Verb tense expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Shapes stand out past, present And future tense.

In most cases, the use of tense forms is determined by the relationship to the moment of speech; This use of them is called absolute time.

In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) subordinate clauses of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by their relation to the time of action of the main part:

My brother said that he had sent (sending, will send) the book I needed.

The grammatical reference point for time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part has been performed, is being performed or will be performed. “Wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.

Verbs Not perfect form have all three tense forms (I decide - I decided - I will decide).

Verbs of the perfect form, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (decided - I will decide), and do not have a present tense.

Past tense denotes an action preceding the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the base of the infinitive -l-: write - wrote, read - read, count - count.
When forming past tense forms, some features are observed:

If the stem of the past tense ends in g, k, x, z, s, b, then when forming a masculine verb, the suffix -l- falls out: guarded, baked, sokh, carried, carried, rowed, but is retained in the feminine and neuter gender, and also in plural: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, guarded.

Verbs in - heret in the past tense they lose the second in the full vowel combination e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.

Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another stem - shed- with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.

The past tense allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.

Verbs in the form present time denote an action that occurs at the moment of speech, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.

From verbs perfect form present tense forms are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of present tense.

Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed using personal endings depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation.

I conjugations: -u (-yu), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-ut)
II conjugations: -у (-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)

Example of verb I conjugation:

1st person → I’m walking, we’re walking
2nd person → you are walking, you are walking
3rd person → he is walking, they are walking

Example of verb II conjugation:

1st person → I drive, we carry
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry

The present tense has the following basic meanings:

shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: The Caucasus is below me. Again the ancient coniferous forest rustles above me solemnly and wisely (V. Belov);

denotes a permanent, timeless action; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level;

denotes an action that turns into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; Birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.

is used instead of the past to give life to the story and make the reader (listener) seem to be a witness to the event being depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I saw. This is the so-called real narrative (pictorial, historical);

The present tense is used to mean the future when we are talking about an action that must certainly take place; I'm taking my last exam tomorrow and going on vacation. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - run, go, go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imagined by the author: Another day of this accursed inferno - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are dying, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).

Future denotes an action (process) that is upcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.

The synthetic form is characteristic of verbs of the perfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of verbs of the imperfect form (I will write, I will tell, I will read).

The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and an infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, the auxiliary verb be forms with an infinitive one grammatical form.

The future complex always denotes an unlimited, limitless action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another time: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.

The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: I will read, you will read, you will read, we will read, you will read, they will read; build, build, build, build, build.

The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has various meanings:

its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will obtain, understand and open everything: the cold pole and the blue arch (V. Lebedev-Kumach);

denotes an action that turns into the property: Whatever problem you give him, he will definitely solve it (you cannot say he solves or has solved). The future tense in this meaning is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help you out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.

denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present one):
The storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirling snow whirlwinds,
The way she howls like a beast,
Then he will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);

with negation does not indicate the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a far distance (cannot see at a far distance);

used in the past tense: During the day she for the most part was dozing. He sits in a chair in front of the table... and dozes (present tense). Then he will shudder, wake up, look out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his eyes off (present tense) from the endless distance stretching out (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

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Present tense of verb

Verbs differ based on the present tense thematic

And non-thematic. Thematic are verbs that have a thematic vowel between the stem and personal endings. e (I conjugation) or And (II conjugation). The thematic vowel is preserved in all forms except the 1st l. units tsp and 3 l. plural h., for example: you're carrying, you see; Wed 1st l. – nesou, vizhou, 3rd l. – really bad, you see.Verbs of the first conjugation depending on the quality of the base consonants - hardness or softness - in the 1st l. units tsp and 3 l. pl. hours are divided into two groups: unmitigated conjugation and softened . Thematic verbs in the process of historical development

have undergone minor changes. Book form on - shi in the 2nd l. units h. was subsequently replaced everywhere by the form - silt. In the 3rd l. units and plural from the 13th century in Northern Russian dialects a hard ending is established - t, which eventually became literary: carries, nesout, writes, pishout. After the loss of the dual number (by the 14th century), the verb began to be conjugated only in the singular and plural. Non-thematic are verbs in which personal endings are attached directly to the stem. This group includes only four verbs: being, date), ђsti, вђдђти.

In the Old Russian language there were three forms of the future tense: one

simple and two complex. Future simple. The present tense of perfective verbs acted as the future simple: pidow, ponesou, Vylezou, take it However, in the Old Russian language there was no sharp distinction, as in the modern language, between the forms of the future and present tense. Therefore, the form of the present tense from the same base could have the meaning of either the present or the future time. This indicates that the Old Russian language did not yet have clear norms for expressing the future tense. Category design

The future tense is associated with the final distinction between the perfect and imperfect forms.

The future is complicated first expressed by combining the infinitive

conjugated verb and present tense auxiliary verb. the functions of auxiliary verbs were used: at least, have, begin, begin. These auxiliary verbs, losing their lexical meaning, played only the role of a formal indicator of the future tense. Future complex second consisted of a participle - l- conjugated verb and auxiliary verb bowdow: bowdow wrote. This form denoted a future action that

preceded another future, and was used mainly in conditional clauses. The future complex second fell out of use by the 16th century.

24. History of forms of the imperative and subjunctive mood. Imperative mood was formed from the base of the present tense and had the forms of the 2nd and 3rd persons in the singular, and the 1st and 2nd persons in the plural and dual. In ancient times, the imperative mood did not end in the same way in all verbs. It depended on whether the verbs were thematic or non-thematic. Thematic verbs in the singular ended in - A. In the plural and dual form of verbs I of the unmitigated conjugation, the imperative mood had the suffix - b-, and from verbs I

softened and II conjugation – suffix - And- . Non-thematic verbs in the singular ended in – b. In the plural and dual form, these verbs had the suffix -i-. From the verb iI am imperative mood bodie. In the 1st and 2nd l. plural and dv. h. there was a suffix -b-. According to the non-thematic type, the form of the 2nd liter was formed. units imperative mood from the verb see; vizh (vs. vizh). This system The imperative mood, as evidenced by monuments, had changed significantly by the 13th century. Thus, in the monuments of the 13th century. the dual number is not found in the imperative mood of the verb. Subsequently, only the 2nd line is retained in the imperative mood. units and plural h. At the same time, under the influence write, praise etc. forms begin to be used carry, lead instead of carry, lead. And verbs with a base in G And X as a result of the alignment of the stems, the consequences of the second softening of the back linguals are lost: instead of p'tsi appears bakes, instead of

bazi– run etc. Since the 16th century. unstressed final -i in the 2nd l. units hours are lost: bodie> be, stand up> stand up, sΔdi> go. Form 2 l. plural h. It began to be formed by adding the ending - those: lead– lead, help– Help, stand up– stand up, sit down– sit down. Forms Вжь– Go, give it– give it were replaced by forms eat– eat, give– give.

The subjunctive mood denotes an action that the speaker thinks is desirable or possible under certain conditions. It was expressed in the Old Russian language by a combination of conjugated forms of the aorist from be(bykh) with participle on - l-: Bykh wrote, I would write etc. With the disappearance of the aorist (from about the 13th century), the aorist from the verb be in the subjunctive mood has ceased to be conjugated. General form for all persons and numbers the form of the 2nd and 3rd letters becomes. units which turns into a particle would. Therefore, the subjunctive mood in modern Russian varies only by gender and number.

14. The composition of counting words in the Old Russian language. Grammatical features. Syntactic properties. In the Old Russian language, the numeral did not exist as a part of speech. To express quantity, counting words were used, which were a noun or an adjective. Adjectives denoting numbers from 1-4; Closed to adjectives because such words agreed with nouns in gender, number, case (Syntactic connection-agreement). Declined according to the pronominal declension system. The names of numbers from 5-10 acted as nouns, because had a certain gender and varied in number. Also fourty, one hundred, thousand in the Old Russian language there were

nouns that changed according to different types Declension Syntactic connection-control.

23. History of synthetic forms of the past tense of the verb .

In the Old Russian language there were 4 forms of the past tense verb: 2nd synthetic and 2nd analytical. The aorist and imperfect were synthetic forms. The aorist denoted an action entirely related to the past. There were two types of aorist. From the stems of the infinitive to a vowel it was formed like this

called ancient sigmatic aorist, from stems to consonant

a sigmatic thematic, or “new”, was formed

aorist. The peculiarity of the Old Russian aorist was

availability of one form for 2-3 persons dv. h.: Pecosta, walker. Another simple past tense, which is used in

The Old Russian language was also limited to book and literary written monuments, there was an imperfect. A specific feature of the Slavic imperfect is to actualize moments of the present in the context of the past.

The writer (narrator) seems to be focusing on certain events that happened in conjunction with others. The imperfect, just like the aorist, was formed from the bases of both

species. In Old Russian texts, not only the archaic, but also the “contracted” imperfect is recorded: burdens, stoves, hozhakh.Shapes 3rd person unit. and many more hours were almost always used with the element - t,In the history of the past language, these forms were simplified. The history of the past tense in Russian is determined by two

factors: · loss of the perfective meaning of the resultative and consolidation in the meaning of the universal past tense;

· merging of species and time values.

But the external simplification of past tenses and the preservation of only one of them does not at all mean a simplification of temporal meanings. Those functions that were once performed by special tense forms have largely been “taken over” by the verb aspect and semantics of specific verbs, as well as the conditions of the context. Even with a cursory observation, one can find that the modern past tense “includes” meanings that were expressed in ancient times by different forms - aorist, imperfect, perfect, plus quaperfect. Thus, aorist meanings in the text are usually expressed by perfective verbs: ran, saw, wrote, sang. Imperfective verbs are used in the imperfective meaning: the forest was noisy, dawn was breaking, We stood on the bridge for a long time. Researchers do not have a unified opinion regarding time and

features of the loss of these forms. It was believed that the imperfect was initially lost because it no longer appears in ancient business texts. Then the loss of the aorist occurred.

Good afternoon, dear student! My students and I began to study perhaps one of the most complex topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages of the world there are only a few tenses, but in Russian there are 3 of them - the past tense, the present and the future. In order to correctly understand and use them in your speech and writing, let’s look at all three tenses in more detail.

Present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that occurs in this moment, now, moreover, they can be conjugated, i.e. change your shape. Verbs in the present tense are one of the most changeable verbs, and in the imperfect form, it should be noted that verbs of the perfect form do not have a present tense, because the action has already been completed!

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Kate in a hurry to study Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - she is in a hurry - she is now, at the moment she is in a hurry, which means the time is present.

Every a week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are parents doing? - they are going, every a week shows us that the action occurs regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords , they can serve as a hint for you which time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense form, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties when using present tense verbs.

Future

Very often my students get confused and don’t understand why there are so many different verbs in the future tense and how to remember it all. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter whether it is near or far. Future tense verbs answer the questions:

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will they start holidays, I I'll go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means we understand that the conversation is about the future time.

What will I do? - I’ll go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, there are two types of future tense; you can find, for example, the following verb:

I I'll draw this picture and I'll give it to you to my mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - I’ll draw it and give it to you as a gift

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then can you figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that verbs of the future tense can be simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions: What will I do? What will you do?)

I’ll paint, clean, carry, say, sing- they all answer perfect questions. Where characteristic feature A way to help you remember this form is to add the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I'll clean it up

Complex verbs of the future tense are formed from imperfective verbs using the verb be+ infinitive or initial form the verb is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and you will see that the verb: I guessed it, is in the infinitive form: guess.

Let's look at examples with complex verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be" in turn changes according to persons:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense are inflected for persons and numbers, but genus it is impossible to determine in the future tense!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

Win To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When used, the word changes completely in the future tense, for example:

I can find myself in.. I will find myself in..
I can be convinced - I want to be convinced I want to convince
I can win - I will become the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

In previous articles I have already written about verb tenses, here I want to note only the main features that we did not touch on at the initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? What did you do?

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the infinitive form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and adding the suffix -l, for example:

Clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - look L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

Looked - looked - looked He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the gender: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is alternation in a word (when letters replace each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters ch//g, ch//k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

Stere whose- guard (masculine, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in feminine and the plural, an ending is added depending on the person: steregla, steregli she was watching over, they were watching over.

Please remember that we cannot determine the person of past tense verbs, only gender and number.

How to determine the past tense of a verb? Answer to asked question you will get from the presented article. In addition, we will tell you how the past tense of a verb is formed in English.

General information about verbs

Before we talk about what the past tense of a verb is, we should find out what it even is.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object, and also answers the questions “what to do?” or “what should I do?” It should be especially noted that they vary in mood, are transitive and intransitive, and can refer to the perfective or imperfective form.

Verb tenses in Russian

This part of speech can be used in the following tenses:

the present;
future;
past.

Past tense of verb

The part of speech that stands in shows that this or that action has taken place up to the present moment. However, when describing past situations or events in life, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.

How to form a verb in the past tense? Let's find out together

The past tense of a verb in Russian is formed from the initial form (that is, the infinitive) by adding the suffix -l- (ran, wanted, talked, helped, etc.). However, this rule has exceptions. Thus, verbs that are in the indefinite form, imperfective form and ending in -nit, -ti or -ch, are converted into the past tense (masculine singular) without using the above-mentioned suffix (cut - cut, etc.).

Do verbs in the past tense change?

The past tense of the verb allows the verb to change in number. In turn, the singular number can easily be declined according to gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change according to persons.

Forms of verbs in the past tense by meaning

Verbs in the past tense can have a perfect and aorist meaning (only the perfect form). Let's look at them in more detail:

Verbs in the past tense can have the following grammatical meanings (imperfective only):

An infinite single concrete action that was performed before the moment of speech. For example: Once under New Year the girls were guessing.
An action that is repeated all the time until the moment of speech. For example: Annushka clasped her hands every time, and her eyes lit up with delight.
An action that is constantly happening. For example: Impenetrable forests stretched almost all the way to the river.
Generalized fact. For example: Someone asked you.

Past tense: English verbs

As mentioned above, the past tense is a form of a verb that indicates an action that has already been performed. In English, this change in words is called "Past Tenses". It should also be noted that such time differs in duration and quality. In other words, in English there is a simple past tense called "Past Simple", a continuous past tense called "Past Continuous", and a past perfect tense called "Past Perfect". Let's look at each of the forms in more detail.

Past Simple

This tense expresses absolutely any action that took place in the past. Past Simple is formed quite simply: if the word refers to irregular verb, then for this you need to take its second form from the table. If the verb is correct, then it is added to it. If it is necessary to pose a question, then the auxiliary word did should be used.

By the way, the past tense of the verb to be has 2 conjugations, namely were and was. As a rule, were is used with nouns only in the plural, and was - in the singular. In this case, with the pronoun you (translated as you or you) it is necessary to use only were.

Past Continuous

This form differs from the previous one in that in in this case the action of the past is shown in process. As a cheat sheet, it is recommended to remember that the presented verb will have an imperfect form. It should also be noted that to form the Past Continuous, only knowledge of the following forms of the verb to be is required: were and was.

Past Perfect or perfect continuous past tense

To form such a time, perfect knowledge of all forms and correct ones will be required). It should also be noted that for the Past Perfect it is necessary to have. By the way, the past tense has the following form: had.

It should also be noted that the Past Perfect also includes such a time as the Past Perfect Continuous, which has the following Russian meaning: perfect continuous past tense. To form it, you must use to be, which should be put in the Past Perfect form, that is, had been.

Let's sum it up

Knowing the basics of the formation of past tense verbs in Russian and English languages, you will be able not only to correctly deliver your speech during personal communication with foreigners or your compatriots, but also to write them a competent letter.

Verb tense category

Tense is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, representing a process as already completed, being carried out or which will be carried out and expressing these meanings in the indicative mood (in the morphological forms of past, present and future tense). The system of forms of the indicative mood expresses the opposition of the meanings of coincidence, precedence and succession of the process in relation to the starting point of time. These meanings are presented in present, past and future tenses respectively: I'm reading, read, I will read.

The basis for determining the time of the process is an abstract grammatical reference point. It may coincide with the moment of speech, or it may not coincide. There are absolute and relative temporal meanings of verb forms. Time is called absolute when the moment of speech acts as the starting point for determining the time plan: The sound of thunder woke up the surrounding villages. Relative time is called when the time of implementation of another process acts as such a starting point. For example, in the sentence He already knew yesterday, that they won’t take him on a hike form will take denotes an action as the future not in relation to the moment of speech, but in relation to the time of implementation of the process called form knew. This is the value of the future action of the form will take and is its relative time value.

In the indicative mood, there are forms that have a special morphological indicator of time and those that do not. The first include past tense forms characterized by the suffix -l, as well as forms of the future complex, which have an auxiliary verb as a special indicator of time be in his personal forms; to the second - the forms of the present and future simple, the endings of which express the meaning of person and number. The personal endings of the forms of the present and future simple are at the same time non-special temporal indicators of these forms.

Among the verbal categories with which the category of tense is interconnected, special place occupies the category of aspect, which determines the possibility of forming all or not all tense forms: imperfective verbs form forms of all three tenses, perfective verbs form only past and future tense forms.

Forms of time can be used not only literally, but also figuratively. In the first case, the categorical meaning of the tense form of the verb coincides with the real time of the process: A military band performs in a city park(form and meaning of the present tense). When used figuratively, there is no such coincidence: I'm going to a show tomorrow(present tense form - future tense meaning).

The present tense has the meaning of the coincidence of the process with the moment of speech in opposition to this moment to the past and future.

Present tense forms are formed from the present tense stem of imperfective verbs by adding endings that represent a combined indicator of person, number and tense. The endings of verbs, depending on whether the verb belongs to the I or II conjugation, are given in Table. 34.

Verb endings of I and II conjugations

Face	Singular		Plural
Face	I conjugation	II conjugation	I conjugation	II conjugation
	U(s) ( writing)	U(s) ( gon-yu)	-eat (write-eat)	-them (gon-im)
	-eat (write and eat)	-hey (gon' go)	-yeah (write)	-ite (gon-ite)
	-et (writes)	-it (gon-it)	-ut (ut) (pish-ut)	-am (-yat) (gon-yat)

When using forms of the present tense with a primary meaning, a distinction is made between the actual present tense (or the present actual) and the improperly present tense (or the present non-actual). The forms of the present itself mean that we are talking about a process that coincides with the moment of speech: Students write an essay; It's raining outside the window. The forms of the improper present have the following meanings: the constant present and the abstract present. The forms of the present constant denote a process the implementation of which has no time restrictions: The city is surrounded by swamps; Rivers flow into seas and oceans. Forms of the present abstract are used to denote a repeating, typical process, the manifestation of which is not associated with a specific time plan: Physically unhardened people often catch colds; Usually in the summer I go out of town.

There are other, less common varieties of the improper present - the present commenting: Pobedonosikov takes off his cap, drops suitcase(V. Mayakovsky, stage directions), which is most often found in stage directions works of art, in the presentation of the contents of the documents; and the present pictorial: And then... the triumph of beauty begins to seem, youth, flourishing of strength and passionate thirst for life; the soul gives a beautiful response, harsh homeland, and I want to fly over the steppe with night bird (A. Chekhov) - usually used when describing imaginary events, and real time the occurrence of these events depends on the situation or context.

Past tense What matters is the precedence of the process to the moment of speech in opposition to this moment to the present and the future.

Past tense forms are formed from the past tense stem using a suffix -l or zero suffix. Suffix -l regularly used in the formation of past tense forms zh.r. and w.r. singular, as well as plural forms, and to the suffix -l ending added -A in zh.r. and -o in s.r. units, ending -And and plural forms: sister arrived, the sun was shining, the children were playing. In past tense forms m.r. suffix - l appears regularly only if the formative stem of the past tense ends in a vowel ( watched, drew, said, pushed). If this stem ends in a consonant, then the form m.r. has a null suffix: rowing, wet, chilled, frozen, ter. Indicator of gender and number in the forms of m.r. units also represented by a null ending.

Past tense forms denote a process that precedes the grammatical reference point, however, depending on the type of verb, additional characteristics are layered on this meaning of precedence. Forms formed by perfective verbs have a perfect meaning, i.e. denote a process as completed in the past, but retaining the result in the present ( Children in a strong wind chilled ), or do not contain such an indication ( I thanked him and came out ). Past tense forms of perfective verbs can also denote long-term, but limited in duration processes ( We sang , let's play And calmed down ).

Unlike perfective verbs, the past tense forms of imperfective verbs denote a process in its flow, indicate its duration or repetition: The sea is still it was noisy And beat about the shore; one longboat rocked on the waves, and he's sleepy flickered light(A. Chekhov). Only a few imperfective verbs, denoting the processes of perception and cognition, can be used in the past tense with a perfect meaning: This book I read. Among other meanings of past tense forms, it is worth noting the expression of the normality of a process in a more or less distant past. For this, as a rule, multiple verbs with suffixes are used -yva-, -va- or combination with form it happened: Wandered around and we are through these forests; It happened , all night long spent for a book.

The future tense has the meaning of following the process after the moment of speech in contrast to this moment to the past and present.

There are forms of the simple future (synthetic) and the complex future (analytical). The forms of the future simple are formed from the stem of the present tense of perfective verbs using the same person and number endings as in the formation of the present tense forms: I'll tell you, tell me, will tell, we'll tell you, tell me, tell-ut; gift, you'll give it as a gift, gift-it, give them a gift, give, donate. Future complex forms are formed analytically from imperfective verbs and are a combination of the future tense form of the auxiliary verb to be with the infinitive: I'll collect, will you collect, will collect, we'll collect, will you collect, will be collected.

The meaning of future tense forms reveals close connection with the form of a verb. Expressing the same meaning of the process following the grammatical starting point, the future tense forms of verbs different types specify and clarify this meaning. The future tense forms of perfective verbs denote processes as completed, productive: The heavy shackles will fall. / The dungeons will collapse — and freedom / You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance(A. Pushkin).

The future tense forms of imperfective verbs are usually used to denote long-term or repeated processes, without representing them as completed or productive: Alone he will wander the August tundra, stumble on bumps, bypass rusty and flat tundra lakes.

Forms of time can be used in a figurative meaning, which makes it possible to figuratively and expressively present the implementation of a process in time and clarify its modal characteristics. In building figurative meanings The situation or context plays a big role, as well as the combination of different temporary forms in the context.

The meaning of the present tense can be expressed by future and past tense forms. The future tense forms of perfective verbs have especially wide possibilities for conveying meanings of the present non-actual. They can be used to indicate regularly repeated or typical processes: Happens , will get up And will speak hot about something. These forms are sometimes used to denote processes that coincide with the moment of speech: I'll ask don't contradict. With the meaning of the present tense in colloquial speech, the future tense form of the verb is often used be: Who are you? you will? (A. N. Tolstoy); You don't have any matches will? Future form of the verb be in some constructions it may have the meaning of uncertainty: "Before I'm about five miles away will" , — he added(I. Turgenev); He is about forty years old will.

A special case is the use of the future tense form of perfective verbs, when it, in combination with negation, expresses the impossibility of carrying out a process at the moment of speech: But I really don't myself I'll understand , why did I weaken so quickly(M. Bulgakov); Sorry, but I am not I'll remember your name.

Past tense forms can also express present tense meaning. This use is typical of perfective forms of verbs, since the effectiveness contained in their categorical meaning already presupposes a connection with the present tense. The condition for presenting a previously carried out process as usual and in the present is a combination of forms of past and present tense: Happens , sat down for a book for an hour or two, A having a blast from her it’s already late in the evening. However, it should be borne in mind that depending on the situation, intonation or context, the past tense form can mean a process related to both the present and the future tense. For example, the statement Scared I'm threatening him! can mean "I am not afraid of his threats" or "I will not be afraid of his threats." Past tense forms with a future tense meaning are used to express confidence in the inevitability of the process they indicate:

One more wrong step and we died. The past tense forms of the verbs begin can be used with the meaning of the future tense, to finish, go, go, fly, take, take on, etc.: Well, I went home, and you stay here.

With the meaning of the future tense, forms of not only the past, but also the present tense can be used to express complete confidence in the implementation of the process. The time plan for the implementation of the process named by the verb is often indicated by lexical clarifiers: In summer I I'm going to the village; Tomorrow in the morning he is reading report.

The meaning of the past tense can be expressed by the forms of present and future tense. The use of present tense forms to denote a process that has already taken place (the so-called historical present) gives the narration greater imagery and liveliness, bringing certain events closer to the moment of speech: In 1858 F. I. Buslaev creates the first historical grammar of the Russian language.

Combined with a particle How forms of the future simple indicate the suddenness and intensity of the process being carried out in the past: Suddenly someone it will knock from the yard by the window (A. Chekhov).

Future tense forms can also be used to refer to processes that have occurred repeatedly in the past. The condition for such use of future tense forms is their combination with past tense forms, usually with the word it happened: It happened , Not you'll fall asleep , if in the room will burst in fly or will scrape mouse in the corner(I. Goncharov).

In proverbs, sayings, and aphoristic statements, a process indicated by the form of the future tense can be presented as possible in any of the three time plans. With this use, the typicality, commonality or inevitability of the process is emphasized: How goes around comes around , so and will respond; I'm not burning with tears will you help.