which is a sequence of six amino acids. It also prevents the release of the mediator from the nerve ending and reduces the depth of wrinkles, however, the molecular mechanism of its action is different than that of botulinum toxin. Its amino acid sequence is much shorter than that of botulinum toxin A, which means that it penetrates the skin more easily and is suitable for skin application. Later, other synthetic peptides appeared that blocked the transmission of impulses from the nerve ending to the muscle. For example, SNAP - 8 (Acetil Octapeptide - 3) - act at the level of the presynaptic membrane, competitively binding to transmembrane proteins, limiting the flow of acetidcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Peptides "with the effect of Botox" have been used in cosmetics for several years, so a lot of observations have been accumulated on their use. Best of all, they smooth out mimic wrinkles around the eyes, as for deep wrinkles on the forehead and nasolabial folds, the results are worse in these areas.

It should be remembered that peptides "with the effect of Botox" cannot help in the fight against wrinkles that occur due to sagging and dry skin. Here we need substances that restore and renew the structure of aging skin tissue.

Peptides and scarring of the skin

Cicatricial lesions of the skin, regardless of their location, cause their owner great discomfort. Therefore, it is very important to develop competent tactics for wound management from the moment of its occurrence. Regardless of what caused the violation of the integrity of the skin (acne, trauma, etc.), the wound healing process goes through standard stages with the mandatory participation of endogenous peptides. Knowing this, we can actively use the following peptides:

Copper-containing tripeptide (GHK-Cu) is a peptide that regulates skin remodeling (reconstruction). Its synthetic analogue is Prezatide Copper Acetate E.
Matrikines are stimulators of the synthesis of dermal components. Their synthetic analogue is Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3).
Dipeptide carnosine is an antioxidant peptide. Starts and regulates the sequence of all stages of the wound healing process.

In our opinion, these peptides can be used from 10 to 12 days after skin damage.

Procedures for the combined correction of age-related skin changes using peptides

Since April 2014, the doctors of our medical center have been actively using the cosmetology line in the development and implementation of anti-age complexes Le Mieux manufactured by Bielle Cosmetics Inc USA. The main distinguishing feature of this cosmetics is the peculiarity of its formula. Instead of traditional glycerin and water, the basis of these preparations is hyaluronic acid. In addition, the composition includes the above-mentioned synthetic peptides, as well as natural ingredients. All active ingredients are contained in highly effective concentration. This composition allows you to widely use this line to obtain positive results in a fairly short time.

Protocol for the use of peptides with DOT/DOT therapy

The action of DOT/DROT (SmartXide DOT2, Deka, Italy) therapy is based on the vaporization of skin microareas with a laser beam (CO2 laser). The biostimulating effect of the laser and the natural reaction of the skin to damage triggers a cascade of regenerative processes at the tissue and cellular level, of course, endogenous peptides also take an active part in this process. Cosmetics Le Mieux allows you to regulate the processes of aseptic inflammation that occur in response to the action of a fractional ablative laser.

Procedure steps:

Application anesthesia.
DOT or DOT therapy.
The final stage - immediately after the procedure, the laser exposure area is treated Serum*EGF-DNA(epidermal growth factor) Le Mieux Ingredients: 53 amino acids that are responsible for interacting with epidermal receptors and triggering reactions that accelerate regeneration processes. And as a result, a decrease in the clinical manifestations inherent in the procedure of fractional ablative laser exposure (burning, pain, hyperemia, edema).
Home care.

Within 10-12 days after the procedure, Le Mieux Serum * Collagen Peptide is applied twice a day, which includes matrixyl - a peptide stimulator of the synthesis of dermal components, thymulen (Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2) - a peptide stimulator of skin immunity, improves the regeneration of epidermal structures. As a result, the production of extracellular matrix components is enhanced, which helps to reduce the duration of the rehabilitation period.

2 weeks after the procedure - Moisturizing cream * Essence from Le Mieux.

Our clinical observations have shown that the combination of Le Mieux cosmetics with DOT/DROT to correct age-related skin changes reduces the clinical manifestations (burning, pain, hyperemia, edema) inherent in the procedure of fractional ablative laser treatment and reduces the duration of the rehabilitation period.

findings

Peptides are an integral part of all vital processes occurring in the human body.

With age, there is a physiological decrease in the production of peptides, so the need to deliver their synthetic analogues in anti-age cosmetology is obvious. In our opinion, it is better to start actively using peptide cosmetics at the age of 35-40 years.
One of the causes of violations of skin pigmentation (hyperpigmentation) may be a failure in the production of peptides. In solving this problem, preparations containing peptides that regulate the process of melanogenesis can play a decisive role.
With cicatricial and inflammatory skin lesions, the use of directional peptides contributes to the normalization of wound healing and inflammation processes.
To date, there are many products on the market containing peptides, growth factors. That is why it is very important to make a wise choice. When choosing cosmetics, it is necessary to pay attention to the first five ingredients, as they are the most active and their number in cosmetics is the largest. They determine the effectiveness and direction of the drug.

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Grodno State Medical University

Department of Normal Physiology

On the topic: "Peptides-regulators"

Grodno 2015

Introduction

general information

Liberins and Statins

Opioid peptides

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Other peptides

Introduction

Regulatory peptimds (neuropeptides), biologically active substances, consisting of a different number of amino acid residues (from two to several tens). There are oligopeptides, consisting of a small number of amino acid residues, and larger ones - polypeptides, although there is no exact boundary between these two groups of substances. Even larger amino acid sequences containing more than a hundred amino acid residues are commonly referred to as regulatory proteins.

general information

Interest in regulatory peptides and the rapid development of research in this area arose in the 1970s after work carried out in the Netherlands by a group of researchers led by D. de Wied. The work of this laboratory found that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) of the anterior pituitary gland, which includes 39 amino acid residues (ACTH1 - 39), previously widely known as a stimulator of the release of adrenal cortex hormones, is able to have a pronounced effect on animal learning. At first, it was suggested that this action was due to the hormonal effect of ACTH, but subsequently it was possible to show that small fragments of ACTH - ACTH4 -10 and even ACTH4 -7, devoid of hormonal activity, have a stimulating effect on learning that is not inferior in strength to the effect of the whole molecules. Subsequently, the ability to stimulate memory processes was shown for the hypothalamic neurogromone vasopressin, hitherto known functions of which were limited to the effect on vascular tone and water metabolism.

As a result of these and subsequent extensive studies, it was found that regulatory peptides constitute an extensive regulatory system that provides a wide range of intercellular regulatory processes in the body, and not only in the central nervous system, as was thought at the beginning (hence the name "neuropeptides"), but also in peripheral systems. Therefore, the term "regulatory peptides" is now more commonly used.

According to modern concepts, the system of regulatory peptides is involved in the regulation of almost all physiological reactions of the body and is represented by a huge number of regulatory compounds: more than a thousand of them are already known, and this number, apparently, is not final.

In humans and animals, regulatory peptides can function as mediators (where their action is realized through a system of “slow” type receptors), neuromodulators that change, sometimes by several orders of magnitude, the affinity of “classical” mediators for their neurohormone and peripheral hormone receptors. The latter circumstance plays a special role, as it allows you to take a fresh look at the principles of humoral regulation. If earlier the understanding of this regulation was based on the idea of the existence of a small number of endocrine glands that "conducted" the internal environment of the body, then the available information about the system of regulatory peptides allows us to consider almost every organ as such a gland and characterize intercellular and interorgan interactions as a constantly ongoing "dialogue" . Many of the regulatory peptides are found in significant amounts both in the CNS and in peripheral organs. For example, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), cholecystokinin, and neuropeptide U have been found in the brain and organs of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach secretes the peptide hormone gastrin, the kidneys secrete renin, etc. It has been noted that the regulatory peptide released into the blood or cerebrospinal fluid from one part of the body induces other organs to stimulate or, on the contrary, delay the release of other regulatory peptides, which, in turn, triggers a new wave of regulatory processes. This gave grounds to IP Ashmarin to talk about the existence of cascade processes in the system of regulatory peptides. Due to these processes, the effect of a single injection of the peptide persists for quite a long time (up to several days), while the lifetime of the peptide itself does not exceed several minutes.

A characteristic feature of the system of regulatory peptides is the presence of pleiotropy in most peptides - the ability of each compound to influence several physiological functions. So, in addition to the already mentioned ACTH and vasopressin, oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus, stimulates the function of the mammary glands and slows down the production of conditioned reactions; thyreoliberin causes the release of thyroid hormones, and also activates emotional behavior and wakefulness levels; cholecystokinin-8 inhibits food-procuring behavior and enhances motility and secretion of the gastrointestinal tract; neuropeptide Y, on the contrary, enhances food-procuring behavior, but at the same time causes constriction of cerebral vessels and reduces manifestations of anxiety, etc. Two regulatory peptides, VIP and somatostatin, are of particular interest. The first, besides the fact that it causes a decrease in blood pressure, expansion of the bronchi, enhances the work of the digestive tract, is also an activator of the release of a large number of other regulatory peptides. The second, on the contrary, inhibits the release of many peptides, for which it received the name "universal inhibitor" or "pangibin".

The second characteristic feature of peptide regulation is the fact that many physiological functions change almost equally under the influence of various regulatory peptides. Thus, several regulatory peptides are known that activate emotional behavior (thyroliberin, melanostatin, corticoliberin, b-endorphin, etc.). Many regulatory peptides have the ability to lower blood pressure (VIP, substance P, neurotensin, and a number of others). Based on these characteristics of the system of regulatory peptides, Ashmarin formulated the concept of the so-called functional peptide continuum. The essence of this idea is that each of the peptides, on the one hand, has a unique set of activities, and on the other hand, many manifestations of the bioactivity of each of the peptides coincide or are close to those of a number of other regulatory peptides. As a result, each peptide acts as an evolutionary "package" to turn on or modulate so many functions that a smooth and continuous transition from one set of functions to another is possible.

The modern classification of regulatory peptides is based on their structure, functions, and sites of synthesis in the body. Currently, several families of the most studied peptides are distinguished. The main ones are the following.

Liberins and Statins

Releasing hormones, or otherwise releasing factors, liberins, statins, are a class of peptide hormones of the hypothalamus, the common property of which is the realization of their effects through stimulation of the synthesis and secretion into the blood of certain tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.

Known releasing hormones include:

corticotropin-releasing hormone

somatotropin-releasing hormone

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, or corticorelin, corticoliberin, corticotropin-releasing factor, abbreviated as CRH, is one of the representatives of the class of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus. It acts on the anterior pituitary gland and causes the secretion of ACTH there.

This peptide consists of 41 amino acid residues, which has a molecular weight of 4758.14 Da. It is synthesized mainly by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (and also partly by cells of the limbic system, brain stem, spinal cord, interneurons of the cortex). The CRH gene responsible for the synthesis of CRH is located on the 8th chromosome. The plasma half-life of corticoliberin is approximately 60 minutes.

CRH causes an increase in the secretion of proopiomelanocortin by the anterior pituitary gland and, as a result, the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland produced from it: adrenocorticotropic hormone, β-endorphin, lipotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

CRH is also a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of a number of mental functions. In general, the effect of CRH on the central nervous system is reduced to an increase in activation reactions, orientation, to the occurrence of anxiety, fear, anxiety, tension, deterioration of appetite, sleep and sexual activity. With short-term exposure, elevated concentrations of CRH mobilize the body to fight stress. Prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of CRH leads to the development of a state of distress - a depressive state, insomnia, chronic anxiety, exhaustion, and a decrease in libido.

Somatotropin-releasing hormone, or somatrelin, somatoliberin, somatotropin-releasing factor, abbreviated as SRG or SRF, is one of the representatives of the class of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus.

SRG causes an increase in the secretion of somatotropic hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland.

Like all releasing hormones of the hypothalamus, CHR is a polypeptide in chemical structure. Somatoliberin is synthesized in the arcuate (arquat) and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The axons of the neurons of these nuclei terminate in the region of the median eminence. The release of somatoliberin is stimulated by serotonin and norepinephrine.

The main factor that implements negative feedback in the form of inhibition of the synthesis of somatoliberin is somatotropin. The biosynthesis of somatoliberin in humans and animals is carried out mainly in the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. From there, through the portal circulatory system, somatoliberin enters the pituitary gland, where it selectively stimulates the synthesis and secretion of somatotropin. The biosynthesis of somatoliberin is also carried out in other extra-hypothalamic areas of the brain, as well as in the pancreas, intestines, placenta, and in certain types of neuroendocrine tumors.

The synthesis of somatoliberin is enhanced in stressful situations, during physical exertion, as well as in sleep.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or thyrerelin, thyreoliberin, thyrotropin-releasing factor, abbreviated as TRH, is one of the representatives of the class of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus.

TRH causes increased anterior pituitary secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and, to a lesser extent, increased secretion of prolactin.

TRH is also a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of several mental functions. In particular, the presence of an antidepressant effect of exogenous TRH in depression has been established, independent of an increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones, which also have some antidepressant activity.

The concomitant increase in prolactin secretion under the action of TRH is one of the causes of hyperprolactinemia, often observed in primary hypothyroidism (in which the level of TRH is increased due to a decrease in the inhibitory effect of thyroid hormones on the thyroid-stimulating function of the hypothalamus). Sometimes hyperprolactinemia in this case is so significant that it leads to the development of gynecomastia, galactorrhea and impotence in men, galactorrhea or pathologically abundant and prolonged physiological lactation in women, mastopathy, amenorrhea.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or gonadorelin, gonadoliberin, gonadotropin-releasing factor, abbreviated as GnRH, is one of the representatives of the class of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus. There is also a similar pineal gland hormone.

GnRH causes an increase in the secretion of the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones - luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. At the same time, GnRH has a greater effect on the secretion of luteinizing than follicle-stimulating hormone, for which it is often also called luliberin or lyutrelin.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a polypeptide hormone in structure. Produced in the hypothalamus.

GnRH secretion does not occur constantly, but in the form of short peaks following one after another at strictly defined time intervals. At the same time, these intervals are different in men and women: normally, in women, GnRH emissions follow every 15 minutes in the follicular phase of the cycle and every 45 minutes in the luteal phase and during pregnancy, and in men - every 90 minutes.

Opioid peptides

peptide regulatory liberin statin

Opioid peptides are a group of neuropeptides that are endogenous agonist ligands for opioid receptors. They have an analgesic effect. Endogenous opioid peptides include endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, etc. The opioid peptide system of the brain plays an important role in the formation of motivations, emotions, behavioral attachment, reactions to stress and pain, and in the control of food intake. Opioid-like peptides can also be ingested in the diet (as casomorphins, exorphins, and rubiscolines), but have limited physiological effects.

Dietary opioid peptides:

· Kazomorphin(in milk)

Gluten exorphin (in gluten)

Gliadorphin/gluteomorphine (in gluten)

Rubiscoline (in spinach)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, corticotropin, adrenocorticotropin, corticotropic hormone (lat. adrenalis-adrenal, lat. cortex-bark and Greek tropos - direction) is a tropic hormone produced by eosinophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Chemically, ACTH is a peptide hormone.

To some extent, corticotropin also increases the synthesis and secretion of mineralocorticoids - deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone. However, corticotropin is not the main regulator of aldosterone synthesis and secretion. The main mechanism for regulating the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone is beyond the influence of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal cortex - this is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Corticotropin also slightly increases the synthesis and secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla. However, corticotropin is not the main regulator of catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal medulla. The regulation of catecholamine synthesis is carried out mainly through sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal chromaffin tissue or through the reaction of the adrenal chromaffin tissue to factors such as its ischemia or hypoglycemia.

Corticotropin also increases the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the action of adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids).

In high concentrations and with prolonged exposure, corticotropin causes an increase in the size and mass of the adrenal glands, especially their cortical layer, an increase in the reserves of cholesterol, ascorbic and pantothenic acids in the adrenal cortex, that is, functional hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex, accompanied by an increase in the total content of protein and DNA in them. This is explained by the fact that under the influence of ACTH in the adrenal glands, the activity of DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase, enzymes involved in DNA biosynthesis, increases. Long-term administration of ACTH leads to an increase in the activity of 11-beta-hydroxylase, accompanied by the appearance of a protein enzyme activator in the cytoplasm. With repeated injections of ACTH in the human body, the ratios of secreted corticosteroids (hydrocortisone and corticosterone) also change in the direction of a significant increase in hydrocortisone secretion.

ACTH is also capable of melanocyte-stimulating activity (it is able to activate the transition of tyrosine to melanin) due to the sequence of 13 amino acid residues of the N-terminal region. This is due to the similarity of the latter with the amino acid sequence in β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

A large body of evidence indicates that ACTH/MSH-like peptides are capable of inhibiting inflammation.

ACTH is able to interact with other peptide hormones (prolactin, vasopressin, TRH, VIP, opioid peptides), as well as with hypothalamic monoamine mediator systems. It has been established that ACTH and its fragments can affect memory, motivation, and learning processes.

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, performs 2 main functions in the body. The first function is its antidiuretic action, which is expressed in the stimulation of water reabsorption in the distal nephron. This action is carried out due to the interaction of the hormone with type V-2 vasopressin receptors, which leads to an increase in the permeability of the walls of the tubules and collecting ducts for water, its reabsorption and concentration of urine. In the cells of the tubules, hyaluronidase is also activated, which leads to increased depolymerization of hyaluronic acid, resulting in increased water reabsorption and an increase in the volume of circulating fluid. In high doses (pharmacological), ADH constricts arterioles, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, it is also called vasopressin. Under normal conditions, at its physiological concentrations in the blood, this action is not significant. However, with blood loss, pain shock, an increase in the release of ADH occurs. Vasoconstriction in these cases may have an adaptive value. The formation of ADH increases with an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood, a decrease in the volume of extracellular and intracellular fluid, a decrease in blood pressure, with activation of the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system. With insufficient formation of ADH, diabetes insipidus develops, or diabetes insipidus, which is manifested by the release of large amounts of urine (up to 25 liters per day) of low density, increased thirst. The causes of diabetes insipidus can be acute and chronic infections that affect the hypothalamus (influenza, measles, malaria), traumatic brain injury, and a tumor of the hypothalamus. Excess secretion of ADH leads, on the contrary, to water retention in the body.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin selectively acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, causing it to contract during childbirth. There are special oxytocin receptors on the surface membrane of cells. During pregnancy, oxytocin does not increase the contractile activity of the uterus, but before childbirth, under the influence of high concentrations of estrogens, the sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin sharply increases.

Oxytocin is involved in the process of lactation. By increasing the contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands, it promotes the release of milk. An increase in the secretion of oxytocin occurs under the influence of impulses from the receptors of the cervix, as well as mechanoreceptors of the nipples of the breast during breastfeeding. Estrogens increase the secretion of oxytocin. The functions of oxytocin in the male body have not been studied enough. It is believed to be an ADH antagonist. The lack of production of oxytocin causes weakness of labor activity.

Other peptides

Pancreatic peptides were originally found in the organs of the digestive system. The name of this family is rather arbitrary, since they are very different in structure and functions and, in addition to the places of their initial discovery, are widely distributed throughout the body, in particular, they are found in large quantities in the brain. Representatives of this family include neuropeptide U, VIP, cholecystokinin, and a number of others.

Endosepins, which inhibit GABA receptors, cause a feeling of fear, anxiety and provoke conflict states.

Of the regulatory peptides belonging to other families, the most interesting and studied are substance P - a mediator of sensory and, in particular, pain sensitivity; neurotensin, which has analgesic and hypotensive effects; bombesin, which effectively lowers body temperature; bradykinin and angiotensin, which affect vascular tone.

The formation of regulatory peptides in the body usually occurs by the so-called processing, when the desired peptides are cleaved from large precursor molecules by the corresponding peptidases. Thus, the polypeptide proopiomelanocortin is known, containing 256 amino acid residues, which includes ACTH and its active fragments, b?, c? and g? endorphins, met-enkephalin and three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Active regulatory peptides, subjected to further degradation, often form fragments that also have physiological activity, and there are cases when one of these fragments is functionally opposite to the original molecule. Such step-by-step processing underlies the fine regulation of physiological functions and contributes to a rapid and adequate change in the functional states regulated by peptides.

The practical application of regulatory peptides for clinical purposes has not yet received sufficient distribution, although it seems quite promising. These compounds, with rare exceptions, are not toxic, and therefore the risk of overdose is quite small. The main disadvantage of regulatory peptides in the therapeutic aspect is the inability of the vast majority of them to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and a short lifespan. Therefore, either subcutaneous injections or, which in many cases is the most convenient, intranasal administration are used as methods of their administration. Modified molecules are used to protect peptides from the destructive action of peptidases. For these purposes, L-amino acids are sometimes replaced by their D-isomers. Recently, the introduction into the molecule of the active peptide of the amino acid proline, which is resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes, has been recognized.

List of sources used

· Eroshenko T. M., Titov S. A., Lukyanova L. L. Cascade effects of regulatory peptides // Results of science and technology. Ser. Physiology of man and animals. 1991. T. 46

· Biochemistry of the brain / Ed. I. P. Ashmarina, P. V. Stukalova, N. D. Eschenko. SPb., 1999. Ch.9.

· Gomazkov OA Functional biochemistry of regulatory peptides. - M.: Nauka, 1993.

· Regulatory peptides and biogenic amines: radiobiological and oncoradiological aspects. - Obninsk: NIIMR, 1992.

· Physiological and clinical significance of regulatory peptides. - Pushchino: Nauch. biol center. research., 1990.

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...

Types of peptides and their effect on the body

Effect of age on protein synthesis

How to take peptides

Peptides in cosmetology

Conclusion

See what "Regulatory peptides" are in other dictionaries:

Peptide bioregulators - why are they needed

Preparations based on peptides - against aging

Peptides for oral administration

The role of peptides in the human body

The mechanism of action of bioregulatory peptides on the cell

Peptides in anti-age cosmetology

Skin aging processes and principles of their correction using peptides

Peptides and extracellular matrix

Peptides and photoaging

Peptides and skin pigmentation disorders

Peptides and violations of the protective function of the skin

Peptides and mimic wrinkles

Peptides and scarring of the skin

Procedures for the combined correction of age-related skin changes using peptides

Protocol for the use of peptides with DOT/DOT therapy

findings

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Dietary opioid peptides:

· Kazomorphin(in milk)

Gluten exorphin (in gluten)

Gliadorphin/gluteomorphine (in gluten)

Rubiscoline (in spinach)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

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