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In accordance with the rules for recognizing a person as a disabled person, approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 20, 2006, recognition of a citizen as a disabled person is carried out when medical and social examination based on a comprehensive assessment of the state of a citizen’s body based on an analysis of his clinical, functional, social, professional, labor and psychological data using classifications and criteria approved by the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation.
Conditions for recognizing a citizen as disabled are:
Impaired health with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects;
- limitation of life activity (complete or partial loss by a citizen of the ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, study or engage in labor activities);
- the need for social protection measures, including rehabilitation.
Availability of one of specified conditions is not a sufficient basis for recognizing a citizen as disabled.
Depending on the degree of disability caused by a persistent disorder of body functions resulting from diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, a citizen recognized as disabled is assigned disability group I, II or III, and a citizen under the age of 18 is assigned the category “disabled child.”
Disability of group I is established for 2 years, groups II and III - for 1 year.
If a citizen is recognized as disabled, the cause of disability is indicated as a general illness, work injury, Occupational Illness, disability since childhood, disability due to injury (concussion, mutilation) associated with combat operations during the Great Patriotic War, military injury, illness received during military service, disability associated with the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the consequences of radiation exposure and direct participation in the activities of special risk units, as well as other reasons established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Re-examination of disabled people of group I is carried out once every 2 years, disabled people of groups II and III - once a year, and disabled children - once during the period for which the child is assigned the category "disabled child".
Citizens are assigned a disability group without specifying a period for re-examination, and citizens under 18 years of age are assigned the category “disabled child” until the citizen reaches the age of 18:
No later than 2 years after the initial recognition as disabled (establishment of the category “disabled child”) of a citizen who has diseases, defects, irreversible morphological changes, dysfunctions of organs and body systems according to the list according to the appendix;
- no later than 4 years after the initial recognition of a citizen as disabled (establishment of the category “disabled child”), if it is revealed that it is impossible to eliminate or reduce during implementation rehabilitation activities the degree of limitation of a citizen’s life activity caused by persistent irreversible morphological changes, defects and dysfunctions of organs and systems of the body.
The list of diseases, defects, irreversible morphological changes, dysfunctions of organs and systems of the body for which the disability group (category “disabled child” until the citizen reaches the age of 18) is established without specifying the period for re-examination:
1. Malignant neoplasms(with metastases and relapses after radical treatment; metastases without an identified primary focus when treatment is ineffective; severe general condition after palliative treatment, incurability (incurability) of the disease with severe symptoms of intoxication, cachexia and tumor disintegration).
2. Malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues with severe symptoms of intoxication and severe general condition.
3. Inoperable benign neoplasms brain and spinal cord with persistent severe impairments of motor, speech, visual functions and severe liquorodynamic disorders.
4. Absence of the larynx after it surgical removal.
5. Congenital and acquired dementia (severe dementia, mental retardation severe, profound mental retardation).
6. Diseases nervous system with a chronic progressive course, with persistent severe impairments of motor, speech, and visual functions.
7. Hereditary progressive neuromuscular diseases, progressive neuromuscular diseases with impairment bulbar functions(swallowing functions), muscle atrophy, impaired motor functions and (or) impaired bulbar functions.
8. Severe forms neurodegenerative diseases of the brain (parkinsonism plus).
9. Complete blindness in both eyes if treatment is ineffective; a decrease in visual acuity in both eyes and in the better-seeing eye up to 0.03 with correction or a concentric narrowing of the field of vision in both eyes up to 10 degrees as a result of persistent and irreversible changes.
10. Complete deaf-blindness.
11. Congenital deafness with the impossibility of hearing endoprosthetics (cochlear implantation).
12. Diseases characterized by increased blood pressure with severe complications from the central nervous system (with persistent severe impairment of motor, speech, visual functions), heart muscles (accompanied by circulatory failure IIB III degree and coronary insufficiency III IV functional class), kidneys (chronic renal failure IIB Stage III).
13. Ischemic disease hearts with coronary insufficiency of III IV functional class of angina and persistent circulatory disorder IIB III degree.
14. Respiratory diseases with a progressive course, accompanied by persistent respiratory failure II III degree, in combination with circulatory failure IIB III degree.
15. Liver cirrhosis with hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension of III degree.
16. Unremovable fecal fistulas, stomas.
17. Severe contracture or ankylosis of large joints of the upper and lower extremities in a functionally disadvantageous position (if endoprosthesis replacement is impossible).
18. Terminal stage chronic renal failure.
19. Unremovable urinary fistulas, stomas.
20. Congenital anomalies of bone development muscular system with severe persistent impairment of the function of support and movement when correction is impossible.
21. Consequences traumatic injury brain (spinal) cord with persistent severe impairments of motor, speech, visual functions and severe disorder functions of the pelvic organs.
22. Defects upper limb: amputation area shoulder joint, disarticulation of the shoulder, shoulder stump, forearm, absence of the hand, absence of all phalanges of four fingers of the hand, excluding the first, absence of three fingers of the hand, including the first.
23. Defects and deformations lower limb: amputation of the hip joint, disarticulation of the hip, femoral stump, lower leg, absence of the foot.
Medical and social examination a citizen is carried out at the bureau at the place of residence (at the place of stay, at the location of the pension file of a disabled person who has left for permanent residence outside the Russian Federation).
In the main bureau, a medical and social examination of a citizen is carried out in case he appeals the bureau’s decision, as well as in the direction of the bureau in cases requiring special types examinations.
In the Federal Bureau, a medical and social examination of a citizen is carried out in the event of an appeal against the decision of the main bureau, as well as in the direction of the main bureau in cases requiring particularly complex special types of examination.
A medical and social examination can be carried out at home if a citizen cannot come to the bureau (main bureau, Federal Bureau) for health reasons, as confirmed by the conclusion of an organization providing medical and preventive care, or in a hospital where the citizen is being treated, or in absentia by decision of the relevant bureau.
The decision to recognize a citizen as disabled or to refuse to recognize him as disabled is made by a simple majority vote of the specialists who conducted the medical and social examination, based on a discussion of the results of his medical and social examination.
A citizen (his legal representative) can appeal the decision of the bureau to the main bureau within a month on the basis of a written application submitted to the bureau that conducted the medical and social examination, or to the main bureau.
The bureau that conducted the medical and social examination of the citizen sends it with all available documents to the main bureau within 3 days from the date of receipt of the application.
The Main Bureau, no later than 1 month from the date of receipt of the citizen’s application, conducts a medical and social examination and, based on the results obtained, makes an appropriate decision.
If a citizen appeals the decision of the main bureau, the chief expert in medical and social examination for the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation, with the consent of the citizen, may entrust the conduct of his medical and social examination to another group of specialists from the main bureau.
The decision of the main bureau can be appealed within a month to the Federal Bureau on the basis of an application submitted by a citizen (his legal representative) to the main bureau that conducted the medical and social examination, or to the Federal Bureau.
The Federal Bureau, no later than 1 month from the date of receipt of the citizen’s application, conducts a medical and social examination and, based on the results obtained, makes an appropriate decision.
Decisions of the bureau, main bureau, Federal Bureau may be appealed to the court by a citizen (his legal representative) in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Classifications and criteria, used in the implementation of medical and social examination of citizens by federal government agencies medical and social examination, approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of December 23, 2009.
The classifications used in the implementation of medical and social examination of citizens determine the main types of dysfunctions of the human body, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, and the degree of their severity, as well as the main categories of human life and the severity of the limitations of these categories.
The criteria used when carrying out medical and social examination of citizens determine the conditions for establishing disability groups (the category “disabled child”).
TO main types of dysfunctions of the human body relate:
Violations mental functions(perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotions, will, consciousness, behavior, psychomotor functions);
- violations of language and speech functions (violations of oral and written, verbal and non-verbal speech, disorders of voice formation, etc.);
- disturbances of sensory functions (vision, hearing, smell, touch, tactile, pain, temperature and other types of sensitivity);
- violations of static-dynamic functions (motor functions of the head, torso, limbs, statics, coordination of movements);
- dysfunctions of blood circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, hematopoiesis, metabolism and energy, internal secretion, immunity;
- disorders caused by physical deformity (deformations of the face, head, torso, limbs, leading to external deformity, abnormal openings of the digestive, urinary, respiratory tracts, violation of body size).
In a comprehensive assessment of various indicators characterizing persistent dysfunctions of the human body, four degrees of their severity are distinguished:
1st degree - minor violations,
2nd degree - moderate violations,
3rd degree - severe disturbances,
4th degree - significantly pronounced violations.
The main categories of human life include: the ability to self-service; ability to move independently; ability to orientate; ability to communicate; the ability to control one's behavior; ability to learn; ability to work.
In a comprehensive assessment of various indicators characterizing the limitations of the main categories of human life, 3 degrees of their severity are distinguished:
Self-care ability- the ability of a person to independently carry out basic physiological needs, perform daily household activities, including personal hygiene skills:
1st degree - the ability for self-service with a longer investment of time, fragmentation of its implementation, reduction of volume with the use of auxiliary aids if necessary technical means;
2nd degree - the ability to self-care with regular partial assistance from other persons using auxiliary technical means if necessary;
3rd degree - inability to self-care, need for constant outside help and complete dependence on others.
Ability to move independently- the ability to independently move in space, maintain body balance when moving, at rest and when changing body position, to use public transport:
1st degree - the ability to move independently with a longer investment of time, fragmentation of execution and reduction of distance using, if necessary, auxiliary technical means;
2nd degree - the ability to move independently with regular partial assistance from other persons, using auxiliary technical means if necessary;
3rd degree - inability to move independently and need constant assistance from others.
Orientation ability- the ability to adequately perceive the environment, assess the situation, the ability to determine the time and location:
1st degree - the ability to navigate only in a familiar situation independently and (or) with the help of auxiliary technical means;
2nd degree - the ability to navigate with regular partial assistance from other persons using, if necessary, auxiliary technical means;
3rd degree - inability to navigate (disorientation) and the need for constant assistance and (or) supervision of other persons.
Ability to communicate- the ability to establish contacts between people by perceiving, processing and transmitting information:
1st degree - ability to communicate with a decrease in the pace and volume of receiving and transmitting information; use, if necessary, assistive technical aids; in case of isolated damage to the organ of hearing, the ability to communicate using non-verbal methods and sign language translation services;
2nd degree - the ability to communicate with regular partial assistance from other persons, using auxiliary technical means if necessary;
3rd degree - inability to communicate and need for constant help from others.
Ability to control your behavior- the ability to self-awareness and adequate behavior taking into account social, legal and moral ethical norms:
1st degree- periodically occurring limitation in the ability to control one’s behavior in difficult situations life situations and (or) constant difficulty in performing role functions affecting certain areas of life, with the possibility of partial self-correction;
2nd degree- constant reduction of criticism of one’s behavior and environment with the possibility of partial correction only with the regular help of other people;
3rd degree- inability to control one’s behavior, the impossibility of correcting it, the need for constant help (supervision) from other persons.
Learning ability- the ability to perceive, remember, assimilate and reproduce knowledge (general education, professional, etc.), mastery of skills and abilities (professional, social, cultural, everyday):
1st degree- ability to learn, as well as to obtain education at a certain level within the framework of government educational standards V educational institutions general purpose using special teaching methods, special regime training, using, if necessary, auxiliary technical means and technologies;
2nd degree- ability to learn only in special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils, children with disabilities or at home special programs using, if necessary, auxiliary technical means and technologies;
3rd degree- learning disability.
Ability to work- ability to carry out work activities in accordance with the requirements for the content, volume, quality and conditions of work:
1st degree- the ability to perform work activities in normal working conditions with a decrease in qualifications, severity, intensity and (or) a decrease in the volume of work, the inability to continue working in the main profession while maintaining the ability to perform lower-skilled work under normal working conditions;
2nd degree- the ability to perform labor activities in specially created working conditions with the use of auxiliary technical means and (or) with the help of other persons;
3rd degree- inability to engage in any work activity or impossibility (contraindication) of any work activity.
The degree of limitation of the main categories of human life activity is determined based on an assessment of their deviation from the norm corresponding to a certain period (age) of human biological development.
Debunking the myth about the existence of a "non-working" group. In fact, it is not the group that is important, but the OST
Quite a long time ago, back on August 22, 2005, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation developed, in my opinion, a very important document for every disabled person: CLASSIFICATIONS AND CRITERIA,
USED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDICAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION OF CITIZENS BY FEDERAL STATE INSTITUTIONS OF MEDICAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION
After 3 years (!) it even began to be used in the development of IPR. In its new form it is customary to indicate 7 factors and not just the OST, as before. Since in the disabled environment and not only in it there is the concept of a “non-working group” and people often even refuse a more advantageous group in order to get a “working” one, we will use the language of formal criteria in order to finally really understand something. I must warn you right away - I'm not a lawyer but just an amateur common sense. So, I ask you to evaluate these arguments of professional lawyers. So, let's get to the most heavy in groups.
"Criteria for determining first disability group is a violation of human health with a persistent, significant disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation one from the following categories of life activity or their combination And necessitating his social protection:
self-service abilities of the third degree;
ability to move third degree;
orientation abilities of the third degree;
communication abilities of the third degree;
ability to control one's behavior to the third degree.
14. The criterion for establishing the second group of disability is a person’s health impairment with a persistent severe disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of one of the following categories of life activity or a combination of them and necessitating his social protection:
self-service abilities of the second degree;
mobility ability of the second degree;
orientation abilities of the second degree;
communication abilities of the second degree;
ability to control one's behavior to the second degree;
learning abilities of the third, second degrees;
ability to work third, second degrees."
As we see, the ability to work is mentioned only when applied to second group. In this regard, I question the concept of a "non-work group". Even if a person was given the first group, this does not mean anything with in terms of opportunity to work.
If you gave the second one, defining OST = 3, then look what it is:
3rd degree - inability to work or impossibility (contraindication) of work.
This means that in the ITU protocol it might be entry " contraindication work." This is not an impossibility. A person can say: “Even though it is contraindicated, I have to harm my health, otherwise my family will die of hunger.”
And only if in the minutes of the meeting ITU Bureau“inability to work” was entered, and this entry was also included in the IPR and in the pink certificate, then a disabled person of group 2, OST = 3, really does not want to get a job and present evidence that he is disabled. In my opinion, such an entry should appear only in cases where the disabled person is a complete “vegetable” and the inability to work is “just so rushing.” In all other cases, prepared a disabled person may require a “correct” entry.
By the way, for better understanding previous material, I will give a quote from the criteria of what this concept is "degree", and along the way "ability":
For example
ability to independent movement- the ability to independently move in space, maintain body balance when moving, at rest and changing body position, to use public transport:
2nd degree - the ability to move independently with regular partial assistance from other persons, using auxiliary technical means if necessary;
3rd degree - inability to move independently and need constant assistance from others;
Ability to communication- the ability to establish contacts between people by perceiving, processing and transmitting information:
2nd degree - the ability to communicate with regular partial assistance from other persons, using auxiliary technical means if necessary;
3rd degree - inability to communicate and need for constant help from others;
And finally, the queen of all abilities and degrees, reigning unchallenged during Zurabov’s time: the ability to labor activity- ability to carry out work activities in accordance with the requirements for the content, volume, quality and conditions of work:
2nd degree - the ability to perform labor activities in specially created working conditions with the use of auxiliary technical means and (or) with the help of other persons;
3rd degree - inability to work or impossibility (contraindication) of work.
(I removed the definitions of the 1st degree throughout, since it is not important for understanding the rest.) Currently, it is the OST that determines the size of the pension. Added 04/07/09:
Since cases of a sharp decrease in OST have become more frequent, even in group 1, if a person works, the abolition of OST has become urgent and is not far off: promised by Ms. Golikova since 2010.
Integral factors of any normally functioning social system are social protection and socio-economic support of the population.
Social assistance in maintaining the physical life of people and satisfying their social needs existed already in the initial period of human development and was carried out on the basis of customs, norms, traditions, and rituals.
With the development of civilization, technological progress and culture, the disintegration of family, kinship and community ties, the state increasingly actively assumed the function of a guarantor of human social security. The formation and development of a market economy led to the separation of social protection of the population into an independent type of activity, which acquired a new meaning.
The social protection system, as practice shows, is involved in the market system and is its integral element. Through it the principle of social justice is realized. Social support for those who objectively do not have the opportunity to provide themselves with a decent standard of living is, in essence, a necessary payment for the opportunity entrepreneurial activity and earning income in a stable society.
Objective reality, conditioned by the logic of the development of market relations, brings to the fore the formation of a scientifically based system of social protection and social support population and its most vulnerable layers. The need to create this system is due to a number of factors. One of the fundamental factors operating within society and determining the content of social support for the population is “a certain system of relations of property and law.” It is private property that, according to Hegel, determines the independence of civil society from the state, makes a person a full-fledged subject and guarantees the necessary conditions for his social life.
With the change in forms of ownership, the dismantling of the system of distribution of material goods and services begins. New relationships are formed between members of society, into which they enter in the process of appropriation. Relations of appropriation in the narrow sense should be understood as the relations of people to the conditions of production and material goods.
The emergence of new forms of ownership of the means of production leads to the problem of their alienation. This problem is directly related to the category of satisfying human needs (material, social, economic, spiritual, cultural, etc.), to expressing the interests of the individual. Here we are talking primarily about wages, the level of which must be sufficient to ensure the reproduction of the labor force.
In market conditions, a person can ensure the satisfaction of his needs only by receiving income from property or in the form of wages for your work.
However, in every society there is a certain part of the population that does not have property and is not able to work due to objective reasons: illness, disability due to old age or age that does not allow a person to enter the sphere of production relations (children), consequences of environmental, economic, national, political and military conflicts, natural Disasters, obvious demographic changes, etc. These populations will not survive without protection and social assistance state, when capital increasingly becomes the main factor of production and distribution.
“The state is objectively interested in supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population for several reasons:
- 1) a state that has declared itself civilized is guided by the idea of humanism and is obliged, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to “provide the population with a decent standard of living”;
- 2) every state is interested in the expanded reproduction of qualified labor;
- 3) socio-economic support for the poor neutralizes the economic situation various groups and layers of the population, thereby reducing social tension in society" Karelova G.N., Katulsky E.D., Gorkin A.P. and others. Social encyclopedia. - M: Bolii. Ross. Enz-ya, 2000. - P. 148..
That is why market relations inevitably give rise to their opposite - a specialized institution for social protection of the population. The social protection system primarily involves the protection of constitutional human rights.
The development of a civilized market can only be carried out normally together with the expansion and deepening of social protection.
“In a broad sense, social protection is the policy of the state to ensure constitutional rights and minimum guarantees to a person, regardless of his place of residence, nationality, gender, age, otherwise all constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual need social protection - from the right to property and freedom of enterprise to personal integrity and environmental safety" Dictionary-reference book on social work / Ed. E.I. Single. - M.: Lawyer, 2004. - P. 212..
A narrower concept of social protection is that “this is the appropriate state policy to ensure rights and guarantees in the field of living standards, satisfaction of human needs: the right to minimally sufficient means of subsistence, to work and rest, protection from unemployment, protection of health and housing, on social Security for old age, illness and in case of loss of a breadwinner, for raising children, etc.” Dictionary-reference book for social work / Ed. E.I. Single. - M.: Lawyer, 2004. - P. 145.
The main purpose of social protection is to provide necessary help to a specific person in a difficult life situation.
Life requires new economic approaches in order to strengthen the social security of citizens. It is necessary to create legal and economic conditions for:
- - ensuring a decent standard of living through your work;
- - use of new incentives to work and economic activity: entrepreneurship, self-employment, ownership of property, land, etc.;
- - creation of civilized mechanisms for income distribution (joint stock and other forms of population participation in the distribution of profits, social partnership, non-state social insurance, etc.);
- - formation economic system self-defense and equalization of starting opportunities for this on the basis of civil legislation.
The state participates in the mechanism of free enterprise through its economic policies. The economic policy of the state is part of its general policy, a set of principles, decisions and actions aimed at ensuring the optimal functioning of the market mechanism with the greatest economic efficiency.
At the same time, the state is called upon to influence the competitive market system using economic methods. At the same time, economic regulators themselves should be used very carefully, without replacing or weakening market incentives.
The social orientation of the economy is expressed, first of all, in the subordination of production to the consumer, satisfying the social needs of the population and stimulating these needs. At the same time, it presupposes the necessary redistribution of income between wealthier and less wealthy segments of the population, accumulation in budgets different levels and various funds for the provision of social services to the population and the provision of social guarantees.
Influence economic factors on social well-being, meeting the needs of members of society in the context of the transition to market relations increases enormously. The degree of satisfaction of human needs and various segments of society, as is known, is the main criterion economic efficiency social work.
Social needs are influenced by the volume and structure of production, the size and age and sex composition of the population; his social structure and cultural level; climatic, geographical and national-historical living conditions; changes in human physiological characteristics.
The effective demand of the population depends on the size of the distribution of national income, the monetary income of the population and their distribution between social groups, prices for goods and services, commodity funds, and the size of public consumption funds.
Analysis of changes in these factors reveals the reasons for the increase in social tension: a fall in production in general and consumer goods especially; unfavorable demographic situation and aging society as a consequence; structural changes in the economy and military cuts leading to a widening base of unemployment; inflation and depreciation of savings of the population; rising energy costs, causing cost increases utilities, transport, etc.
It is important to note that capitalism has learned to combine the market and social protection through the development and implementation of economic policies, going through several stages of this interaction.
The period of classical liberalism is characterized by the dominance of free competition. The main goal of production during this period was to obtain maximum profit, and the individual was viewed as “ economic man" The state pursued a policy of non-interference in the economy.
It was a period of heyday of entrepreneurship and rejection political reforms, the heyday of the bourgeois-parliamentary system and bourgeois “freedoms” in the economic sphere. Charity (and this was the basis of social work) was carried out mainly by pious people, guided by the ideas of altruism and philanthropy.
“The idea of economic liberalism as a consistent and comprehensive political-economic concept was developed by A. Smith. He actively supported the put forward slogan “Laisser faire” - “don’t interfere with action”: full scope for private initiative, liberation of economic activity from the tutelage of the state, ensuring conditions for free enterprise and trade. “Equality of opportunity” for agents of commodity-capitalist production was proclaimed” Karelova G.N., Katulsky E.D., Gorkin A.P. and others. Social encyclopedia. - M: Bolii. Ross. Enz-ya, 2000. - P. 320..
The consumer has sovereign power; the demand that he places on the market, like a ballot dropped into a ballot box, forces the entrepreneur to take into account his desires.
The function of the state was limited to protecting the private property of citizens and establishing a general framework for free competition between individual producers.
In the 20th century, with the entry of capitalism into the monopolistic stage, the concept of “neoliberalism” arose: the mechanism of one market creates the most favorable preconditions for effective economic activity, regulation of economic and social processes, rational distribution of economic resources and satisfaction of consumer demands.
Like A. Smith, the “neoliberalists” believed that free economic policy should be governed by moral standards of personal and public responsibility in traditional religious concepts of charity. But assistance must be rational, with clearly defined goals and expected results.
By the 30s of the XX century. It became clear that it was necessary to introduce some restrictions on personal freedoms and abandon the policy of free competition.
After the crisis of the 30s, the so-called “Keynesian” period began, when society recognized the need for government intervention in the market economy, the need for social protection of the poor: the state has the right and must intervene in the redistribution of income towards the social protection of the poor.
The influence of J.M. Keynes on public opinion turned out to be the strongest. His main work " General theory employment; percent of money" (1936) showed that to meet the modern needs of society, government measures are necessary: a satisfactory level of prices and employment must be established through government regulation and public policy.
Thus, the period of Keynesianism is characterized by the fact that the state takes responsibility for providing social assistance, although it is of a bureaucratic nature.
The post-Keynesian stage came after the Second World War and was characterized by the concept of a “social market economy”. One of its authors, L. Erhard, put forward a model of social protection of the population based on a strong social policy.
Unlike Keynesianism, social protection is implemented not by state-bureaucratic methods, but through policies aimed at creating conditions that allow a person to earn his own living and, moreover, aimed at increasing the number of owners.
The process of recognizing the fact that the state must level out the unfair market regulation of income ended with the expansion of the economic functions of the state, which was actively involved in the redistribution of income.
In the mid-70s came new stage, characterized by an aging population in developed countries.
The idea of the welfare state was a resounding success as a means of social planning and innovation in the 1950s and 1960s. But this idea did not allow solving many economic and social problems that arose acutely in the 70-80s, namely:
- - constantly high level unemployment in many countries of the world;
- - strengthening of migration processes;
- - major changes in the social stratification of society;
- - falling birth rates, aging population and much more.
This led to the need to revise the entire system of protecting the population, adopting the concept of social innovation, which is based on joint actions of the central government, local authorities, and the public.
Thus, in a society of market relations, there is objectively a part of the population that is not able to provide itself with a decent life. The main prerequisites for the need for social protection of the population in a market economy society are dictated by the laws of the market, stem from its essence and determine the formation of a social protection system as a specialized public institution. Social protection population becomes the most important integral part economic and social policy of the state.
A disabled person is a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life activity and necessitating his social protection.
Disability -- social insufficiency due to health problems with persistent disorders of body functions, leading to limitation of life activity and the need for social protection.
Social insufficiency is the social consequences of health impairment, leading to disruption of a person’s life and the need for his social protection.
self-care ability;
ability to move independently;
ability to learn;
ability to work;
ability to orient in time and space;
ability to communicate (establishing contacts between people, processing and transmitting information);
¦ ability to control one's behavior.
Recognition of a person as disabled is carried out by the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise. The procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as disabled are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Disability is a social phenomenon from which no society is free. As they say, no one is immune from disability. A civilized society must do everything possible to ensure that people with severe disabilities can participate in the economic and public life. This is a question of fundamental human rights, the provision of which is the responsibility of society, the state and legislation. The whole question is whether there are enough available economic resources for this.
To a large extent, the effectiveness of the relevant policy depends on the scale of disability in the country, which is determined by many factors. This is the state of health of the nation, the level of healthcare, socio-economic development, the quality of the ecological environment, historical heritage, participation in wars and armed conflicts, etc. In Russia, all of the above factors have a pronounced negative vector, which predetermines high rates of disability in society. Currently, the number of disabled people is approaching 10 million people. (about 7% of the population) and continues to grow.
The social vulnerability of people with disabilities as a specific group of the population is clearly visible across all social indicators. In comparison with the rest of the population (non-disabled), their income at the age of 20 years and older is 1.7 times lower, employment in working ages is 5.5 times lower, the level of education is significantly lower, the proportion of single people (living separately), widows, and divorced people is higher (divorced) and never married.
The degree of social disadvantage of a disabled person largely depends on age. The general pattern recorded by the latest population census, social inequality between people with disabilities and the rest of the population manifests itself especially clearly at the age of 20-40, then gradually weakens and disappears at older ages, and sometimes even turns into some advantage for people with disabilities.
Disability is one of the mediating mechanisms of social differentiation of mortality. Numerous studies of social inequality in mortality show that the survival rate of socially vulnerable groups of the population is significantly lower, especially in pre-retirement ages. The “protective” function of high educational qualifications and marital status is well known from mortality studies.
In terms of marital status, the differences between people with disabilities and the rest of the population are greatest at young marriageable ages and disappear in old age. The differences between disabled and non-disabled people in terms of educational level are no less contrasting. At the age of 20 to 40 years, the proportion of people without education is more than 200 times higher, and the proportion of people with primary and incomplete secondary education among disabled people is 2 times higher than among non-disabled people; illiterate people, as census materials show, almost entirely consist of disabled people. The tendency towards leveling out differences with age is manifested in education even more clearly than in marital status. The income gap is also greatest at working age (especially at 20-39 years of age), and starting from 65 years of age it decreases.
The gradual weakening of social differentiation of disability with age can be explained by the “selective” effect and changes in population heterogeneity. Early disability can be considered both as a cause and as a sign of social disadvantage. In the specific conditions of Russia in the 1990s. disability in older ages can to some extent be considered an adaptive behavior.
The peculiarity of Russian selectivity is manifested in the accessibility of the status of a disabled person, including awareness of the possibility of obtaining a disability and the benefits associated with it, and the accessibility of medical institutions.
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