Providing first aid for bone fractures. Presentation on the topic “Fractures Providing first aid for fractures presentation

Slide 4

Due to the occurrence

• Traumatic - caused by external influence.
• Pathological - occurring with minimal external influence due to destruction of the bone by some means pathological process(for example, tuberculosis, tumor or others).

Slide 5

According to the severity of the lesion

• Full.
• Without displacement (for example, under the periosteum).
• With displacement of fragments.
• Incomplete - cracks and breaks.

Slide 6

According to the shape and direction of the fracture

• Transverse - the fracture line is conditionally perpendicular to the axis tubular bone.
• Longitudinal - the fracture line is conditionally parallel to the axis of the tubular bone.
• Oblique - the fracture line runs at an acute angle to the axis of the tubular bone.
• Helical - rotation of bone fragments occurs, bone fragments are “rotated” relative to their normal position.
• Comminuted - there is no single fracture line, the bone at the site of injury is crushed into separate fragments.
• Wedge-shaped - usually occurs with fractures of the spine, when one bone is pressed into another, forming a wedge-shaped deformity.
• Impacted - bone fragments are displaced proximally along the axis of the tubular bone or are located outside the main plane of the cancellous bone.
• Compression - bone fragments are small, there is no clear, single fracture line.

Slide 7

According to the integrity of the skin

• Closed - without communication with the external environment.
• Open - communicating with the external environment.

Slide 8

By complications

• Complicated:
• traumatic shock.
• damage internal organs.
• bleeding.
• fat embolism.
• wound infection, osteomyelitis, sepsis.
• Uncomplicated.

Slide 9

There are typical fracture sites

As a rule, they are located in those places where the bone experiences the greatest load, or where its strength is lower. The most common fractures include:

Slide 10

1.Fracture radius in a typical place. In 70% of cases, the mechanism of injury is an extension fracture.
2.Fracture surgical cervix shoulder
3. A comminuted fracture of the tibia in the middle third - the so-called “bumper fracture” - is a widespread type of injury, usually occurring in road traffic injuries.
4.Fracture of the medial and lateral malleolus.
5. Fracture of the femoral neck. Difficult to heal, but quite common fracture, currently widespread in older people, most effective way treatment - installation of an artificial hip joint.
6. Various fractures of the skull bones.

Slide 11

Usually, when a bone tissue is fractured, bleeding occurs, which is difficult to stop due to the fact that the vessels are fixed in the mineral part of the bone and cannot collapse. The amount of bleeding depends on the type of fracture and its location, for example, with fractures of the leg bones, the victim loses 500-700 ml of blood. As a result of this hemorrhage, a hematoma is formed, which subsequently surrounds the bone fragments.

Slide 12

At the site of bleeding, edema occurs and fibrin threads fall out, which subsequently serve as the basis for the formation of the protein matrix of bone tissue. Stopping bleeding from bone tissue is not an easy task and, in case of complex comminuted open fractures, is possible only in an equipped operating room.

Slide 13

• Relative characteristics fracture
• Pain intensifies at the fracture site when simulating an axial load. For example, tapping the heel will sharply intensify the pain of a broken tibia.
• Swelling - occurs in the area of ​​damage, usually not immediately. Contains relatively little diagnostic information.
• Hematoma - appears in the area of ​​the fracture (usually not immediately). A pulsating hematoma indicates ongoing heavy bleeding.
• Impaired function of the damaged limb - implies the inability to put a load on the damaged part of the body and a significant limitation of mobility.

Slide 14

Absolute signs of a fracture

• Unnatural position of the limb.
• Pathological mobility (in case of incomplete fractures is not always determined) - the limb is mobile in a place where there is no joint.
• Crepitus (a kind of crunching sound) - felt under the hand at the fracture site, sometimes heard in the ear. It is clearly audible when pressing with a phonendoscope on the site of damage.
• Bone fragments - with open fracture they may be visible in the wound.

Slide 15

First aid

• Man giving first first aid Maybe:
• Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and the location of the damage.
• If there is bleeding, stop it.
• Determine whether the victim can be moved before qualified personnel arrive medical personnel. It is not recommended to carry or move a patient with spinal injuries or multiple fractures.
• In case of isolated injury, immobilize the damaged area and apply a splint. A splint can be any object that will prevent movement in the damaged limb (grabbing the joints above and below the fracture site).
• If there are no contraindications to movement, the victim is transported to medical institution.
• If access for medical personnel is difficult or impossible and there are contraindications to moving the victim, ensure, as far as possible, complete immobilization of the damaged areas, after which a stretcher with a solid base is used, to which the victim is securely fixed.

Slide 16

First aid

First medical assistance can be provided either on site or in an emergency room or hospital. At this moment, it is important to assess the severity of the victim’s condition, prevent or alleviate complications of injury, and determine the scope of further treatment.

Slide 17

Immobilization rules

• When carrying out transport (temporary) immobilization of the limbs, the person performing it must comply with the following rules:
• Fix the limb in the position in which it is after the injury, but do not try to set the bone in place.
• Fix at least 2 joints (above and below the fracture). In case of injury to the hip and shoulder, fix 3 joints.
• If a splint is applied and there are wounds, first treat the wounds and stop the bleeding.

Slide 18

In the event of a fracture, timely treatment is very important. medical care. Timely medical assistance can save the victim’s life and prevent the development of serious complications. Often, it is not the fractures themselves that are dangerous, but the accompanying ones pathological conditions, such as traumatic shock and bleeding.

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First aid for bone fractures:

Signs of a broken limb include:

sharp pain when feeling the fracture site, when trying to move or lean on the injured arm or leg;

swelling or hemorrhage at the site of the suspected fracture;

wrong unusual shape limbs (it is shortened or bent in a place where there is no joint);

mobility, bone crunching at the fracture site.

A bone fracture with a violation of the integrity of the skin is called open, without damage to the skin - closed. An open fracture is dangerous due to the penetration of microbes into the depths of the wound.

It is necessary to provide assistance to a wounded person with broken bones, as well as carry or drag him out carefully, since sharp bone fragments can damage blood vessels and call heavy bleeding or pierce the skin, turning a closed fracture into an open (more severe) one. In addition, sharp pain during careless transfer (evacuation) can cause shock in the wounded.

To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to administer an anesthetic to the wounded person from a syringe tube, and then to immobilize (immobilize) the bone fragments, apply a splint to the injured limb.

At closed fracture The splint is placed over clothing. In case of an open fracture, first apply a sterile bandage to the wound (to do this, cut or carefully remove clothing at the fracture site), and then a splint.

Methods of immobilization of the upper limb for fractures

Immobilization of the damaged lower limb by bandaging it to the healthy leg

Splinting the thigh

Slide No. 13 procedure for providing first aid for burns.

It's called a burn - damage to body tissue caused by exposure to high

temperature ( thermal burn) or action chemical substances(chemical burn).

The severity of the burn is determined the depth and size of the damaged surface of the body: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the wider the burned surface, the more severe the burn.

First aid for burns: it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off his burning clothes or wrap him in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material; extinguish fire with water, snow; Apply a bandage to the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after first removing the burned clothing from the victim; if clothing has stuck to the burned area of ​​the body, it cannot be torn off; in this case, the bandage is applied over the stuck clothing; Do not open blisters formed on the burned area; in case of significant burns of the limbs and torso, it is necessary to create good immobilization of the burned areas; the burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic from an individual first aid kit (AI); If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly and provided drinking plenty of fluids and send to the nearest medical center.

Slide No. 14 the procedure for applying primary dressings and pain relief in the field

conditions

Purpose of the primary dressing- stopping bleeding and protecting the wound from secondary infection, so a bandage after a wound should be applied as quickly as possible.

To do this, first of all, you need:

- remove clothes or shoes from the victim, following the following sequence:

- begin to remove the victim’s clothes from the healthy side;

- if clothing has stuck to the wound, then the fabric of the clothing should not be torn off, but should be cut around the wound;

- in case of injury to the lower leg or foot, the shoes should be cut along the heel seam and then removed, first freeing the heel;

- When removing clothing or shoes from an injured arm or leg, the person helping should gently hold the limb.

In cases where it is impossible to painlessly remove clothing to examine and dress the wound, it is cut with a knife or scissors, preferably along the seam if it runs close to the wound site; in other cases, two horizontal incisions are made - above and below the wound and one vertical, connecting horizontal cuts from any one side. Having folded the valve to the side, apply a bandage to the wound and cover it with several passes of the bandage.

Slide No. 15 the procedure for applying primary dressings and pain relief in the field

and cover with a valve. The flap is secured to clothing with pins. Several layers of bandage can be applied over the valve.

If the primary dressing must be applied in an area contaminated with radioactive or toxic substances, extreme care must be taken in removing or cutting the clothing to prevent these substances from entering the wound.

When applying a bandage, it is prohibited to: touch the wound with your hand; remove fragments, bullets, pieces of clothing, etc. from the wound; wash the wound with water or other liquids.

Having opened access to the wound, before applying a bandage, you should shake off the dust from your hands, keeping them away from the wound, and wipe them with a gauze swab moistened with a 2% chloramine solution, or a swab issued specifically for this purpose. In winter, you need to wipe your hands with snow. Tampons should be prepared in advance and placed in a plastic bag.

To provide first aid for wounds, burns, closed damage the following are commonly used dressings: individual dressing packages, small and large sterile medical bandages, contour bandages, medical scarves, gauze bandages 5-7 cm, 10 cm, 14 cm and 16 cm wide.

When applying a bandage with an individual dressing package , which is issued to each military personnel, the bandage is applied as follows:

- tear the foil shell along the cut and remove it;

- take the end of the bandage with your left hand and, stretching the bandage, unroll it until the head of the bandage is released (approximately one turn);

- take the head of the bandage with your right hand and, stretching the bandage, unroll the bandage;

- the pads are placed on the wound or on the burned surface with the side that was not touched by hands;

- in case of a through wound, the pads are moved apart to the required distance and they cover the entrance and exit wound holes,

- The pads are bandaged, the ends of the bandage are fixed with a Velcro fastener.

If necessary, a pin can be used to secure clothing cut over the wound. An elastic tubular bandage may be provided to secure the bandages. medical type"Retilast." It is a stretchable mesh material, produced in the form of stockings of various sizes (No. 2 - for the foot, No. 4 - for knee joint, No. 6 - for shoulder and elbow joints, No. 7 - for the head). When applying a bandage, it is stretched by hand and put on over the dressing applied to the wound.

The main types of bandages using the bandaging technique are: Circular (circular) bandage.

Spiral bandage. Creeping bandage.

Cross-shaped (eight-shaped) bandage. Turtle bandage.

Spica bandage. Returning bandage.

Slide No. 16: procedure for applying a PPI bandage.

In order for the bandage to fulfill its purpose, to be durable, comfortable, not to slip during movement, and to slightly limit movement in the joints, you need to know seven basic options for bandaging techniques.

The main types of bandages using the bandaging technique are:

Circular (circular) bandage.

Spiral bandage.

Creeping bandage.

Cross-shaped (eight-shaped) bandage.

Turtle headband.

Spica bandage.

Returning bandage.

The essence of first aid is to stop

further exposure to traumatic factors, carrying out simple measures and ensuring prompt transportation of the victim to medical units. Its task is to prevent dangerous consequences trauma, bleeding, infection and shock.

When providing first aid you must:

remove the victim from the scene of injury,

treat damaged areas of the body and stop bleeding,

immobilize fractures and prevent traumatic shock,

ensure that the victim is transported to a medical unit, or the signal “Removal required” or “Call a medical instructor” is given.

The signal “Removal required” is given after first aid has been provided to the wounded and his location has been indicated using improvised means, clearly visible when approaching from the rear and hidden from the enemy (for example, a piece of bandage on the nearest object - a tree, bush, stick, stump). If there are more than three seriously wounded in the unit, first aid for whom will require a lot of time, the signal “Call a medical instructor” is given.

Radio, wire, mobile and signaling means connections..

Types of medical care provided to the wounded and sick.

Goals and scope of first aid

In battle, the commander organizes the provision of first aid, as well as the collection, removal (removal) and evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield (focuses of mass sanitary losses), using all available means for these purposes. The organization of first aid to the wounded and sick in the unit is carried out on the basis of the order of the senior commander (chief) to organize medical support for the unit. First aid is a set of simple, expedient measures to protect the health and life of a person who has suffered an injury or suddenly fallen ill. Proper first aid reduces time special treatment, promotes faster healing wounds and is often the decisive moment in saving the life of the victim. First aid must be provided immediately at the scene of the accident quickly and skillfully.

Every soldier must be able to provide first aid.

Donetsk State Institute health physical education and sportsDonetsk
Donetsk State
State Institute
health institute
physical health
physical
education
education and
and sports
sports
Presentation
on
topic:
First
help with
fractures.
AFK student group
Second year
Mommy Vitalina

First aid for a fracture

When applying a splint, the following rules must be observed:

For a broken arm:

For a fracture of the shoulder, collarbone, scapula

When a finger is broken

With a broken leg

With a rib fracture

With a fracture of the pelvic bones

A bone fracture is a complete or partial disruption of the integrity of the bone under a load exceeding the strength of the injured skeletal area. Fractures can occur either as a result of trauma or as a result of various diseases accompanied by changes in the strength characteristics of bone tissue. bones skeletal stress injury

Due to the occurrence Traumatic caused by external influences. Pathological ones that occur with minimal external influence due to bone destruction by some pathological process (for example, tuberculosis, tumor or other). pathological tuberculosis tumor

According to the shape and direction of the fracture, the transverse fracture line is conditionally perpendicular to the axis of the tubular bone. perpendicular to the longitudinal fracture line is conditionally parallel to the axis of the tubular bone. An oblique fracture line runs at an acute angle to the axis of the tubular bone. With an acute helical angle, the bone fragments rotate; the bone fragments are “rotated” relative to their normal position. Comminuted bones do not have a single fracture line; the bone at the site of injury is crushed into separate fragments. Wedge-shaped usually occurs with spinal fractures when one bone is pressed into another, forming a wedge-shaped deformity. spine Impacted bone fragments are displaced proximally along the axis of the tubular bone or are located outside the main plane of the spongy bone. Spongy bone Compression bone fragments are small, there is no clear, single fracture line.

By complications Complicated: traumatic shock. traumatic shock damage to internal organs. damage to internal organs by bleeding. bleeding from fat embolism. fat embolism, wound infection, osteomyelitis, sepsis. wound infection osteomyelitis sepsis Uncomplicated.

1. Fracture of the radius in a typical location. In 70% of cases, according to the mechanism of injury, it is an extensor fracture of the radius 2. Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. surgical neck of the humerus 3. Comminuted fracture of the tibia in the middle third, the so-called “bumper fracture” is a widespread type of injury, usually occurring in road accidents. injuries.of the lower leg 4.Fracture of the medial and lateral malleolus.ankle 5.Fracture of the femoral neck. Difficult to treat, but quite common fracture, currently widespread in the elderly, the most effective treatment method is the installation of an artificial hip joint.hips in the elderly 6.Various fractures of the skull.skull bones

Usually, when a bone tissue is fractured, bleeding occurs, which is difficult to stop due to the fact that the vessels are fixed in the mineral part of the bone and cannot collapse. The amount of bleeding depends on the type of fracture and its location, for example, with fractures of the leg bones, the victim loses ml of blood. As a result of this hemorrhage, a hematoma is formed, which subsequently surrounds the bone fragments. Bleeding of the bones of the lower leg hematoma

At the site of bleeding, edema occurs and fibrin threads fall out, which subsequently serve as the basis for the formation of the protein matrix of bone tissue. Stopping bleeding from bone tissue is not an easy task and in case of complex comminuted open fractures it is possible only in an equipped operating room. fibrin swelling

Relative signs of a fracture Pain increases at the fracture site when simulating an axial load. For example, tapping the heel will sharply intensify the pain of a broken tibia. Pain Swelling does not occur immediately in the area of ​​injury, as a rule. Contains relatively little diagnostic information. Edema A hematoma appears in the area of ​​the fracture (usually not immediately). A pulsating hematoma indicates ongoing intense bleeding. Hematoma Impaired function of the damaged limb implies the inability to load the damaged part of the body and significant limitation of mobility.

Absolute signs fracture Unnatural position of the limb. Pathological mobility (in case of incomplete fractures is not always determined) the limb is mobile in the place where there is no joint. Crepitation (a kind of crunch) is felt under the hand at the fracture site, sometimes heard in the ear. It is clearly audible when pressing with a phonendoscope on the site of damage. Crepitation with a phonendoscope Bone fragments in an open fracture can be visible in the wound.

First aid A person providing first aid can: Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and the location of the injuries. If there is bleeding, stop it. Stop it. Determine whether the victim can be moved until qualified medical personnel arrive. It is not recommended to carry or move a patient with spinal injuries or multiple fractures. qualified medical personnel for spinal injuries In case of isolated injury, immobilize the damaged area and apply a splint. Any object that will prevent movement in the damaged limb (grabbing the joints above and below the fracture site) can serve as a splint. Immobilize the joints If there are no contraindications to movement, the victim is transported to a medical facility. If access for medical personnel is difficult or impossible and there are contraindications to moving the victim, ensure, as far as possible, complete immobilization of the damaged areas, after which a stretcher with a solid base is used, to which the victim is securely fixed.

First medical aid First medical aid can be provided both on site and in an emergency room or hospital. At this point, it is important to assess the severity of the victim’s condition, prevent or alleviate complications of injury, and determine the scope of further treatment.

Rules of immobilization When carrying out transport (temporary) immobilization of limbs, the person performing it must follow the following rules: immobilization of limbs Fix the limb in the position in which it is after the injury, but do not try to set the bone in place. Fix at least 2 joints (above and below the fracture). In case of injury to the hip and shoulder, fix 3 joints. In case of injury to the hip and shoulder. When applying a splint and there are wounds, first treat the wounds and stop the bleeding. Treat the wounds

In the event of a fracture, timely medical care is very important. Timely medical assistance can save the victim’s life and prevent the development of serious complications. Often, it is not the fractures themselves that are dangerous, but the pathological conditions that accompany them, such as traumatic shock and bleeding. traumatic shock, bleeding